THE INDISPENSABLE HORSE by J.E.S. HAYS

What would the Old West be without the horse? A man afoot, or footermans, was reduced to the lowly act of walking where he needed to go, and what cowboy would be caught dead without his trusty hayburner beneath him? The horse was truly indispensable: the original engine upon which all further mechanical power is measured. Whether pulling a wagon (or plow) or carrying a rider, the horse allowed mankind to spread beyond simple villages and explore the world.

This will be the first of several articles about the horse. Further columns will explore the world of riding, saddles and tack, and the art of identifying horse breeds and colors.

Here are some of the basic terms used in the Old West:
Band: a bunch of horses, either wild or in remuda
Bottom: stamina or staying power of a horse
Bridle-wise: a horse expertly bridle-trained
Bronc: originally an unbroken horse, this term came to mean any cowpony
Buzzard bait, Crowbait: a worthless horse, one fit only to feed the carrion birds
Buzzard head: a mean horse
Camp staller: a horse reluctant to leave the camp and get to work in the mornings
Carver, Carving horse, Chopper, Cutter, Cutting horse: a horse trained to select and remove cattle from the herd
Cavvy-broke: not broken to saddle but tame enough to run in remuda
Churn-head, crock-head, crowbait, hame-headed: a dumb, stubborn horse
Clear-footed: a horse with a clean and sure gait
Cloud hunter: a horse that likes to rear
Cold-jawed: a horse having an insensitive mouth, unresponsive to the bit
Coon-footed: a horse whose rear feet aren't straight
Cow horse, Cowpony: a horse trained to work cattle
Dead-mouthed, hard-mouthed: a horse that is unresponsive to the bit
Dude horse: "a plumb gentle horse that will allow kids to crawl up its legs or dudes to sit on it" (Rossi, 1975)
Easy keeper: a horse that thrives on any feed
Jingle: to round up the horses, which are then kept in a jingle pasture (fenced and near the cowboys' quarters) for easy access
Jug-head, Knothead: a horse without sense
Lady-broke: a horse so well-trained that a lady can ride it; the opposite of cavvy-broke

Long horse: one with endurance
Mount, String: the team of saddle-horses allotted to one cowboy on a ranch or trail drive. Typically, it comprised four to six mounts or more: a cutting horse, roping horse, swimming horse and night horse, plus one or two broncos who were in training. The string belonged completely to the cowboy it was assigned to – he was responsible for it, and it was hands-off to everyone else. Outfits kept strings together from each rider to his successor. The new cowboy was never told anything about his string; the assumption was that if he was a good rider, he would need no advice. If a cowboy broke his string by losing a horse or getting one hurt, it was considered a bad omen. For the boss to break a string by assigning one of the horses to someone else was the same as telling the cowboy to find another job.
Oily bronc: a mean horse
Outlaw, renegade, widow-maker: a mean, uncontrollable horse
Owlhead: an untrainable, unridable horse
Pecker neck: a horse trained for riding, but not for cattle work
Pegger: a cutting horse skilled in sharp turns
Plug: a broken-down horse
Pudding foot: an awkward horse with big feet
Range Horse: one that is allowed to run wild part of the year, while working for the rest
Rank: how a cowboy describes a vicious, hard-to-handle horse
Raw bronc, Raw one: an unbroken, green, or inexperienced horse
Remuda. Saddle-stock: saddle horses of a ranch or trail outfit (horses are said to be "in remuda")
Rough string: the left-over horses none of the workers wanted as part of their string
Saddle-broke: trained to carry a saddle
Scrub: a horse of such poor quality that no one would wish to breed from it
Soft-mouthed, Sweet-mouthed: a horse sensitive to the bit
Sour-mouthed: a horse that worries at the bit
Sugar-eater: a pampered horse that is fed treats
Sunday horse: one chosen for its good appearance, behavior, and handsome gait
Top horse: the best animal in remuda
Uneducated: an unschooled horse
Whey-belly: a pot-bellied, inferior horse


Sources:
A Dictionary of the Old West, Peter Watts, 1977
Dictionary of the American West, Win Blevins, 1993
J.E.S Hays
www.jeshays.com
hays.jes@gmail.com

More Horse Lore by James J. Griffin

 I’m going to call this entry the Blizzard Blog, since I’m writing it just after one of the biggest snowstorms to ever hit New England. We now have officially over 40 inches of snow!  Got my pickup out, but the car’s still buried. At least I can get out of the condo now! This morning an eight foot drift blocked the front door, and since the back deck is 20 feet above the ground (I live on a hillside) it’s a long way down, even with three and a half feet of snow to break your fall.

Thought I’d continue last week’s discussion of horses for a bit, toss in a few funny mistakes I’ve seen, then next time get into the Texas Rangers.

I’ll start off by mentioning this year’s Budweiser Super Bowl Clydesdale commercial. I don’t have television, only use my TVs to watch DVDS, but I’ve watched the commercial over and over on the web. It sure captures the special bond between human and horse. Still get teary-eyed when I watch it.

Now, a few errors and misconceptions I’ve seen or read over the years.

First one was in a western paperback, where the sheriff, telling the posse they have to catch the outlaw before he reaches the mountains, says, “He’s on a palomino. Palominos can run real fast and climb all day.” Of course, a palomino is just a golden colored horse, no faster or slower, or with more stamina, than any other.

