Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities
© 1999 Robert A. Freitas Jr. All Rights Reserved.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 1999
Index A-Z
A
Accelerative onset, 99-100
Accelerometer, 41, 98-100
Accommodation, 191, 203
Accordion configuration, 130
Acetylcholine, 79, 115, 153, 193, 195, 196-197, 285, 365
Acetylcholinesterase, 79, 115, 197
Acoustic amplitude absorption coefficients, 117
Acoustic attenuation, 117, 167
Acoustic attenuation,
function of temperature, 375
Acoustic communication, 181-182, 184
Acoustic energy,
reflection at interfaces, 163
shadowing/concentration, 162
transducers, 145-146
Acoustic impedance, 118, 296
values, 118, Appendix A
Acoustic microscopy, 112-113
Acoustic power,
available from physiological sources, 146
radiators, 181, 182
safe exposure limits, 161
transmission, 145-146, 160-163, 167
Acoustic sensing, 105-106, 112-113, 116-118
Acoustic threshold,
audible, 117, 162
pain, 162, 172
Acoustic transmission line, diamond, 184
Actin, see microfilament
Actin polymerization, 324
Actomyosin motor, see myosin motor
Acyclovir, 366
Addiction modules, 361
Addis, Thomas, 24
Adelman, Leonard M., 350
Adhesion antenna, 291, 371
Adhesion forces, 275-278
Adiabatic demagnetization, 375
Adipocytes, 247, 261
Adociasulfate-2, 328, 363
Adrenalin, see epinephrine
Aerobotics, 330-335; see also flying nanorobots
Affinity (ligand-receptor), 84-85
Affymetrix, 16
AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), 16, 45, 46, 56-60, 102, 112, 144, 154
AFM tip technology, 58-59
Agesilaus, 3
Aggregation,
aerial nanorobots, 332
platelets, 306
red blood cells, 300-301, 306
Airborne nanorobots, see flying nanorobots
Akey, Christopher W., 78
Alarm signal (chemical), 181
Albedo, mean Earth, Appendix A
Alberts, Bruce, 252, 259, 263, 264, 268, 269, 270, Appendix C
ALC, 179
Alchemy, 64
Alcmaeon of Croton, 5
Alcohol (beverage), see ethanol
Alexander the Great, 3, 6
Alimentary system, human, quantification, 222
Alimentography, human, 222-227
Alivisatos, A. Paul, 45
Alkadophilus, 69
Allbutt, Sir Clifford, 10
Allen, L., 214
Allotropic-transition cooling, 375
Allport, G.W., 25
Alvarez, L.W., 159
Amabilino, David B., 50
Ambulances, 10
American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, 16
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), 161
American Physiological Society, 232
Amoeba, 28, 116, 258, 291, 316, 317-318, 324
Amoebicidal, 366
Ampere's law, 110
Amphipathic lipids, 257, 258
Amphotericin B, 366
Analog Devices, 41, 98
Analytical Engine, 343
Anaphylaxis, 179, 181
Anastomosis, 213, 214
Anatomy, history of, 10-11
Anchorage, in cell membrane, 313, 315-316
Andrade's formula, 299, 372
Anesthesia,
electronic, 197
history of, 11-12
surgery without, 11
Angular momentum, proton, 113, Appendix A
Anomalous radiative transfer, see near-field anomalous radiative transfer
Ansell, Richard J., 88
Antarctic fish enzyme (cold-tolerant), 374
Antibiotics, 15, 364
Antifungal agents, 366
Antiseptics, history of, 12-14
Antiviral agents, 366
Aorta, human, 210, 212, 243, 245, 302, 319
Apoptosis (programmed cell death), 359-361
Appendix, vermiform (anatomical), 19, 227
Applied Modern Technologies Corp., 191
Archimedes, 6
Arenobufagin, 365
Arey, Leslie Brainerd, 226
Aristotle, 6, 35
Arney, Susanne C., 61
Arnold, Marc, 67
Arnold of Villanova, 12
Aromatic pi bonds, 84
Arteries, 210-211
Artificial proteins and base pairs, 44
Artificial symptoms, 204
Aschoff, Von Jurgen, 239
Asclepiades of Bithynia, 6
Asclepius, 5
Ashkin, A., 369
Asimov, Isaac, 28, 29, 30
Assembler, see molecular assembler
Association rate constant, 85
Astrocytes, 253, 254, 264
Astumian, R. Dean, 110, 149
Asynchronous control, 337
Ataka, Manabu, 293
Atherstone, W.G., 12
Atmosphere (Earth),
composition, Appendix A
standard pressure, Appendix A
Atom and ion diameters, Appendix A
Atom lithography, 42
Atomic clocks, 341
Atomic Force Microscope, see AFM
Atomic mass unit (amu), Appendix A
ATP, 114, 141, 146, 147, 148, 245, 259, 262, 263, 264, 326
AT&T Bell Laboratories, 50
Aubrey, John, Afterword
Audible frequencies, maximum, 162
Audible pressure, minimum, 105-106
Audible power intensity, 117, 199, 207
Australian sensor, see ion channel switch sensor
Australopithecus, 1
Autocrine mediators, 193
Autogenous control, 32, 188, 189-192, 197-206
Autolysis, 262, 361
A.V.I.D. Identification Systems, 353
Avogadro's number, Appendix A
Avouris, Phaedon, 60
B
Babbage, Charles, 343
Backward chaining, Afterword
Bacteria, 123, 124, 329-330, 370
chemical composition, 371
galvanotropic, 110
in human colon, 227, 247
in therapeutic pills, 69
largest known, 370
magnetotactic, 110, 307
minimum size of motive genera, 308
number density on the skin, 329-330
optimal shapes, 123, 124
smallest known, 370
square, 123
Bacterial actin-based motility, 324
Bacterial exhaust plumes, 246
Bacterial sex pili, 137, 280
Bacteriocide, mechanical, 356, 357, 367-368, 370-372
Bacteriocins, 364
Bacteriophages, 364
Bag inflation pressure, 132-133
Balasubramaniam, L., 62
Ball, Philip, 43
Ballast control, 358-359
Bandgap (electronic), Appendix A
Banting, Sir Frederick, 15
Bar magnet, 110, 192
Barbee, J.H., 303
Barber surgeons, 4, 8
Barbiturates, 15
Barnard, Christiaan, 15
Barographicyte, 243-244
Barography, 119
Baronatation, 373
Basketane, 48, 49
Basophils, 325
Batteries,
chemical, 140
nuclear, 156
Beardsley, T.M., 31
Bearing, molecular, 61
Becker, R.S., 57
Becker, Wayne M., 248, 260, 264, 268, 286, 371
Becquerel, Alfred, 10
Bedside practice, history of, 23-24
Beilstein Information Systems, 64
Bejan, A., 373
Bekenstein, Jacob D., 353
Bekenstein Bound, 353
Bellevue Hospital (New York), 10
Bending moment, axoneme, 286
Bending stiffness, 287, 315; see also rigidity and stiffness
Bennett, Charles H., 349, 350
Bennett, J.C., 24
Bentham, Jeremy, 11
Benzylpenicillin, 364
Berg, Howard C., 73, 95, 96
Berger, Douglas, Preface
Bergstrom, D.E., 45
Bernal, J.D., 27
Bernard, Claude, 14
Bernard de Gordon, 12
Best, Charles, 15
Betadine, 366
Bhojani, Rehal, Preface
Bialek, W., 93
Billroth, Theodor, 14
Binding pad, 92, 96
Binding site engineering, 82-84, 88-90
Binding sites, active, 86-87
Binnig, Gerd Karl, 56
Biocomputers, 349-351
Bioelectromagnetics, 116
Bioelectronics, 111, 351
Biofeedback (electric) signals, detection by individual nanorobots, 183
Biofuel cell, 152-154
Biogalvanic energy, 152
Biological power levels, 170, 171
Biological engineering, 27-29
Bioluminescence, 114, 147, 298
Biorobots, 29, 32-35
Biosensors, 93
Biotechnology, 31, 43-46
Biotechnology vs. nanotechnology, 21, 22, 31-35
Bishop, Forrest, Preface
Bishop, W.J., Preface, 3
Bivalvane, 48, 49
Black ass testicles, 4
Black Death, see plague
Blackout, see communications blackout
Blazie Engineering, Inc., 198
Blish, James, 27
Block exchange model, 133, 134
Block, Steven M., 93, 110
Blood,
circulation, 210-211
composition, Appendix B
Blood flow,
cell-free plasmatic zone, 302, 305, 312
inlet length, 302
parabolic velocity profile, 302-303
plug and partial-plug, 303, 304
Blood groups, 250-252
Blood perfusion rates, tissues and organs, 214
Blood pressure and pulse, 116
Blood, radial distribution of elements, 301
Blood temperature, 239, 240
Blood transfusions, 14
Blood viscosity, 72, 299-301
Bloodletting or bleeding, see venesection
Blundell, James, 14
Body cell mass (BCM), 247
Boehm, Frank, Preface
Bohr radius, Appendix A
Bohringer, Karl-Fredrich, 293
Boiling point,
constants, molal, 374
function of pressure, 354
function of solute concentration, 373
various substances, 374
Boltzmann's constant, Appendix A
Bond energy and length, Appendix A
Boolean logic/gates, 284-285, 343-344, 349-350, 352
Boron, 143, 152, 166
Bose-Einstein condensates, 341
Bossert, William H., 179
Boswell, Jonathan, Preface
Botulin toxin, LD50, 365
Boundary layer effects, 312
Bova, Ben, 31
Bowling, R. Allen, 275
Bradbury, Robert J., Preface, 21, 29, 35, 179, 180, 196, 297, 298, 351, 361, 362, 368, 369, 371
Bradwell, Stephen, 8
Braille-like displays, 129, 133, 136, 183, 198
Bramblett, Claud A., Preface
Brandeis University, 64
Brandt, S.A., 337
Bray, Dennis, 193
Breakdown voltage, 109, 141, 291, Appendix A
Brefeldin A, 363
Brenner, Donald W., Preface, 58, 135, 358, Afterword
Bright, Richard, 10
Brin, David, Preface
Broadcast architecture, 65
Bronchial system, human, quantification, 219
Bronchography, human, 219-222
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 71
Broughton, Jeremy Q., 341
Brownian bombardment, effect on nanomachines, 39-40
Brownian computers, 352
Brownian motion/diffusion, 39-40, 72, 124, 180, 235, 245, 302, 305, 314, 321, 323
Brownian motor, 142, 149, 155
Brownian rotation, 72, 100, 102, 237, 305
Buckling force, 266, 280, 286-287, 329, 331, 358, 370-371
Buckyballs and buckytubes, 51, 53, 58
Bufagin, see arenobufagin
Bulk modulus, Appendix A
