Dunnock

Prunella modularis

(Photo from Wikipedia)

Common name:
dunnock (en); ferreirinha-comum (pt); accenteur mouchet (fr); acentor común (es); heckenbraunelle (de)

Taxonomy:
Order Passeriformes
Family Prunellidae

Range:
This species is found throughout Europe and also in eastern Turkey, the Caucasus and northern Iran. The more northern and north.eastern population migrate south to winter along the southern parts of the breeding range as well as in northern Morocco, Tunisia, Lybia and Egypt and in some areas in the Middle East.

Size:
Dunnocks are 13-15 cm long and have a wingspan of 19-21 cm. They weigh 16-25 g.

Habitat:
They are found in a wide range of habitats, including temperate and boreal forests, scrublands, agricultural areas and pastures and also in parks and gardens within urban areas.

Diet:
These birds forage on the ground, taking on various adult and larval insects, spiders and some seeds, especially during winter.

Breeding:
Dunnocks breed in April- June. They can be monogamous but also polygynous, polyandrous or polygynandrous. The nest is  built by the females, consisting of a cup made of twigs, moss, dry leaves, rootlets and varied pieces of plants, which is lined with moss, fur and feathers and typically placed 1-2 m above the ground. Each female lays 4-6 turquoise coloured eggs, but the clutch size can be larger in nested with more than one female. The eggs are incubated for 12-15 days and only females incubate. The chicks are fed by both sexes and fledge 11-12 days after hatching, but continue to receive food from parents for another 2 weeks.

Conservation:
IUCN status - LC (Least Concern)
This species has a very large breeding range and the population in Europe, which represents over 95% of their range, is estimated at 36-78 million individuals. The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats.

Alpine accentor

Prunella collaris

Photo by Yeshey Dorji (Birding in India and the Indian Subcontinent)

Common name:

alpine accentor (en); ferreirinha-alpina (pt); accenteur alpin (fr); acentor alpino (es); alpenbraunelle (de)

Taxonomy:

Order Passeriformes

Family Prunellidae

Range:

These birds are found in mountainous areas, from the Iberian Peninsula and northwest Africa, through France and italy and Slovenia ans into the Balkans, Bulgaria and Greece. They are also found in northern and eastern Turkey, through the Caucasus and Iran and east to Turkmenistan, China, Korea and Japan. They are also found in Taiwan.

Size:

They are 15-17 cm long and have a wingspan of 30-33 cm. They 25-35 g.

Habitat:

They breed in high alpine country, usually at 1.800-3.000 m. They are mostly found in barren areas with boulders and low-growing plants. During the winter they go down to lower altitudes.

Diet:

Alpine accentors forage on the ground for insects, spiders, and other invertebrates. During the winter they mostly eat seeds and fruits.

Breeding:

They have a polygynandrous breeding systems with several males and females having overlapping home ranges. Males will mate with several females and females mate with several males. Within each nest there are chicks from different fathers and the males will provide food to chicks at several nests within the group, depending on whether they have mated with the female of that nest or not. They breed in May-July. The nest is a cup-shaped nest of moss, grass stalks, and fine roots in holes and rocky clefts on the ground. The female lays 4-5 pale blue eggs which are incubated by both sexes for 13-15 days. The young fledge 16 days after hatching.

Conservation:

IUCN status - LC (Least Concern)

The alpine accentor has a very large breeding range and a population estimated at 500.000-2.000.000 individuals. The population is believed to be stable, as there are no evidence for any declines or substantial threats.