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, 

«JOURNAL 

.. 

“~ 

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 

é 

PHILADELPHIA. 

VOL. III. SECOND SERIES. 

é 

PHILADELPHIA: 

PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY, 

BY MERRIHEW & THOMPSON. 

1855—1858. 

é 
A 

i Be re ae Ay Died eh LP ee aad dali 7 



ART. 

ART. 

ART. 
ART. 

ART. 

ART. 
ART. 

ART. 

ART. 

CONTENTS. 

ee eel 

Peet i MAY, 1855. 

I.—Notice of Producti found in the Western States and Territories, with descriptions of 
twelve New Species. By J. C. Norwood and Henry Pratten, of the Illinois Geological 
Survey,! . . : : F : : . : : 
II.—Notice of the genus Chonetes, as found in the Western States and Territories, with 
descriptions of eleven New Species. By Joseph G. Norwood and Henry Pratten, of the 
Illinois Geological Survey,’ 5 

I1I.—Contributions to South American eee By Biward TIallowell, M. D., 
IV.—Plante Heermanniane. Descriptions of New Plants, collected in South California by 
Dr. A. L. Ueermann, Naturalist attached to the Survey of the Pucific Railroad route, under 
Lieut. R. S. Williamson, U. S. A. With remarks on other Plants heretofore described and 
belonging to the same collection. By EK. Durand and Theod. C Hilgard, M. D., 
V.—An account of several species of Fish observed in Florida, Georgia, &e. By John 
Edward Holbrook, M. D., Professor of Anatomy, &c., Charleston, S. C., 5 
VI.—Researches on the Geiss Flora of the State of Georgia. By Prof. Julien Deby, 
VII.—Deseriptions of Ney Species of Birds of the Genus Spermestes, Swainson, in the 
Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By Jubn Cassin, . 

PART It. DECEMBER, 13855. 

VIII.—Notice of Fossils from the Carbonifcrous Series of the Western States, belonging 
te the genera Spirifer, Bellerophon, Pleurotomaria, Macrocheilus, Natica, and Loxonema, 
with dcscriptions of eight new characteristic species. By Joseph G. Norwood and Henry 
Pratten, of the Illinois Geological Survey,* : : 5 : 
1X.—Plantze Prattenianze Californicze : An enumeration of a colleetion of California Plants, 
made in the vicinity of Nevada, by [lenry Pratten, Esq., of New Harmony ; with critical 
notices and descriptions of such of them as are new, or yet unpublished in America. By 
Elias Durand,® 

. X.—Relation of Atomic Heat to Crystalline Form. By J. Aitken Meigs, M. D_,® 

. XI.—Contributions towards a knowledge of the Marine Invertebrate Fauna, of the Coas’s of 
Rhode Island and New Jersey. By Joseph Leidy, M. D.,’ 

. XII.—Descriptions of New Species of Psittacide, in the vallection of the eats of Nee 
raul Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin,® 

‘! Extra copies printed for the Author, . 5 a 5 : . August, 1854. 
ry “ “ 4 és 5 6 c : August, 1854. 
Sce “ “ “ 2 5 : 5 ; : November, 1854. 
4 “ 66 « i é , . f July, 1855. 

5 bs & “6 Ms : 6 a . : : August, 1855. 

6 kt G “ “ October, 1855. 
dO « “ 6 é - 3 : : : November, 1855. 

8 “ (T « “a " 2 x ‘ ' A November, 1855. 

37 

47 
59 

69 

71 


TE 

CONTENTS. 

PART tS ONSEN B ERs S516); 

. X111.—Deser'ptions of some remains of fishes from the Carboniferous and Devonian Forma- 

tions of the United States. By Joseph Leidy, M. D.,’ 

ART. XIV.—Description of some remains of extinct Mammalia. By Joseph Leidy, M. D.,? 

Jelavd hs 

ART. 

ART. 

ART. 

ART. 
ART. 

T. XV.—On the Sandstone Fossils of Connecticut River. By James Deane, M. D.,? 
T. XvI.—Plantaze Kaneane Greenlandicee. Enumeration of Plants collected by Dr. EH. K. 

Kane, U. 8. N., in his first and second expeditions to the Polar regions, with descriptions 
and remarks. By Elias Durand,’ : 0 : j 
XVII.—A Commentary on the Synopsis Fungorum in Americé Boreali media degentium, 
by L D. de Schweinitz. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M. A., F. L. S., and the Rev. M. 
A@urtiss Ep ACAD vANSs 

XVILI.—Synopsis of the Melolonthidze of the United eine By John L. Le Conte,° 

PAARL TV EE BRU AR YS Sos 

XIX.—Descriptions of Exotic Genera and species of the family Unionide. By Isaac 
Lea, LL. D ,’ 6 . 

XX.—Observations on a group of Crethdeons Fossil Shells, naa in Tippah counts Mies S 
with descriptions of fifty-six new species. By T. A. Conrad,° 

XXIJ.—On the Caducibranchiate Urodele Batrachians. By Edward Ballon M. ‘D, ? 
XXL.—On Trigonophrys rugiceps. By Edward Hallowell, M. D.,?° 

' Extra copies printed for the Author, . ; : ; j : April, 1856. 
2c rr « April, 1856. 
3B tt « «6 « April, 1856. 
aE ok “ “ c May, 1856. 
Sic “i “ u July, 1856. 

November, 1856. 

January, 1858. 
January, 1858. 
> : 0 . 5 January, 1858. 
January, 1858, 

159 
166 
173 

179 

205 
225 


JOURNAL 

OF THE 

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 

OF PHILADELPHTA. 

Art. I.—Notice of Producti found i the Western States and Territories, with descriptions 
of twelve New Species. By J. C. Norwoop and Henry Prarten, of the Illinois 

Geological Survey. 

The genus Productus, established by Mr. Sowerby, in 1814, being found so abun- 
dantly in the “mountain limestone,” of Europe, it was natural to suppose, that 
when this formation, which is so extensively developed in our Western and Southern 
States, came to be explored, it would yield many more species than it was known to 
furnish when M. de Koninck published his admirable monograph on the Producti, in 
1847. This expectation has, in some degree, been realized; twelve new species being 
now added to the published catalogues of American and European paleontologists. 

The wide distribution of this formation in North America, occupying, as it does, 
extensive districts in the States of Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Ten- 
nessee, Alabama, and Arkansas, together with Nebraska territory, as well as on the 
Humboldt river, in Utah, we may reasonably expect that the present list will be 
ereatly extended, especially when the State collections of Missouri, Ilinois and Ken- 
tucky come to be examined and collated. 

It is not, however, in the “mountain limestone” alone that the Producti are so 
widely distributed. ‘The marine limestones and calcareous clays of the coal measures 
are equally, if not still more, prolific in species of this genus. Many of the species 
in the following list are found, exclusively, in that formation; and, with a few species 
of other genera, are the most reliable indicators in the exploration of our Western 
coal fields. 

VOlen Tite 2 


-- — eee 

6 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 

In the Devonian limestones we have met with only two species, both of which are 
also found in Europe. One of them, the P. Murchisonianus, it is certain, also belongs 
to the upper Silurian rocks of Indiana. Several of the species described were found 
by Mr. Pratten in the Western part of Missouri, and on the Nemahaw river, in Ne- 
braska, in a limestone, the age of which has not been yet determined. 

In the “Report on the Geology of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,” Dr. D. D. 
Owen mentions having found the P. marginalis. As we have not met with that 
species, it is not included in the present catalogue. He also indicates several new 
species from North-western localities, of which it is to be hoped he will before a 
publish descriptions. 

At the time M. de Koninck’s work was published, the whole number of species 
known was sixty-two. Dr. D. D. Owen added one from the U. 8. Survey. We have 
now added twelve, which makes the number of the species known, in all countries, up 
to the present time, seventy-five. It may also be seen, by consulting M. de Koninck’s 
work, that, at the time of publication (1847), the whole number of species known to 
occur in the United States and Territories amounted only to seven.. They now num- 
ber thirty, and the probability is, that future investigations will greatly extend the 
catalogue. 

For the beautiful and accurate drawings of the species now published, we are 
entirely indebted to Mr. H. A. Ulffers, of the Illinois State Survey. 

MOLLUSCA BRACHIOPODA. 
Genus Propuctus, Sowerby. 
Section I. 

PRODUCTI STRIATI. 

P. MARGARITACEUS, Phillips—De Koninck,—“ Monograph on the Genus Productus.” 
PIE, eS: 

Locality Twelve miles N. W. of Richmond, Missouri, in calcareous clay, over- 
lying thick beds of limestone. 

P. rLexistRIA, MeCoy.—De Koninck’s monograph. Pl. XVII, fig. 1. 
Localities and Geological Position.—Found in the mountain limestone of Chester, 

Kaskaskia and Mountain Bluff, Illinois, and near Stephensport, Kentucky. 

P. cor, A. d’Orbigny.—De Koninck, “On the Fossils of Belgium.” Pl. IV., fig. 
4, and Pl. V., fig. 2. 

Localities and Geological Position.—In the mountain limestone of Chester, eeielere 
Warsaw, and other places in Illinois; near Richmond, Missouri; and at Carrsville, 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 7 

Kentucky. This beautiful Productus is very widely distributed in the Western 
States. ; 

P. ALTONENSIS, nob.—PI. I., fig. 1, a, 0. ¢. 

Shell of a medium size, dorsal valve regularly vaulted and strongly curved on itself, 
very much inflated, geniculated, anterior part flattened. Beak swollen, and passing 
beyond the cardinal border. Surface covered with a great number of slender, filiform 
ribs, which frequently bifurcate, while occasional new ones are implanted between 
the old ones. This shell appears to have been rather irregular in its growth, for, 
while some specimens are slightly transverse, others are a little longer than broad. 
The sides are flattened, so as to fall almost perpendicularly on the ears, which are 
small, and crossed by several undulating folds, as in the P. cora; they are, however, 
sharper and more numerous than in that species. Two or three ranges of small 
tubercles are placed on these folds. Some of the specimens show that there have 
been ranges of tubes across the anterior portion of the shell, somewhat similar to 
those on occasional specimens of the P. Flemingii. In addition to these, a few tubes 
are scattered over the remainder of the surface. 

The ventral valve is very regularly concave on the visceral portion, but becomes 
more abruptly bent as it approaches the other valve, so as to follow it in its anterior 
prolongment, which is, however, short. Its ribs are like those of the dorsal valve ; 
the ears have a few folds, with slender tubercles, like those of the dorsal valve. The 
visceral part is also crossed by several folds, which become very indistinct as they 
approach the centre of the shell. 

Dimensions.—Length, 25 millimetres; thickness, 9 millimetres. At the distance 
of 20 millimetres from the beak, the ribs number 18 in the space of 10 millimetres. 

Comparisons and Differences—This shell approaches more nearly to the P. cora, 
in its general appearance, than any other species of the genus we have met with. It 
may, however, be easily distinguished from that species by the greater regularity of 
its ribs, which are not bent and contorted, as they are in the P. cora; by the size of 
the ribs, which are larger in the P. Altonensis ; and by the greater number of small 
tubercles with which its surface, especially the anterior part, is furnished. It is still 
more distinctly marked by the lines of increment which cross the ribs on their ante- 
rior prolongment, and give to that portion of the shell a reticulated appearance, par- 
ticularly when seen through a lens. This characteristic is never met with in the P. 
cora. From the P. Flemingii it may be easily distinguished by the absence of 
a sinus, and by the non-reticulation of the visceral portion. It cannot be con- 
founded with any other known species than those above mentioned. 

Locality and Geological Position—Alton, Illinois, in the upper portion of the moun- 
tain limestone series. 


8 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 

Explanation of the figures.—Pl. I, fig. 1, a. Specimen showing the dorsal aspect of 
an adult individual. Tllinois State Collection. 

Fig. 1, 6. Another specimen, showing the ventral valve, without the anterior 
prolongment. 

Fig. 1, ¢. The same seen in profile. 

P. Paiturpsi, nob. PI. I., fig. 2, a, 8, ¢. 

Shell rather small, nearly as long as broad, dorsal valve slightly gibbous, its ante- 
rior part flattened, with a wide shallow sinus on old specimens, while young ones do 
not show it. The beak, although slightly enrolled on itself, does not pass the cardinal 
border. The ears are small, flattened and smooth, showing no trace of either folds 
or tubes. The surface is covered with coarse, irregularly sized ribs, which are gene- 
rally broader than the furrows separating them. Many of the ribs are bifurcated. 
The cardinal line measures four-fifths of the greatest breadth of the shell. The sides 
fall perpendicularly on the ears. The only traces of tubes are a few indistinct ones 
on the flanks. 

Ventral valve concave, with a very slight varix. The visceral disk has ribs similar 
to those on the other valve; beyond the disk they are obliterated, the surface being 
covered with nine or ten broad lamella, the edges of which are turned sharply 
upward, presenting acute wavy ridges, which are continued on to the cardinal border 
on each side. 

Dimensions.—Length, 19 millimetres. Proportions—Length 100, breadth 100, 
thickness .047. 

Ribs.—Near the anterior border there are from eight to ten in the space of ten mil- 
limetres, and number, altogether, about twenty-eight. 

Comparisons and Differences—By the coarse irregular ribs of the dorsal valve, by 
the visceral portion of the ventral valve possessing ribs, together with the broad, 
ridged lamellee around it, this species may be easily distinguished from any other. It 
does not appear to have possessed an anterior prolongment, as its present front is 
without one, and is bounded by a sharp margin. 

Geological Position and Locality— Mr. Pratten found this in Utah Territory, at the 
“ Big Caiion” of Humboldt river. It occurs in the mountain limestone, associated 
with P. semireticulatus of Martin, and the Spirifer tricornis of de Koninck. + 

Explanations of the Figures —Pl. I, fig. % a. View of the dorsal valve. Mr. 
Pratten’s collection. 

Fig. 2,6. Same, showing the ventral valve. 

Fig. 2, ¢. Profile view of the same specimen. 

Dedicated to Prof. John Phillips, whose admirable works on geology and paleon- 
tology have contributed so much toward the advancement of those sciences, in both 
hemispheres. 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 9) 

Section II. 
PRODUCTI UNDATI. 

P. unpirEeRvs, de Koninck.—“ Fossils of Belgium.” PI. V., fig. 4, and Pl. XL, fig. 5. 

Geological Position and Localities—In Belgium this shell belongs to the mountain 
limestone series, while in this country we have found it only in the coal measures, 
and as yet at only three localities, Caseyville, Illinois, and two places in Posey county, 
Indiana. At Caseyville it occurs in a thick bed of limestone, overlying the five foot 
seam of coal. [Illinois State Collection. 

P. Rocrrsi.—nob. Pl. L., fig. 3, a, 0, c. 

Shell of medium size; slightly transverse; dorsal valve very high and strongly 
enrolled on itself; cardinal border equal to about four fifths of its greatest transverse 
diameter; beak rather large, and passing beyond the cardinal border; ears but little 
distinct from the dorsal vault. ‘The anterior part is flattened, and possesses a slight 
sinus. The surface is covered with ribs, of which twelve may be counted in the space 
of ten millimetres, at the distance of ten millimetres from the beak. It is also 
covered in its whole extent with transverse folds. Those nearest the beak are rather 
small, but, after passing the visceral disk they rapidly increase in size to near the middle 
of the shell, after which they again decrease in size to the margin. The whole anterior 
portion of the shell seems to have been pretty thickly covered with tubercles, especially 
between the transverse bands, while a few were distributed over the remainder of the 
surface. On the middle part of the shell there are only — transverse bands in the 
space of ten millimetres. 

Dimensions.—Length, 21 millimetres; breadth, 24 millimetres. 

Comparisons and Differences.— Although we have only one specimen of this species, 
and from this one the shell is abraded over the greater portion of its surface, still its 
form and characteristics are so distinct that it cannot be confounded with any other. 
The P. undatus comes nearest to it, but our species differs from the undatus in having 
larger ribs, and flattened transverse bands, while the bands of the wndatus are sharp. 
The P. Rogersii is further distinguished by having its anterior prolongment covered with 
tubercles, some of which, judging from a few remaining fragments, must have been 
of considerable length. Ventral valve unknown. 

Geological Position and Locality—This specimen was found by Mr. Pratten in the 
coal measures, near Huntsville, Missouri. It occurs in a bed of ferruginous limestone 
overlying a stratum of bituminous shale. 

Explanation of the Figures—Pl. I., fig. 8, a. View of the dorsal valve. H. 
Pratten’s collection. 

Fig. 3,6, View of the beak, showing at the same time the depth of the sinus. 

Fig, 3, c. The same specimen shown in profile. 

B 


10 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 

This species is dedicated to our friend, Prof. Henry D. Rogers, as a slight testimony 
of our high appreciation of his labors in American geology. 

Section III. 
PRODUCTI PROBOSCIDEI. 

Propuctus cLAvuS, nob.—PIl. I., fig. 4, a, 6, ¢. 

This very singular shell is the only one of the class we have met with, and it is in 
so imperfect a state of preservation that for some time we hesitated about including 
it in the present notice. Like its Kuropean congeners, however, it is so rare, and so 
remarkable in form, that we have concluded to figure it, and give such a description 
as the mutilated specimen before us will admit of, in the hope of being able to furnish 
a more complete one when we shall be so fortunate as to secure more perfect speci- 
mens. 

This species is small, longer than broad, the dorsal valve is divided into two very 
distinctly marked parts, distinguished especially by the direction of the bands and 
ribs. The visceral portion is slightly arched, and covered with well defined trans- 
verse bands, separated by somewhat deep furrows, the furrows being ornamented by 
delicate strize, having the same direction as the bands. The bands are about twenty 
in number, and appear to reach, all of them, up to the cardinal border on both sides. 
They are narrower towards the beak, and increase in width, although not regularly, 
as they approach the front, some of them being more prominent than others. The 
beak is small; pointed; shows no evidence of a median sinus; and appears to pass 
little, if any, beyond the cardinal border. 