Bumpers, metamorphic (nanorobot), 124, 126, 136-137
Buoyancy (nanorobot), 331-332, 358-359
Burke, William, 11
Burney, Fanny, 11
Burton, Alan C., 239
Bush, Vannevar, 343
Butler, J.F., 332
Butterflies, 134, 287, 334
Butterfly molecule, 49
C
CAD/CAM/CASD, 64, 68
Cadherins, 254, 314, 315
Calcium, 79, 193, 194, 204, 260, 367
Calixarenes, 48, 49, 86
Calorimeters, 108
Calsequestrin, 194
CalTech, 16, 62
CambridgeSoft, 64
Cambridge University, 193
CAMEO, 64
Cammann, George P., 10
cAMP, see cyclic AMP
Campbell, E.J.M., 19
Cannabis, 4
Canon, 191
Capillaries,
microcirculation, 211-214
minimum diameter, 211-213
Capillary forces, 278-280
Carbohydrates, combinatoric diversity, 254
CarboLex, 52
Carbolic acid, 13
Carbon, phases with pressure, 356
Carbon dioxide,
liquid, 356
solidification with pressure, 356
Carbon monoxide, 86, 87, 197, 374
Carbon nanotubes, see nanotubes, fullerenes
Carbyne, 140
Carcerands, 48, 86
Carnot efficiency, 142, 152, 170
Carter, Kenneth C., 270
Cartotaxis, 234-235
CAS, 64
CAS Registry, 46
Cassinis (gravity) formula with Bouguer correction, 119
Catalase, 339
Catalytic task space, 44, 85
Catenanes, 50
Cato, 6
Cats, red blood cells, 212
Caveolae, 258
Cavitation, ultrasonic, 109, 161, 273
Cavity Stuffer, 91
Cell, see cyto-
chemical composition, 71, 371
components, quantification, 256
interior hydrodynamic flows, 100, 268, 323
interior map half-life, 268
interior mesh spacing, 267, 271; see also mesh spacing
interior viscosity, 299, 300
mass (typical), 247
maximum number nanorobots inside, 323
mechanical signal transduction, 314, 324-325
schematic view, 255
smallest possible (theoretical), 129, 370
speed of movement, 82, 188, 265, 266, 270, 286, 291, 311, 317, 320, 324, 325
"stab" microinjection, 323
Cell adhesion molecules, 253-254
Cell bioscanning, 111-116
Cell cortex, 265
Cell division, 362, 363
Cell emanations, rf/microwave, 116
Cell junctions, 136-137, 320
Cell membrane,
biochemical composition, 257
elastic moduli, 314-315
lipid bilayer, 255, 257-258, 314, 315
membranolytic limit, 314, 316, 317, 321
penetration, see cytopenetration
self-sealing, 323, 368
snapback time, 315
surface viscosity, 315
Cell mills, 32
Cell poisons, 362-367
Cell repair machines, 30, 32
Cell theory, history of, 14
Cell turnover rate, 90, 200, 235, 258
Cell type identification, 252-255
Cell volume sensing, 114-115
Cells,
detachment force, 136
number in human body, 247
number of types, 252
power density, 171
signal transduction force, 194
types of, Appendix C
Cellular disruption, 368-369
Cellular gate technology, 349-350
Cellular topography, 112
Celsus, 2, 7, 21
Census data, in cyto, 268
Centrifugation, see nanocentrifuge
Cerebrospinal fluid, 229
Cerius2, 64
Chain, Ernst, 15
Chalcogenides, 111, 155
Chamberlain, Fred, Preface
Chamberlain, Linda, Preface
Chancey, C.C., 80
Chang, Thomas M.S., Preface
Changeau, J.P., 26
Channel blockers, 365
Channel destroyers, 365
Chaperones, 263
Charles II of England, 9
Chem3D, 64
Chemical assay, 95
Chemical composition,
bacterial cell, 371
human bile, 225
human bone, 228
human cerebrospinal fluid, 229
human chyme, 245
human duodenal secretion, 226
human extracellular matrix (ECM), 230-231, 319-320
human feces, 227
human flatus, 227
human gastric juice, 224
human blood/serum, Appendix B
human body, 71, 230
human cells, 71, 230-232, 257-266
human lymph, 217-218
human pancreatic juice, 225
human pituitary gland, 230
human pleural fluid, 220
human saliva, 223, 246
human small intestine secretion, 226
human sweat, 273
human synovial fluid, 230
human tooth enamel, 328-329
virus, 369-370
vitamins in human organs, 230, 232
Chemical Computing Group Inc., 64
Chemical energy, human body resources, 147
Chemical force microscopy, 57, 58, 96
Chemical poisoning, 362-367
Chemoelectric cells, 152-153, 154
Chemographicytes, 246
Chemography, 244-246
Chemomapping, 246
Chemomessaging, 191, 193-197
Chemomessenger cable, 185
Chemonavigation, 244-246, 272
Chemosensor, 93-97
Chemotactic sensor, 96, 250, 255
Chemotaxis, 327-328
Chen, Junghuei, 46
Cheselden, William, 9
Chewing, pressure exerted during, 234, 9.5.1
Chien, S., 245, 301, 302, 305
Childbirth, 36
Chinese puzzle box, 294
Chirality, 75, 86
Chiron, 64
Chirurgia (surgery), 6
Chloroform, 12
Chlorophyll, 111, 155
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), 15, 363
Cholera, 1, 13
Cholesterol, 141, 146, 147, 218, 223, 225, 226, 229, 257, Appendix B
Chothia, Cyrus, 91
Chromatin (chromosomes), 269, 270, 271, 272
Chromomorphic surfaces, nanorobotic, 135-136, 192
Chromosomes, 269-270
speed of movement, 270, 272
territories, 270, 271-272
Chronobiology, 337-338
Chronocyte, 341, 342
Chubb, Scott R., Preface
Churchane, 48, 49
Churchill, Sharon, Preface
Churchill, Winston, 2
Chyle, 217
Chyme, 224, 225, 245
CIARA, 64
Ciliary transport system (arrays), 293, 310
Cilium, 33, 286, 310
Circadian clock, 204, 337, 338
Circulatory system, human, quantification, 212
Cisplatin, 366
Clarke, William E., 12
Clathrate, 47
Clathrin, 253, 258, 261
Claytor, Thomas N., 160
Cleavage energy, Appendix A
Cleland, A.N., 165
Cleopatra, 10
Cline, Henry, 11
Clocks and timing, nanorobots, 134-135, 337-342
Clogging, 281; see also nanosieve pore clogging
Coanda effect, 285
Coasting, nanorobot viscous, 304
Coaxial cable, 166-167, 184
Cocaine, as local anesthetic, 12
Cochlear implant devices, 200
Cochrane, Peter, 353
Cockcroft-Walton reaction, 159
Coffey, Donald S., 271
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), 114, 116
Cokelet, G.R., 300, 301, 303
Colbert, Daniel T., 52
Colcemid, 363
Colchicine, 327, 363
Collagen, 129, 133, 230, 319, 320
Collins, Philip G., Preface, 348
Collisions, nanorobots with blood elements, 305-306
Columbia University, 64
Combinatoric diversity, carbohydrates, 254
Combustion, 149-152, 173, 296, 358, 375
Communication,
acoustic broadcast, 181-182
biocellular messaging, 193-197
cables, 184-185
chemical broadcast, 177-181
electromagnetic broadcast, 182-183
messenger pill, 191
nanomechanical, 183
nanorobot, 177-207
networks, 186-188
transvenue, 207
Communications blackout, 187, 188
Communicytes, 185-186, 187-188
Compiler, 68
Complement, 249, 365
Compressibility, 77, 88, Appendix A
negative, 140, 356
Computation,
Bekenstein-bounded, 353
nanorobot, 342-353
Concentration gradient, bacterial sensing, 96
Conductivity,
electrical, 152, 165-166, 174, 283, 284
function of pressure, 356
quantized, 166, 348
fullerene, 166, 348
thermal, 109, 166, 168, 242, 374, Appendix A
function of temperature, 374
Conformer, 64
Conjugation, of nanorobots, 321
Containerization (transport), 82, 285
Container molecules, 86
Control,
of buoyancy, 358-359
of cytocarriage, 326-327, 328
of manipulators, 133-134, 292-293
of mitosis, 362, 363
open loop, 292
Convergent assembly, 65, 66
Conveyor belts (nanoscale), 82, 166
Coombs, Richard R.H., 31
Cooper, Astley, 11
Coordinated Universal Time, 338; see also WWV
Core temperature, human body, 239
Cormack, David H., 232, 233, 286
Cornell Nanofabrication Facility, 16, 42, 60
Coulomb blockade, see conductivity, electrical quantized
Coulomb's law (forces), 83, 109, 283
Coulomb repulsion (nuclear), 156
Counting rotor, 94-95
Covalent bond, 82-83, 102
rupture strength, 102
Coviello, Gino J., Preface
Crack velocity, Appendix A
Crawford, Richard, 31
Crawfurd, Sir Raymond, 9
Cray supercomputer, 69, 343
Crick, Francis, 15
Crossfire, 64
Crowding, cytosolic proteins, 115, 259
Crushing force, of dental nanorobots, 329
Cryonics, 27, 29, 30, Afterword
Cryptaspherands, 48, 86
Crystallescence, 281-282
Crystal Sketchpad, 63, 64
Cubane, 48, 50
Cunningham, Roger K., 250
Customized diagnosis and treatment, 23-24
Cyanide, 363, 367
Cyclic AMP (cAMP), 193, 195, 196
Cyclophane, 48
Cyclosis, 327
Cyclosporin, 15
Cyclotron, nanoscale, 157
Cytoambulation, 312-318
Cytocarriage, 325-328, 372
Cytochalasin B, 318, 327, 362, 363
Cytocide, 359-372
biochemical, 359-367
mechanical, 356, 367-372
Cytography, 255-268
Cytoidentification, 247-255
Cytokines, 193, 194, 195
Cytometrics, 247
Cytonatation, 324-325, 358
Cytonavigation, 247-273
Cytopenetration, 321-324, 330
Cytoplasm, 258, 259, 299
Cytoskeletolysis, 367-368
Cytoskeleton, 264-266
Cytosol, 258-259
Cytotomography, 113-114
Czarn, Andrew, Preface
D
Daimler-Benz, 41, 98
Damha, Masad J., 45
Danielli, J.F., 28
DARPA, 155, 206
Darsey, Jerry A., Preface
Darwin, Michael G., 29, 31
Data secretion glands, 206
Davis, H., 199
Davy, Sir Humphry, 12
Dead reckoning, 234, 267, 273
Deamer, David W., 248, 260, 264, 265, 268, 286
Death, average age, in Roman times, 2
Death, leading causes in U.S., 1890 and 1990, 9
Debye-Huckel reciprocal length parameter, 84, 278
Debye-Huckel shielding, 83, 109, 113, 373
Decibel notation (acoustics), defined, 117
Dedicated nano-organs,
biodisposal, 370
chronometry, 342
communication, 188, 206
computation, 353