Another author described his character’s horse as having “dinner-plate sized hooves” so he could run through the desert sands with no problems. All you need do is imagine a riding horse with hooves that size and you know he’d be tripping all over his own feet. In fact, the quintessential desert horse, the Arabian, has small hooves.

A. Leslie Scott, who created the character Texas Ranger Jim Hatfield for the long-running Texas Rangers Magazine, either didn’t know much about horses or deliberately described them incorrectly. He called Jim’s loyal mount, Goldy, a “golden sorrel”. He’s the only person I’ve ever known to call a horse a “golden sorrel”. There is no such thing. A “golden sorrel” would in fact be a palomino. Why Scott didn’t call Goldy a palomino I have no idea. A sorrel is a variation of a chestnut horse, a coppery, almost fiery red color. A sorrel brushed and groomed will shine like a newly minted copper penny.

Scott also often described Goldy as having a black mane and tail. That’s genetically impossible for a palomino. In addition, he would state that Goldy was eighteen hands high. Eighteen hands is a huge horse, even by today’s standards. Back in the frontier West days, when most horses barely reached fourteen hands, an eighteen hand high horse would have been a giant.

(For those who don’t know, a “hand” is four inches, the average span of a human hand. And a horse’s height is measured from the ground to the top of his withers, the point at the base of the neck. So a fifteen hand horse is 60 inches or five feet tall at the withers.)

Also once read a story where the author, who yes was from Great Britain, described a BLUE cardinal flitting across the trail. Okaaayyy.

Another British pulp writer used to tell the story on himself that in one of his first westerns he described “coyotes circling in the sky.” Now that’s a scary thought, flying coyotes.

Back to horses. Most of us have seen a “croupier mount” in a Western movie, where a cowboy runs up to a horse’s back end, plants his hands on the horse’s rump, and vaults over said rump and into the saddle. I highly doubt any real cowboy ever did that, except maybe when drunk and trying to show off. Trying to mount a horse who isn’t expecting such a move is a surefire way to get a pair of hooves planted squarely in a cowboy’s gut, or even more painfully in his you-know-what’s. Dumb idea. Same way that mount where a cowboy gets his horse running first, grabs the saddle horn, and bounds into the saddle in a running mount. Wrong. Just like in a gunfight, better to take the extra second to be accurate. Mount normally but quickly, so there’s no surprises, and you’re more likely to settle into the saddle and be on your way with no problems.

Another misconception is that horses can only be mounted from the left. Most horses can be mounted and dismounted from either side, although mounting from the left is the usual method, and just seems more natural. One possible explanation for mounting from the left is that since a cavalry soldier wore his saber on the left, mounting from the left kept the saber out of the way.

As long as we’re talking about movie horses, I’ll mention Yakima Canutt, who was a working cowboy who became an actor in innumerable early Westerns, then went on to become one of the most famous stuntmen in Hollywood, especially in Westerns.

I have mixed feelings about Mr. Canutt. He did some spectacular stunt work, including the chariot race in the 1959 version of Ben-Hur, in which the horses were so carefully trained none of them were injured. However, on the other hand, he was instrumental in the development of the running W. This was a wire device attached to the front ankles of horses, who would then be forced into a run until they reached the end of the wire, at which point their front feet would be yanked out from under them, leading to a spectacular but usually crippling or fatal fall. Literally thousands of horses were killed by the running W, until 1936. In that year, so many horses were killed in the making of The Charge of the Light Brigade that public uproar led to the banning of the running W. Even then, it took years for Hollywood to accept the watchful eye of the ASPCA to assure fair treatment for animals in films, and even today some filmmakers try to avoid the ASPCA supervision.

Since I mentioned Appaloosas last time, I’ll talk a bit about them to finish up this week’s chapter. I will admit Appys are not one of my favorite breeds, just like some folks don’t like Paints. To each their own, as they say. Most of the Appys I’ve known have been beautiful, but not the smartest horse in the barn, to say the least.

Appaloosas were, in North America, developed by the Nez Perce Indians, although images of horses with appaloosa-type spotting go back to prehistoric Mongolia. Originally the whites called them palouse horses, probably after the Palouse River. When the Nez Perce were defeated in the Nez Perce War of 1877, they lost most of their horses, and over the next several years the Appaloosa nearly became extinct.

There are three main types of Appaloosas. The first is the leopard, which looks just as the name implies, a white or very light horse with spots over all or most of its body. The second, and most common, is the blanket Appaloosa, which is a horse with a white blanket over its rump, usually with spots throughout the blanket. Third is the snowflake, a dark horse with white spots.

Appys have two common characteristics. One is a very skimpy, thin tail, usually short. This is where the term “rat-tailed palouse” comes from. The other is vertically striped hooves. Most other breeds have solid-colored hooves. Since both the American Paint and Pinto Horse Associations are dead set against crossing Paints and Pintos with Appaloosas (and the same goes for Appaloosa Horse about crossing Appys with Paints or Pintos), a striped hoof almost always immediately disqualifies a horse from being registered with APHA or PtHA.

Time to say adios for now. Next time, I’ll talk Texas Rangers.