Woad, often considered the shadow shade to indigo. Yet in medieval Europe woad was a preeminent dye known as the blue of kings – and it was the only available source for blue. It was extremely popular in southern France where the climate favoured its production. Long used to dye textiles and as a pigment for everything from pastel crayons to exterior paints, its revival has been engineered by the dynamic partnership of Henri and Denise Lambert.http://www.maiwa.com/documentaries/pc_lectoure.html
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Woad was grown and picked in its first year. Leaves were chopped up, made into balls and left to dry until they hardened. The dried balls were broken into a powder, sprinkled with water and allowed to ferment, known as couching. When the couched woad dried. Hot water is poured onto the couched woad in the vat, adding potash or urine. This mixture would ferment for days before the dyebath is ready.