energy, 169-170
library, 188, 238, 353
navigation, 238
nuclear power, 157, 170
sensory, 188
Defensins, 328, 366
Deflection and buckling forces, 286
DeGrado, W.F., 44
De Koninck, Paul, 194
Delaage, Michel, 85
Demarcation, 209, 235
barographic, 243
chemical, 244
thermal, 192, 240
Denaturation, see protein denaturation
Dendrimers, 47, 50, 53, 54, 86, 156
Density,
various materials, 98, 105, 242, 356, Appendix A
Dental walking, 328-329
Denys, Jean-Baptiste, 14
Dermal displays, 192, 204-206
Dermatoglyphics, 273
Dertouzos, Michael, 186
Descartes, Rene, 24
Design compilers, 68
Desmosome, 136, 320
Detox response (intoxication), 191; see also ethanol
Dewdney, A.K., 31
Diagnosis, 21-22, 23-24
Diamond,
cleavage, 183, 296, Appendix A
colors, 135, 356
decomposition, 294-298
energy storage, 140, 141
gears, 41
graphitization, 296
properties, 51, 135, 173, 174, 276, 295, 296, 297, 298, 340, 356, 358, 372, 374, Appendix A
resistivity, 174, Appendix A
solvation of, 297
DiamondCAD, 64
Diamondoid,
rods and cables, 87, 88, 101, 168, 184, 185
struts, 51
Diamondophagy, 298
Diapedesis (transendothelial migration), 120, 318-319, 327
Dielectric constant, 84, 109, 110, 141, 151, 155, 166-167, 283, Appendix A
function of temperature, 375
Dielectric drive, 155
Dielectric strength, see breakdown voltage
Diels-Alder reaction, 50, 53, 54
Difference Engine, 343
Differential Analyzer, 343
Diffusion, 72-75
active intake, 72-74
elevated rate, due to red cells, 72
lateral, in plasma membrane, 313
passive intake, 72, 95-96
table of coefficients, 73
translational, 315
Diffusion cascade sortation, 74-75
Diffusion coefficients, 73
Diffusion-limited broadcast, messenger molecules, 179
Diffusion-limited glucose current, 72, 147
Diffusion-limited oxygen current, 72, 147
Diffusion time, glycine, 74
Dillon, Robert, 307
Diphtheria, deaths from, 15
Disassembly for disposal, 293-298
Disease,
definition of, 18-20, 36-37
evolved with man, 1
of ape ancestors of man, 1
volitional normative model, 20
Dislodgement forces, 316, 330
Dispersion forces, see van der Waals interactions
Displacement sensor, 97
Disposability engineering, 294
Dissociation rate constant, 85
Ditto, W.L., 351
DNA, 15, 16, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 83, 111, 114, 165, 178, 193, 269, 270, 271, 272, 280, 292, 350, 351, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371
computing, 350
custom sequences,
current (1998) cost, 29, 68
ordered online, 46, 68
data storage, 178, 345
laddering, 360
mitochondrial, 263
polyhedra, 45, 46
superhelical twisting, 168
UV damage, 369
Dobson, Matthew, 10
Docking,
of nanorobots, see conjugation
of nanotubes, 60
Dodecahedron (rhombic, rhombo-hexagonal), 124, 127, 128
DOE, 157
Dogs, red blood cells, 212
Dominance columns, in brain, 192
Dominoes, 132
Donaldson, Thomas, Preface, 28-29
Donnan-van't Hoff formula, 77
Doppelganger proteins, 33
Doppler velocimeter, 98
Dragon Systems, 191
Drain, C.M., 50
Drexler, K. Eric, Foreword, Preface, 26, 27, 30, 31, 35, 36, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 76, 81, 82, 83, 85, 88, 90, 93, 100, 101, 132, 140, 144, 145, 155, 166, 148, 153, 165, 174, 175, 178, 184, 192, 276, 282, 283, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296, 297, 339, 340, 343, 344, 345, 347, 350, 352, 356, 374, Afterword
Dualist theory of human mind, 24-25
Duan, Yong, 44
Dubois, Eugene, 1
DuCharme, Wesley M., 31
Ducker, W.A., 60
Dworaczyk, Cynthia, Preface
Dye, William L., Preface
Dyer, Mark, Preface, 60
Dynamic Enterprises Ltd., 52
Dynein motor, 116, 147, 263, 286
E
Eachus, Robert I., Preface
Ear, human, 97, 106, 199-200
Earnshaw's theorem, 151
Earth's core, 355
Eaton, Philip E., 48
Eavesdropping, 115, 119, 121, 183, 189, 190, 192, 194, 246, 327-328
Ebers Papyrus, 4
E-CELL, 16
ECG/EEG/EKG, see electrocardiac and electroencephalic
Eckmiller, Rolf, 204
ECM (extracellular matrix), 188, 193, 230-232, 292, 319-320, 360
ECM mesh size, 319
Edelstein, Martin, Preface
Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia of 1803, 23
Edwards, Merrill, 239
Edwin Smith Papyrus, 4-5
Effervescence, 281-282
Eggbeater tool, 292, 372
Eigler, D.M., 57
Einstein, Albert, 57, 58, 72, 315
Einstein-Smoluchowski equation, 315
Einstein-Stokes equation, 72
Elastin, 319
Electrets, 151, 155
Electric field energy, 141-142
Electric field sensors (electrosensors), 109-110, 164-165
Electric fields, comparisons, 109
Electrical insulator, minimum atomic thickness, 42
Electrical interference, 174
Electrical vs. mechanical nanosystems, 173-174
Electric Power Research Institute, 160
Electroactive polymers, 154
Electrocardiac (ECG/EKG) and electroencephalic (EEG) signals,
detection by individual nanorobots, 183, 192
Electrocution, 109
Electrodynamic suspension, 151
Electromigration, 141, 166
Electron drift speed (mobility), 174, Appendix A
Electronic anesthesia, 197
Electron-volt, Appendix A
Electroporation, 80
Electrosensitive gel sensor, 109
Electrostatic bonds and forces, 83-84, 277
Electrostatic motor/generator, 153-154
Electrostrictive polymers, 154
Electrotaxis, 327
Elementary charge, Appendix A
Elias, Hans, 233
Ellenbogen, J.C., Preface, 348, 349
Emanuelson, Jerry, 31
Emissivity, Appendix A
Empedocles, 5
Emperipolesis, 267
EMP (electromagnetic pulse), 174, 345
Endocytosis, 258, 261, 262, 323
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 260, 263, 266, 267, 268
rough ER, 197, 250, 260, 269
smooth ER, 260
Endorphins, 16
Endothelium, 211
Energy,
nanorobot, see power
per bit of information, 177, 353
storage, 139-142
storage density, various fuels, 141
Engels, Friedrich, 9
Engulf formation, 134, 370
Entropic packing, 308
Enzyme complexes, 259
Enzymes, 86, 108, 349-350
Eosinophils, 325
Epidermal maps, 273
Epinephrine (adrenalin), 194, 196, 246
Equilibrium dissociation constant, 85
Erichsen, Sir John Eric, 14, Afterword
Erasistratus of Chios, 6
Erlangen University, 64
EROS, 64
Erythrocyte, see RBC (red blood cell)
Esophagus, human, 224
Ethane, 87
Ethanol (alcohol), 153, 191, 240, 246, 262, 283, 358, 367, 374
Ether frolics, 12
Etoposide, 363
Ettinger, Robert C.W., 27, 28, 29
Euclid, 6
Euler buckling force, see buckling force
Euler's theorem, 53
Evans, E.A., 313
Evans, Glen A., 29
Evans, T., 296, 297
Evipan, 15
Examination, of patients, 20-21
Excited states (electronic), 142, 298
Exocytosis, 261, 323
Extremozymes (extremophiles), 298
Extracellular matrix, see ECM
Extrusion, of cell nucleus, see nuclear extrusion
Eyeball, human, 201, 202, 203, 204
Eyring, H., 339
F
Fahraeus, R., 303
Fahy, Gregory M., Preface, 31, 32, 34, 44, 60, 375
Failure (rupture) strength, 33, 265, 266, 295, 313, 314
Fant, K.M., 337
Faraday constant, 81, Appendix A
Fauci, Lisa, 307
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 161, 178
Feces, 227
Feinberg, G., 30
Ferric wheel, 48, 49
Ferritin, 262, 351, 366, 368
Feynman Grand Prize, 40, 67
Feynman, Richard P., 26, 30, 39, 40-41, 142, 203, 352, 368, Afterword
Fibroblast, 32, 33, 111, 228, 247, 252, 254, 258, 261, 264, 265, 266, 268, 291, 309, 315, 316, 317, 319, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 350, 368
Fiedler, Frederick A., 31
Fight or flight response, 194, 196
Filtration, 77-79
Fingerprints, 273; see also dermatoglyphics
Fingers, metamorphic nanorobotic, 129, 130, 133-134
Finger tapping and typing, 189-191
Fish (swimming), smallest known, 309
Fissile nuclear species, 158
Fission (nuclear power), 158-159
Flagellar ionic motor, 148
Flagellar propulsion, 308, 311
Flashlight beam, 192
Flatus, 118, 227
Fleming, Alexander, 15
Flexible fabric model, 132-133
Flexural rigidity, see rigidity
Flicker frequency, 203
Flight efficiency, insects, 334
"Flight of the Bumblebee" (Rimsky-Korsakov), 190
Flight speed, insects, 332, 334
Flitman, Steven S., Preface
Florey, Howard, 15
Fluconazole, 366
Fluid flow in tubes, 278-281
Fluidic circuits, 284-285
Fluid mixing, 284
Fluorescence, 114, 262, 266
Fluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, 178-179
Fluphenazine, 363
Flying nanorobots, 273-274, 330-335
communication, 207
navigation, 273-274
power and velocity, 332-333
Flywheels (energy storage), 139-140
Focused ultrasound surgery (FUS), 243
Follicular (crinal) map, 273
Food allergy/intolerance, 36
Food viscosity, 223
Foresight Institute, Preface, 40, 67
Forrest, David R., Preface
Foster, John S., 56, 57, 58
Fowler, Berry, Preface
Fowler, Thomas, 343
Frank, F.C., 159
Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics, 64
Fredkin, Edward, 352
Freeman, Tim, Preface
Freeplay Power Group, 145
Freezing point,
constants, molal, 374
function of pressure, 355-356
function of solute concentration, 373
various substances, 105, 355-356, 374
Freitas, Barbara Lee, Preface
Freitas, Nancy Ann, Preface
Freitas, Robert A., Jr., Foreword, Preface, 31, 59, 66, Afterword
Freitas, Robert A., Sr., Preface
