A Paper Delivered at a meeting of the Sharp Society for History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa, July 18-21. Panel: Imaginary Geographies II: Chair, Kevin Absillias. Other panelists: Elizabeth Frengel, Yale University, “When Extra-Literary Elements become part of the Literary: Ernest H.Shepard's End-Paper Maps of the 100 Aker Wood and 'A Map of the Wild Wood and Surrounding Countryside; Iain Stevenson, University College, London,”Gregor MacGregor and the Magic Land of Poynais.”

In 1867 at the annual Literary Fund dinner Philip Stanhope, the society's president praised Anthony Trollope for his recurring characters, “an invention” Stanhope attributed to Balzac. Trollope then counter-toasted Balzac's achievement using a different term,“[Balzac] was the man who invented that style of fiction in which I have attempted to work,” and Trollope went on to imply many readers do not follow a character's development sequentially over a cycle of novels: “the carrying on of a character from one book to another is very pleasant to the author; but I am not sure that all readers will participate in that pleasure” (Mullen, AT, Victorian 177; Hall, Trollope 302). By Balzac's “style of fiction” Trollope was (I suggest) calling attention to the whole mode Balzac has become famous for: the creation or, if you will, mapping of what seems to be a consistent & variously peopled world with a cast of psychologically complex recurring characters (Wall 123-24).¹

Like Balzac, Trollope created continuously sustained worlds for such characters to exist in, worlds which seem co-terminus with larger real terrains we experience, but are filled in with imagined places to the point that Trollope’s worlds require re-drawing of non-fictional maps (Hamer, CR introd, n.p.). Trollope's readers have assumed he worked out his maps carefully and he wrote twice of Framley Parsonage that since it was the fourth novel he had set in Barsetshire, he “found it necessary … to provide a map … for the due explanation of all these localities”

My argument is Trollope's visualized maps are central means by which he organizes and expresses the social, political and psychological relationships of his characters and themes (Harvie 1-27), that they names places important to him personally; & that through his Irish maps he aimed to put Ireland into his English readers' imagined consciousness. In October 1859 he found himself pressured to put aside Castle Richmond, a tale set in Ireland in a famine year 1847, to write Framley Parsonage for the Cornhill, an imagined English county, Barsetshire book, as a successful career move. Trollope's Framley Parsonage has been looked at as the crucial novel which transformed his career; we will look at it as one of two novels⁴ that taken together reveal Trollope's evolution of a method for writing novels. I will show he visualized the intersection of hierarchy with social behavior and individual psychology in both Castle Richmond and Framley Parsonage by plotting their stories through movements of characters from site to site on a coherent map.

We will then turn to two mid-career to late novels, Phineas Redux, (written 1870-71), a dark “double” of the earlier Phineas Finn (Godfrey 94, Polhemus 178);⁵ and The American Senator (1875), set in Dillsborough county, a place that, together with its genealogies, is so minutely detailed, that readers regularly complain about what scholars defend as a novel to be “read for the sake of its opening chapters, which set before the reader in a few pages, the whole geographical and social pattern of an English county” (Sadleir, 397). Trollope's use of maps had changed; his later books set forth “geographies of power” which include new terrains and project a sceptical outlook.⁶ In Phineas Redux Trollope takes the reader into dangerous city streets to experience a Balzacian story where a change of site causes gains and losses of safety or respect (Moretti, Atlas, 108-14). In The American Senator the battle is to settle down at all. The struggle is aggravated because it must be hidden and yet all respond to one another by where and how much you are known to have settled down with; yet money helps only in certain places to ignore not to supersede rank or customs, all three of which (money, rank, custom) are rejected as a measure of someone's worth by the American Senator Gotobed (Tracy 210).⁷

Mapping Ireland and Barsetshire

Until very recently Trollope's Anglo-Irish novels were ignored by the published apparatuses of literary criticism,⁸ and his two Phineas novels whose hero is a young man from western Ireland whose votes on Irish political issues are crucial turning points in the novels not even admitted to be Anglo-Irish.⁹ Yet during the first thirteen years of his published writing life (1847-60), in the face of mockery, near silence and total financial failure as a writer, Trollope mapped Ireland thoroughly, and later returned to Ireland to deal with class, ethnic, religious and political conflicts between the Irish and English.¹⁰