The prolongment is cylindrical, and slightly contracted at its junction with the 
visceral portion ; straight, and in the direction of the axis of the shell. It is covered 
with broad, regular ribs, numbering about twenty in the space of ten millimetres. 
The ribs of the prolongment can be traced on to the last fold of the visceral part, 
giving it a reticulated appearance. Whether the prolongment was closed all round, 
as in the P. proboscideus, or open on the ventral side, as in the P. genuinus, cannot 
be decided from the imperfect specimen before us. 

Dimensions.—Length of the visceral part, 11 millimetres; breadth the same. 
Diameter of the prolongment, 7 millimetres; length of the part preserved equal to 
that of the visceral portion. 

Comparisons and Differences.—It differs from the P. proboscideus of Mr. de Verneuil 
with which alone it can be confounded, in the longitudinal ribs not extending over 
the visceral portion, and in the prolongment not showing the numerous and well- 
marked transverse folds of that species. The longitudinal ribs of the proboscideus 
are also much finer, numbering about fifty in the space of ten millimetres at the 
anterior border of the visceral part. Our species shows no trace of a sinus. 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 11 

Geological Position and Locality—This specimen was found by Mr. H. A. Ulffers, 
among the debris from rocks collected at Grayville, Illinois, where it occurs in the 
upper part of the coal measures. 

Explanation of the Figures —Pl. I, fig. 4, a. View of the dorsal valve, with so 
much of the prolongment as is preserved. 

fig. 4, 6. The beak. 

Fig. 4, «. View of the transverse bands of the visceral part, magnified four times. 
Collection of H. A. Ulffers. 

Section IV. 
PRODUCTI SEMIRETICULATI. 

P. Botrviensis, A. d@ Orbigny. De Koninck “On the Genus Productus,” Pl. VIII., 
fig. 2. 

Geological Position and Locality—Found twelve miles North-West of Richmond, 
Missouri, ii limestone, where it is associated with fossils belonging to the coal 
measures. H. Pratten’s collection. 

P. semrreticuLatus, Martin sp—De Koninck’s Monograph, Pl. VIII, fig. 1, pl. 
x fe. Land pl. Xe, fie. 1. 

Geological Position and Locality—This species is very generally distributed in the 
mountain limestone of the Western States. Illinois State Collection. 

P. carzonarius, de Kon.—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” PI. V., fig. 4. 
Geological Position and Locality.—This species is very common at Fountain Bluff, 
Illinois, in the mountain limestone. Illinois State Collection. 

P. cosratus, Sowerby.—De Koninck’s Monograph. PI. VIIL., fig. 3, pl. X., fig. 3, 
and pl. XVIIL., fig. 3. 

Geologieal Position and Locality.—This fossil, although belonging to the mountain 
limestone of Europe, is, in the Western States, a characteristic fossil of the coal 
measures. It occurs in limestone at Caseyville and Belleville, Hlinois, and at Char- 
boniere, St. Louis county, Missouri. 

P. Freminen, de Kon-—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” Pl. X., figs. 2 
and 3. 

Geological Position and Locality.—This fossil occurs in the mountain limestone of 
Hardin county, Illinois; Leavenworth, Indiana, and Burlington, Iowa. 

P. SPLENDENS, 70b.—P1. I, fig. 5, a, 3, ¢, d. 

Shell small, transverse, the cardinal edge being the widest part ; somewhat inflated ; 
but with its visceral and anterior parts rather flattened. Ears very much extended, 
each bearing, generally, two thick tubes, and are a little enrolled. The surface is 


12 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. — 

furnished with about thirty tolerably thick ribs. It is difficult to count them, how- 
ever, in consequence of the shell, which is very thick, being formed of several layers, 
which exfoliate easily. The beak is small, hardly passing the cardinal border. The 
visceral part is reticulated by wide, shallow, concentric folds. The dorsal valve is 
divided by a deep sinus. There are, generally, from six to eight thick tubes seattered 
over the surface, three or four of which range across the shell in a tolerably straight 
line, about half way between the visceral portion and the front line of the ventral 
valve. 

Ventral valve concave; ribs like those of the other valve, broad and but little 
raised, while the shallowness of the furrows which separate them rendersit as difficult 
to number them as those of the opposite valve. The visceral part is crossed by 
irregular concentric lines. Although the ventral valve is concave over most of its 
extent, yet, a little before it reaches the opposite one, it suddenly flattens, presenting 
the appearance of a flat band, which passes around its anterior and lateral borders, 
This band is a little over one millimetre in width, and is divided from the concavity 
of the shell by a slightly raised ridge on its interior border. On the visceral portion 
of the interior of the dorsal valve there is a strong middle projection, on each side of 
which are the hepatic apophyses, deeply hollowed out in the substance of the shell ; 
they are triangular, with their anterior part very much ramified. The remainder of 
the fossil is covered with granular points, which leave corresponding hollows on the 
internal mould when the shell is taken off. 

Dimensions.—Length, 18 millimetres; width, measured along the cardinal border, 
26 millimetres. The angle formed between the lateral and cardinal borders is 62°. 
The whole number of ribs is thirty-two. 

Comparisons and Differences—This species approaches, in many respects, to the 
P. expansus of De Koninck. It may be easily distinguished from that species, how- 
ever, by the following characters: the ears of the splendens are rounded, while, 
according to de Koninck, those of the ezpansus are flattened,—it has several thick 
tubes on the anterior prolongment, the ezpansus has none,—it has a very thick shell, 
while that of the ezpansus is thin. When a detached ventral valve can be obtained, 
the flat border around it will at once distinguish the splendens. 

Geological Position and Locahties—This beautiful species occurs at Galatia, Illinois, 
in the coal measures; six miles West of Richmond, Missouri, and near Big Creek, 
Posey county, Indiana, in a black limestone belonging to the coal measures. 

Explanation of the Figures. Pl. I. fig. 5, a—View of the dorsal valve of an adult 
individual. 

Fig. 5, b.—View of the ventral valve of another specimen, showing the flat band 
around the margin. 

Fig. 5, c-—Profile view of a. 

Fig. 5, d.—Same, showing a longitudinal section. Illinois State Collection. 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 1 

‘P. WABASHENSIS, 70b.—PI. L., fig. 6, a, 0, ¢, d. 

Shell small, transverse ; dorsal valve gibbous, enrolled on itself; beak small, pointed, 
and not passing the cardinal border. This valve is divided in its middle by a wide, 
‘deep sinus. The surface is covered by about forty ribs, some of which, however, after 
leaving the visceral part, unite, so as to form by their junction one thicker rib; but 
this character is not constant, as some specimens possess it while others do not. The 
ears are thin and enrolled; no tubes have yet been discovered on them. The car- 
dinal border is of about the same breadth as the greatest transverse diameter of the 
shell. On the surface of the shell itself there are, generally, from six to eight tubes, 
very thick and long for the size of the shell, one, still attached, being over seven 
millimetres long. The transverse folds on the visceral disk are wide and shallow, so 
as to be hardly apparent. 

The ventral valve is very concave, following nearly the movement of the opposite 
valve; ribs like those of the dorsal, but it has neither tubes nor hollows. It is 
furnished with a very decided varix, corresponding to the sinus of the dorsal valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, 13 millimetres; breadth, 16 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. 

Ribs.—Forty on the entire surface. 

Comparisons and Differences—When this shell is entirely disengaged from the 
rock, it cannot be mistaken for any other species; but when the dorsal valve only is 
exposed, it may be confounded with the P. splendens ; but even then it may be easily 
recognized by its much shorter cardinal border. If the specimen has lost its shell, the 
ribs are still shown on the mould in this species, with a series of rounded hollows 
along each furrow, between the ribs, while in the splendens the hollows are irregularly 
distributed over the entire surface of the mould, without any appearance of ribs being 
shown. The nacre of the shell is still very brilliant. 

Geological Position and Locality—As yet this species has only been found near 
New Harmony, Indiana, in the middle part of the Coal Measures. 

Explanation of the figures.—Pl. I, fig. 6, a. Dorsal aspect of the shell. 

Fig. 6, 6. Ventral view of the same, showing the hinge-line and the beak. 

Fig. 6, c. The same, as seen in profile. 

Fig. 6, d. Another specimen, showing one of the long spines. H. Pratten’s 
collection. 

P. ELEGANS, nob. PI. L., fig. 7, a, 0, ¢. 

Shell small; gibbous; longer than broad; dorsal valve curved, and without a sinus ; 
beak inflated, and passing beyond the cardinal border. Cardinal line shorter than the 
greatest breadth of the shell. ars small, and covered with a great number of small, 
slender tubercles. ‘The surface of the shell is covered with rather large rounded ribs, 
which regularly increase in size from the beak to the front in most specimens, while 

4 


14 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 

on others they are found bifurcating, or with new ribs implanted between the old ores. 
On the flanks of the shell the ribs are nearly obliterated, but a great number of small 
spines are seen. A few small spines are, also, scattered over the remainder of the 
surface. The visceral part is crossed by irregular folds, not so decided as the ribs, 
but sufficiently well marked to give it a reticulated appearance. The remainder of 
the surface is covered with fine undulating lines of growth. When the shell is 
removed, a broad irregular furrow is seen passing round from the front to the ears on 
each side, and separating the upper portion of the dorsal valve from its anterior pro- 
longment. 

Ventral valve very concave ; ribs like those on the dorsal valve, and crossed on the 
visceral part by shallow concentric folds, a little better marked than those on the 
opposite valve. ‘The visceral portion is distinctly limited by a large imbricated fold. 
The ears and flanks are covered with tubercles, similar to those of the other valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, 20 millimetres. Proportions.—Length, 1.00; breadth, 0.75; 
thickness, 0.30. 

Ribs.—On the margin of the transverse furrow, twelve may be counted in the space 
of ten millimetres. 

Comparisons and Differences.—This species resembles somewhat the P. fleaistria, 
but may be distinguished from it by the visceral disk being reticulated, and by the 
great number of small tubercles with which the surface, especially the flanks, are 
garnished. 

Geological Position and Localities. This species occurs abundantly in the Mountain 
limestone at Chester, and at Kaskaskia, Illinois, and in Missouri, near Hat Island. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P1. I., fig. 7, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 7, 6. View of the ventral valve. 

Fig. 7,¢. Profile view of the same. Illinois State Collection. 

P. muRICATUS, (not of de Koninck or Phillips), nob. PI. I., fig. 8, a, b, c. d, e. 

Shell small; transverse; dorsal valve tolerably regularly vaulted; surface covered 
with ribs which are rather thick in comparison with the size of the shell. Cardinal 
border nearly as long as the greatest width of the shell. ars thin and flattened, 
with six tubes on each. Beak small; not passing the cardinal border. ‘The whole 
surface is irregularly covered with spines, which project at right angles from the 
surface of the shell. Visceral disk somewhat flattened and reticulated, the transverse 
folds being more decided than the ribs themselves, which gives to that portion of the 
fossil a rugose appearance. 

Ventral valve concave; its ribs are mostly obliterated by the concentric folds on 
the visceral portion, beyond which, however, they appear like those on the dorsal 
valve. On the interior it has a bifid tooth, supported by a median ridge, which 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 15 

extends inwards to the centre of the valve. On each side of this are the hepatic 
apophyses, small and triangular; by the sides of these are two depressions, and pro- 
jecting forwards and laterally from these are two large callosities, bounded, anteriorly, 
by a prominent ridge. On the anterior portion of the visceral disk are several long, 
obtuse points, inclining forwards, posterior to which the surface is covered by other 
shorter ones. In front, and along the sides of the visceral disk, are a great number 
of points imbedded in the shell and looking forwards, but few of which rise above its 
surface. From near the extremity of the tooth, at a short distance from the cardinal 
border, proceeds, on each side, a strong and rather sharp ridge, running towards the 
lateral angles of the shell, but increasing its distance from it as it recedes from the 
tooth. Just before reaching the lateral edges it changes its direction, bends around 
with them, and becomes lost, being absorbed by the shell. This ridge, with the front 
of the shell, presents an oval outline. 

Dimensions.—Length, 14 millimetres; breadth, 19 mil. Proportions.—Length, 
100; breadth, 135; thickness, 0.42. 

Ribs.—The whole number is from 22 to 24. 

Comparisons and Differences—By the small number of ribs, the rugose appearance 
of the visceral disk, and the great number of slender spines, with which its entire 
surface is garnished, this Productus may be easily distinguished from any other known 
species. 

Geological Position and Locahties.—This fossil belongs to the coal measures, and is 
found in the calcareous clays of that formation. It occurs at Fish-hook creek, Pike 
county, Illinois, and six miles north-west of Richmond, Missouri. 

Explanation of the Figures—P\. I., fig. 8, a. View of the dorsal valve of an adult 
individual. 

Fig. 8, 6. Ventral aspect of the same. 

Fig. 8, c. The same shown in profile. 

Fig. 8, d. View of the interior of the ventral valve, showing the tooth, the median 
ridge, ‘the hepatic apophyses, the callosities, and the lateral ridges. 

Fig. 8, e. View of the interior of the dorsal valve. Illinois State Collection. 

P. PortLocK1anus, nob.—Pl. I., fig. 9, a, b, c. 

Shell of a medium size; transverse; dorsal valve gibbous, much enrolled on itself, 
and divided by a wide deep sinus, originating at a short distance from the beak, and 
extending to the anterior border. Beak thick and short, not passing the cardinal 
border. Cardinal border longer than the transverse diameter of the shell. Ears 
rather long, rounded; follow, in a great degree, the vaulting of the dorsal valve; 
covered with thick transverse folds; two or three tubes on each. Visceral disk large ; 
a little flattened; crossed by very decided transverse folds, twice as large as the ribs 


16 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 

which they decussate. Surface covered with large ribs, some of which bifurcate near 
the visceral part; on the anterior portion they unite, two, three, and sometimes four, 
uniting to form a broad flat surface; but after proceeding in this manner for a short 
distance, they again separate. On these flat surfaces the striee of growth are well 
marked. A few thick tubercles are scattered over the surface. Ventral valve un- 
known. 

Dimensions.—Length, 24 millimetres. Proportions.—Length, 1.00; breadth, 1.25. 

Ribs.—On the anterior part, where the ribs are joined together, there are only five 
in the space of ten millimetres; after they divide again there are ten in the same 
space. On the visceral disk there are twelve in the same interval, crossed by six of 
the transverse folds. 

Comparisons and Differences.—This species approaches very nearly to the P. 
costatus, but differs from it in several important particulars. The ears of the costatus 
are sharply detached from the sides of the shell, while in the P. Portlockianus the 
sides slope gradually down to the cardinal border, and follow in their contour the 
vault of the dorsal valve. The cardinal border is also longer in our species; and the 
angle formed by that portion of the shell and the lateral edges is only 85°, while in 
the costatus it is 100°. It also differs in its ribs, none of which project beyond the 
others, as they do in that species, but are all flattened alike on the anterior portion. 
The transverse folds on the visceral portion are also broader than they are in the 
costatus. Again, the sinus of the Portlockianus is much deeper and narrower than 
that of the costatus. There is only one other species with which it could be con- 
founded, the P. Boliviensts ; but it may be at once distinguished from that fossil by 
the shape of its ears, which are, in the Boliviensis, more abruptly separated from the 
sides than in any other known species of the genus; and by its beak passing far over 
the cardinal border, while in the Portlockianus it scarcely overlooks it. 

Geological Position and Localities.—We have only met with two specimens of this 
species; one at Grayville, White county, Illinois, and the other at Charboniere, St. 
Louis county, Missouri. They both occur in the coal measures. 

Explanation of the Figures.—PIl. I1., fig. 9, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 9, 6. View of the beak, with all the reticulated portion of the dorsal valve, 
with the exception of three transverse folds. 

Fig. 9, c. Profile view of the same. [Illinois State Collection. 

We ‘dedicate this species to Col. J. E. Portlock, of the Geological branch of the 

Ordnance Survey of Ireland, who has done so much to elucidate the geology and 
paleontology of that country. 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. | 17 

Section V. 
PRODUCTI SPINOSI. 

P. Vinurerst, A. @ Orbigny.—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” Pl. XI, 
fics VL. 
Locality —Keg Creek, Missouri. Illinois State Collection. 

P. scasricuus, Martin sp.—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” Plate XI., 
fig. 6. | 
Geological Position and Locality—This fossil is found generally distributed in the 
limestones of the coal measures. It is also met with in the mountain limestone at 
Paris, Missouri. Illinois State Collection. 

P. PRaTTENIANUS, nob.—PI. L., fig. 10, a, 6, ¢, d. 

Shell of medium size, transverse. When placed on its ventral valve, presents a 
rectangular form. Cardinal line equal to the greatest breadth of the shell. The ears 
are much extended, and garnished with a double row of tubes, very large in propor- 
tion to the size of the shell; those nearest the cardinal border being directed back- 
wards, and projecting far beyond the edge, while those in the second rank point 1m- 
mediately upwards. The ears are covered with large folds. On the visceral portion 
a few irregular undulations occur, none of which traverse it entirely. Dorsal valve 
tolerably regularly arched; its anterior part flattened, sometimes depressed in the 
middle, and then showing a wide, shallow sinus. The sides slope very gradually 
down to the ears. The beak is small, rather pointed, and passes the cardinal border. 
The surface is covered with a great number of longitudinal ribs, regular in form, and 
increasing by the implantation of new ones. From twenty to thirty tubes are 
scattered over the surface; the remains of which show them to have been very long 
in proportion to the size of the shell. They all project from the shell at nearly right 
. angles to their attachment, but, after proceeding a short distance, bend downwards. 
The anterior prolongment is broken off on every specimen in our possession, with the 
exception of a small fragment on the flank of one. This fragment passes about ten 
millimetres beyond the visceral disk of the ventral valve. 