Freud, Sigmund, 25
Friction and wear, in nanomachines, 40, 49, 51, 55, 61
Frohlich, H., 116
Fronek, K., 245
Fuel cells, 152-153, 154
Fuhr, Gunter, 284
Fujitsu Ltd., 64
Fukuda, Toshio, 309
Fuller, Buckminster, 51
Fullerenes, 16, 51-56, 61, 126, 296, 297, 348, 356
bearings, 55
diameters, 52
gears, 55
motor, 55-56
struts, 56
Fullerene Science and Technology, 51
Fulton, Alice B., 259
Fusion,
cell membrane, 261, 322-323
nuclear power
conventional, 159
catalyzed, 159-160
Fusogen, 322
G
Gadolinium-148, 157, 158, 170
Gaehtgens, P., 303
Gage, Thomas W., Preface
Gaits, legged nanorobot, 316
Galen of Pergamon, 6, 7, 10, 24
Galileo, 10
Gallabu (barber surgeons), 4
Gallbladder (human organ), 225
Galvanotropic bacteria, 110
Garrett, Steven L., 146
Garrod, Alfred, 10
Gas expansion, temperature effect, 134
Gas leakage, from storage vessels, 356, 358
Gas molecule packing densities, 355
Gasson, Peter C., 128
Gasteiger, Johann, 64
Gastroelectric patterns, 121, 183
Gaussian Inc., 64
Gaussian94, 64
Gaver, Donald, III, 307
Gear trains, 144, 167
General Foods, 356
Gene therapy, 16
Genes, 269, 270
Gen-Etics, 353
Genomes, complete maps, 16
Geographic macrosensing, 119, 120
Geomagnetic field vector, 110, 120
Georgia Tech, 351
Gerber, Ch., 56
Germ theory, history of, 12-14
German Cancer Research Centre, 271
Germanium, 143, 152, 157
Ghadiri, M. Reza, 47, 48, 89
Gibbs free energy, 85, 105-106, 145
Gilbreath, William P., 59, 66
Gilmore, John, Preface
Gimzewski, James K., 40, 49, 58, 59, 343, 346
Girolamo Fracastoro of Verona, 12, 13
Global Positioning System, see GPS
Globus, Al, Preface, 55, 56
Glucose, 141, 147, 149, 196, 245, 261
concentration, 202, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229, 230, Appendix B
engines, 149-152
solubility in water, 150, 282
transporters, 147
Glycocalyx, 210-211, 231, 245, 254, 258, 313, 316
Glycogen, 141, 146, 196, 261
Glycophorins, 254, 258, 313
Goddard, W.A., III, 62, 63, 64, 65-66
Goldsmith, H.L., 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307
Golgi complex, 259, 260-261, 268
Golovchencko, J.A., 57
GPS (Global Positioning System), 183, 188, 237, 238, 342
Gramicidin, 365
Granules (storage, in cells), 261-262
Granulitoxin, 365
Granulocytes, 252
Granulomatous reaction, 169, 179
Granulysin, 328, 362
Graphene, 51-52, 132
Graphite, 51
Graphitization, of diamond, 296
Gravimeter (gravity sensor), 102-103, 119
Gravitational constant, Appendix A
Gravity, acceleration of, Appendix A
Greep, R.O., 221
Greiff, P., 99
Griseofulvin, 363
Guth Laboratories, 153
Guttentag, Otto E., 2, 20, 22, 24
Guyton, Arthur C., 220, 223, 224, 225, 228, 233, 255
Gyromagnetic ratio, proton, 113, Appendix A
Gyroscopes, nanorobotic, 99, 100
Gyroscopic effects, nanorobots in blood flow, 305-306
Gyrostabilization, of nanorobots, 237, 306
H
Haagensen, C.D., 217, 218
Halacy, D.S., Jr., 28
Haldane, J.B.S., 66
Halg, B., 10.2.1
Hall, J. Storrs, Preface, 65, 66, 67, 292, 331, 344, 352
Hall effect, 111
Halperin, James L., Preface
Hamaker constant, 84, 276, 278
Hammurabic Code, 4, 5
Han, Jie, Preface, 55
Hand, human, bone structure, 189
HandyKey, 190
Hanessian, Steve, 64
Haptotaxis, 319
Hardy, James D., 239
Hare, William, 11
Harpooning, of cells, 368
Harvard Medical School, 204
Harvard University, 64
Harvey, William, 2, Afterword
Haukedalen, Barbara, Preface
Haukedalen, Danny, Preface
Hearing, see audible
Heath, James R., 351
Heat capacity,
function of temperature, 374
various materials, 242, Appendix A
Heat of fusion, various materials, 374, Appendix A
Heat of vaporization, various materials, 374, Appendix A
Heat shock proteins, 108, 168
Heat signature, nanorobot, 183
Heetderks, William J., 164
Heidel, Dan, Preface, 43, 44
Heinlein, Robert A., 29-30
HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) cell line, 68, 271, 272, 362
Helical logic, 347-348
Helicopter, 309, 333-334
Helium, solidification with pressure, 356
Hematocrit (Hct), 244, 245, 301, 303
Hemoglobin, Appendix A
Henderson, E.R., 45
Hendrickson, Jim, 64
Henle, Jacob, 14
Henry's law, 281, 282
Heparan sulfate, 109, 231, 253, 319
Hepatocytes (liver cells), 136, 232-233, 253, 261, 264, 269, 271, 319
Herbal of Dioscorides, 12
Herodotus, 4
Herophilus of Chalcedon, 6
Herpin, Al, 37
Hewlett-Packard, 136
Hexagonane, 48
Hibbs, Albert R., 30
Hickman, James J., 351
Hillis, D., 343
Hippocrates, 5
Hippocratic facies, 6, 21
Hippocratic medicine, 5-6, 7, 8, 22
Hippus movement, 338
Histonatation, 318-321
Histonavigation, 230-234
Hitachi Corp., 346
Hite, B.H., 368
HIV virus, 52-53
HLA, 248-250, 315
HLA specificities, 249
Hocking, Brian, 332
Hoffmann, Roald, 46, 48
Hogg, Tad, Preface
Hoh, Jan H., Preface, 313, 315
Holberton, D.V., 317
Holistic medicine, 23
Hollerith Tabulator, 69
Honey, as embalming agent, 3
Honeybees, energy and flight data, 170, 171, 334
Hooke's law, 97, 281
Hormones, endocrine, 193, 194, 195
Horn, T., 45
Hornet venom, 365
Horwitz, Alan F., 317
Hovering flight, 333-334
Hughes, Robert Earl, 209
Human blood composition, Appendix B
Human body,
asymmetries, 216, 230
cell count, 247
cell types, 252, Appendix C
chemical composition, 71; see also chemical composition
chemical energy resources, 147
content by volume, 230, 231
organs, quantification, 231
Human Genome Project, 15, 255
Hydraulic tethers, 167
Hydrodynamics,
flows in cells, 100
of nanorobots, 123, 305-308
Hydroflip computer, 285, 343
Hydrogen,
abstraction tool, 58, 59
bond, 84
solidification with pressure, 141, 356
Hydrophobic forces, 84
Hygeia, 5
Hypatia, 6
Hyperchem, 64
Hypercube Inc., 64
Hypergolic fuels, 142, 169
Hypochromic effect, 369
Hypodermic syringe, 10
Hypsithermal limit, 175-176
I
IBM, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 191, 207, 343
"IBM" logo (IBM Research Division), 57, 58
IBM Selectric typewriter, 190
Ice (water),
allotropic forms, 106, 354, 355-356, 373
progressive burrowing, 373
uppermost molecular layers, 373
viscosity, 299
Ideal gas law, 354
Iikura, Shoichi, 288
Illness, self-limiting, 22
Immunocytes, 209
Immunological synapse, 135, 350, 362
Index of refraction, 169, Appendix A
Inflation of graphene tube, 132-133
Information toxicity, 178
Inmessaging, 189-192
Institute for Microtechnology, 333
Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM), Preface
Integrated Micromachines, 41
Integrins, 137, 232, 246, 253, 264, 314, 318, 320, 326, 328
Intelligent Motion Surfaces, 293
Interactive Simulations Inc., 64
International Society for Molecular Electronics and Biocomputing, 345
Internet, nanorobot communication analogs, 182, 186
Intestines (human organ), 223, 225-227
Intoximeter, 153
Intracellular mediators, 193, 194, 195
Iodoacetate, 366
Iodophors, 366
Ion channel switch sensor, 80, 94
Ion concentration cells (energy), 152
Ionophores, 365
Iri, Keeper of the Royal Rectum, 4
Isotopes,
bulk properties, 105
discrimination, 104-105
separation, 77, 104-105
Isozymes, 246
Itoh, Toshihiro, 60
Iwamura, H., 26, 48
J
Jacobson, Homer, 66
Jacobstein, Neil, Preface
Jamming, 181
Janowitz, Henry D., 223
Jansky, Jan, 14
Java man, 1
Jaynes, Julian, 25
Jenner, Edward, 9-10
Jeon, K.W., 28
Jerk, see accelerative onset
Jet propulsion, 311
Jewson, N., 23
JKR theory of adhesion, 276, 278
JNK cascade, 111, 115
Joachim, Christian, 40, 346
Joint, human skeletal (diarthrodial), 229
Jolt, see accelerative onset
Jones, Christopher, Preface
Jones, Tanya, Preface
Jorgensen, William L., 64
Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 41
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 41
Journal of the American Medical Association, 30
Junctions,
communicating, 137
physical, 136-137
Jung, Carl G., 25
Jung, T.A., 59
K
Kaehler, Ted, Preface, 31
Kahn, Carol, 31
Karino, Takeshi, 307
Karnis, A., 304
Karplus, M., 86
Karyoskeleton, 269
Katanin, 368
Katchalsky, A., 148, 149
Kauffman, Stuart A., 85
KDEL, 260
Kelly, B.T., 132
Kelly, Kevin, 35
Kelly, T. Ross, 49
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 127
Kerr medium, 111
Kesselman, M.L., 152
Kim, Yun, 57
Kinesin motor, 147, 293, 324, 328
Kinesthesis, 118, 198-199
King, Barry G., 189, 220, 229
King, Penny, Preface
King Asa, 7
King Menelaus, 5
King Ptolemy, 6
Kinnaert, P., 216
Kircher, Athanasius, 13
Klatz, Ronald, 16, 31
Knight, Thomas F., Jr., 349
Knoch, Tobias A., Preface, 271, 272
Knox, Robert, 11
Ko, W.H., 144
Koch, Robert, 13
Koller, Carl, 12
Kollman, Peter A., 44
Kooistra, Jeffrey D., Preface
Koshland, D.E., Jr., 96
Kozaki, Masatoshi, 349
Kral, Peter, 57
Krebs cycle, see TCA cycle
Kringles, 91
Kroo, I., 334
Krummenacker, Markus, Preface, 34, 79, 81, 178, 294, 297
Kupffer cells, 233, 248, 326
Kurzweil, Raymond, 31, 191
Kusumi, A., 315
Kwon, Young-Kyun, 348
L
Laennec, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe, 10
LAHSA, 64
Laing, Richard, 26, 28
Lakkaraju, Sarma, Preface
Lamins, nuclear, see nuclear lamins