Trollope's mapping of Ireland follows his own movements as he lived in different residences to oversee and map postal routes. In 1841 he first came to live in Banagher, a south mid-lands town “permeated by a sense of history” from nearby ruins and ring-forts, and traveled across the province of Connacht, east of Leitrim; the immediate prompting for his first published novel, Macdermots of Ballycloran (written 1843-45)

He then had to put aside his pen. Even he could not write much from 1851 for about two years, when he moved to the southwest corner of Ireland, Mallow (county Cork), where, with nearby Kerry, he set Castle Richmond, and with Mallow as his base, literally rode and drew what he thought were doable mail routes for postmen to traverse across south, west and mid-Ireland, so successfully and efficiently that he was sent to do the same over a wide swath of southwestern England and Wales (A 88).¹¹ In 1853, he returned to Ireland to live first in Belfast, then Donbrook, a Dublin suburb (A 88), and surveyed the Irish northern counties (A 95-96).¹² The sites for his last novel, The Land-leaguers include Ulster, Dublin, and Galway, where political murders had just occurred, and he describes houses near and like recognizable ones described in the press at the time (Tracy “Instant Replay” 35-39).¹³ It was around the time of Trollope's return to Ireland that he conceived Barsetshire while walking near Salisbury Cathedral – I suggest out of thwarted longing for the English countryside. Three years later Trollope visited the cliffs of Mohair, at the extreme western edge of county Clare; when first married he and his wife had visited the cliffs; he made the romantic isolated place central to An Eye for an Eye, the novel of a young English officer's betrayal of a Catholic Irish girl (Sutherland Introd., Eye x).¹⁴ Phineas Finn, hails from Killaloe, county Clare, and first stands for Loughshane, imaginary but placed on the confines of Clare, Limerick, Tipperary and Galway (McCourt).

Here I can only suggest how just one patch of Cork and Kerry in Castle Richmond works analogously to what we find in Framley Parsonage:

“Six forces are active in the county. The Proudies live in Barchester itself, the Grantleys to the south, Sowerby and the Duke of Omnium to the west, the Luftons to the north [and further north yet the Crawleys at Hogglestock], with the Greshams to the east [as well as the Ullathornes]. When the novel opens, the balance of power is precarious. There is an alliance between the Grantlys and Luftons, countered by another between the Duke of Omnium and Sowerby. But the latter's estate is heavily mortgaged to the Duke, and if (as seems likely) it is absorbed by him, the Duke who is already by far the richest landowner in the county, will become dangerously powerful ...“ (Overton 61-64; see also Polhemus 65-76)

Castle Richmond relies similarly on a chapter by chapter emerging topographical allegorical description. As the book begins three houses are contrasted symbolically: Desmond Park is ancient Ireland with wooded meadows, but now without funds; its proud Countess of Desmond must marry her daughter, Clara, to a wealthy heir. The solvent Castle Richmond has such an heir, the upright Herbert Fitzgerald, who may however be illegitimate. While the barony of Desmond is “a figment of Trollope's imagination,” the name Desmond is “well-grounded in history” (Godfrey, “Castle Richmond”). Desmond Court is north of Ballvourney and Macroom "in a bleak unadorned region, almost at the foothills of the Boggergah Mountain, and south of Kanturk

There was but one window to the ['sitting, or coffee'] room, which looked into the street and was always clouded by a dingy-red curtain … A strong smell of hot whisky and water always prevailed, and the straggling mahogany table in the centre of the room, whose rickety legs gave way and came off whenever the attempt was made to move it, was covered by small greasy circles … [in] the kitchen … lived a cook, who, together with Tom the waiter, did all that servants had to do … From this kitchen lumps of beef, mutton chops, and potatoes did occasionally emanate, all perfumed with plenteous onions; as also did fried eggs, with bacon an inch thick and other culinary messes too horrible to be thought of … (CR, Ch 6, 54-56).