Ventral valve concave, the visceral disk being divided from the ears by a very 
large fold, with a deep hollow between this fold and the cardinal border. On this 
valve there are neither tubercles nor hollows; its ribs are like those of the dorsal 
valve. Outside of the visceral disk the shell is traversed by three or four wide 
imbricated folds. On the interior of the ventral valve there is a small bifid tooth, 
with a rounded hollow at its base, from which projects a very slender ridge, which 
crosses about one third of the valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, 20 millimetres. Comparison.—Length, 100; breadth, 130; 

thickness, 0.35. 
5 


18 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 

Ribs.—At the distance of ten millimetres from the beak there are eighteen in -the 
space of ten millimetres. 

Relations and Differences.—This shell may be readily distinguished from the P. 
Villiersi, to which it bears resemblance, by its visceral part being less enrolled ; in 
having a more depressed form; in the great extent of its ears; in its beak being 
smaller and more pointed; and in its tubes projecting more directly out from the 
shell, instead of proceeding downwards in their attachment, as they do in the P. 
Villierst. 

Geological Position and Locality—This species is supposed to belong to the coal 
measures; it is not, however, absolutely determined. It was obtained by Mr. H. 
Pratten at the crossing of the Big Nemahaw river, about 85 miles a little North of 
West from St. Joseph, Missouri. 

Explanation of the figures.—Pl. L., fig. 10, a. View of the dorsal valve of an adult 
individual. 

Fig. 10, 6. Same, showing the ventral valve. 

Fig. 10, c. The same, seen in profile. 

Fig. 10, d. Another specimen, showing the comparative length of the tubes. H. 
Pratten’s collection. 

Note.—It affords me great pleasure to be able to dedicate this new and beautiful 
species to my friend and fellow laborer, Mr. H. Pratten; to whose quiet but fruitful 
labors, for many years, several branches of science, besides geology, are largely 
indebted. J.G.N. 

P. HILpRETHIANUS, nob.—PI. L., fig. 11, a, 6, e. 

Shell of medium size; depressed; transverse; subtriangular. Surface covered 
with moderately-sized, rounded ribs, the furrows between which are wider than the 
ribs themselves. The ribs are increased both by bifurcation and the implantation of 
new ones. The front is flattened, with a very wide but shallow sinus. Beak small, - 
pointed, passing beyond the cardinal border, which appears to have been short; in 
the only specimen found, however, the cardinal border is unfortunately broken off, on 
both sides, at about six millimetres from the beak, so that we have little of the ears 
remaining. The sides fall almost perpendicularly on to the ears. The ears and 
flanks are covered with a great number of small, slender tubercles. The whole sur- 
face of the shell appears to have been covered with tubercles, which have fallen off, 
in the specimen before us, leaving scarcely a mark of their place of attachment. We 
infer, from this, that they fell off during the life of the animal, as it is difficult to see 
the cicatrices without the aid of a good lens. There are no concentric folds; but the 
entire surface is covered with fine undulating strize of growth. Anterior prolongment, 
if any, unknown. 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 19 

On the ventral valve, the ribs appear to radiate from the beak. In the first part 
of their course they frequently bifurcate ; afterwards few of them do so. ‘They go 
on, however, regularly increasing in size, down to the margin; and are covered with 
a great number of elongated tubes, lying closely down on the shell. This valve is a 
little concave, with a slightly raised varix opposite the sinus of the dorsal valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, 28 millimetres. Comparison.—Length, 100; breadth, 111; 
thickness, 0.40. 

Ribs.—At twenty millimetres from the beak there are ten in the space of ten mil- 
limetres. 

Comparison and Differences—We know of no Productus that can be confounded 
with this species. Its flattened and triangular form, the greatest breadth being near 
the front margin, from which it regularly decreases to the beak, as well as the great 
number of spines on the ventral valve, will at once distinguish it from all others. 

Geological Position and Locality.—It occurs in nodules of black limestone, imbedded 
in a coal seam, at Charboniere, Missouri. 

Explanation of the figures.—Pl. I., fig. 11, a. Dorsal aspect. 

Fig. 11, 6. View of the ventral valve. 

Fig. 11, ¢. Profile view of the same specimen. H. Pratten’s collection. 

This species we dedicate to Dr. 8. P. Hildreth, of Marietta, Ohio, one of the oldest 
pioneers of geological science in the Western States. 

Section VI. 
PRODUCTI FIMBRIATI. 

P. LEUCHTENBERGENSIS, de Koninck.—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” PI. 
XIV., fig. 5. 

Geological Position and Locality—In the mountain limestone at Mason’s Landing 
Jersey county, Illinois. Tlinois State Collection. 

P. punctatus, Martin sp—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” Pl. XIL, 
fan 2: 

Geological Position and Locality.—W arsaw, Illinois, in mountain limestone ; twelve 
miles North West of Richmond, Missouri; near Caseyville, [linois, in the coal 
measures. ‘This is a very common fossil in the Western States. Illinois State Col- 
lection. 

P. Fimpriatus, Sowerby.—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” Pl. XII, 
fig. 3. 

Geological Position and Locality—Near Alton, Illinois, in the mountain limestone ; 
and at Big Creek, Posey county, Indiana, in the coal measures. Illinois State Col- 
lection. 


20 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 

P. BucutAnus, de Koninck.—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” Pl. XVIIL., 
fig. 4. 

Geological Position and Locality.—Found in the black limestone of the coal measures, 
at Big Creek, Posey county, Indiana. H. Pratten’s collection. 

P. ALTERNATUS, nob. P). IL, fig. 1, a, 6, ¢, d, e. 

Shell of medium size; length and breadth about the same. In young specimens 
the dorsal valve is tolerably regularly arched, but is flattened on its anterior part, 
without showing, however, any anterior prolongment; when old, it has a decided 
anterior prolongment, proceeding at right angles from the visceral portion. The old 
specimens have, also, a wide but shallow sinus. The surface is covered with wide, 
flattened, transverse bands, placed one above the other, like tiles on a roof. These 
bands are covered with spines, of which every eighth one reaches from the lower 
edge of the band above to the lower edge of its own band. Midway between these 
are other spines, which only reach half way up the band; and, between these again, 
are others, which are only half the length of those last mentioned ; and, finally, 
between the latter come out small tubes or. points, which are planted immediately on 
the lower edge of the band. Some of these tubes are from five to eight millimetres 
in length, and project downwards close tothe shell, forming a fringe around the lower 
edge of each band. Beak small and passing beyond the cardinal border. Lars small 
and a little enrolled. 

Ventral valve almost unknown. We have only one specimen which shows any 
portion of it, and that exhibits only a fraction of the internal surface. It is never- 
theless, sufficient to show that this valve possessed bands like those of the dorsal 
valve, that it followed all its movements, and that its visceral disk approached very 
near to that of the other valve, there not being a distance of four millimetres between 
them. Its internal surface is pitted with small hollows, corresponding to the tubes 
of the dorsal valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, 28 millimetres. Comparison.—lLength, 100; breadth, 100; 
thickness, 0.14. 

Bands.—On an old specimen the whole number of bands are fifteen. At ten mil- 
limetres from the beak there are three bands in the space of ten millimetres. 

Comparisons and Differences—This shell differs from the P. punctatus in being 
smaller : in its broader and more regular bands; in the arrangement of the spines on 
the bands; in its flattened anterior prolongment; and, especially, by the close 
approximation of the two valves. 

Geological Position and Locality.—Found in the mountain limestone, at Rocky run, 
Hancock county, Illinois. Rare. 

Explanation of the Figures.— Pl. IL., fig. 1, a. View of the dorsal valve, showing 
the transverse folds and striae. 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON PRODUCTI. 21 

fig. 1, 6. Profile view of an older specimen. 

fig. 1, c. Same, showing the relations of the two valves. 

Fig. 1, d. A young individual of the same species. 

Fig. 1, e. Magnified view of the spines and tubercles on an adult specimen, to 
show their arrangement. Illinois State Collection. 

Section VII. 
PRODUCTI CAPERATI. 

P. Murcursontranus, de Koninck.—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” PI. 
XVI, fig.. 3. 

Geological Position and Localities—Devonian limestones of the Devil’s Back Bone, 
Illinois ; and upper Silurian beds of Madison, Indiana. Tlinois State Collection. 

P. suBACULEATUS, Murchison.—De Koninck “On the Genus Productus.” Pl. XVI, 
fig. 4._ 

Geological Position and Localities.—Devil’s Back Bone, Illinois; Graham Creek and 
Lewis Creek, Indiana, in Devonian limestone. Illinois State Collection. 

P. Neprascensis, D. D. Owen.— Report of a Geological Survey of Minnesota,” 
etc. Tab. V., fig. 3, p. 584. | 

Locality.—Crossing of the Big Nemahaw, Nebraska Territory. H. Pratten’s col- 
lection. 

P. GranuLosus, Phillips—*“ Geology of Yorkshire,” vol. ii, p. 216. Pl. VIIL., fig. 
15; and de Koninck’s “ Monograph ” on the genus, p. 135, pl. XVL, fig. 7, a, 6, ¢. 

We have received this shell from Mr. Worthen, who found it at Nauvoo, Illinois, 
and from Jas. Husbands, who found it at Carrsville, Kentucky. It occurs at both 
localities in the mountain limestone. At Nauvoo, in the middle portion of the series; 
at Carrsville in the upper part. 

6 


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[ 23 ] 

Art. Il.—WNotice of the genus CHONETES, as found in the Western States and Territories 
with descriptions of eleven new species. By JoserpH G. Norwoop and Henry PRATTEN, 
of the Hlinois Geological Survey. 

This genus was established by FiscuEr in 1837, to separate from the genus Lepteena 
such shells, having the same general form with those of DALMAN’S genus, as possess 
a row of spines of the margin of the dorsal valve along the cardinal area. At that 
time there were six species known. Up to the year 1843, other species were added 
by European Geologists; and, in that year, our most distinguished paleontologist, 
Professor HAut, described two from this country, C. cornuta and C. setigera, which he 
united to the genus Strophomena of RArinEsquE. In 1847 M. pe Konincx published 
his excellent Monograph on the genus, in which he not only enumerated, but described 
every known species, amounting, in all, to twenty-three, including all those known in 
this country. Since then, in 1852, Dr. D. D. Owen described a new species from 
Missouri, making all the known published species, up to the present time, amount to 
twenty-four. The two species already mentioned as described by Prof. Haut, belong 
to New York; the third one, described by M. pe Konincx, the C. Shumardiana, is 
from Kentucky, and named by him in honor of the zealous geologist and paleeontologist 
who discovered it. 

We now make known eleven new species from our Western States and Territories, 
and announce the discovery of two others of the known species of Hurope in our western 
formations, viz: C. armata, of M. BoucHarp, and C. Sarcinulata, of ScunorHEnt. 

Six of these species were found at a single locality, the “Devils Backbone,” in 
Tllinois, in limestone belonging to the Devonian period; one, two miles west of Jones- 
boro, Illinois, in limestone of the same age; two, in the Mountain limestone of 
Burlington, lowa; four are from the coal measures; and one, the Flemingii, is from a 
formation, the age of which has not yet been determined, but which, probably, belongs 
to the Coal period. It was found by Mr. Pratten ten miles northwest of Richmond, 
Missouri. 

The whole number of species known to M. pr Konincx, in 1847, 23 

Added by Dr. D. D. Own, (U.S. Geological Survey,) 1 
Addition made now, el: 
Making the present number known, 30 

Seventeen of these species occur in the Western Sites of oes yh Re To 
these add the two species found in New York, and we have nineteen species found in 


24 > NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON CHONETES. 

our country, four of which are common to the United States and Europe; and fifteen, 
as at present known, peculiar to this continent. We must say, however, that there is 
still another species, brought from the Humboldt river, in Utah, the markings of which 
are too much obliterated to admit of its being described. It belongs to the Mountain 
limestone, and is, from its form, evidently distinct from any other one of our species. 
It was found by Mr. Pratten. 

Genus CHONETES, [ischer. 

C. SaumARDIANA, de Koninck.—De Koninck’s “ Monograph on the Genus Chonetes.” 
PIO ea, 

Geological Position and Localtity.—In the mountain limestone at Button-mould Knob, 
Jefferson county, Kentucky. 

C. GRANULIFERA, D. D. Owen.—“ Geological Report of Wisconsin, Iowa and Min- 
nesota.” Tab. V., fig. 12. 

Geological Position and Locality.—In the coal measures at Belleville, Ilinois; and 
at Keg Creek, Missouri. 

C. Surrut, nob.—PI. IL., fig. 2, a, 3, ¢. 

Shell of medium size; transverse, having its greatest breadth on the cardinal border, 
which is produced into points. Dorsal valve covered with numerous fine ribs, amounting 
to about 160 on the margin. It is crossed by broad imbricated folds, marking the 
successive periods of growth, and showing that its form was the same in all stages. 
The entire surface is covered with small pits or hollows, as if from the falling off of 
tubes or spines; these pits are tolerably regularly disposed in quincunx; they are 
always on the summit of the ribs, and are larger and altogether different in shape 
from the hollows at the bottom of the furrows between the ribs; these latter being 
merely fine lines as if drawn by the most delicate graver. It has a wide shallow sinus, 
which originates at the beak, and goes on increasing in breadth to the front. The 
area is very large and formed by both valves ; the portion belonging to the dorsal valve 
being hollowed, while that of the ventral valve is flattened. The deltoid aperture is 
wide but nearly filled by the tooth of the ventral valve. Lars distinctly separated 
from the dorsal vault by a wide depression. The cardinal edge has ten tubes on each 
side of the beak. The ornaments of the ventral valve are like those of the opposite 
one. On the internal surface of the ventral valve there is a bifid median tooth resting 
in a socket, and supported by five ridges projecting into the shell, the two largest of 
which are nearly parallel to the cardinal border; at a small distance from it, the cen- 
tral ridge projects about two fifths across the valve; on each side of this are two others 
supporting a series of points. All the interior surface, but particularly towards the 
front, is covered with small points. 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON CHONETES. , 25 

Dimensions.—Leneth, 15 millimetres; breadth, 22. 

Geological Positionand Locality.—This species occurs in the shales of the coal measures, 
at Belleville, Illinois. 

Explanation of the Figures.—Pl. IL, fig. 2, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 2,6. Ventral aspect and area of the same. 

Fig. 2, c. Longitudinal section of the same individual. 

This species is dedicated to the memory of William Smith, the father of strati- 
graphical paleontology. Illinois State Collection. 

C. Fiscnert.—nob.—Pl. IL., fig. 3. 

Shell of medium size; transverse, having its greatest breadth at about one third the 
distance between the cardinal border and the front margin. Dorsal valve slightly but 
regularly convex. ars not separated by a depression from the dorsal vault. It has 
no ribs, properly so called, but in place of them the surface is covered with an innu- 
merable quantity of extremely fine strie, which radiate from the beak. These striz 
are crossed by concentric ones equally fine, giving it the appearance of fine net work. 
There are five long thick tubes on each side of the beak, which project in nearly 
straight lines backwards from the shell. 

Area and ventral valve unknown. 

Dimensions.—Length, 20 millimetres; breadth, 30. 

Geological Position and Locality —This shell occurs at Burlington, Iowa, in beds 
which are considered to be at the base of the mountain limestone. It is named in 
honor of the founder of the genus. Illinois State Collection. 

Explanation of the Figure.—P1. IL. fig. 3. View of the dorsal valve. 

C. Lirron1, nob.—PI. II., fig. 4, a, 0, ¢. 

Shell small; slightly transverse, having its greatest breadth near one third of the 
distance from the cardinal border to the front margin. Dorsal valve very convex and 
furnished with remarkably fine ribs, which number about 120 on the margin. Area 
contracted and hollowed out of both valves; deltoid aperture very narrow. On the 
cardinal edge we can see the traces of tubes without being able to count them. Ven- 
tral valve very concave, leaving but a small space for the lodgment of the animal. 
Ribs like those of the other valve. 

Dimenstons.—Length, 15 millimetres; breadth, 20. 

Geological Position and Locality—This species occurs at the Devil’s Backbone, 
Illinois, in Devonian limestone. Dedicated to Prof. A. Litton, of St. Louis, Missouri. 
Illinois State Collection. 

Explanation of the Figures.—PI. II., fig. 4, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 4, 6. View of the ventral valve and area. 

Fig. 4, c. Longitudinal section. 


26 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON CHONETES. 

C. Fiemineu, ob.—PIl. IL., fig. 5, a, b, c, d, e. 

Shell rather small; depressed; transverse, having its greatest breadth on the car- 
dinal border. Dorsal valve covered with a great number of slender, filiform ribs, 
which frequently bifurcate and amount, when they reach the free borders of the shell, 
to about 150. It is provided with a tolerably deep and wide sinus. The area is 
formed at the expense of both valves. Deltoid aperture rather wide. LHars some- 
what flattened, and separated from the dorsal vault by a very decided depression. 
Cardinal edge ornamented by seven tubes on each side of the beak, which are directed 
obliquely. In the furrows between the ribs are numerous shallow depressions, as 
represented in the magnified view of a portion of the shell, Pl. IL, fig. 6,¢. The 
ventral valve is furnished with a varix, corresponding to the sinus of the opposite 
one. Its ribs are like those of the other valve, but become obliterated on the ears. 

Internal part of the dorsal valve—There is a strong ridge projecting from the 
beak towards the middle of the shell; on each side of which there is a large and 
deep depression. Most of the remaining surface is covered with large granulations, 
which, however, stop short of the free margin of the shell. Around this may be 
seen a series of ribs corresponding to the furrows between the exterior ribs, and 
showing a series of fine granulations, which answer to the small depressions of the 
exterior. , 

Dimensions.—Length, 10 millimetres ; breadth, 17. 