Lampietro, 241
Lampton, Christopher, 31
Landauer, Rolf, 177, 350, 352
Landes, Ronald G., Preface
Landsteiner, Karl, 14
Langowski, Jorg, 271
Laplace equation, 279-280
Large molecules, binding and transport, 91-92
Larmor frequency, 113
Larrey, Dominique Jean, 10, 11
Laser ablation rates, 369
Lattice spacing, Appendix A
LD50, 158, 178, 179, 365, 366
Leach, Geoff I., 51, 56, 63
Leakey, Louis, 1
Lean body mass (LBM), 247
LED, see light emitting devices
Lehn, Jean-Marie, 39, 47, 50, 83
Leiber, Fritz, 27
Leitl, Eugene, Preface
Leonardo da Vinci, 35
Leptin, 119, 246
Lesk, Michael, 186
Leukel, Francis, 201
Leukocyte, see white blood cell
Leung, Kevin, Preface
Levine, Philip, 14
Levitation, electrodynamic, 151
Levitin, Lev B., 177, 353
Lewin, Benjamin, 193, 371
Lewis, Eric. W., Preface
Lewis, James B., Preface
Libavius, Andreas, 14
Liberman, E.A., 349
Library at Alexandria, 5, 6
Library nodes, 188, 210, 238, 353
Library of Congress, 187
Librium, 15
Lichtman, M.A., 301
Lieber, Charles M., 57, 59
Ligand gating (transport channels), 79
Ligand-receptor dynamics, 86
Ligand-receptor mapping, 90-91
Light-emitting devices (LEDs), 136, 145, 202
Lighthill, J., 308
Lightning, 109, 110
Likharev, Konstantin K., 353
Lincoln Laboratory, 41
Lindqvist, T., 303
Linear accelerator (nuclear), nanoscale, 111, 159
Linear expansion, coefficient of, 108, Appendix A
Lion alcolmeter, 153
Lipid bilayer, see cell membrane lipid bilayer
Lipids, 146, 261
Lipowsky, H.H., 244, 245
Liquid oxygen (LOX), 149
Lister, Joseph, 13
Liver (human organ), 232-234, 246
Load error, 240
Locomotion,
aerial, 330-335
amoeboid, 317-318, 326-327
ECM brachiation, 319-320, 324
ex vivo, 328-335
histological, 318-321
inchworm, 318
in cyto, 324-325
in nucleo, 272, 324, 325
intercellular, 320-321
legged, 316-317
nanorobot, 298-335
nanorobot "freeway", 302, 305, 312
on cell surfaces, see cytoambulation
on dental surface, 328-329
on epidermis, 329-330
on walls and ceilings, 330
saltation (hopping), 330
speed limit,
between cells, 320
during cytocarriage, 327
during cytopenetration, 321, 322
during sanguinatation, 312
inside cells, 268, 324-325
inside nucleus, 272, 325
through ECM/tissues, 320, 325
swimming, see natation
tank-tread rolling, 317
Loewy, Ariel G., 265
Logajan, James, Preface, 101, 202
Lohn, Jason D., 66
Lomer dislocation, 61, 62
London dispersion forces, see Van der Waals interaction
London Pharmacopoeia of 1809, 23
Long, Alan, 64
Long, Crawford W., 12
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 158, 160
Louis XV of France, 9
Lowell, J., 165
Lower, Richard, 14
Luciano, Dorothy S., 221, 264
Lung (human organ), 220
Lymph, chemical composition, 218
Lymphatic system and lymph, 214-219
Lymphatic system, human, quantification, 215
Lymphocytes, 215, 217, 218, 247, 253, 263, 267, 270, 316, 318, 323, 325, 326, 327
Lysosomes, 262
Lysozymes, 84, 321, 362
M
Ma, Shugen, 287
MacDonald, Noel C., 60, 61
Macnab, R., 96
MacNicol, D.D., 47
Macrophage, 158, 217, 229, 247, 254, 258, 261, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 360, 367
Macrosensing, 116-122, 189
acoustic, 116-118
body weight, 119
electric/magnetic, 119-120, 183
geographical, 119, 120
kinesthetic, 118-119
neural, 121
optical, 120-121
orientational, 119
temporal, 338
Magnetic cooling, 375
Magnetic field energy, 141
Magnetic field sensors (magnetosensors), 110-111
Magnetic fields, comparisons, 110
Magnetic moment, Appendix A
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), 244
Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), 57, 102, 104
Magnetic Stereotaxis System, 285
Magnetic storms, 120
Magnetocaloric refrigerators, 375
Magnetoencephalograph, 111
Magnetostriction, 111, 155
Magnetotactic bacteria, 110, 307
Maillard reaction, 149, 366
Major Histocompatibility Complex, see MHC
Malpighi, Marcello, 26
Manipulators,
arrays, 293
control/sensors, 133-134, 292-293
hyper-redundant (snake, tentacle), 289
metamorphic, 290-291, 317-318
metamorphic fingers, 129-130, 133-134
nanorobot, 285-298
pneumatic, 287-289
telescoping, 65, 289-290
tool tips and grippers, 291-292
Margination, 306
Margolus, Norman, 353
Marianas Trench, 355
Marieb, Elaine N., 265
Market Intelligence Research Corp., 41
Martial, 6
Martin, Charles R., 80
Mason, S.G., 301, 304, 306
Mass,
elementary particles, Appendix A
planets and sun, Appendix A
typical tissue cell, 247
Massa, Frank, 181
Massometer, 103-104
Mathes, David, Preface
Matthews, B.W., 350
Maurotoxin, 365
McCammon, J.A., 86
McClaire, W.F., 26
McConkey, Edwin H., 259
McKendree, Thomas, Preface, 67
McLellan, William, 40
McNeill, William H., 3
MDL Information Systems Inc., 64
Mechanical power transmission, 167-169
Mechanical information transmission, 184-185
Mechanical rectification (energy), 144
Mechanical signal transduction (cells), 194, 314, 324-325
Mechanical strain, in cells, 313, 314, 328
Mechanosynthesis, 58, 59
Medicine, definition of, 17, 18
Melting point, see freezing point
Membrane-skeleton fence model, 315-316
Memory tape, hydrofluorocarbon, 178, 185, 210
MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems), 41-43, 285, 293, 345
Menstrual cycle, 240, 244, 299, 338
Merck, 12
Merkle, Ralph C., Preface, 31, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 132, 140, 153, 174, 175, 185, 290, 297, 347, Afterword
Merrill, Corbett, 31
Mesh sizes (biological), 265, 266, 267, 271, 319, 324
Messenger molecules, 178-179, 191
Messenger pill, 191
Metamorphic bumpers, see bumpers
Metamorphic fingers, 129, 130, 133-134
Metamorphic surfaces, 128-136
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex), 135, 248-250
Michaelis-Menten enzyme, 110
Michaelson, S.M., 163
Michl, Josef, 50-51
Microbiorobotics, 29
Microbiotagraphics, 246-247
Microelectromechanical systems, see MEMS
Microfilament (actin), 264-265, 313, 324, 326
Micro Machine Project (Japan), 43
Micromanipulators, 42, 43
Micro Networks, 341
Microtransponders, 165, 183, 235-237
Microtubules, 266, 286, 324
Microvilli, 226
Microwave hearing, 121, 342
Military Health Service Systems (MHSS) 2020, 27
Millard, Nellie D., 189, 220, 229
Mills, Russell, 44
Minsky, Marvin, 25, 30-31, 285, 343
Minton, Allen P., 259
Mirkin, C.A., 45
Mislow, Kurt, 48-49
MIT, 41, 190, 204, 343, 349
Mitchell, Duncan, 241
Mitchell, P., 26
Mitchell, Peter Chalmers, 226
Mitochondria, 148, 153, 171, 246, 262-264, 268
Mitosis, 269-270, 271, 362, 363
MITRE Corp., 345, 348
Miura, H., 42
Mo, Y., 345
Mohorovic discontinuity, 355
Molar volume of ideal gas, Appendix A
Molecular abacus, 58
Molecular assembler, 39, 40, 64-69
Molecular Assembly Sequence Software, 64
Molecular bearings, 55, 61
Molecular building blocks, 50
Molecular CAD systems, 64
Molecular conveyor, 63
Molecular Design Institute, 58
Molecular dynamics simulations, 55-56, 61-64
Molecular fine-motion controller, 63-64
Molecular gear systems, 26, 48-49, 55, 61-63
Molecular imprinting receptor model, 88
Molecular LEGO, 50
Molecular manufacturing, 39-69
Molecular mass, Appendix A
Molecular Meccano, 50
Molecular mechanical components, 61-64
Molecular mills, 82
Molecular Modelling Toolkit, 64
Molecular nanoelectronics, 345-349
Molecular nanotechnology, 25-27
Molecular number density, Appendix A
Molecular Operating Environment, 64
Molecular pumps, 63, 80-82
Molecular receptor engineering, 82-92
Molecular recognition, 82-86
Molecular rotation, 72, 77-78
Molecular Simulations Inc., 64
Molecular sorting rotor, see sorting rotor
Molecular struts, 51, 56
Molecular Tinkertoys, 47, 50, 55
Molecular tongs, 49
Molecular volume, Appendix A
Molecular wires, 345-346
Mole quantities, of nanorobots, 175
Monkeywrenching, 368
Montagu, Mary Wortley, 9
Montemagno, Carlo D., 45
Moore, Jeffrey S., 50
Moore's law, 69
MOPAC97, 64
Moravec, Hans, Preface, 69
Morcellation and mincing, 293-294
More, Max, Preface, 31
Morowitz, H.J., 28, 66
Morrison, Philip, 186
Morton, William Thomas Green, 12
Mosaic receptor model, 88-89
Mosbach, Klaus, 88
Mosquitos, 107, 274, 334
Motomiya, Mineo, 307
Motorola, 98, 349
Mouth, human, 220
MRFM, see magnetic resonance force microscopy
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanning, 110, 113-114, 192
MTOCs, 266, 267
Muller, D.E., 337
Multi-loop subcompartment (MLS) model, 271-272
Munkel, Christian, 271
Muon Catalyzed Fusion, 160
Muons, 159-160
Murphy, Edmond A., 2
Murphy, John B., 14
Murray, Joseph E., 15
Murray, Robert K., 255
Murray's law, 284
Musgrave, Charles B., 58
Myosin (actomyosin) motor, 147, 266, 326
N
Nagoya University, 204
Nakajima, Naomasa, 142
Nakka, Richard, Preface
Nanapheresis, 358-359
Nanobacteria, 37, 321
Nanoballoons, 331-332
Nanobiotics, 32, 209
NanoCAD, 64
Nanocentrifuge, 76-77, 100, 104
Nanocomputer, 342-353
biochemical, 349-350
bioelectronic, 351
biomechanical, 350-351
electronic, 345-349
mechanical, 65, 343-345
memory tape, 65, 185, 345
quantum, 352