Outside the Corridors of Power

Twelve years and eighteen novels later in Phineas Redux, Phineas's party's club located in central London on a street near where Bonteen's murder was perpetrated may seem worlds away from the Kantuck. For this novel Trollope appropriated a contemporary London street paranoia: his hero, Phineas, carries a deadly knobstick-cudgel (Godfrey 61-76, 101-7), which weapon Phineas brandishes to show how he would hit Bonteen if they should come to blows and is part of the evidence used to accuse Phineas of the murder.¹⁶ The configuration of these streets form a key bone of contention during Phineas' trial. But the methodology, atmosphere of the lodgings where Bonteen's murderer, Mr Emilius resides, and Macpherson's Hotel where Mr Kennedy, another man jealous of Phineas, stays when in London, are used as plot points and treated in an allegorical manner similar to Framley Parsonage and Castle Richmond. What's new and different is the movement out into the streets, the novel's insistence that low status milieus where life is desperate shape its hero's destiny.¹⁷

In the novel the defense, prosecuting attorney and witnesses suggest what did or did not happen in these streets, and what the one witness on the dark night, Lord Fawn, saw or thought he saw (e.g., PR 49:79-84; 50:94; 62:197-201; 63:208-9). In the manner of crime stories, to exonerate Phineas someone has to challenge the assertion that a gray overcoat seen on the presumed murderer from afar by Fawn is the one Phineas was wearing that night, and the deduction that therefore the murderer is Phineas. Mr Emilius's alibi depends upon his assertion that he was inside his room inside a boarding house all night because in the general way of such places, the doors were all locked and he lacked a key. One of Trollope's heroines, Madame Max, in love with Phineas, goes on a quest to find a second key. A comparison of her visit to Mr Emilius's landlady, Mrs Meager, and Phineas's obsessive return to the streets in the dawn hours of the night he was declared not guilty as presented in Trollope's novel and the 1974-75 BBC Pallisers mini-series, scripted by Simon Raven,¹⁸ will bring out clearly how status-inflected geography, gender, and streets well outside the corridors of power and upper middle class lives influence the outcome of the trial for the novel's hero and make visible a painful truth he realizes as a result of his ordeal.

In the novel Madame Max hires a cab to drive her well out of her usual Park Lane area to visit Mrs Meager, in her “uninviting” lodgings on Northumberland Street, “just opposite to the deadest part of the dead wall of Marylebone Workhouse,” which Trollope as a young man saw from his window in London in the first years of his employment in the London post-office (PR 66:141-47 and Pallisers 9:18, Episode 3, scene 12). The film, true to costume drama's aesthetic preferences seats them in Madame Max's luxurious be-flowered apartment, but the visibilia of filmed scene includes a piling up of clinking gold coins¹⁹ as the desperate Mrs Meager tells yet another memory from that night in the lodgings

In the book and film Phineas in a sort of trance obsessively walks the walk Mr Bonteen, after him Mr Emilius and then our Trollopian group in 1999 followed

. . . he went on till he came to the end of Clarges Street, and looked to the mews opposite to it, – the mews from which the man had been seen to hurry. The place was altogether unknown to him. He had never thought whither it had led when passing it on his way up from Piccadilly to the club. But now he entered the mews so as to test the evidence that had been given, and found that it brought him by a close turn close up to the spot at which he had been described as having been last seen by Erle and Fitzgibbon.

In The American Senator Trollope dramatizes repeated estrangements, within families as well as from communities; emigration of sons, threatened homelessness for daughters, and business failures of males responsible for a family. Trollope's mapping is minute and continual: where you sit at a dinner table, where you stand in an estate tells how you are rated

Trollope's double-edged defense of his memorable heroine, Arabella Trefoil has often been quoted:

“The critics will tell me that she is … the creation of a morbid imagination … I have known the woman … all the traits, all the cleverness, all the patience, all the courage, all the self- abnegation, – and all the failure … Think of her virtues; how she works, how true she is to her vocation [to acquire a rich and exciting titled husband], how little there is of self indulgence, or of idleness. I think that she will go to a kind of third-class heaven in which she will always be getting third-class husbands” (Hall, Letters, 2:710-11)

I have written elsewhere about the brilliance of the individual interwoven correspondences placed throughout this novel: these expose the economic and social antagonisms of the human communities from which each is sent.²³ Characters' natures as seen by others change as these games of ambition work out. Once one of the novel's heroes, Reginald Morton, hitherto apparently solitary, even bookish (AS 27:181), inherits the beautiful Bragdon Estate

Turning Geographies of Place into Novels

Places, their visibilia, and spatial arrangements provide Trollope's novels with their structure (Thrale, Cadbury). Arguably as Balzac is said by some to have “turned a city [Paris] into a novel” (Calvino 141) so Trollope turned Barsetshire and attempted to turn all Ireland into novels.²⁴ His map of London is selective: but here he branches out to include places where the privileged find they must cope with the people they find there. In his last books habitual social arrangements and status protections attached to places are shown to be fragile but all the more clung to by the characters who can manage it. And he never forgets his own involvement. Trollope's maps reveal a powerful political, psychological and autobiographical imagination at work making the Trollopian imagined worlds his readers react to as true and which some scholars have argued accurately represent his 19th century worlds.