Geological Position and Locality—It is found in beds of shale, ten miles North 
West of Richmond, Missouri. The age of the beds has not yet been determined. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P1. IL., fig. 5, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 5, b.—View of the ventral valve and area of the same specimen. 

Fig. 5, ¢. Longitudinal section of the same. 

Fig. 5, d. Interior of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 5, e. Magnified view of a portion of the shell. 

C. VERNEUILIANA, nob.—PI. II., fig. 6, a, 6, ¢. 

This is one of the most singular species of the genus. It is small, transverse, 
having its greatest breadth on the cardinal border. Its beak is much larger and 
higher than that of any of our other Chonetes. An extremely deep sinus extends 
from the beak, bordered on each side by a high ridge; outside of which there is 
another sinus separating the ridges from the ears, which are a little rounded and 
much extended. Its surface is covered with about 100 ribs, very fine and dichoto- 
mous. Area tolerably large, and formed at the expense of both valves. Deltoid 
aperture very wide. Cardinal edge with four tubes on each ear, directed obliquely. 
The ventral valve is furnished with a very decided varix, corresponding to the sinus 
of the opposite valve. Its ribs are like those of the dorsal valve. . 

Dimensions.—Length, 7 millimetres; breadth, 12. 


bo 
~I 

NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON CHONETES. 

Comparisons and Differences—The depth of the sinus and the height of the ridges 
alongside of it, will at once distinguish it from all other species. It is true that, 
while young, it may be mistaken for the C. Flemingii; but even then its sinus is 
deeper than in that species, and it has only four spines on the cardinal edge on each 
side of the beak, while the Flemingti has seven. 

Geological Position and Locality—This species occurs at Charboniere, Missouri, in 
the calcareous clays of the coal measures. We dedicate this species to M. de Verneuil. 
It will at once recall to every one the Productus, which bears his name, as they are 
both possessed of a remarkably deep sinus. Illinois State Collection. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P1. IL., fig. 6, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

fig. 6, 6. Ventral valve and area of the same specimen. 

fig. 6, c. Longitudinal section of the same. 

C. MESOLOBA, nob.—PI. II., fig. 7, a, 6, ¢. 

Shell small; transverse, sub-rectangular. Dorsal valve covered with extremely 
fine ribs, which, on the margin, number 150. They are everywhere crossed by 
equally fine concentric stris. This valve is furnished with a very wide median sinus, ~ 
originating near the beak, from which it goes on increasing in width to the front 
margin. From the bottom of this sinus rises a rounded fold of the same shape as 
the sinus itself; that is, it is pomted towards the beak, widening from thence to the 
front, so that its outline is triangular, the base being at the front of the shell. ars 
small, and separated from the dorsal vault by a well marked depression, giving to the 
front of the shell the appearance of being formed of three lobes, separated from one 
another by the median sinus. Area rather large, and formed from both valves. 
Deltoid aperture nearly closed by the tooth of the ventral valve. The cardinal edge 
bears seven oblique spines on each side of the beak. 

Ventral Valve——Its ribs are like those of the other valve. It has a well defined 
middle sinus corresponding to the raised fold of the dorsal valve. On each side of 
this sinus it has a sharp fold opposite to the bottom of the sinus of that valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, 8 millimetres ; breadth, 11. 

Comparisons and Differences.—At present there is no species of Chonetes known, 
with which this one can be confounded ; no other one having a medial fold rising from 
the bottom of the sinus of the dorsal valve. . 

Geological Position and Locality.—This species occurs in the limestones and shales 
of the coal measures; at Belleville, Illinois; and at Charboniere, Missouri.  Llinois 
State Collection. 

Explanation of the Figures—PI. IL, fig. 8, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 8, 6. View of the ventral valve and area. 


28 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON CHONETES. 

Fig. 8, c. View of the dorsal valve divested of its outer coating, and showing the 
numerous pits distributed over it. 

C. Macturza, nob.—PI. II., fig. 8, a, 6, c. 

Shell somewhat large ; depressed; transverse, having its greatest breadth near its 
middle. At five millimetres from the beak the ribs number about thirty ; at one third 
of the distance from the beak to the margin, most of them bifurcate. Between this 
and the margin several of them divide again, and when they reach it, they number 
about one hundred. The furrows between the ribs are of the same size as the ribs 
themselves. On the internal mould of the dorsal valve, the central furrow is larger 
than those on the right and left of it, evidently caused by a median tooth, which, 
commencing at the cardinal edge, traverses more than two-thirds of the length of the 
shell. On each side of the beak there are eight spines, directed obliquely. The ven- 
tral valve is slightly concave. Its surface is similar to that of the opposite one. 

Dimensions.—Length, 22 millimetres; breadth, 32. ; 

Geological Position and Locality.—This species was found at the “ Devil’s Backbone,” 
Illinois, in limestones of the Devonian period. Illinois State Collection. 

We have great satisfaction in being able to dedicate this beautiful species to the 
memory of William Maclure, the munificent patron of science, and the father of 
American geology. 

Explanation of the Figures.—PI. IL., fig. 1, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 8, 6. Same, showing the ventral valve and area. 

Fig. 8, c. Longitudinal section of the same. 

C. vaARIoLATA, A. d Orbigny, sp—De Koninck’s “ Monograph on the Genus 
Cuonetss.” Pl. XX., fig. 2. 
Geological Position and Locality—Guernsey, Ohio, in coal schists. 

C. ArMATA, Bouchard.—De Koninck’s Monograph. Pl. XX., fig. 14. 
Geological Position and Locality.—Devonian, “ Devil's Backbone,” Hlinois. 

C. NANA, de Verneuil—De Verneuil’s “ Russia and the Ural Mountains.” 
Geological Position and Locality.—Devonian, Falls of the Ohio. 

C. SARCINULATA, Schlotheim sp.—De Koninck’s Monograph. Pl. XX, fig. 15.’ 
Geological Position and Locality—Devonian, “ Devil's Backbone,” Illinois. 

C. Tuomyt, nob.—PI. IL., fig. 9, a, 0, ¢. 

Shell small; depressed; transverse, having its greatest breadth near the middle of 
the shell. Area excavated mostly at the expense of the dorsal valve. Deltoid aper- 
ture small, open; the tooth of the ventral valve fitting into it and partially filling 
the aperture. The dorsal valve is but slightly convex ; the ventral valve is still more 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON CHONETES. 29 

slightly concave, leaving but a very small space for the lodgment of the animal. The 
cardinal edge has six tubes on each side of the beak. Its surface is covered with rather 
large ribs, which become nearly obliterated on the ears. The ears are small and 
somewhat flattened. At the distance of five millimetres from the beak there are 12 
ribs in the space of five millimetres, and the same number in the same space on the 
margin ; they are fourteen in number when they leave the beak, but increase by bi- 
furcation, so that when they arrive at the margin there are nearly sixty. 

Ventral valve.—lts ribs are in all respects like those of the dorsal valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, 12 millimetres; breadth, 15. 

Geological Position and Locality—This species occurs in the Devonian limestones of 
the Devil’s Backbone, Jackson county, Illinois. Illinois State Collection. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P\. I1., fig. 9, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

Fig. 9, 6. View of the ventral valve and area. 

Fig. 9, c. Longitudinal section. 

/ 

C. Martini, nob.—PI. IL, fig. 10, a, 0, ©. 

Shell of medium size; depressed ; transverse ; sub-quadrangular ; the cardinal border 
being, in a slight degree, the broadest portion of the shell. Dorsal valve somewhat 
convex, and covered with tolerably large ribs, which bifurcate two or three times 
before attaining the margin, where the whole number amounts to eighty. It has a 
wide but shallow sinus, which originates near the beak, and gradually widens as it 
proceeds towards the front. Lars flattened. Areaunknown. The cardinal edge has 
eight thick blunt tubes on each side of the beak. 

The ribs of the ventral valve are like those of the opposite one. On its internal 
surface it has a cardinal tooth supported on four plates, which project inwardly, and 
appear to be formed by the union of several ribs. The two plates nearest the cardinal 
edge are much the largest. The internal ribs, which correspond to the external fur- 
rows, show a series of granulations, but they are farther apart than in most of the 
species of the genus. 

Dimensions.—Length, 22 millimetres; breadth, 25. 

Ftibs.—There are, on the margin, eleven in the space of five millimetres. 

Comparisons and Differences.—This species differs from the C. Maclurea in its more 
quadrangular shape, in the smaller number of its ribs, and in the possession of a sinus, 
(that species having none.) From the Zuomyi it differs in its sinus, in the greater 
number of its ribs, and in having eight tubes on each side of the beak, while the 
Tuomyt has but six. 

Geological Position and Locality.—This species occurs in the Devonian limestones of 
the Devil’s Backbone, Illinois. TIlinois State Collection. 

Explanation of the Figures.—Pl. IL., fig. 9, a. View of the dorsal valve. 

cS) 


30 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON CHONETES. 

fig. 9, b.—Internal surface of the ventral valve of another specimen of the same 
age, 
Fig. 9, ¢-—Curvature of the dorsal valve. 

C. Kowincxtana, nob.—PI. IL, fig. 11, a, 6. 

Shell small; depressed; transverse, having its greatest breadth on the cardinal line. 
Dorsal valve slightly convex ; no sinus; covered, with the exception of its ears, with 
fine dichotomous ribs, numbering twenty-two near the beak, and fifty on the margin. 
The furrows between the ribs are of about the same size as the ribs themselves. Ears 
flattened; and without ribs. Area unknown. The cardinal edge has two spines on 
each side of the beak, placed near the extremities, which project slightly from the 
edge and then turn downwards, and run nearly parallel with it. The lower ones, 
which appear like a continuation of the edge, project three-tenths of an inch beyond 
it.. Ventral valve concave, leaving a very small space for the lodgment of the animal. 
Its ribs are like those of the dorsal valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, 11 millimetres; breadth 17. 

Ribs.—At the margin there are sixteen in the space of five millimetres. 

Comparisons and Differences.—T his species can, on account of the length and peculiar 
direction of its spines, not be confounded with any other. 

Geological Position and Locality.—It occurs in Devonian limestone, two miles west 
of Jonesboro’, Union county, Illinois. Llinois State Collection. 

This very curious species is named in honor of M. de Koninck, whose admirable 
“‘ Monograph” on the genus is known and appreciated by every geologist. 

Explanation of the Fiqures.—PI. IL., fig. 11, a. View of the dorsal valve, with its 
spines. 

Fig. 11, 6. Curvature of the dorsal valve. 

C. Logant, nob.—PI. IL., fig. 12, a, 6, ¢. 

Shell small; transverse; having its greatest breadth near the cardinal border. 
Dorsal valve inflated ; without a sinus; covered with about thirty rugose ribs. Ears 
small, and scarcely separated from the dorsal vault. Beak rather large and recurved. 
Ribs flattened, and crossed by fine lines. Many of them are dichotomous. Area and 
ventral valve unknown. ‘Traces of tubes can be seen on the cardinal edge, but the 
number cannot be ascertained. 

Dimensions.—Length, 6 millimetres; breadth, 9. 

Comparisons and Difjerences.—This species differs from the C. minuta of Goldfuss 
(sp.,) in the number of its ribs, that species having but twenty-two while ours has 
thirty. In other respects it resembles it. 

Geological Position and Locality.—This fossil is found at Burlington, Iowa, in the 
middle portion of the mountain limestone series. TIlinois State Collection. 


NORWOOD AND PRATTEN ON CHONETES. 31 

We inscribe this very beautiful fossil with the name of Mr. Logan, Chief of the 
Geological Survey in the British Provinces of North America, on account of our high 
appreciation of his labors in a geological field in which we spent some years. 

Explanation of the Figures.—PI. II., fig. 12, a. View of the dorsal valve of an adult 
specimen, magnified. 

Fig. 12, 6. Curvature of the dorsal valve, 

Fig. 12, c. Length of the shell, 


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[33 J 

-Art. I1I].—Contributions to South American Herpetology. 

By Epwarp HALLowE.L, M.D. 

STENODACTYLUS, Fitzinger. 
Gen. char.—Fingers cylindrical, pointed at the end, with denticulated edges, and 
granulated inferiorly. (Dum. et Bib.) 

STENODACTYLUS FUSCUS, nob. 

Sp. char—Of a dark brown color, or lighter, with numerous black spots; below 
light yellow; no femoral or anal pores; five plates along the margin of the lower jaw 
on each side; granulations of back small, uniform. | 

Dimensions,—Length of head and body, 13 to 14 inch; tail carupalateats 

' Habitat.—Nicaragua. Numerous specimens. 

MICROPHIS. 

Char-—Head of moderate size, short, depressed in the middle, covered with nine 
plates; snout rounded; nostrils between the nasal and anterior frontal plates; a 
frenal; one antocular; two posterior oculars; seven superior labials, the eye resting 
on the third and fourth; eyes of moderate size, pupil round; supraciliary plate not 
projecting over the eye; tail of moderate length. 

MICROPHIS QUINQUELINIATUS, nob. PI. III. 

Sp. Char.—Head, body and tail, above, ash color; five dark blue stripes extending 
from the occiput to the base of the tail, the three intermediate ones broader than the 
lateral; the other stripes prolonged upon the tail, the middle one to near its extremity; 
17 rows of smooth quadrangular scales; 170 abdom. scuta; two bifid preabdom.; 33 
subcaudal. 

Dimensions.—Length of head 6-8ths inch; breadth posteriorly 4-8ths inch; length 
of body 17 inches; of tail 2 inches 5-8ths ; circumference 1 inch 3-8ths; total length 
1 foot 8 inches 3-8ths. 

Habitat—Honduras, South America. Two specimens presented to the museum of 

the Academy, by Dr. Woodhouse. 
9 


34 HALLOWELL ON SOUTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY. 

Gen. Remarks.—This serpent has the general characters of coronella, but the nos- 
trils open between the anterior frontal and nasal plates, instead of the nasal and in- 
ternasal, the two being fused into one plate. We have, therefore proposed for it the 
generic name given above, although not disposed to attach much importance to minor 
considerations of this kind in the determination of genera.* 

ZAMENIS, Wagler. 

Gen. char.—Head oblong, quadrate ; nostrils between two nasal plates ; two posterior 
oculars ; one loral; supraciliary plates projecting over the eye; vertical scute narrow ; 
trunk long, equal, rounded; scales numerous, homogeneous, lanceolate, smooth; tail 
long. (Wagler.) 

ZAMENIS TRICOLOR, nob. PI. IV. 

Sp. char.—Head depressed, of moderate size; snout rounded; nostrils between two 
nasals ; a frenal, more or less quadrilateral; one antocular; two posterior oculars, the 
superior the larger; nine superior labials, the inferior margin of the eye resting on the 
fifth and sixth; neck contracted ; body slender, thicker in the middle, with seventeen 
rows of scales, the four or five inferior rows for the most part smooth, the rest very 
slightly carinated; tail of moderate length. 

Coloration—This serpent is very remarkable for its beauty; the ground color of 
each scale is a deep slate color, with a yellow longitudinal line in the middle, not 
extending the whole length of the scale; the anterior and posterior borders of each 
scale bordered with light blue; under surface straw color. Abdom. scut. 148; 1 pre- 
abdom. scut., bifid; 75 subcaudal. 

Dimensions.—Length of head, 1 inch; greatest breadth, + inch; length of body, 18 
inches; circumference at middle, 2 inches; length of tail, 82 inches. 

Habitat.—Honduras, Central America. This specimen was recently brought from 
Honduras by my friend Dr. Samuel Woodhouse. One is at once struck with the 
beauty of this serpent. In its general appearance it resembles somewhat the Zamenis 
viridi-flavus, of which we have a very fine specimen in the Academy, found by me 
in the Pyrenees,—but their great dissimilarity is readily observed on placing the 
animals in juxtaposition. The markings of the head and sides are altogether 
different ; in viridi-flavus the eye rests upon the fourth and fifth labials, and not upon 
the fifth and sixth, but the number of plates about the head is nearly the same, and 
there is no great variation in the form. 

* Proceed, Acad. Nat. Sci., June, 1854. 


HALLOWELL ON SOUTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY. 35 

ELAPOIDIS, Bote. 

Gen. char—Teeth small; head not distinct from body, elapsoid; opening of the 
mouth moderate; nostrils and eyes lateral, the latter minute, the former widely open ; 
vertical scute very broad, rhombic, the posterior frontals extended as far as the eyes; 
supraciliaries small; loral plate oblong, taking the place of the anterior orbitar; trunk 
cylindrical; tail acute. (Boie.) 

ELAPOIDIs FASCIATUS, nob. PI. IV. | 

Char—Two rows of teeth in the upper jaw, one in the lower; two anterior and 
two posterior frontals, the former very much smaller than the posterior; a vertical, 
pentagonal broad and short; two small supra-oculars; two occipitals ; nostrils between 
two plates; a long quadrangular frenal; no antocular; two posterior oculars; eyes 
projecting, latero-superior; pupil round; seven superior labials, the eye resting on the 
third and fourth; body slender, compressed laterally; neck slightly contracted; tail 
of moderate length, tapering to a point; nineteen rows of scales, all carinated, the 
caring very distinct. 

Coloration.—Head black above, except near the head, where it is whitish; the 
white spots narrow above, broad below; ground color of animal above fawn, with 
numerous transverse black fascias, the greater number alternate; scales between the 
fascice tipped with black; under surface straw color. Abdom. scut. 145; 1 post-abdom. 
bifid; 64 sub-caud. 

Dimensions.—Length of head, $ inch; of body, 7 inches; of tail, 2% inches; total 
length, 9% inches. 

Habitat—Honduras. Two specimens, presented by Amory Edwards, Esq. 

Gen. Remarks.—But one species of Elapoidis has heretofore been described, viz. : 
Hlapoidis fuscus, Boie, a native of Java. 