reversible, 352
Nanocrit (Nct), 302, 303, 312
Nanocrit, maximum in vivo, 312
Nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS), 45
Nanoflight, see flying nanorobots
Nanogen, 16
Nanogravimeter, 102-103
Nanoguitar, 42
Nanogyroscope, 100
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL), 42
Nanomanipulator, The, 58
Nanomedicine, definition of, 2, 18, Glossary
Nanopendulum, 100-102
Nanorobots,
communication, 177-207
computers, 342-353
"freeway" (blood vessel plasmatic zone), 302, 305, 312
geometrical factors, 124, 125
locomotion, 298-335
manipulators, 285-298
maximum size, if bloodborne, 124-125, 211-212
maximum speed in cyto, 268, 324
maximum speed in nucleo, 272, 325
navigation, 209-274
power, 139-176
power scaling, 172-173
second skin, 129
sensors, 93-122
shape, 123-128
waste heat, 242-243
Nanosensors, 93-122
acceleration, 98-100
angular displacement, 100-102
cellular bioscanning, 111-116
chemical, 93-97
electric fields, 109-110
flow rate, 98
force, 102-104
linear displacement, 97
macrosensing, 116-122
magnetic fields, 110-111
nuclear particles, 111, 157-158
optical, 111
pressure, 105-107
temperature, 107-109
velocity, 97-98
Nanosieve, 77-79
Nanosieve pore clogging, 78
Nanotechnology, 25-27, 31
Nanotubes, 47, 52-53, 55, 61, 97, 279, 280, 296, 348, 355
diameters, 52
pressurized gas storage, 354-355, 358
sword and sheath failure, 60
Nanowires, 165-166, 345-346
Napoleon, 10, 11
NASA, 55, 56, 146, 157, 198, 307
NASA/Ames Research Center, 55, 56
Natation, 309-312
in blood, see sanguinatation
through cells, see cytonatation
through tissues, see histonatation
maximum speed, 312
National Library of Medicine, 209
NaturallySpeaking (Dragon Systems), 191
Naturophilia, 12, 35-37
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 55, 351
Navicytes, 235-237
Navigation,
airborne, 273-274
barographic, 243-244
cartotaxis, 234-235
chemical "area code", 246, 254, 318
chemographic, 244-246
cytographic, 247-273
dead reckoning, 234, 267
epidermal, 273
exodermal, 273-274
ex vivo, 273-274
grid (navicyte mobile network), 235-237
in cyto, see cytonavigation
in nucleo, see nucleonavigation
intraorgan, 232-234
microbiotagraphic, 246-247
nanorobot, 209-274
thermographic, 238-243
vascular bifurcation detection, 237
Neandertal, 1, 36
Near-field anomalous radiative transfer, 143, 152, 374
Near-field scanning optical microscope, see NSOM
Needles, falling in fluid, 308
Nemes, T., 30
NEMS, see nano-electromechanical systems
Nested annuli, 132
Networks,
for nanorobot communication, 186-188
for nanorobot navigation, 235-237
for nanorobot power, 169, 170
Neumister, 60
Neurographics, 196
Neuroinformatics, 196
Neuron, 115-116, 121, 192, 196-197, 198, 200-201, 203-204,247, 253, 261
as rf antenna, 342
discharge cycle, 115, 196
Neuropeptides, 193, 195, 197, 201, 244
Neurosensing, 115-116, 121, 196, 197
Neurotech (Paris), 29
Neurotransmitters, 193, 195, 196-197
Neutrophils, 218, 247, 253, 254, 318, 327
New York University, 45
NFPA, 179
Nicotine, 79, 240
Niemeyer, C.M., 45
Nippondenso Co. micro-car, 42-43
NIST, 341, 352
Nitinol, 143
Nitric oxide, 87, 195, 197, 363
Nitrous oxide, as anesthetic, 12
NLS, see nuclear localization sequence
NMR, see nuclear magnetic resonance
Nodes of Ranvier, 115, 342
No-fly zones, nanorobot, 274, 334-335
Noid, Donald W., 142
NOR, see nuclear organizer region
Nordenstrom, B., 119-120
NRL, see Naval Research Laboratory
NSF, 58
NSOM (near-field scanning optical microscope), 114, 348
Nuclear battery, 156, 158
Nuclear catalysis (fusion energy), 159-160
Nuclear cortex, 269
Nuclear envelope, 269
Nuclear envelope, penetration by nanorobots, 324
Nuclear extrusion, 362, 363-364
Nuclear fission (energy), 158-159
Nuclear fusion (energy), 159-160
Nuclear lamina, 269, 360
Nuclear lamins, 265-266, 269, 360
Nuclear localization sequence (NLS), 269
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, 113-114
Nuclear matrix, 271-272
Nuclear membrane penetration, 324
Nuclear organizer region (NOR), 269, 270, 271
Nuclear particle accelerator, 111, 157, 159
Nuclear pore complex, 269
Nuclear power/energy, 142, 156-160, 170
Nuclear power organ, 157, 170
Nuclear radius (atomic), Rutherford's formula, 156
Nucleography, 268-273
Nucleolus, 270-271
Nucleonavigation, 272-273
Nucleoplasm, 269-270
Nucleosol, 269-270
Nucleosomes, 270
Nucleus (cell), 268-273
cells lacking, 269
cells with multiple, 269, 271
Null Convention Logic, 337
Nyquist noise (thermal), 142
O
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 55, 142
Octahedron (nonregular, regular, truncated), 124, 127, 128
Octopus, 129
Ocular Vergence and Accommodation Sensor (OVAS), 191
Odbert, H.S., 25
Oligomycin, 363
Olliver, Vik, Preface
Olson, R.M., 243
Olympiadane, 50
Olympic games, 5
Open-loop control, 292
Optacon, 198
Optical attenuation in body tissue, 120-121, 202
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), 114
Optical power, 121, 155-156, 164, 166-167, 202
Optical fiber, 166-167, 184
Optical refrigerators, 155, 375
Optical tweezers, 164, 284, 291
Optocution, 369
Optofluidic pumping, 284
Orchid Biocomputer, 285
Organ mills, 32
Organography (organs), 230-234
Organs, human, mass and volume, 231
Origami, 130, 285
ORNL, see Oak Ridge National Laboratory
OSHA, 179
Osler, Sir William, 22
Osmotic pressure, 77
Osteography, human, 227-230
Oster, George F., 287
Ostman, Charles, 31
Ouabain, 197
Outmessaging, 197-207
P
Packing density, 125, 127
Pagodane, 48, 49
Pain, see threshold of pain
Pallet transport, 82
Panacea, 5
Paracrine mediators, 193
Paramecium, 291, 310, 367
Parasol configuration, 130-132
Pare, Ambroise, 8, 12
Paris, John Ayrton, 24
Park, Michael, Preface
Particle accelerator (nuclear), 111, 157, 159
Particles, injected in vivo, 211-212, 214
Partition, of conjugated nanorobots, 321
Pascaline, 343
Paschen effect, 291
Passens, Andreas, Cover Art
PAS Systems, 153
Pasteur, Louis, 13
Pease, Roland, 51
Peltier effect cooling, 155, 375
Penicillin, 15
Penrose, L.S., 66
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), 33
Perelson, Alan S., 287
Pergamit, Gayle, 26, 67
Permeability (magnetic) constant, Appendix A
Permittivity (electric) constant, Appendix A
Peroxisome, 16, 262
Personal Area Network (PAN/IBM), 207
Personal status monitors, 206
Peseshet, 4
Peterson, Chris, Preface, 26, 30, 67
Petrie, T.R.W., 159
Pet Trac, 353
Pfizer, 15
Phage exclusion, 361
Phagocytic flagging, 361-362
Phalloidin, 327
Pharmacytes, 32, 367
PharmaSeq, 165, 183
Phase diagram, water and ice, 354
Phenobarbitol (Luminal), 15
Phenothiazines, 15
Philipson, Kenneth, Preface
Phobias, 37
Phoenix, Christopher J., Preface, 107, 133, 222
Phonocardiograms, 243
Photodynamic therapy, 244
Photoelectric cells, 155-156
Photon pressure force, 284
Photostriction, 155
Photosynthesis (chlorophyll), 109, 111, 155
Physical constants - Appendix A
Physician-patient relationship, 24
Physiome Sciences, 16
Pienta, Kenneth J., 271
Piezoelectric fields and materials, 109, 120, 144, 145, 154, 155
Piezoelectric stress macrosensing, 120
Piezoluminescence, 145
Piggybacking, 328
Pin cushion receptor model, 90
Pinneo, L.R., 152
Pipe flow, 280-281
Plague, 7-8
Planck's constant, Appendix A
Platelets, 247, 252-253, 269, 301, 306, 307, 310, 312, 326
alloantigen systems, 253
Platinum, for dense nanorobot components, 98
Plicamycin (mithramycin), 362
Pohl, Frederik, Preface
Poiseuille (Hagen-Poiseuille law) flow, 78, 167, 185, 280-281, 285, 302, 303
Poisons, cellular, 362-367
Poisson noise, 339
Poisson's ratio, 340, 358
Polyribosome, 259
Pope Honorius III, 7
Pope Innocent VIII, 14
Porins, 364-365
Porter, Roy, Preface, 3, 16, 36
Positional uncertainty, due to thermal noise, 39
Postrel, Virginia, Preface, 35, 37
Potassium, 79, 80, 197, 247
Pott, Percivall, 9
Power,
acoustic, 145-146, 160-163, 167, 181
analysis in design, 174-175
chemical, 146-153
conversion/transduction, 142-160
electrical vs. mechanical, 173-174
extradermal acoustic sources, 161-162, 205
global dissipation, 175, Appendix A
nanorobot, 139-176
nanorobot locomotion, 308
nuclear, 142, 156-160, 170
output, human, 170, 171
pill, 157
pressurized fluids, 140
solar, 121, 155-156, 205
transmission, 160-170
Power Braille, 198
Prandtl, L., 334
Praxagoras of Cos, 6
Pregnancy, see childbirth
Presentation semaphore, see semaphore
Pressure-altered biological properties, 356, 357, 368
Pressure-altered physical properties, 355-356
Pressure sensors, 105-107
Pressure storage and ballasting, 353-359
Pressure transducers, high-frequency, 106, 145-146, 161-163, 181-182
Pressure vessels and hulls, 353-354, 358
Pressure vessels, leakage and flammability, 356, 358
Pressures, comparative, 355
Pressurized fluids, energy content, 140
Price, Charles, 28
Prime Centrum (at T-10), 235
Princeton Simulations, 64
Prismanes, 48
Prisms (hexagonal, square, triangular), 124, 125, 126, 127