¹ Trollope agreed with Stanhope that Balzac invented the recurring character, but in his full reply he is careful not to admit to direct influence (he is “told” Balzac is the man who … ). It may be Trollope was influenced more by Thackeray (as a few critics have suggested): he is unusual in his era for praising Thackeray for the achievement of recurring and aging characters across time and in a partly imagined apparently real single place (Thackeray 115, 127), but Trollope specifies that Thackeray has created novels which are “slices of biography” or memoirs, while Balzac created worlds. Trollope's achievement is thus more reminiscent of Balzac. But see Wall.

² FP 14:184: “I almost fear that it will become necessary, before this history be completed, to provide a map of Barsetshire for the due explanation of all these localities” See Knox's Ramble and both Tingay's essays. I apologize for the size of three of the maps (I kept them small because they came out clearly, and in two cases it's not necessary to read the specifics but just look at the proportions as an abstraction) and for the blurred quality of those I enlarged slightly. All but two come from older books printed more than 70 years ago (i.e., the Geroulds' guidebook, a first edition of Sadleir's book, editions of the novels in question) or old xeroxes handed me. If anyone reading the paper would like a larger copy of any one of them to study, I can send larger copies on separately (ellen.moody@gmail.com). To make them large enough to study would overwhelm the paper.

³ The Geroulds' guidebook draws nine such maps from the Barsetshire and other of Trollope's novels, which help readers to understand literally, socially and politically some of what goes on in them (A Guide). It includes a 6 page double-columned list in extra small type of London places (A Guide 142-47). They provide material for making an equivalent map for Trollope's London as is found in Moretti (Atlas 75-134) of Balzac's Paris, and Edward Bulwer-Lytton and Dickens's London (see Map 3 in packet where Streeten and perhaps other mapped Trollope's central London). At the same time it's rare you can name a real house Trollope meant to describe for certain with all details matching up. An exception is Lady Mason's house in Orley Farm. As described by Trollope and drawn by Millais, Orley Farm is an accurate depiction of the Julians Hill farmhouse in which the Trollope family lived while Trollope was growing up, see Snow 34, and Hall, Illustrators 50-54.

⁴ On the publication of Castle Richmond while Framley Parsonage was appearing in monthly instalments in the Cornhill, the critic for the Saturday Review remarked: “Mr Trollope is in the position of a man who, after becoming the father of an enormous family, takes at last to having twins ...” Smalley 113.

⁵ e.g., Godfrey 95; Polhemus 178: “Skepticism colors the mood of Phineas Redux. In Phineas Finn Mr Monk confidently speaks out for reform: 'It seems to me that they who are adverse to change … ignore the majestic growth of the English people … ' … In Phineas Redux there is no such political optimism. When Trollope came to finish the Phineas novel, he was changed … “ Phineas Redux is a post-Beverley novel, written after the corrupt election Trollope endured as a candidate and lost and “Trollope closely identifies with Phineas's disillusionment.”

⁶The phase “geographies of power” is Overton's (69). In the final chapter of The American Senator Trollope suggests (partly mischievously) that the title of the book should have been “The Chronicle of a Winter at Dillsborough” (AS 552); a Danish translator took him at his word and changed the title to apparently more appropriate “En Vinter I Dillsborough,” Tingay Catalogue, 20). The second novel to use the region of Dillsborough (and Rufford and Ufford counties) is Ayala's Angel which also has characters from AS (who live and hunt there). Meanwhile, as the earliest advertisements for the novel show, Trollope's publishers feared the readership would be disappointed to find the book does not take place in America (Stryker 141)

⁷Tracy sums up this novel's themes this way: the “central issue is man's need for a place in the traditional social order, a placed based on ownership of land, and the rapid decay that can take place in a society when traditional order is weakened. The Senator stands outside the English order entirely and calls all its basic assumptions into question” (210).