ELAPS, Schneider. 

ELAPS ZONATUS, nob. 

Char.—Anterior frontals much smaller than posterior; vertical short and broad ; 
nostrils between two plates; a small loral; one ant-orbitar; two post-orbitars; five 
superior labials, the eyes resting on the third and fourth; eyes latero-superior; pupil 
round. 

Coloration.—Head black and white, the greater part presenting above a broad black 
blotch extending over the temples to the posterior part of the under jaw, and over 
the eyes to the inferior margin of the upper, emarginate laterally; snout black, with 


36 HALLOWELL ON SOUTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY 

a white band posteriorly; thirty-eight black rings and thirty-seven white, the black 
rings measuring upon the sides 2 inch, the white +; upon the back and abdomen the 
dimensions of the white rings are somewhat greater; the white rings upon the sides 
each dotted with small black spots; seven black bands upon the tail; fifteen rows of 
smooth quadrangular scales. Abdom. scut. 189; pre and post-abdom. scut. one of 
each, bifid; 51 bifid subcaudal. 

Dimensions.—Head, § inch in length; breadth, + inch; length of body, 15 inches; 
of tail, 2% inches; circumference near middle, 1% in.; total length, 18% inches. 

Habitat—Honduras. Two specimens, presented to the Museum of the Acad. Nat. 
Sciences, by Dr. Woodhouse. 

ELAPS DIVARICATUS, 700. 

Char.—Nothing remarkable about the plates of the head, except that the vertical 
is somewhat prolonged ; a loral reaching to the orbit ; two post-orbitars; seven superior 
labials, the eye resting on the third and fourth; nostrils between two plates ; head 
narrow, depressed about half an inch in length; fifteen rows of smooth rhomboidal 
scales; body quite slender; tail of moderate length. Abdom. scut. 205; subcaud. 45. 

Coloration.—Head black anteriorly and posteriorly, with an intermediate white 
band; thirteen crimson rings, from five-eighths to six-eighths of an inch in length, 
and as many black ones about three-eighths of an inch, the latter bordered each with 
a narrow ring of white; the red rings occupy about eight and a half rows of scales, 
the black three and two half rows, and the white one and a half rows of scales; the 
dark-colored white margined rings are therefore much. less, and the intermediate 
crimson ones much more extended than in EH. fulvius, and hence the name divaricatus — 
which I have given it; four black and three white rings upon the tail, the yellow 
about half the length of the black, intermediate red spaces without dots. 

Dimensions.—Length of head, 4 inch; breadth, 3’, inch ; length of body, 16 inches ; 
of tail, 28 inches; circumference, .1 inch. 

Habitat—Honduras. A single specimen, presented to the Museum of the Acad. 
Nat. Sciences, by Amory Edwards, Esq. 

Gen. remarks.—Allied to Elaps tenere, Baird and Girard, from Texas: perhaps the 
same. 

Besides the above there were received from Dr. Woodhouse a fine specimen of 
Corytheolus vittatus 9, Kaup; Iguana tuberculata, Laurenti; and Cyclura denticulata, 
Wieg., from Nicaragua, and a young undetermined species of Crotalus, from Mr. 
Edwards. 


Uber i 

“Art. IV.—Plante Heermanniane. Descriptions of New Plants, collected in South 
Califorma by Dr. A. L. Hermann, Naturalist attached to the Survey of the 
Pacific Railroad route, under Lieut. R. 8S. Williamson, U.S.A. With remarks on 
other Plants heretofore described and belonging to the same collection.* 

By KE. Duranp and Turon. C. Hinrearp, M. D. 

PAPAVERACE. 

ARGEMONE wmunita, nova species. Caulis erectus ramosus, 22-pedalis. Tota 
planta glaucissima tenera et, maxime in ramis foliorumque marginibus, aculeis albis 
retrorsis horrens. Folia subamplexicaulia, elongato-cordata, valde repando-sinuata 
undulata. Flores in apicibus 3-4 conferti, breviter divaricateque pedunculati. 
Calyx 3-sepalus caducus setosus, quoque sepalo cornuto, cornu in aculeum validum 
desinente. Corolla 6-petala maxima, 5-4’ diametro; petalis cuneato-obovatis, mar- 
gine denticulatis, albis recte venosis. Germen lanceolato-cylindricum, aculeis rectis 
dense obtectum. Capsula adhuc ignota. 

Stem branching, about 22 feet high. The whole plant very glaucous and, chiefly 
on the stems and margins of the leaves, densely covered with strong and slightly 
retrorse prickles. Leaves subclasping, elongate-cordate, deeply repando-sinuate and 
undulate. Flowers in clusters of 3-4 on short divaricate peduncles. Calyx 3-sepa- 
lous, prickly, each sepal bearing a horn terminating in a strong prickle. Corolla 3—4’’ 
in diameter ; petals six, white, veined, with slightly denticulate margins. Germ lan- 
ceolate, cylindrical, densely covered with erect prickles. Capsule unknown. 

The specimens submitted to our examination are incomplete and not sufficiently 
advanced to determine the shape of the mature capsule and seeds. We have com- 
pared it with various forms of A. mexicana and with the figure of Lindley’s A. gran- 
diflora in Bot. Reg. T. 1264. If the latter and our plant are but varieties of A. meai- 
cana, as Prof. Asa Gray thinks, they are two extreme forms of this very variable 
species, the one being almost unarmed and the other densely prickly. Both Lindley’s 
and our plant bear large and beautiful white flowers; but-in ours the texture 
is more delicate than in the mexicana, and the habitus of the leaves and branches is 
less acute, more rounded and undulating; the peduncles are shorter, stouter and 
more divaricate. It grows in large patches at Williamson’s Pass and was in full bloom 
in August and September. 

* Tc be republished, with figures, in Lieut. R. S. Williamson’s Report. 
10 


38 PLANT/E HEERMANNIAN &. 

CRUCIFER Ai. 

STANLEYA inrecriroiia, Torr. in Capt. Sitgreaves’ report, T. 1. Posa Creek, 
August. Dr. Torrey’s S. integrifolia differs from James’ plant by pedicels much 
shorter than the stipes; in the latter, the pedicels are half as long as the stipes. 

ZYGOPHYLLACE A. 

LARREA Mexicana, Moric. in Gray’s gen. ill. vol. 1., T. 147. L. glutinosa, 
Engelm. App. Visliz. p. 93. Zygophyllum tridentatum, D. C., I. Fl. Mex. <A very 
common resinous shrub, known in the far west by the name of Kreosote plant, on 
account of its very strong smell, The resin of this shrub, collected by the Pimos 
Indians, is formed by them into balls which they kick and send before them with 
their feet, as they journey from one point to the other of their trail. 

MALVACEZ. 

MALVASTRUM MARRUBIOIDES, nova species—Planta erecta circa  bi-pedalis, 
omnino tomento stellato denso induta. Folia petiolata, late-ovata basi truncata vix 
triloba, crenato-dentata, subtus reticulato-yenosa. Stipule lineares. Calyx laciniis 
ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis. Flores glabri rosei, in paniculis brevibus axillaribus 
3-5-floris glomerati ac in spicam terminalem subsecundam desinentes. 

Plant erect, about two feet high and all over covered with a dense stellate tomen_ 
tum. Leaves broadly ovate, truncate at the base, subtrilobate, petiolate, crenate- 
dentate, reticulately veined underneath. Stipules linear. '!Segments of the calyx 
ovate-lanceolate acuminate. Flowers smooth, rose-colored, glomerate in short panicles 
of 3-5 in the axils of the leaves and merging into a terminal subsecund spike. Fort 
Miller, July. 

LEGUMINOS A. 

HOSACKIA LatHyroIDEs, nova species. Herba caespitosa, basi ramosa, caulibus 
subflexuosis, minute pubescens. Folia imparipinnata ; foliolis 5-7 lineari-lanceolatis 
utrinque acutis. Stipules rudimentarize scariose, ovate acuminate. Umbelle 
1-3-floree, bractea lineari-lanceolat& in parcioribus. {Flores subsessiles 5’”” longi, flavi ; 
calycis dentibus lineari-acutis. 

Herbaceous and cespitose, branching near the base, rather flexuose, minutely pubes- 
cent. Leaflets 5—7 linear lanceolate, acute at both ends. Stipules rudimentary, mem- 
branaceous, ovate acuminate ; umbels 1—3-flowered ; bract (only on the poorer umbels) 
linear-lanceolate. Flowers 5” long, light yellow; teeth of the calyx linear lanceolate. 
Resembles somewhat the figure of Lotus pinnatus, Hook., in Bot. Mag. T. 2913, than 


PLANTA HEERMANNIAN &. 39 

which, however, it has longer and narrower leaves. Fort Miller, on the banks of 

St. Joaquin river, August. 

HOSACKIA HaermMannu, nova species. H. decumbens, var. glabriuscula? Hook. and 
Arn. in Torr. & Gray’s Fl. Vol. i. p. 324. Suffrutex sat regulariter ramulosus, om- 
nino puberulus, 14—2-pedalis. Ramuli in axillis umbelliferis oriundi internodiis 
foliorum fere longitudine. Folia imparipinnata, foliolis 3-5 alternantibus, rhomboi- 
deo-ovatis acutis mucronulatis pubescentibus, stipulis minutis rhomboideis lanugine 
alba celatis, in quoque fere axillo umbellam gerentia. Umbellarum pedunculi rachidis 
folii fere longitudine, 2—4-6-flori foliolumque solitare ferentes. Flores subsessiles, 
Calyx campanulato-tubulosus pubescens, laciniis acutissimis. Corolla parva flava, 
petalis gracilibus obtusis apice fusco-purpurascentibus. Legumen pubescens, pen- 
dulum, incurvum, rostro subrefracto subulato apice uncinato vixque dimidia totius 
leguminis longitudine. Semina 1-2. Ab H. decumbente distinguitur forma ramo- 
slore ac pubescentia densiore, foliis mucronulatis, stipulis haud spinosis, umbellarum 
pedunculis multo brevioribus, flore minori apice purpurascenti leguminibusque ecari- 
natis. . 

Suffruticose, pretty regularly branching, softly pubescent throughout, 13-2 feet high; 
branchlets, with internodes scarcely as long as the leaves, arising in umbelliferous axils. 
Leaves impari-pinnate. Leaflets 3-5 rhombic ovate, acute, mucronulate, mostly alter- 
nate. Stipules minute, rhombic, tomentose ; almost every axil bearing a stipitate um- 
bel shorter than the leaf, 2-4-6-flowered with an oval bract in it. Flowers small, sub- 
sessile, yellow with purplish tips. Calyx tubulate-campanulate. Legumen 1-2 
seeded, pubescent, pendulous, incurved, with a subulate uncinate and somewhat re- 
fracted rostrum. Differs from H. decumbens by being more branched and pubescent, by 
mucronate leaves, stipules not spinose, peduncles of the umbels considerably shorter, 
smaller flowers with purpurascent tips, and by legumes not carinate and mostly 

one-seeded. 
ONAGRACEL. 
(ENOTHERA Linbey1, variety with light yellow petals and a violet spot above 
the middle. Capsules linear, attenuate at each end. Fort Miller, July. 
CAPRIFOLIACEZ. 

SAMBUCUS vetLutina, nova species. Frutex 5-6-pedalis, exceptis foliorum su- 
periori superficie glaberrimaé floribusque velutino-tomentosus. Foliola 5-7 ovato-lan- 
ceolata, basi obliqua semisubcordata in lateralibus, acuta, argute serrulata, dentium 
apice subscarioso, supra nitida et in sicco minute corrugata. Corymbus parvus 


40 PLANTAE HEERMANNIANE. 

4—5-radiatus. Eodem tempore eodemque ramo flores, fructum immaturum maturum- 
que atro-rubentem, gustu grato rubique fructus simili exhibens. 

Stem fruticose 5-6 feet high, densely tomentose throughout, excepting the upper 
surface of the leaves, which is very glabrous and slightlyrugose. Folioles 5-7 ovate- 
lanceolate, finely serrate, coriaceous. Corymb small, 4—5-radiate. Berries deep 
purple when ripe, agreeable to the taste, and almost equal to the blackberry. It bears 
flowers, green and ripe fruit on the same branches. Posa Creek, August. 

COMPOSIT i. 

CORETHROGYNE tomentetia, Torr. & Gray’s Fl., Vol. ii., p. 99. In some of 
our specimens with inflorescence much developed, a very striking appearance is pro- 
duced by the very dense and white tomentum being abruptly replaced by a green 
glandular and viscous pubescence on the whole inflorescence. Leaves on the lower 
part of the branches linear-oblong, appressed and closely sessile; those of the top of 
the stem broadly obovate obtuse; those of the branches small and _bract-like. 
Tejon Valley, September. 

GUTTIERREZIA micropuyiia, Gray. Pl. Fendl. p. 74, adn. Brachyris microce- 
phala, D. C. Prodr. vol. v., p. 313. The inflorescence of our specimens being much 
advanced, we were long deceived by the almost cylindrical and loosely turbinate 
character of the heads of flowers which, in the genus Guttierrezia, are always more or 
less ovoid. Tejon Valley, September. 

LYNOSYRIS cervminosa, nova species. Caulis erectus 2—3-pedalis, pube substantia 
resinosé ceruminis modo infiltrata et nitorem ochroleuco-aureum preestante obtectus ; 
apice fastigiato-ramoso, capitulis breve pedicellatis et apice confertis corymbum sistenti- 
bus. Internodia superiora vix 3-4’”. Folia linearia subcarnosa puberula, sulco su- 
perne longitudinali, dorso rotundato; caulinaria interdum pollicaria, ramealia 
3-6" longa, deorsum incurva. Squame inyolucrales carinate: filiformi-mucronate 
flavescentes. 

Stem erect 2-3 feet high, fastigiately branched, with crowded heads on short pedicels 
forming a corymb. The whole surface of the stalks 1s covered with a short, appa- 
rently dense, tomentum infiltrated with a yellowish resinous substance, giving it a 
texture of ear-wax of a greenish golden hue. Internodes of the branchlets 3-4’’. 
Leaves linear, puberulent, subcarnose, rounded on the back, with a furrow on the upper 

+” or less and recurved on the branches. 

surface, nearly | inch long on the stem, 
Scales of the involucre carinate, light yellow, darkening towards the filiform mucro. 

Tejon Pass, September. 


PLANTA HEERMANNIANZ. 4] 

LYNOSYRIS TERETIFOLIA, nova species. Fruticulus erice facie, resinosus, balsamum 
canadense redolens, 8-12-pollicaris cumuliformis, fruticeta vasta sistens. Trunculi 
fere nudi, cortice disrupta emarcido-grisei; ramuli ochracei resinoso-vernicati, subco- 
rymbosi, dense foliosi; internodiis brevibus, naviculato-depressis, marginatis. Folia 
4-1-pollicaria filiforme-teretia obtusa, superne pauxillum sulcata et, aque ac ramuli, 
epidermide aphthoso-scabrellé maximeque viscido-resinosa induta. Capitula, flava in 
summo spiculata subsessilia. 

A small bushy shrub, covering extensive tracts of land like the common heath of 
Europe and presenting a corymbose summit densely set with filiform, erect, obtuse 
leaves, 1-14” long, and crowded yellow heads of flowers. ‘The lower branches are 
almost naked, rugose with a cracked epidermis; the upper branches, as well as the 
leaves, with an aphthose-glandular resinous surface, emitting a strong smell of 
fir balsam. The internodes are navicularly depressed below each axil and cos- 
tate by the bordering ridges. Heads of flowers subsessile, aggregated into dense 
terminal spikelets and clusters forming a corymb. All over the mountains, round 
the Tejon Valley, September. 

APOCYNEZ. 

APOCYNUM cannasinum, Var. lanceolatum. Nov. var. Leaves lanceolate, 
acute at both ends very glabrous. River bottoms, Posa Creek, August. 

ASCLEPIADE A. 

ASCLEPIAS macropuyiia, Nutt. Var. comosa, nov. var. Tota planta, exceptis 
pedunculis pedicellis umbellarumque involucellis pubescentibus, glaberrima glauca. 
Caulis gracilis bipedalis subflexuosus erectus, fronde subsecunda, internodiis aliquoties 
bipollicaribus. Folia spithameea, ad primum cujusque surculi nodum opposita, cete- 
rum ternatim verticillata, in sicco conduplicata, marginibus haud, revolutis. Ramuli 
singuli vel bini in axillis, exiles, tenues, flexuosi, dense foliosi. Umbelle bine vel 
trinze in verticellis supremis, pedunculis sesquipollicaribus, involucris lineari-brac- 
teatis, floribus parvis, numerosis (usque ad quadraginta), mediam folii partem vix 
zequantes. Pedicelli dimidia pedunculorum longitudine. Flores virescentes, albido- 
marginati nec fusci. Corolle lobi obovati, concavi, resurgentes, margine albo. 
Coronze staminez stipes eddem ac loborum longitudine; lobi producti, ovati obtusi, 
processibus cultriformibus, cristas connectivorum albo-scariosas eequantibus. 

Stem erect, slender, rather flexuose, about 2 feet high. Leaves a span long, 
linear, smooth, doubled up without revolute margins, in whorls of three, except at the 
lowest node of each shoot, where they are opposite. Internodes 2” or more long, 
each with one or more slim and densely-leaved branchlets, giving it a comose appear- 

11 


42 PLANTAE HEERMANNIANE. 

ance. Umbels 2-3 in each of the upper whorls, scarcely half the length of the leaf, 
with pedicels half the length of the peduncle and, together with the involucral bracts, 
somewhat tomentose. Stipe of the staminal crown about the length of its lobes, 
claws cultriform, erect, as high as the white tips of the connectives. Perhaps a new 
species ? 