Prognosis, 6, 22
Proof, U.S. unit of concentration for ethanol-water mixtures, 375
Propellanes, 48, 50
Prophyllaxis, 23
Proprioception, 118-119
Proteasomes, 262, 361
Protein Data Bank, 71
Protein denaturation, 356, 357, 375
Protein fold design, 44
Protein fold families, 91
Protein folding, thermal dependence, 108
Protein surface area (ellipsoidal), 87
Proton exchange membrane (PEM), 153
Proton pump, 148, 155
Ptolemy, 6
Pulmonary arterial network, quantification, 213
Pumps (fluid), 282-285
Purcell, Edward M., 73, 95, 96, 305, 309, 311
Purdue University, 347
Pyro-electric effect, 144
Q
Q (resonator or circuit), 104, 164, 340
Quantum computers, 352
Quantum effects, on nanomachines, 39
Quantum game theory, 352
Quastler, H., 190
Quate, Calvin F., 56, 60
Queen Anne (England), 9
Queen Mary (England), 9
Queen Victoria (England), 12
Quorum sensing, 181, 246
R
Radar microchips, 191
Radiation damage, of nanomachines, 40
Radiation dosage (LD50), 158
Radiation shielding, alpha particles, 156, 158
Radiative heat transfer, classical, 143, 152, 157, 175
Radiative heat transfer, near-field anomalous, 143, 152
Radio pills, 189
Radio signals, see TV/radio
Radioactive thermal generators (RTGs), 157
Radiofrequency antenna, neurons used as, 342
Radiofrequency dipole antenna, electric vs. magnetic, 182
Radiofrequency perception by humans, see microwave hearing
Radiofrequency power,
attenuation, 164, 165
safe exposure limits, 163-164
transmission, 156, 162-165
Radiofrequency receivers, 110, 164-165, 182-183
Radiolarians, 52, 53, 126
Radionuclides,
as power source, 156-159, 170
power density, 157
Radius,
particles, Appendix A
planetary, Appendix A
Ramstrom, Olof, 88
Random-walk giant loop (RWGL) model, 271, 272
Rank, Otto, 25
Raoult's law, 76
Ras superfamily, 326-327
Rattlesnakes, 107, 137
Rayleigh, Lord, 167
RBC (red blood cell),
generally, 72, 129, 130, 212-213, 229, 247, 250-252, 254, 258, 265, 269, 276, 278, 299-301, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 312, 313, 315, 316, 326
osmotic lysis, 314
REACCS, 64
Reaction rate, temperature coefficient, 108
RealMol/CAVE/NAMD, 64
Rebek, Julius, 48, 63
Receptor array, 93-94
Receptor-based transport, 80-82
Receptor design, 86-87, 88-90
Receptor sensor, 96-97
Reciprocity theorem (electromagnetic field theory), 182
Red blood cell, see RBC
Refractive index, 169, Appendix A
Refrigerators, micron-scale, 374-375
Regelation, 373
Rehn, Ludwig, 14
Reifman, Edward M., Preface, 31, 329
Replicators, 59, 65-67
information content, 65
medical nanorobots, 35, 67
unit growth, 67
unit replication, 66, 67
Requicha, A., 59
Resistivity, Appendix A; and see conductivity, electrical
Resonance frequency,
acoustic, 161, 354
mechanical, 106, 161
NMR, 104, 113-114
Respirocytes, 32, 66, 209, 342, Afterword
Rest mass energy, Appendix A
Reticuloplasm, 260
Retina, human, 203
Retinal implant devices, 203-204
Reversible computers, 352
Reynolds, Glenn H., 31
Reynolds, L.W., 152
Reynolds number, 117, 217, 280-281, 283, 302, 303-305, 308, 324, 331
rf, see radiofrequency
Rheology, nanorobot-rich biofluids, 299-303
Rho subfamily, 326-327
Ribosomes, 43-44, 64, 65, 259, 260
Rice University, 16, 58
Ricin toxin, LD50, 366
Rietman, Edward A., Preface, 42
Rigidity, flexural, 266, 311; see also stiffness and bending
Riva-Rocci, Scipione, 10
RNA, 28, 43, 44, 45, 65, 85, 194, 246, 259, 262, 263, 269, 270, 271, 272, 292, 298, 338, 343, 350, 361, 362, 364, 366, 369, 370, 371
RNA polymerase, 148
Roberts, Markus, Preface
Roberts, R.S., 19
Robertson, D.H., 55
Robinson, Dennis W., 31
Robson, R., 50
Rohrer, Heinrich, 56
Rose-Innes, A.C, 165
Rotanes, 48
Rotaxanes, 49-50, 53, 54, 347
Roukes, M.L., 165
Royer, H., 368
RTG, see radioactive thermal generator
Ruby, see sapphire and ruby
Ruderfer, M., 111
Rudman, D., 16
Rugar, Daniel, 102, 104
Russell, Eric Frank, 30
S
SAIC, 351
Sako, Y., 315
Sakur-Tetrode equations, 85
Salivarex, 69
Salsbury, Patrick, Preface, 133
Salt bridge, 83
Sandia National Laboratory, 41, 142, 144, 339, 343
Sanguinatation, 124, 303-312, 316
Santoli, Salvatore, Preface
Sapphire and ruby, 135, 170, 173, 295, 296, 297, 298, 331-332, 340, 356, 358, 372, 374, Appendix A
Sapphire,
melting point, 170, 173, 296, 372
softening point, 296, 372
Sapphire-diamond junctions, 135-136, 358
Sapphirophagy, 298
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), 193, 260
Saturation velocity (electronic), Appendix A
Saxitoxin, 365
Scadding, J.G., 19
Scanning Probe Microscope, see SPM
Scanning probe technology, 56-61
Scanning Tunneling Microscope, see STM
Schaffer, Tilman E., Preface
Schall, J. David, Preface
Schiffer, Marcelo, 353
Schleiden, Matthias, 14
Schmidt, Christoph F., 265
Schmidt, R.F., 190
Schneiker, Conrad, Preface
Schrodinger, Erwin, 30
Schulman, Howard, 194
Schultz, Peter G., 45
Schwan, Martin A.K., 164
Schwann, Theodor, 14
Schweizer, E.K., 57
Scientific medicine, 3
Scorpion venom, 365
Screw drive, nanorobotic, 310-311, 322
Sculpt, 64
Sedimentation coefficients, 76
Seebeck effect, 155, 375
Seeman, Nadrian C., Preface, 45-46, 49, 350, 351
Selectins, 254, 317, 318, 328
Self-assembly, 45, 47, 66
Self-limiting (self-curing) illness, 22
Self-replicating machine systems, see replicators
Self-replication, see replicators
SEM (scanning electron microscope), 60
Semaphore, presentation, 135, 322, 323, 325
Seminario, Jorge M., 348-349, 352
Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp, 13
Sensor-based motion control (groping), 292-293
Sensor (chemical) cycle time, 94
Sensors, nanorobot, 93-122
Shape, nanorobot, 123-128
Shapiro, Ehud, 351
Shear modulus, 168, Appendix A
Shearwell Data, 353
Sheehan, Paul E., Preface, 57, 59
Sheffield, Charles, 36
Shen, Zilan, 136
Sherman, James H., 221, 264
Sherwood number, 73
Shi, J., 45
Shinkai, S., 49
Shock, Brian, Preface
Shor, P.W., 352
Shortt clock, 339
Shoulders, K.R., 30
Showers, Maryjane, 189, 220, 229
Shu-He, Wang, 116-117
Shuttle pump, 91-92
Sickle cell, 20
Sidles, John A., Preface, 139
Sieving, see nanosieve
Signaling molecules, human, major classes, 195
Signal/noise ratio (SNR), 97
Sign language, Native American, 190
Silicon, 41, 42, 157
Silicon Designs, 98
Silicon Graphics, 58
Silver, bacteriocidal properties, 366
Silver, Rollo, 285, 343
Silverman, B., 343
Silverman, S.R., 199
Simon, Herbert, 35
Simpson, Sir James Young, 12
Singhal, S., 210
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), see nanotubes and fullerenes
Sinnott, Susan B., 58
Sioux alarm clock, 338
Siphonation, 367
Sipper, Moshe, 66
Situs inversus, 230
Skeleton (human), 227-228
Skin (human), sensory receptors, 190, 197-198
Sky-Eye, 353
Slinky, 318
Smalley, Richard E., 27, 39, 52, 53, 58
Smallpox, 9-10, 36
Smith, Bruce, Preface, 46
Smith, Richard, Preface
Smith, Steven S., Preface, 45, 327
Smith, Warren, 350
SmithKline Beecham, 285
Smoke signals, Indian, 204
Snake robots, 289
Sniedowski, Jeff, 142
Snow, John, 12
Sodium, 79, 80, 197
Solar constant (at Earth), 175, Appendix A
Solar luminosity, Appendix A
Solem, Johndale C., 309, 330
Solubility, 281-282, 297, 373-374
function of pressure, 281-282, 356
function of temperature, 282, 373
of gas, in metal, 356
Solvation cooling, 375
Solvation wave drive, 322
Somatography, human, 209-234
Somesthesis, 197-198
Somorjai, Gabor A., 373
Sonoluminescence, 146, 160
Soreff, Jeffrey, Preface, 39, 58, 87, 92, 96, 104, 145, 150, 151, 153, 168, 236, 297, 298, 340, 341
Sorting rotor, 81
Sorting rotor cascade, 82, 83
Sound, speed of, see speed of sound
Space-filling,
aggregates, 127-128
with non-regular octahedron, 128
with prisms, 127
with rhombic dodecahedron, 127
with rhombo-hexagonal dodecahedron, 128
with trapezohedron, 128
with truncated octahedron, 127
Spartan, 64
Specificity (ligand-receptor), 85-87
Speech recognition, 121, 191
Speech synthesis, 200
Speed of light,
in optical fiber, 186
in vacuo, Appendix A
Speed of sound, 106, 163, 230, 340, Appendix A
function of frequency, 118, 236
function of pressure, 162, 356, 375
function of salinity, 162
function of temperature, 162, 375
Sperm, 147, 253, 258, 260, 305, 311, 315, 322
Sphygmograph and sphygmomanometer, 10
Spine (human skeletal), 229
SPM (Scanning Probe Microscope), 56-60, 64, 66, Afterword
Spoofing, 240
Square/Cube law, 172
SQUID magnetometer, 111
Staffane, 50-51
Standard temperature and pressure (STP), Appendix A
Stanford University, 60, 334
Stapp, Col. John Paul, 99
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, Appendix A
Stenger, David A., 351
Stereocilia displacements, inner ear, 97
Steric hindrance, 40, 59, 84, 86, 303
Steric probes, 93-94
Stethoscope, 10, 114
Stetson, Rufus, 14
Stewart platform, 63, 290
Stiffness, 301; see also rigidity and bending
Still, W. Clark, 64
Stirling engine, 142, 144, 151, 152, 157
STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope), 16, 56-61, 144, 154