⁸ Sadleir's dismissal of Trollope's Irish novels as failures attributable to a misapprehension on Trollope's part of his gifts shaped much that was written until the 1950s. Sadleir appears not even to have read them through, see Moody 7-8.

⁹ The standard Oxford Companion to Irish Literature dismisses Trollope in one paragraph, in which the two Phineas novels go unmentioned (573). There is a separate entry only for The Macdermots of Ballycloran (334). The book includes many an Irish writer who moved to England and wrote books set in England (e.g., George Moore, Oliver Goldsmith) and Anglo-Irish Protestant ascendancy writers (e.g., Maria Edgeworth). From any many examples of the new spirit which rightly includes Trollope in the history of Ireland and its literature, see Foster, “'Fatal Drollery:' Parliamentary Novels;” Edwards, Wittig, and Corbett. See also Lonergan.

Exceptions seem to be those who've studied Trollope's 18 years of life in Ireland, his parliamentary politics and his postal career, e.g. Maxwell, Hynes “Creative Culture Shock” and “Masterpiece,” and Cronin, Forster, “Adopting Ireland;” Edwards, “The Irish Writer.” Richard Mullen declares Trollope “a great Irish novelist”, see “Ireland” in Penguin Companion 233-36. Trollope cites obscure and famous Irish writers (as covered by Flanagaan); later in life in his “The Editor's Tales,” specifically “The Turkish Bath” and “The Panjandrum” (a story about his earliest experiences as a writer), he writes of “an Ireland of literature,” a “special country” of the imagination where people seem to go mad from stress (“The Turkish Bath” 79).

¹⁰ Throughout Trollope's oeuvre so many Irish characters appear, and Trollope comments on Irish politics so often, that his references to Ireland are uncountable. Two examples of how Trollope keeps using Irish political issues in his fiction: Sir Abraham Haphazard's deep engagement 'in preparing a bill for the mortification of Irish papists,” Warden: 94; Hugh Stanbury's article on “the Irish Church” in HKHWR 147. And from his non-fiction: Trollope's “Irish Church,” Misc. Essays:82-90. See Moody, Trollope on the Net, 7-29, 31-46

¹¹ To be specific, Devonshire, Cornwall, Somerset, the greater part of Dorsetshire, the Channel Islands, part of Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Goucestershire, Worcestershire, Hereforeshire, Monmouthshire and the 6 Welsh counties. During these 2 years he, his wife and sons migrated from Exeter, to Bristol, to Carmarthen, then to Cheltenham, and Worcester.

¹² Ulster, Meath and Louth.

¹³ Tracy tells where Trollope traveled, when and the political events and Home Rule and tenant rights conflicts he had in mind, “Instant Replay” 31-34.

¹⁴ Trollope also lived nearby in Milton Malbray for 3 months in 1845.

¹⁵ Owen supports Mallow's famine relief efforts while Herbert leads Kanturk's. I owe the names of real towns and topographical relationships to Jeremy Godfrey, a member of the listserv now called Trollope19thCStudies (at Yahoo) who read Castle Richmond with the group and lived in the very area in which Castle Richmond is basically set. See record on on-line reading of Castle Richmond, “Topography,” Sat 1 Sept 2001, http://www.jimandellen.org/trollope/richmond.chs6-10.html Document uploaded 11 January 2003.

¹⁶ Readers have ignored the lesson Trollope meant to teach about Phineas's choice to carry and show his deadly weapon; see his ironically-put sound argument deflating the whipped-up paranoia over garrotting in the 1860s, and his view that carrying a deadly weapon endangers the person with it more than professional criminals: “The Uncontrolled Ruffianism of London, as measured by the Rule of Thumb,” reprinted in Writings for St Paul's Magazine, I:419-24.

¹⁷ In this emphasis the novel may be likened to Dickens's later novels (e.g., Little Dorrit) and Balzac's (e.g., Pere Goriot). See Rob's remarks on Norah Stevenson's Paris dans la Comedie humane de Balzac (Paris: Courville, 1938). See also Moretti, Calvino, Brooks.

¹⁸ See my discussion of how well Raven's outlook is suited to Trollope's Pallisers, “Trollope on TV,” 155-56, 165-69 especially.