It differs from Nuttall’s description of A. macrophylla in Gambel’s plants by its 
tomentose pedicels, leaves more approximated, denser umbels and the absence of 
brown color in its flowers. Grows abundantly in river bottoms. Posa creek, 
August. 

GENTIANEA. 

ERYTHRAA musensercu, Grisel. in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix., p. 60. Our plant is 
intermediary between £. tricantha and E. Muhlenbergu, all, probably, being varieties of 
one species. A very showy and beautiful little plant. Fort Miller, July. 

POLEMONIACEE, 

GILIA stoncaTa? Stud. in D. C. Prody. vol. ix., p. 30. Our plant differs from 
D.C.’s description by being scarcely puberulent, although the capitula are densely lanate; 
by having mostly four segments on each side of the leaves and by the tube of the 
corolla being much exerted. Tullary Valley, August. 

CONVOLVULACE. 

CUSCUTA suBINCLUSA, nova species. Flores dense glomerati subsessiles. Calyx 
subovatus, lobis late ovatis obtusis imbricatis. Corolla tubo cylindrico, limbo patente, 
deinde, germine aucto fauceque marcescente contracta, sublageniformis. Segmenta 
ovata, latiora supra basim, dimidid tubi longitudine. Anthere elongate, sub an- 
gulis subsessiles, subincluse. Filamenta antheris breviora. Squamellz marginibus 
parallelis, maxime ad apicem fimbriate, conniventes. Germen biapiculato-globosum, 
bistyle. Styli duplo fere germine longiores, subinclusi, subinequales. Stigmata capi- 
tata. 

Flowers subsessile in dense clusters. Calyx subovate, with broadly oval-obtuse and 
imbricated lobes. Tube of the corolla cylindrical and afterwards rather lageniform 
by the increase of the germ and shrinking of the fauces. Lobes of the limb ovate, 
broadest above the base, half the length of the tube. Anthers subsessile under 
the dividing angles, subincluded. Filaments shorter than the anthers. Scales 
parallel-sided, fringed chiefly on the top, connivent. Germ globose, bi-apiculate 


PLANTA HEERMANNIAN. 43 

with two styles about double the length of the germ, rather unequal; stigmas capi- 
tate. Ona willow, Tejon Pass, September. 

SCROPHULARIACE. 

ANTIRRHINUM covtrsrianum, Benth. Var. appendiculatum, nova var. Differs 
from the description in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix., p. 592, by the shortness of the peduncles ; 
stem simple, erect, glanduloso-pubescent, violet colored below ; leaves on short petioles, 
ovate-lanceolate, smooth; many sterile setiform branches, bracteate at top, springing 
from the axils; flowers in a subsecond raceme, almost subsessile. Calyx and corolla 
strongly pubescent, upper segments of the calyx broadly lanceolate, the rest linear lan- 
ceolate. Perhaps a new species. Posa Creek, August. 

MIMULUS exitts, nova species. Herba circa pedalis erecta gracillima, ad apicem 
vix paulum ramosa, exsucca, sparse villosa. Caulis teres, jam prope basim et abinde 
flores singulos vel oppositos pedunculis setiformibus foliaque superantibus prodens. In- 
ternodia 1-15” longa. Folia opposita sessilia elliptico-lanceolata, 2” longa. Calyx suban- 
‘gulatus subcampanulatus oblique quinquefidus, segmentis acutis, demum subinflatus. 
Corolla 4” longa, flava, limbo parvo, fauce pilosa maculata. Stamina inclusa. Cap- 
sula membrancea ovato-lanceolata subacuminata, calycem demum equans. Semina 
parva ovata, testa granulata. Herba ab habitu generis Mimuli subdiversa. 

A slender erect herb sparsely villous, a foot or more high, not succulent. Stem 
terete, filiform, a little branched near the top. Internodes 1 to nearly 2” long. Leaves 
sessile, elliptico-lanceolate. Peduncles setiform, longer than the leaves. Calyx oblique, 
subangular, deeply 5-cleft, at first campanulate and finally inflated. Corolla 4’” long, 
yellow, limb small, fauces pilose, spotted. Stamens included. Capsule membranaceous, 
ovate-lanceolate pointed, finally equalling the calyx, +” long. Seeds small, ovate, 
testa granulate. Habitus rather different from that of the genus Mimulus. Posa 
creek, August. 

CASTILLEJA cANnpENS, nova species. Herba circa pedalis erecta, nonnunquam 
ramosa, basi glabra, supra cinereo-pubescens, bracteis calycibusque omnino-rubenti- 
bus, basi obscuris apice fulgentibus, corollis glaberrimis, maxime exertis, pallide 
atro-flavis cunctisque nigricante-venosis. Folia circa pollicaria, inferiora integra, 
linearia acuta; cetera profunde tripartita, trinervia, segmentis linearibus; floralia 
latiora, apicibus acuminato-lacinulatis. Calyx 14-14", subinflatus bifidus, lobis acute 
bidentatis. Corolla fere bipollicaris striata, labio superiori ssepe pollicari, inferiori 
rudimentario. 

Herbaceous, about a foot high and, except toward the base, grayish puberulent, 
especially the calyx and bracts, less so the lower surface of the leaves. Leaves 1” or 


44 PLANT HEERMANNIANA. 

more long and, as well as their segments, linear, the lower ones entire, acute, all 
others tripartite, trinerved ; those of the inflorescense broader and acuminately lacinu- 
late at their apex, the upper, as well as the calyx, entirely red and darkly veined, 
dusky at the base, scarlet at the top. Calyx 12-12" long, subinflated bifid, each 
lobe acutely bidentate. Corolla nearly 2” long, of a light blackish yellow, with black 
veins, the lower lip rudimentary, the upper often 1” long. In river bottoms, Posa 
Creek, August. 

LABIAT/:. 

TRICHOSTEMA tancrotatum, Benth. Lab. in D. C., Prodr. vol. xii., p. 573. A 
remarkably fragrant plant. Fort Miller, July. 

SALSOLACEA. 

OBIONE BRaActTEOSA, nova species. Planta herbacea, 2—3-pedalis, oleracea farinoso- 
lepidota, monoica. Rami sulcati, apicibus masculiferis paniculatis; parte inferiori 
folios& et singulis axillis spicam foemineam bracteosam prodente. Internodia +” vel 
minora. Folia subglauca membranacea, sessilia, lanceolata acuminata mucronata, 
passim dentata vel integra, pollicaria vel minora, superne minus lepidota. Florum 
masculorum glomeruli globosi, in spicas laxiores, paniculum ebracteatum terminalem 
constituentes, dispositi. Flores foeminei in bractearum axillis glomerati; bractee 
attenuatz, maxime acutate, albido-lepidote. Thece immature 1” longe, subgloboso- 
lenticulares, reticulate, marginibus foliaceis laciniatis muricate, alate acuteque api- 
cate. 

An herbaceous monoicious plant, 2-3 feet high, with furrowed branches about a 
foot or more long. The top nearly destitute of leaves, branching into a panicle com- 
posed of simple interrupted spikes of globosely-glomerate male flowers and the 
lower part bearing in the axil of each leaf a bracteose spike of female flowers. Inter- 
nodes 2” or less. Leaves oleraceous, sessile, lanceolate acuminate, mucronate, sparsely 
dentate or entire, 1” or less long, rather glaucous, less lepidote on the upper surface. 
Female spikes crowded with attenuated and strongly pointed whitish lepidote bracts. 
The immature thece orbicularly subglobose, reticulated ; winged, muricated and 

acutely tipped with jagged leafy crests. Growing in large bushes in bottom lands. 
Posa creek, August. 

POLYGONACE. 

ERIOGONUM rascicutatum, Nutt? A low stoutish and much branched shrub, 
with a brown tattered bark on the lowest branches. Leaves elliptic oblong, fascicu- 
late and slightly revolute. Umbels compound on long peduncles. Flowers numerous, 
showy, whitish with red central lines. Posa Creek, September. 


PLANT HEERMANNIANZE 45 

ERIOGONUM roseum, nova species. Herba sesquipedalis erecta virgato-ramosa 
arachnoideo-tomentosa. Caulis bracteis parvis appressis ternatis ovato-acutis fusco- 
rubentibus ad quemque nodum munitus; basi foliosus, dein scapiformis multumque 
infra medium trifurcatus, brachiis cum verticillo unico ternato, nunc ramulos ac folia 
prodente, alternantibus, nunc et capitulis sessilibus imee furcee insidentibus ; abinde 
foliis singulis parvis solumque ad nodos ramiferos sitis. Folia anguste spathulato- 
ovata, margine undulata, in petiolum longum attenuata, superne rubentia, radicalia 
cum pedicellis 14-2” longa. Involucra sessilia plerumque solitaria, acheniformia, tu- 
buloso-campanulata, secundum ramos subsecunda nonnunquam et terminalia. Flores 
parvi exserti incarnati vel purpurei. Paleolee florales setiformes, inclusze. 

The whole plant, except the flowers, covered with a white arachnoid tomentum. 
Stem about 14 foot high, virgately branched with ternate bracts at each node, leafy 
at the base, hence scapiform and trifurcate below the middle, with the prongs al- 
ternate to a solitary ternate whorl of leaves, sometimes producing accessory branches 
and leaves from their axils, and sometimes capitula seated in the very centre of the 
3-furcation ; a small solitary leaf at each further ramification. Leaves narrowly spa- 
thulate, obovate, undulate at the margin, attenuate into long petioles, with a reddish 
tinge; radical leaves 12-2” long including the petiole. Involucres sessile, mostly 
solitary, acheniform, tubuloso-campanulate, unilateral along the branches and ter- 
minal. Flowers small, glabrous, exserted, pinkish or purpurescent. Floral chaff 
setiform, included. Posa Creek, September. | 

ERIOGONUM pLuMmAtTELLA, nova species. (Specimina incompleta.) Caulis vix 
pedalis, dense floccoso-tomentosus, rami divaricati, spiculis densis cum internodiis vix 
3-linearibus pinnati. Folia . . Bractez: patentes, in spicis triangulares, in ramis 
oblonge-lineares obtusze. Involucra solitaria, campanulata, segmentis rotundatis, 
incarnato-fusca. Flores albi lobis obovatis. 

(Specimens incomplete.) Stem hardly a foot high, densely tomentose, terminat- 
ing in divaricate panicles pinnate with crowded spikelets with internodes scarcely 
3 long. Leaves . . . (apparently all radical.) Bracts spreading, those of the 
spikelets triangular, those of the branches oblong linear obtuse. Involucres solitary, 
campanulate, with rounded segments and of a reddish-brown color. Flowers white, 
with ovate lobes. Posa Creek, September. 

ERIOGONUM GeEnicuLatum, nova species. (Specimina incompleta.) Caulis circi- 
ter pedalis, (aeque ac involucra) pallide virens glaberrimusque; ramis divaricatissime 
furcatis. Folia . . . . Bractese ininute late triangulares, patentes. Involucra 

12 


48 HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &c. 

The dorsal fin begins in a line vertical with the posterior extremity of the fleshy 
appendix to the opercle, and ends half an inch from the root of the caudal; it has 
ten slender spines, the two anterior short, and twelve branched rays which are very 
long. The pectoral is broad ; it begins in a line with the bony opercle, and has fifteen 
rays. The ventral arises behind the root of the pectoral and terminates between the 
vent and anal fin ; it has one spine and five branched rays; the anal begins opposite 
the first dorsal soft ray and terminates beyond the dorsal fin; it has three spines, the 
anterior short, the others long and stout; there are ten very long, branched rays. 
The caudal is large, broad, emarginate, or slightly lunated behind, and has seventeen 
rays. 

The scales are rather small, semicircular, straight before, round and cilliated behind. 
The lateral line runs near the upper third of the body, and is concurrent with the 
dorsal arch to the extremity of the root of the dorsal fin, when it descends to the 
median plane. 

Cotor. See Specific Characters. 

Dimensions. The distance between the tip of the opercle and the tip of the tail is 
equal to three heads ; the greatest elevation without the dorsal fin is equal to one head 
and a half; total length seven inches. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrizutTion. St. Johns River, Florida. The original specimen in 
the collection of Prof. Agassiz, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. | 

PoMOTIS SPECIOSUS. 
Plate V. Fig. 2. 

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. Body oval, elongated, compressed, brownish olive above, 
white below, with a few reddish brown spots on the sides, lateral line red, head rather 
small, appendix of the opercle black, bordered with red. D. 10-10. P. 14. V.1-5. 
Nyasa) ORE: 

Description. This fish is much more elongated in form than Pomotis vulgaris, and 
is much less arched both at its dorsal and ventral outlines. The head is of moderate 
size, broad between the eyes, and narrow, though rounded at the snout. The eye is 
very large; it is placed one diameter of its orbit from the snout, and two diameters 
from the extremity of the opercle, with its superior margin near the facial line, and 
its inferior about the middle plane of the head. The posterior nostril is large, sub- 
round, and near the orbit; the anterior is round, small, nearer the mesial line, and 
midway between the orbit and snout. 

The pre-opercle is round and slightly serrated at its angle, the opercle is triangular, 
with a broad base in front, its apex. behind truncated, and furnished with a fleshy ap- 


PLANTA HEERMANNIANA 45 

ERIOGONUM rosrum, nova species. Herba sesquipedalis erecta virgato-ramosa 
arachnoideo-tomentosa. Caulis bracteis parvis appressis ternatis ovato-acutis fusco- 
rubentibus ad quemque nodum munitus; basi foliosus, dein scapiformis multumque 
infra medium trifurcatus, brachiis cum verticillo unico ternato, nunc ramulos ac folia 
prodente, alternantibus, nunc et capitulis sessilibus imee furcee insidentibus; abinde 
foliis singulis parvis solumque ad nodos ramiferos sitis. Folia anguste spathulato- 
ovata, margine undulata, in petiolum longum attenuata, superne rubentia, radicalia 
cum pedicellis 14-2” longa. Involucra sessilia plerumque solitaria, acheniformia, tu- 
buloso-campanulata, secundum ramos subsecunda nonnunquam et terminalia. Flores 
parvi exserti incarnati vel purpurei. Paleols florales setiformes, incluse. 

The whole plant, except the flowers, covered with a white arachnoid tomentum. 
Stem about 12 foot high, virgately branched with ternate bracts at each node, leafy 
at the base, hence scapiform and trifurcate below the middle, with the prongs al- 
ternate to a solitary ternate whorl of leaves, sometimes producing accessory branches 
and leaves from their axils, and sometimes capitula seated in the very centre of the 
3-furcation ; a small solitary leaf at each further ramification. Leaves narrowly spa- 
thulate, obovate, undulate at the margin, attenuate into long petioles, with a reddish 
tinge; radical leaves 13-2” long including the petiole. Involucres sessile, mostly © 
solitary, acheniform, tubuloso-campanulate, unilateral along the branches and ter- 
minal. Flowers small, glabrous, exserted, pinkish or purpurescent. Floral chaff 
setiform, included. Posa Creek, September. 

ERIOGONUM pLUMATELLA, nova species. (Specimina incompleta.) Caulis vix 
pedalis, dense floccoso-tomentosus, rami divaricati, spiculis densis cum internodiis vix 
3-linearibus pinnati. Folia . . Bracteze patentes, in spicis triangulares, in ramis 
oblonge-lineares obtuse. Involucra solitaria, campanulata, segmentis rotundatis, 
inearnato-fusca. Flores albi lobis obovatis. 

(Specimens incomplete.) Stem hardly a foot high, densely tomentose, terminat- 
ing in divaricate panicles pinnate with crowded spikelets with internodes scarcely 
3” long. Leaves . . . (apparently all radical.) Bracts spreading, those of the 
spikelets triangular, those of the branches oblong linear obtuse. Involucres solitary, 
campanulate, with rounded segments and of a reddish-brown color. Flowers white, 
with ovate lobes. Posa Creek, September. 

ERIOGONUM GeEnicuLatum, nova species. (Specimina incompleta.) Caulis circi- 
ter pedalis, (2que ac involucra) pallide virens glaberrimusque; ramis divaricatissime 
furcatis. Folia . . . . Bractese minute late triangulares, patentes. Involucra 

12 


48 HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &c. 

The dorsal fin begins in a line vertical with the posterior extremity of the fleshy 
appendix to the opercle, and ends half an inch from the root of the caudal; it has 
ten slender spines, the two anterior short, and twelve branched rays which are very 
long. The pectoral is broad ; it begins in a line with the bony opercle, and has fifteen 
rays. ‘The ventral arises behind the root of the pectoral and terminates between the 
vent and anal fin; it has one spine and five branched rays; the anal begins opposite 
the first dorsal soft ray and terminates beyond the dorsal fin; it has three spines, the 
anterior short, the others long and stout; there are ten very long, branched rays. 
The caudal is large, broad, emarginate, or slightly lunated behind, and has seventeen 
rays. 

The scales are rather small, semicircular, straight before, round and cilliated behind. 
The lateral line runs near the upper third of the body, and is concurrent with the 
dorsal arch to the extremity of the root of the dorsal fin, when it descends to the 
median plane. 

Cotor. See Specific Characters. 

Dimensions. The distance between the tip of the opercle and the tip of the tail is 
equal to three heads ; the greatest elevation without the dorsal fin is equal to one head 
- and a half; total length seven inches. } 

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution. St. Johns River, Florida. The original specimen in 
the collection of Prof. Agassiz, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

PoMOTIS SPECIOSUS. 
Plate V. Fig. 2. 

SpeciFIC CHARACTERS. Body oval, elongated, compressed, brownish olive above, 
white below, with a few reddish brown spots on the sides, lateral line red, head rather 
small, appendix of the opercle black, bordered with red. D. 10-10. P. 14. V.1-5. 
AcE.) (Ci, 

Description. This fish is much more elongated in form than Pomotis vulgaris, and 
is much less arched both at its dorsal and ventral outlines. The head is of moderate 
size, broad between the eyes, and narrow, though rounded at the snout. The eye is 
very large; it is placed one diameter of its orbit from the snout, and two diameters 
from the extremity of the opercle, with its superior margin near the facial line, and 
its inferior about the middle plane of the head. The posterior nostril is largé, sub- 
round, and near the orbit; the anterior is round, small, nearer the mesial line, and 
midway between the orbit and snout. 