STM, microscale (micro-STM), 60-61
Stochastic resonance, 110
Stoddart, J. Fraser, 49-50, 343, 347
Stokes law force, 308
Stokes law for sedimentation, 76, 331, 358
Stomach (human organ), 223, 224
Storms, Edmund, Preface, 160
Stove, hot, 192
Strain energies, 61
Strength, various materials, 295
Streptomycin, 15
Strophanthidin, 197
Sturgeon, Theodore, 27
Sublette, Carey, Preface, 364
Sublimation, 358, 375
Suicide sacs, 262
Sulphonamides, 15
Sun, 171, 175, 355
Superconductivity, 141, 166
Supercooled water, 373
Superfluidity, 55
Superphane, 48
Superrotation, 55
Super-Turing computers, 352
Supramolecular chemistry, 47, 83
Surface acoustic wave device, 104
Surface area, Earth, Appendix A
Surface energy, Appendix A
Surface tension, 277, 278, 279, 280, 331
function of temperature, 375
Surfactant, 221, 278, 331
Surge, see accelerative onset
Survanta, 278
Surveyor nanorobots, 210, 222
Suslick, Kenneth S., 86
Sussmann, M.V., 148, 149
Suzumori, Koichi, 287, 288
Sweat glands, 273
Sweat gland map, 273
Swimming, see natation
SWNT (single-walled carbon nanotube), 52, 53, 55
Sword and sheath failure, 60
Syme, James, 11
Synchronization, of nanorobots, 341-342
SYNGEN, 64
SYNLIB, 64
Synovial fluid, 230
SYNTREE, 64
Syphilis, 23
Systems Planning Corp., 41
Systron-Donner Analog Computer, 349
Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 119
T
T4 bacteriophage, 280, 321
Tachometer, 102
Tactile receptors, human skin, 198
Talking, acoustic power, see audible power intensity
Talking, overheard by nanorobots, 118, 274; see also audible power intensity
Talking tattoo, 204
Talking wristwatch, 192, 204
Tanaka, Hirohisa, 288
Taniguchi, Norio, 25, 26
Tatara, Yoichi, 148
Tattoos, 192, 204, 244, 273
Taxol, 327, 363
Taylor, G.R., 28
TCA cycle, 148, 153
T cells, 29, 135, 232, 248, 253, 316, 327, 328, 360
number of MHC complexes needed to activate, 135
Telescoping manipulator arm, 289-290
Telesensory, Inc., 198
Television signals, see TV/radio
Telomerase, 246
Telomeres, 362
Temperature-altered biological properties, 375
Temperature-altered physical properties, 372, 373
Temperature effects, on medical nanorobots, 372-375
Temperature of human body, 239; see also thermography
Temperature sensors, 107-109
Tensegrity, in cells, 264, 265, 266
Tensile strength of liquids, 280
Terminal velocity, 331, 334
Terra, Richard P., Preface
Tessellating surfaces, 125-127
Tethers,
communication, 184-185
power transmission, 165-170
utility and biocompatibility, 169, 184, 188
Tetraethylammonium, 197
Tetrodotoxin, 197, 365
Texas Instruments, 206
Thackrah, Charles Turner, 9
Thermal conductivity, Appendix A; see also conductivity, thermal
Thermal emissivity, Appendix A
Thermal equlibration time, 107
Thermal expansion coefficients, 108, 143, Appendix A
Thermoacoustic refrigeration, 146, 375
Thermogenic limits,
individual nanorobots, 170-173
nanorobot aggregates, 172-173
Thermographicytes, 240, 241, 242
Thermography, 238-243
Thermology, skin, 239
Thermometer, clinical, 10
Thioridazine, 363
Thouless electron pumping, 347
Threshold of pain,
acoustic, 161, 162, 172
radiant heat, 164, 172
Tillyard, R.J., 332
Tinkertoy computer, 343
Tissue mills, 32
Tissues, 230-232
Toffoli, Tommaso, 352
Tomanek, David, 57
Tomographic receptor model, 89-90
Tool tips, 58-59, 291-292
Tooth surfaces, 328-329
TopoMetrix, 58
Tortora, Gerard J., 213, 215, 216, 217
Toth-Fejel, Tihamer, Preface
Tour, James M., Preface, 345, 346, 347, 348-349, 352
Towing force, 316, 317, 325, 326
Toxins and venoms, 365, 366, 370
Toyota Motor Corp., 42
Trabesinger, Werner, Preface
Transcript domains (cell nucleus), 271-272
Transendothelial migration, see diapedesis
Transit times, 211
Transporter pumps, 80-81
Transvenue outmessaging, 207
Trapezohedron, 128
Travis, John, 324
Trephination, 3
Triangulane, 48
Trinity Software Inc., 64
Tripos Inc., 64
Trombone, 132
Troyk, Philip R., 164
Truncated octahedron, see octahedron
TUBEFET, 348
Tuberculosis, 9
Tubes@Rice, 52
Tubulin, 266, 286
Turbulence, in microscale systems, 280-281
Turing machines, 28, 349, 350, 351, 352
Turitto, V.T., 302, 303
Turnover time,
cells, 90, 200, 235
cytoskeletal components, 266
membrane components, 258
Tuzun, Robert E., Preface, 60, 64
TV/radio reception,
by dedicated communication organ, 120, 188
by individual nanorobots, 120, 182-183
Twibell, Ty S., Preface
Twiddler, 190
Tyvand, P.A., 373
U
Ubiquitin, 262, 364
Ullage sensors, 106-107
Ullmann, Emerich, 15
Ultrasonic hearing, 162, 200
Ultraviolet, 111, 136, 161, 167, 184, 359, 360, 369
Umami, 200
Units of measurement, Appendix A
Universal assembler, 64
Universal gas constant, Appendix A
Universitat Bonn, 204
University of California, Berkeley (UCB), 41
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 16
University of Michigan, 16
University of Minnesota, 42, 343
University of Montreal, 64
University of North Carolina, 58
University of Oxford, 16
University of Southern California (USC), 16, 58, 59
University of Tokyo, 41, 60, 200
University of Utah, 41
University of Washington, 44, 351
Urdea, M.S., 45
Uroscopy, 7
Usami, S., 245
U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center, 160
V
Vacuum-isolated heat engine, 143
Vacuum pumping, 358
Vacuum pumping, wall material sublimation, 358
Valdes, Francisco, Preface
Valinomycin, 365
Valium, 15
Vancomycin, 364
Van de Graaff generator, 154, 166
Vander, Arthur J., 203, 221, 264
Van der Waals equation,
gas constants, 355
gas pressure, 134, 354-355
Van der Waals interaction (forces), 84, 87, 90, 101, 275-277, 278, 291
Van Hove, Michel A., 373
Van Leeuwenhoek, Anthoni, 13
Van Nedervelde, Philippe, Preface
Van Vogt, A.E., 27
Vasculocytes, 31
Vasculography, human, 210-219
Vaults, 262
Veins, 210-211
Vein valve architecture, 211
Velocity of sound, see speed of sound
Vena cava, human, 210, 211, 212
Venerable Bede, 7
Venesection, 5, 7, 8
Veratridine, 196
Vesalius, Andreas, 10-11
Vesicles, 261-262
Vestibular mechanism, frequency response, 102
Vetter, Steven C., Preface, 57
Vierordt, Karl, 10
Vinblastine, 327, 363
Vincristine, 327, 362, 363, 368
Vinyl sulphone, 363
Vion Pharmaceuticals, 29
Virchow, Rudolph, 14
Virtual Cell, 16
Virtual Reality Dataglove, 58
Virucide,
biochemical, 366
mechanical, 356, 357, 369-370
Viruses, 369
Viruses, enveloped, 254, 322, 369
Viscosity, 299, 300, Appendix A
Viscous anchoring, 311-312
Visible Human Project, 209-210
Vitamin parts (in replicator theory), 59
Vitamins,
concentrations in human organs, 232
nutritional, 15, 227, 230, 232
Vogel, Steven, 34, 35, 325
Vogel, Viola, 45, 351
Vogel Scientific Software Inc., 64
VoiceCommands/VoicePro (Kurzweil), 191
Voice Type Dictation/Personal Dictation (IPDS), 191
Volitional normative model of disease, 20
Volkenstein, Mikhail V., 30
Voltage gating (transport channels), 79-80, 194
Vomeronasal organ, 191, 219
Von Ehr, James, Preface, 65, 67
Von Foester, H., 25
Von Hippel, A.R., 25
Von Kolliker, Albert, 14
Von Neumann, John, 30, 65, 66
Von Pettenkofer, Max, 13
W
Waksman, Selman A., 15
Wamsley, Michelle, Preface
Ware, William, Preface, 182
Warwick, Kevin, 353
Washington University, 16
Wasserman, Edel, 50
Water,
in cells, 259, 267
phase-change diagram, 354, 355, 356, 373
physical properties, Appendix A; see desired property
Watson, John B., 15
Watt governor, 339, Glossary
Wavefunction Inc., 64
Waveguides, electromagnetic, 141, 166
Weapon salve, 7
Wearable Computer Group (MIT), 190
Weaver, J., 110
Weibel, E.R., 219
Weinbaum, Stanley, 27
Weis-Fogh, Torkel, 334
Weiss, L., 221
Wells, Horace, 12
Wenger, C. Bruce, 239
Wenz, Gerhard, 50
Westinghouse Science and Technology Center, 41
Wetting, of surfaces, 278, 279
Wever, Rutger, 239
Weyl, H., 127
White blood cells (leukocytes), 120, 194, 229, 247, 253, 254, 301, 308, 312, 317, 318, 325, 326, 327, 328
White, J., 28, 29
Whitesides, George M., 47
Whitmore, R.L., 303
Wien's relation, 152
Will, Peter, 293
Williams, Robert, 127, 128
Wilson, Edward O., 179
Wilson, James A., 200
Wilson, J.F., 288
Winfree, Erik, 45, 350, 351
Winslow effect, 284
Wiseman, Richard, 8
Wolf packs, 2
Wong, S.S., 58
Wood, James Brent, Preface
Working stress, 99, 168
Worldwide data storage, 186
Worth, Christian P., Preface
Wound sealing, by insects, 1-2
Wowk, Brian, 26-27, 31
Wren, Sir Christopher, 14
Wunderlich, Carl, 10
WWV/WWVB, 342; see also Coordinated Universal Time
X
X-ray holography, 114
Y
Yale University, 29, 64
Yamamoto, G., 26, 48
Yao, J. Jason, 61
Year, tropical, Appendix A
Yoctocalorimetry, 107
Yodoxin, 366
Young's modulus,
generally, 139, 234, 286, 294, 358, 372
various materials, 52, 295, 329, 340, 341, 350, Appendix A
Young, Thomas, 9
Z
Zarate, Lucia, 209
Zeolites, 47, 89, 128
Zimmermann, M., 280
Zingsheim, H.P., 25
Zippocytes (dermal zippers), 32
Zweifach, B.W., 244, 245
Zwitterions, 84, 111
Zymogen, 224, 261
Zyvex LLC, 58, 60, 64, 65, 67
Last updated on 25 March 2003