¹⁹ Trollope says that Madame Max “dealt out sovereigns – womanfully” and “had no scruples as to paying for the evidence which she desired to obtain” (56:144), but does not make the coins part of the explicit scenes. In the book Madame Max is said to have come twice so the reported dialogue is a compound of two scenes.

²⁰ A transcript of the scene:

Establishment shot: Madame Max’s table with yellow flowers. We have seen how she likes yellow flowers before (in all the scenes in her room these are there).
2. Master-shot: two women walking in through the door, dialogue happening.
Marie: “Now let us be quite clear about this, Mrs Meager.
Mrs Meager looks round her suspiciously.
Marie closes the door. “Mr Emilius lodged with you some time back. only after the murder, but you are sure he was back before the murder.
Mrs Meager startled from her absorbed looking round at these beautiful apartments: “Hmmm? Uh oh yes ma’am that is quite true.”
Marie: “Now we know he went to Prague and that he was back sometime before the murder happened.” Mrs Meager: “Uh yes ma’am back in the best room at 6 and 8 a week.”
Marie (very earnest). “Now Mrs Meager, I want you to think very carefully about this. Was there anything at all odd in Mr Emilius’s behavior? Anything anything before he went to Prague or after he came back.”
Mrs Meager (melodramatic expression, twisted and tight): “Odd?”
Marie: “Anything he may have said? Something in his room. Something you may have seen (she goes over to pick up a purse and bring it back to the table) in his room?
Mrs Meager: “Well, ma’am. there was just one thing.”
Marie (puts down purse ostentatiously). “Mmmm?”
Mrs Meager: “When he went away to that foreign part what you said he took his key with him.”
Marie. “Oh” (gestures Mrs Meager to sit down)
Mrs Meager (sitting) Ah which he hadn’t got no right ah seeing as how he wasn’t paying for his room while he were gone.”
Marie. “Well perhaps he was just forgetful.”
Mrs Meager: “Well that’s what he said later, ma’am, but he wasn’t usually forgetful. Anyways there was me and the front attic and any body else in the house there was just the one key between us all. That’s why I remember it so particular.”
Marie’s face (close up): “So you only had the two keys.”
Mrs Meager: “Yes, ma’am.”
Marie take up the coin and puts it in front of Mrs Meager.
Mrs Meager (then talks on): “And Mr Emilius had run off with one so there was the whole pack of us fighting over the other until Mr Emilius gets back and says he’s ever so sorry in his best religious voice but that he forgot and left it in his drawer.”
Marie. “But he hadn’t.”
Mrs Meager: “No, ma’am, in our line we is obliged to know about drawers.
Marie: “So. He must have had it with him all the time.”
Mrs Meager nods.
Marie. “Hmmmn (put another coin on the table). “Poor Mrs Meager. what a very difficult life you must have.
(More coins clinking on table. Mrs Meager’s face acknowledges the truth of this). Now can you remember anything else about Mr Emilius?”
Mrs Meager: “Well, eh though not exactly about him, ma’am, but um there has been some talk about a coat” (suddenly eager, the sympathy extended has also had its effect).
Marie alert: “Indeed there has.”
Mrs Meager: “Well, ma’am, my husband, Mr Meager, he’s not ‘ere very often, but he does sort of flit in and out from time to time. Well it just so happened that he flitted in on the day before the murder and when he flitted in see he was wearing this coat.”
Marie (sharp): “What coat?”
Mrs Meager: “The coat there has been all the talk about, ma’am, a gray sporty sort of coat (Marie’s face is quivering).
Marie: Have you told this to the police?”
Mrs Meager: “No, ma'am, in our parts we is not overly keen on talking with the police.”
Marie: “Well … (she looks down at purse, and more coins are put out). “Never mind, Mrs Meager (camera on pile of coins) “What happened to the coat?”
Mrs Meager: “It spent the night in the house, ma’am, along with Mr Meager, a gallon of port and a bottle of Dutch gin.”
Marie: “So. Mr Emilius could have borrowed the coat while Mr Meager was refreshing himself.”
Mrs Meager: “an ‘im none the wiser, filthy sot.”
Marie: “Where is it now?”
Mrs Meager: “Oh well …. (stuble sounds) that’s hard to say, ma’am … I mean now the summer’s really coming I pawned it for sure.”
Marie: “But it was definitely in the house on the night of the murder.”
Mrs Meager: “Yes, ma’am, I saw it on the sofa before I went to bed.”
Marie: “Mmmm. (faint music) (put more coins on table) Now. Mrs Meager send for your husband, find out where he pawned that coat and redeem it at once and take it to that address.
” Mrs Meager; “Not the police, ma’am, I hope.”
Marie: “No no. A nice kind gentleman who is my solicitor and who will show himself to be (she pushes noisy coins on table towards Mrs Meager) most grateful.”