The pre-opercle is round and slightly serrated at its angle, the opercle is triangular, 
with a broad base in front, its apex behind truncated, and furnished with a fleshy ap- 


HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &c 49 

pendix. The sub-opercle is iong and nearly of the same breadth throughout. The inter- 
opercle is large ; the cheeks are protected by small scales, and the opercular bones by 
large, but the top of the head is smooth. The mouth is small; the posterior extremity 
of the upper jaw not reaching to the orbit. The lower jaw, and intermaxillary bones are 
armed, with two or three series of teeth, small, pointed, and closely set, with an outer 
row of larger teeth; these teeth are all similar in form to those of the last described 
animal, but are more minute; the vomer is furnished with a broad, and arrow-headed 
eroup of very fine teeth, and the pharyngeal bones with paved teeth, with a border 
of closely set, sharp pointed teeth below ; and the upper pharyngeal with similar teeth 
in front. 

The dorsal fin is long, elevated, and begins on a line with the posterior part of the 
origin of the pectoral, and has ten spines, the two anterior short, the others long: it has 
ten branched rays, more elevated than the spines. The pectoral is very long and 
somewhat falciform in shape; it begins on a line with the posterior margin of the 
bony opercle and extends beyond the root of the third anal spine, and has fourteen 
soft rays. The ventral begins back of the origin of the pectoral and ends behind the 
vent, near the anterior anal spine. The anal fin arises opposite the root of the tenth 
dorsal spine, or slightly behind it, and terminates with the dorsal fin behind; it has 
three spines, the anterior short, the others long and stout, with nine long branched 
rays. The caudal is large, full, lunate behind and has seventeen rays. 

The scales are small, somewhat unguiform, straight before, rounded and ciliated 
behind, and longest in the horizontal direction. The lateral line corresponds to the 
arch of the back, and runs parallel with it. 

Cotor. See Specific Characters. 

Dimensions. The extent from the extremity of the opercle to the tip of the tail is 
equal to three heads ; the greatestelevation without the dorsal fin, is equal to one head 
and a half; the total length is seven and a half inches. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrisuTion. St. John’s River, Florida. The original specimen is 
in the collection of Prof. Agassiz, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

POMOTIS MARGINATUS. 
Plate VI. Fig. 2. 

Speciric CHARACTERS. Body much arched above and below; dusky olive brown 
above, with vertical bars of the same color extending to the median plane ; yellowish 
below ; head and sides marked, with numerous bluish green spots ; appendix of the 

opercle bordered with green. D. 912. P.12. V.1-5. A.3-10. C.17 
13 


50 HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &e. 

Description. This small Pomotis is so very convex, both at the dorsal and ventral 
outline, as to have a sub-round form; it is compressed, though thicker below than 
above. ‘The head is large, the snout is full, rounded, and is as broad as the occiput, 
or the space between the eyes. ‘The eye is of a moderate size, and is placed at less 
than one diameter of its orbit from the snout, and at one diameter and a half from 
the bony opercle, with its lower margin near the middle plane of the head. The 
posterior nostril is very near the orbit, and is above the median plane of the eye; the 
anterior is very small. 

The pre-opercle is rounded and slightly serrated at its angle. The opercle is large, 
broad in front, and with a truncated angle behind, furnished with a broad, fleshy 
appendix. The sub-opercle is large, and broadest in front; the inter-opercle is 
also broad, and rounded below. The cheeks and opercular bones are covered with 
large scales, but the top of the head is smoooth. The mouth is very small, the pos- 
terior extremity of the upper jaw extending only to the orbit. The lower jaw and 
the intermaxillary bones are armed with several series of delicate, pointed, recurved, 
card-like teeth ; those of the outer row are the largest; there is a small, arrow-headed 
patch of minute teeth in the vomer. The pharyngeal bones are furnished with 
small, pointed straight, closely set teeth, and with a few of a larger size near their 
internal margin. 

The dorsal fin is long and elevated ; it begins at the opercle and extends nearly to 
the root of the caudal, and has nine delicate spines and twelve branched rays. The 
pectoral arises under the apex of the opercle, terminates at the vent, and has twelve 
rays. ‘The ventral begins on a line with the anterior fourth of the pectoral, extends 
to the first anal spine, and has one spine, and five soft rays; the anterior slightly 
prolonged. The anal fin extends from the third dorsal soft ray, to the root of the 
caudal ; it has three stout spines, the first short, the third longest, and ten branched 
rays. The caudal is large, slightly lunate behind, and has seventeen rays. 

The scales are large, most extensive vertically, nearly straight before, rounded and 
ciliated behind. The lateral line runs near the upper fourth of the body and parallel 
to the arch of the back, as far as the end of the dorsal fin, and then descends to the 
median plane. 

Conor. See Specific Characters. 

Divensions. The extent from the opercle, to the tip of the tail, is equal to three 
heads and one quarter; the greatest elevation without the dorsal fin, to one head 
and three quarters ; total length five inches. 

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrripution. St. John’s river, Florida. The original specimen is 
in the collection of Prof. Agassiz, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 


HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &c. 51 

Genus BRYTTUS, Valenciennes. 

CHARACTERS. Body, shaped like Pomotis, intermaxillary, inferior maxillary, vo- 
merine, and palatine teeth. Tongue smooth. Anal spines, three. 

BRrRYTTUS FASCIATUS. 
Plate V. Fig. 3. 

Speciric CHARACTERS. Body elliptical; olive brown above, with dusky vertical 
bars; yellowish, with numerous crimson spots below. D. 9 — 1D) a0) oa 
Ne oll Ce lib ee 

Description. This beautiful little fish is nearly elliptical in form, with both its 
ventral and dorsal outlines strongly arched. The head is flat, broad between the 
orbits, with the snout round and broad for the size of the head, and having several pores. 
The eye is very large, and is placed one diameter of its orbit from the snout, one 
diameter and a half from the extremity of the opercle, with its lower margin about 
the median plane of the head, and its upper near the facial outline, though it does not 
encroach upon it. The nostrils are large ; the posterior and larger, is very near the 
orbit. 

The pre-opercle is short and scarcely rounded at its angle. The opercle is large, 
with its broad base in front and its apex behind truncated and furnished with a fleshy 
appendix. The sub-opercle is:very narrow, but the inter-opercle is broad. These 
bones, as well as the cheeks, are covered with scales, but the head above smooth. The 
mouth is very small, the posterior extremity of the upper jaw not reaching to the 
orbit. The lower jaw and intermaxillary bones are armed with a row of slender, 
conical, sharp-pointed, recurved teeth, and within this, is a small patch of minute, 
villiform teeth. ‘The vomer and palate bones are also furnished with small groups 
of similar minute teeth. The pharyngeal bones are covered with paved teeth of 
different sizes. 

The dorsal fin is long and very much elevated ; it begins just behind the opercle, 
terminates at the caudal fin, and has nine spines, with twelve long branched rays. 
The pectoral is long and has ten rays. The ventral arises nearly with the pec- 
toral, and ends with it behind; it is much elevated and has three spines and eleven 
soft rays. The caudal is full, slightly rounded, and has seventeen rays. 

The scales are small, unguiform, though very convex behind and broadest in the 
vertical direction. The lateral line runs about the superior fourth of the body, 
and is concurrent with the dorsal arch, to the end of the root of the dorsal fin, when 
it descends to the median plane. 


HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, & 

Or 
to 

Cotor. See Specific Characters. 

Dimensions. The distance between the opercle and the tip of the tail, is equal to » 
two heads and three quarters; the greatest elevation without the dorsal fin, is one 
and three quarters of a head; total length, three and a half inches. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. St. John’s river, Florida. 

BRYTTUS GLORIOSUS. 
Plate V. Fig. 4. 

SpeciFic CHARACTERS. Body olive brown above; yellowish white below; head, 
body, dorsal and anal fins marked with numerous golden spots; a black blotch at the 
opercular appendix, and at the root of the caudal fin. D.9-11. P.14. V. 1-5. 
A. 3-10. C. 17. 

Description. This beautiful little fish is like the last described animal, elliptical 
in form, arched both at the dorsal and ventral outline, although rather less so at the 
latter. The head is small, short, with the snout narrow, though rounded, the occiput 
broad, and there is no contraction between the orbits. The eye is large; it is placed 
one diameter of its orbit from the snout, two diameters from the angle of the opercle, 
with its lower margin at the median plane of the head, and its upper nearly half a 
diameter of the orbit from the facial outline. The nostrils are on a line within the 
orbit ; the posterior and larger is very near the orbit, and the anterior midway between 
it and the snout. 

The pre-opercle is short,rand scarcely, if at all rounded at its angle. The opercle 
is small, subtriangular, its apex behind and furnished with a slight fold of skin. The 
sub-opercle is large and nearly of the same breadth throughout. The inter-opercle is 
also large, and all are covered with scales, though the top of the head is smooth. The 
mouth is very small; the lower jaw, and intermaxillary bones are armed with numerous, 
‘minute, villiform teeth ; the vomer, and palate bones have similar teeth, but smaller. 

The dorsal fin is long and much elevated, especially in its soft portion; it begins 
about the anterior fourth of the pectoral, or rather before it, and ends at the root of 
the caudal; it has nine spines, and eleven branched rays. The pectoral arises ina line 
vertical with the end of the opercle, and extends to the anal fin ; it has fourteen rays. 
The ventral begins nearly in a line with the pectoral, and extends as far back ; it has 
one spine, and five branched rays. The anal fin begins opposite the root of the second 
soft dorsal ray, extends to the caudal, and is full and rounded like the dorsal fin ; it 
has three spines and ten branched rays. The caudal is large and rounded slightly; — 
it has seventeen rays. 

The scales are large, rounded and ciliated behind, and nearly straight before. The 


a | 
19 

© 

HOLBROOk, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &e. 

lateral line runs along the upper fourth of the body and concurrent with the dorsal 
outline to the extremity of the root of the dorsal fin, when it descends to the median 
plane. . 

Cotor. See Specific Characters. 

Dimensions. The length from the extremity of the opercle to the tip of the tail is 
equal to three heads; the greatest elevation, without the dersal fin, to one and a half 
heads; iotal length two inches and three quarters. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrisuTiIon. S. Carolina, Georgia, and at Dr. Edmund Ravenel’s 
plantation, on Cooper River. 

Genus CALLIURUS, Rafinesque. 

Cuaracters. Body oval, rather elongated, not compressed above, spinous dorsal 
long, low, with a slight depression between it and the soft portion, which is shorter 
though higher ; anal less in size than the dorsal, and with three spines; mouth large ; 
lower jaw, longer than the upper; teeth on the intermaxillary, vomer, palatine bones 
and tongue. 

CALLIURUS FLORIDENSIS. 
clatemNi ee iiiae le 

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. Body elongated compressed ; dusky above, yellowish below, 
with black spots along the sides; anal and caudal fins dusky; dorsal, with a reddish 
brown spot at its posterior inferior margin. D. 10-10. P.14. V.1-5. A. 3-10. 
Cry. 

Descrietion. This fish approaches in its general form the Pomotis vulgaris, though 
it is longer and less elevated, and is thicker, especially in front of the dorsal fin. 
The head is large, and though narrow between the eyes has asnout full and rounded. 
The eye is large and is placed one diameter of its orbit from the snout, and rather 
more than two diameters from the extremity of the opercle, with its superior margin 
at the facial line, and its inferior rather above the middle plane of the head. The 
posterior nostril is oval, near the eye and about its median plane; the anterior is 
smaller, round and midway between the eye and the snout. 

The pre-opercle is rounded at the angle, with its ascending border nearly vertical. 
The opercle is triangular, with its basis in front, its apex behind, rounded and furnished 
with a very short fleshy appendix. 

The sub-opercle is of nearly the same breadth throughout; the inter-opercle is 
broad, and both are covered with large scales, but the cheeks and opercles have small 

scales, and the top of the head is smooth. The mouth is large; the posterior ex- 
14 


54 HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &c. 

tremity of the upper jaw reaching to the middle of the orbit; the lower jaw is the 
the larger, and makes part of the facial outline when the mouth is closed. The lower 
jaw and the intermaxillary bones are armed with small, pointed, closely set teeth, re- 
curved and placed in a broad group with an outer row of larger, conical, and pointed 
teeth. The vomer is furnished with a small, arrow-headed patch of very minute 
teeth, and the palate bones with a narrow band of similar teeth. The tongue is broad, 
and armed with a patch of similar teeth or asperities. 

The dorsal fin is long, but not much elevated; it has ten spines, the anterior short, 
the sixth and seventh longest, and ten branched rays longer than the spines. The 
pectoral is rather broad ; it begins just at the back of the opercle and terminates at 
the root of the second anal spine, and has fourteen rays. ‘The ventral arises nearly 
with the pectoral, and ends rather behind the vent; it has one stout spine and five 
soft rays. The anal arises opposite the root of the ninth dorsal fin and terminates in 
a rounded extremity with it behind; it has three spines, the anterior short, the others 
long and stout, and ten branched rays. The caudal is large, broad, slightly notched 
behind, and has seventeen rays. 

The scales are large, quadrilateral, straight and broadest before, rounded and ciliated 
behind. ‘The lateral line runs parallel with the dorsal arch to the extremity of the 
dorsal fin, whence it descends to the median plane. 

Cotor. See Specifie Characters. 

Drvensions. The distance from the opercle to the tip of the tail is equal to two 
heads and a half; the greatest elevation without the dorsal fin, is equal to one head 
and one eighth ; total length, ten inches. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. St. John’s river, Florida. 

GENERAL REMARKS. This fish, though it bears a close resemblance to the Calliurus 
maculatus of Rafinesque, may be distinguished from it by the breadth of the bands 
of its vomerine and palatine teeth ; by the larger scales, and by the lesser thickness 
of its body in front of the dorsal fin. Specimen in the collection of Prof. Agassiz. 

Genus PIMELODUS, Cuvier. 

PIMELODUS MARMORATUS. 
Plate VI. Fig. 4. 
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. Body dusky above, with a purple tint; sides pale slate 

color, with dark spots and blotches; belly milky white; dorsal, ventral, and caudal 

fins with dark spots near their roots; barbels eight. D. 1—6. P.1-—7. V. 8. 
ING DO Alois 


Ot 

HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &e. BY 

Description.—The head is large, broad, rather convex above, compressed at the 
sides, with the snout very full and rounded. The eye is small; it is placed twice its 
diameter from the snout, 52 diameters from the extremity of the opercle, with its 
lower margins near the median plane of the head. The anterior nostril is tubular, 
and very near the snout; the posterior is a fissure in the root of the nasal barbel. 

The pre-opercle is large, strong, and semicircular. The opercle is long, narrow 
with its angle somewhat prolonged. The opening of the mouth is very large trans- 
versely ; the lower jaw and intermaxillary bone are each armed with a semicircular 
patch of card-like, conical, and pointed teeth, arranged in several series; the tongue 
is stout, thick, broad and covered with papillee near the tip and at the sides. The 
superior pharyngeal bones are covered with numerous pointed, villiform teeth, and a 
few teeth of rather larger size in front, with recurved points; the inferior pharyngeal 
has an oblong patch of minute, card-lke, pointed, and nearly straight teeth. There 
are eight barbels, all black and rather slender. ‘The maxillary is long, extending to 
the middle of the pectoral fin, and is flattened at its root. The nasal is delicate; it 
extends midway between the snout and the angle of the opercle; there are four 
mental barbels equidistant from each other, but the two external are one fourth 
longest. 

The dorsal fin is elevated; it arises on a line with the posterior fourth of the 
pectoral, and has one spine, which is serrated on its anterior margin, and six branched 
rays; the soft dorsal is rather large, and is placed opposite the posterior half of the 
‘anal fin. The pectoral is large; it arises rather in front of the termination of the 
opercle, and ends with the root of the last dorsal soft ray; it has one spine, somewhat 
flattened, and serrated at its anterior margin; there are seven soft rays. ‘The ven- 
tral is short and placed far back, and extends to the root of the second anal ray; it 
has eight branched rays. The anal is large, elevated and long, though it ends before 
the root of the caudal; it has twenty-two rays. The caudal fin is large, broad, and 
nearly square at its tip, and has eighteen rays. 

SpLANCHNOLUGY.—Tie liver is very large, thick, and entire in front, but terminating in two lobes behind; 
from each side of the anterior central portion projects a lobule, into the corresponding hypochondrium, 
which are here represented by cavities lined with peritoneum, and as these cavities are contracted at 
their orifice, they seem at first view to be exterior to the common cayity of the abdomen. The gall 
bladder is large, subpyriform, and is concealed by the right Jobe of the liver. The stomach is broad 
before, narrower, but thicker in its walls behind; it extends to about the middle of the abdominal 
cavity, and is then reflected forward to form the pyloric portion ; it has numerous folds of mucous 
membrane, and the pyloric valve is well marked. The small intestine is twice as long as the animal 
itself, and has numerous convolutions. The rectum is broader than the small intestine, shorter, and 

without a fold or valve. The kidneys are large and consist of two portions; one flat, ribbon-like, and 


10) HOLBROOK, FISHES GF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &c. 

placed along the spine, the other large, triangular, with its base lunate, and partly beneath the air 
bladder, though the greater portion is bebind it. There is no urinary bladder. ‘The air bladder is very 
large, sub-cordiform, though it is rounded behind, and not very deeply notched before. Its outer wall 
is thick, firm, shining, silvery; its cavity is not entire, but is partially divided. 

Cotor. See Specific Characters. 