The best moments are the close-ups of Fay’s face, the peculiarly tense look from actress’s face comes when she is telling of how often she pawns things (she pawned the gray coat Emilius wore), of her fears of police, and particularly her tones when describing Mr Meagre as a “filthy sot.”

²¹ EBB and Trollope quarreled over Trollope's use of the lines because she did not like that Trollope consciously implied the lines are narcissistic on the part of the poet, that poets are no different from any other people and not separated; Phineas must get over his depression and shock at discovering how other people have seen him (and thus accept themselves). However, since the novel gives such a large space to Phineas's alienation and (unlike the film) has Phineas refuse office out of his disillusion at its close, one can read the use of the lines as consonant with the way Trollope thought EBB intended them. EBB herself denied this intention. They communicated at third-hand, through Trollope's brother, Thomas, and what I suggest here comes from inferences I've taken from Thomas's text as well as my reading of Trollope's novels in general (Hall, Letters 1:115).

²² Excellent traditional thematic analyses may be found in apRoberts and Hynes.

²³ The letters are themselves actors as well as documents which function as snares, ambushes, filled with obfuscating half-truths; some are written by people other than the person who signs; no one dares to unmask and simple friendly letters of invitation emanate only from powerful people who are careless and thus sometimes get themselves into trouble (Moody “Partly Told in Letters”)

²⁴ Robbins persuasively argued for a more or less consistent general chronology across both the Pallisers and Barsetshire books as one series; he extends the creativity and unity of Barsetshire Hennedy demonstrates in his study.

• apRoberts, “The American Senator: Trollope's One World,” South Atlantic Quarterly 68 (1969):463-77.
• Auerbach, Erich, “In the Hotel de la Mole,” Mimesis, trans. Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1953: 466-92.
• Brooks, Peter. “The Text of the City,” Online: https://www.msu.edu/course/ha/446/peterbrooks.pdf (reads like a chapter intended for his Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1984).
• Calvino, Italo. “The City as Novel in Balzac,” Why Read the Classics?, trans. Martin McLaughlin. NY: Vintage, 2000. 139-45.
• Cadbury, William. “Shape and Theme: Determinants of Trollope's Forms,” PMLA 78 (1982):326-32.
• Cockshut, A. O. J. Anthony Trollope: A Critical Study. London: Collins, 1955
• Corbett, Mary Jean. Allegories of Union in Irish and English Writing, 1790-1870: Politics, History and the family from Edgeworth to Arnold. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. She devotes a long central chapter, and her conclusion to Trollope's novels.
• Cronin, John. “Trollope and the Matter of Ireland,” Anthony Trollope, ed. Tony Bareham. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1980:13-35.
• Edwards, Owen Dudley. “Anthony Trollope: the Irish Writer,” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 38 (1983):1-42.
• Foster, R. F. “'Fatal Drollery:' Parliamentary Novels, Outsiders and Victorian Political History,” Paddy and Mr Punch. London: Penguin, 1993:139-70.
• Gerould, Winifred Gregory and James Thayer Gerould, A Guide to Trollope. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1948. They map Barsetshire, Allington, Barchester Close, Bragton Estate, Dillsborough, Framley, Greshambury, Guestwick Estate and Ullathorne.
• Godfrey, Emelyne. Masculinity, Crime and Self-Defence in Victorian Literature: Duelling with Danger. London: Macmillan Palgrave, 2011/13.
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• -----------------. “Film Studies: The Pallisers,” 9:18-2:20, “Summary of Themes and Transcripts,” 6/16/2009, http://www.jimandellen.org/ellen/Pallisers.html, 8/27/2010: http://ellenandjim.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/1974-bbc-pallisers-918-1020-two-transcripts/
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