Dimensions. The distance between the angle of the opercle and the tip of the tail 
is equal to three heads and one eighth; the greatest elevation without the dorsal fin 
is equal to three fourths of a head; total length nine inches. ) 

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrizution. Altamaha, Georgia. The original specimen is in the 
collection of Prof. Agassiz, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Sub-family ETHEOSTOMATA, Agassiz.* 

CHARACTERS.—Head small, but in some elongated, in others rounded or truncated; 
mouth variable in size; teeth very minute; only one suborbital bone, the anterior ; 
no pseudobranchie ; no air bladder ; scales proportionally large. 

RemArKS.—This is a sub-family of Cottoids and includes only small or medium- 
sized fishes, which are somewhat related to the Gobide. It embraces, as it now 
stands, four genera, Etheostoma, Rafinesque; Pileoma and Boleosoma, De Kay; and 
Peecilostoma, Agassiz. 

BOLEOSOMA, De Kay. 

CHARACTERS.—Head short, compressed, round in section of a circle; mouth small, 
horizontal, slightly protractile ; opercular apparatus covered with scales ; opercle with 
a small spine; branchial rays six. 

RemArks.—Although De Kay placed this genus among the Percide, yet he was 
aware that it did not properly belong to that family. As he says. it “contains no 
genus combining the characters of two dorsal fins and six branchial rays ;’+ and he 
further observes that Boleosoma approaches in the form of its head, etc., to Htheos- 
toma. 

Botnosoma, BARRATTI. 

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS.—Head, neck and body compressed ; head with greenish tints 
at the opercle ; body above pale brown; belly white ; a longitudinal row of subround 
dusky spots on the sides; second dorsal and anal fins with dusky points arranged in 
lines. 

D0 ie Pal 2 Ve "5. AL OF Cra 

* Lake Superior, ete., p. 298. t Nat. Hist. N. Y.—Part [V., p. 21. 


HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &c. a7 

Description.—The body is elongated, slender, compressed, and thicker below than 
above. ‘The head is small, short, compressed, narrow between the eyes, with the 
snout rounded and full, though not so broad as the occiput; it is smooth above, though 
covered with scales on the sides. The eye is very large, and is placed half the 
diameter of its orbit from the snout, and two diameters from the angle of the opercle, 
with its inferior margin below the median plane of the head, and its superior at the 
facial outline. The posterior nostril is very near the eye, at the end of the superciliary 
ridge. The mouth is small, hardly reaching to the eye; the lower jaw is nearly as 
long as the upper, though its teeth are received within it when the mouth is shut ; 
both are armed, as well as the vomer and pharyngeal bones, with numerous, minute, 
closely set, pointed, recurved teeth. 

The preopercle is so rounded as to present no angle ; the opercle is small, triangular 
with its base before and its apex behind, and is armed with a slender, delicate spine ; 
the subopercle and interopercle are large. 

The anterior dorsal fin begins in a line vertical with the anterior third of the pec- 
toral, extends to the vent, and has ten spines; the posterior is more elevated, and has 
eleven rays. The pectoral arises a little behind the opercle, and extends to the root 
of the ninth dorsal spine ; it is slender, and has twelve rays. The ventral begins at 
some distance behind the origin of the pectoral fin, but extends beyond it; it is 
long, slender, has one delicate spine and five soft rays. ‘The anal begins slightly 
behind the origin of the posterior dorsal fin, and terminates with it behind; it has ten 
soft rays. The caudal is long, narrow, rounded behind, and has fourteen rays. 

The lateral line runs along the superior fourth of the body to the end of the 
anterior dorsal fin, whence it gradually descends to the median plane of the tail. 

Cotor. See Specific Characters. 

Dimensions. The length from the opercle to the tip of the tail is equal to four 
heads; the greatest elevation without the dorsal fin, to three-fourths of a head; total 
length three inches. 

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution. Florida and Georgia. 
GrenerAL Remarks. This beautiful little species I have dedicated to Dr. John P. 

Barratt, of Abbeville District, South Carolina, an excellent Naturalist, who has done 

much for the advancement of Zoology and Botany. 

1) 


HOLBROOK, FISHES OF FLORIDA, GEORGIA, &c. 

BXPLANATION OF BLATEHS: 

PLATE V. 

Iie. 1, Pomotis elongatus, and scales. 
2; “* _speciosus, «“ 
“<3, Bryllus fasciatus « 

So 4h “¢  eloriosus me 

PLATE V1. 

, Collurus Floridanus. 
, Pomotis marginatus. — 
, Beleosoma Barretti, with outline of head and teeth. 

, Pimelodus marginatus, with front outline of head. 


[ 39] 

Arr. VI.—Researches on the Cryptogamic Flora of the State of Georgia. 
By Pror. JuLien DeEsy. 

Notice I.—On THE ORGANIZATION AND Morpronoay or CHLAMIDOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS.—Plate VII. 

The study of cryptogamic botany has had but few votaries, and may yet be consi- 
dered as in its infancy. During later years only has the microscope been applied to 
the examination of these often minute but highly interesting productions, and although 
some very able men have thrown considerable light on this difficult branch of natural 
history, much remains yet to be done by future observers. 

I have paid considerable attention to this subject while in Kurope and during my 
travels in Central America, and have acquired a certain knowledge of the Fungi and 
Algze which emboldens me to furnish to those interested in such subjects, a few notes 
illustrative of such species as I have observed since my short residence in the United 
States. Every fact stated I have seen myself, but being here in the “up country,” 
without the necessary literary help, I may, perhaps, in some cases, be led to describe 
as new, things already known to the public. I have to beg indulgence in behalf 
of my isolated position. If any of my observations be thought interesting or in- 
structive I shall be sufficiently rewarded for my labors. ‘ 

It may he well here to state that the microscope I make use of is a good instru- 
ment, (of large size,) of Oberhauser’s, in Paris. It was made five years ago, has very 
clear glasses, and three amplifying powers. 

I shall, in this first notice, give a short account of a plant I have before met with 
in Belgium,* and which I have lately discovered in this country also, namely, Chla- 
midococecus pluvialis, one of the most interesting of fresh water algee, although one 
of the minutest. 

I have found Chlamidococcus in the counties of Cass and Rabun, in the hollows of 
rocks exposed to the influence of all the atmospheric changes, and which were liable, 
during rainy weather, to be filled with water and to dry up completely during seasons 
of drought. 

The Chlamidococcus pluvialis is synonymous with the Hzematococcus pluvialis of 
Flotow, and Protococcus pluvialis of Kiitzing. This genus is very nearly allied to Chla- 

“ I first discovered it at Bloquement, near Dinant, in the province of Namur, in water from the gutter from 
the roof of my father’s house. 


60 DEBY’S RESEARCHES ON THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA 

midomonas and to Gleococcus, and, if I mistake not, one of its forms is identical with 
the Diselmis viridis, described by Dujardin in his Natural History of Infusoria, as an 
animal. Kiitzing mentions this species in his work entitled “ Ueber die Verwandlung 
der Infusorien in neideren Algenformen (Nordhausen, 1844),” and gives it as an 
example of the impossibility that exists of separating distinctly the animal from the 
vegetable kingdoms. Von Flotow (in Nova Acta Academ. Nature curiosus, Vol. 
xx., p. 11, 1844,) has given a long account of it, but his work contains many errors 
of observation and of induction. Alex. Braun (Betrachtungen tiber die Erscheinung 
der Verjiingung in der Natur. Leipzig, 1851,) has, in divers portions of his book, 
given, in a fragmentary form, by far the most elaborate treatise on Chlamidococcus 
with which we are acquainted. His observations are most accurate and interesting.* 

I have been happy enough to fill up some gaps in the history of this minute am- 
phibolical plant, and shall give as complete an account of this species of Alga as it is 
in my power. 

Chlamidococcus is found, in dry weather, forming a dirty, brownish or reddish tena- 
ceous crust, spread in the small hollows of rocks; itmay be scraped off with a knife. 
If put into water it very soon softens, and we find it to be formed of a number of 
simple round cells. These cells are all of one kind; their diameter varies from 1-10th 
to 1-36th of a millimetre, their outer membrane is thick, their contents finely granular, 
and of a reddish color, nearly opaque. Inside we find from two to six grains of 
amylon (fecula) whose diameter does not exceed the 1-120th of a millimetre, as a max- 
imum, and which were first recognised as such by Alex. Braun, who says that he has 
discerned in their centre a speck (nucleolus) which turns reddish by the application 
of the tincture of iodine, whereas the remainder of the amylon grain takes the charac- 
teristic tint of fecula. This would indicate a proteine substance in a thick coating of 
amylon. 

In the middle of the cell, (but very difficult of observation, on account of its opa- 
city) is found a large, delicate cytoblast. Fig. 1. 

All the round cells above described are, by the ordinary tests, found to be formed, 
like nearly all other cells, by two coatings : an exterior one of gelin} and an interior 

[* I regret not having been able to consult Prof. Morren’s Physiological Researches on the Belgian Iydro- 
phytes, namely, his fifth memoir on the History of the Genus Heaematococcus of Agardh, not having been able 
to procure this work. 

+ Several kinds of cellular membrane are usually confounded under the name of cellulose: I recognise as 
these principle forms: Ist. The amyl cell membrane, which turns blue by the simple applicaticn of tincture of 
iodine. 2nd, The gelin cell membrane, which only turns blue by the combined action of sulphuric acid and the 
tincture of iodine. 3d. The bassorin cell membrane, which takes a brown or yellow coloring by the preceding 
tests. 4th. ‘lhe protein cell membrane, which takes a rich orange tint by the tincture of iodine, but can he 
distinguished from the bassorin cell membrane by its behaviour when treated with hot nitric acid. The three 

first of these seem to be identical in chemical composition, having for formula C!2 H2° Ol, or what is the same 


OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA. evn 

one (Primordialschlauch) firmly adhering to the inner surface of the exterior one, and 
which remains visible after the first has become entirely destroyed by a prolonged 
immersion in sulphuric acid. 

The outer membrane will often slip off during the experiment, as seen in fig. 2. 
Besides the larger grains of amylon already mentioned a considerable number of very 
minute ones are seen as small specks adhering to the coating of protoplasma, which 
constitutes the primordialschlauch. 

Following with care the successive changes in these reddish cells, we observe, first, 
that the red color retires from the outer part of the cell, so as to concentrate, as it 
were, around the central cytoblast, leaving a zone of a paler color around the peri- 
phery, as seen in fig. 3. Soon after this a separation of the cell contents takes place, 
and two new cells (secondary cells) are seen to have been formed in the interior of 
the parent cell. These are fixed, round, and have a nucleus. Fig. 4. This takes 
place during the first, second, or third night after the immersion. Very shortly after- 
wards these two younger cells again divide into two others (tertiary cells), so that 
one primitive cell now contains four smaller ones. Fig. 5. 

The four newly formed tertiary cells are very different from the primary one which 
produced them ; they do not exceed the quarter of the latter one in size; their shape 
is oval; they are red, with a paler yellow ring, Fig 6. But the most interesting 
fact is the existence, at the narrower extremity, of two hyaline, flagelliform appen- 
dages, which, by their continual motions, give to the plant a rapid rotatory, slightly 
undulating, progressive motion through the water, Fig. 7. These processes are 
analogous or identical with what has been observed in Cidogonium, Vaucheria, Vol- 
vox, Gleococcus, Chlamidococcus, Botryocystis, Gonium, Pandorina and other alge. 
Their length exceeds the diameter of the cell that bears them; they are transparent, 
very slender and only distinctly visible when their motion is stopped. The flagelli- 
form appendages seem to be formed by an exsudation or prolongation of the primor- 
dialschlauch, through the outer cell-membrane, being to all appearance wanting in the 
young cells. The Chlamidococcus have generally a rotatory motion from right to 
left, but they occasionally turn in the opposite direction, as I have distinctly noticed. 

These ovate flagel-bearing tertiary cells are endowed with motion for a period which 

C12 H16 08 + 2H? O; the protein is formed of insoluble 0° H?> N+ 010+ from 1 to 8 of S. Besides the above we 
may admit, 5th, the gelacin cell membrane, which takes a lively green color by immersion in strong acids. 6th. 
The eugelacin cell membrane of Kiitzing, which becomes red by the action of acids and blue by that of alkalies. 
7th. The pollenin cell membrane, found on pollen grains and many spores. 8th. I'he suberin cell membrane. 
These two last both contain a certain proportion of nitrogen, and are unaltered by the ordinary tests. And, 
lastly, 9th. The lignin cell membrane which gives the same reactions as the bassorin cell membrane, but seems 
to have a different composition, namely, according to Mulder Cl? H!¢ O8, or according to Gay Lussac and Thenard, 
0&4 H88 039, It appears to be bassorin, minus two equivalents of water. The suberin, or cork cell membrane, 

has for formula C15 H12 018 N¢. 
16 


62 DEBY’S RESEARCHES ON THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA 

does not exceed three days, and is dependent on the state of the atmosphere. They 
gradually grow to four times the primitive size, and as they grow, the narrower ex- 
tremity lengthens into a kind of beak, or rostrum, which bears the two flagels. This 
rostrum is always transparent, empty, and is incapable of any kind of motion. Fig. 7. 
The whole cell has a pyriform appearance. It has, from the first period of its 
existence, secreted an external transparent delicate membrane, which widens and 
expands every hour, Fig 8. This outer covering seems to be of a gelatinous or 
semifluid amorphous nature (probably gelatinous gelin). As this outer membrane 
developes itself it gradually encloses the flagelliform appendages, and proportionately 
slackens their motions, so as at last to stop these altogether, Fig. 9. These cells are 
the gonidia of some botanists, the macrogonidia of Braun. 

By degrees the red matter in these gonidia concentrates around their central 
nucleus, and the outer paler zone acquires a green color. In this green portion (gela- | 
tinous chlorophyll) may be seen, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, larger amylon grains, besides smaller 
specks of the same substance mixed with minute drops of oil, and still minuter par- 
ticles of globulinar chlorophyll. Fig. 10. 

These cells, if submitted to the ordinary tests, (iodine and sulphuric acid) show 
that the outer wide membrane is composed of gelin, the quite interior one which is 
closely applied to the inner surface of the latter being protoplasma (protein substance). 
The internal green chloryphyll remain unaltered by the tests, but the red portion 
seems to divide into a number of separate globules, which acquire a deeper and more 
intense coloring, indicating the presence of protein substance, probably mixed with 
some oily or waxy compound and some peculiar coloring substance. The coloring 
matter is soluble in rectified oil of turpentine and in ether, and is, perhaps, a mixture 
of Erythrophyll and Xanthophyll. These two substances have been proved by Mulder 
and by Kiitzing to be formed by the disoxygenation of the chlorophyll under the 
influence of strong light, of cold, and of other causes. The coloring matter of the 
Chlamidococcus differs from all other red coloring matters in plants (known to me) by 
its not being turned blue by the action of alkalies. 

The chemical structure of the outer coverings of these adult gonidia show that 
these cells of Chlamidococcus differ considerably from the swimming spores of many 
other algee, which I believe to be (as asserted by Kiitzing, Grundziige der philosophi- 
schen Botanik, p. 295) in nearly all cases, formed externally by an unprotected pro- 
tein membrane, which it is easy to distinguish from the bassorin cell membrane of the 
parenchym cells of many cryptogamia by boiling with nitric acid and adding ammonia. 

Hach of the first gonidia (cells of the first swimming generation, or cells of tertiary 
formation) finally becomes stationary, the outer gelin covering hindering all further 
motions of its flagels. These now disappear, being seemingly re-absorbed into the 
general coating of protoplasma. The wide outer covering remains unaltered. The 


OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 63 

larger amylon grains which, until now, had been distinct, disappear. Fig. 11. Between 
midnight and morning a longitudinal division of the cell takes place, which divides 
it into two fixed, immovable cells (cells of quaternary formation.) Fig. 12,a. Very 
shortly after this (one or two hours after) these last formed cells are each in their 
turn seen to subdivide into two active gonidia furnished with flagelliform appendages. 
Fig. 12, 6. These last (cells of quinary formation) move actively even before leaving 
the envelop of the mother cell, but before dawn finally break through it. They then — 
live the same independent lives that the first swimming gonidia had led, and go on 
moving actively for two or three days. 

This,second generation of flagel-bearing gonidia differs from the first only in being 
green from the onset, each cell having at its birth and ever afterwards a small, red, 
central mass; whereas, be it remembered, the first generation of active gonidia were 
red at first, and only acquired a green color some time after their liberation from the 
mother cell. Figs. 13, 14. 

After a period of from 48 to 72 hours (and always during the hours of darkness,) 
the second generation of motive gonidia each separate into two immovable cells, (6th 
formation, Fig. 16,) each of which in their turn divide into two new motive gonidia, 
(gonidia of third generation, 7th cell formation. Fig. 17.) This takes place in exactly 
the same manner as in the preceding generation, and this multiplication goes on iden- 
tically and uninterruptedly for a period of about six weeks, producing in that space 
of time from twelve to nineteen successive generations of motive gonidia. 

The latter formed generations often differ somewhat from the first in having the 
central red spot nearly obsolete or altogether wanting; (fig. 18,) and in some cases as 
first seen by Von Flotow, in containing large internal hollow spaces, which displace 
the green lining of gelatinous chlorophyll, giving a lacunose appearance to the cell. 
Fig. 19. These internal vacuoles sometimes displace the central red mass, and render 
it parietal, so as to make it resemble an eye, and give to Chlamidococcus the appear- 
ance of a Chlamidomonas. Fig. 20. The green gonidia are very sensible to light, 
they collect in greater numbers in that part of the vase they are held in, which receives 
the sun’s rays. Their respiration is identical with that of other green plants, i. e., 
they disengage oxygen during the day and carbonic acid during the night. This fact 
was noticed by Ehrenberg with respect to Chlamidomonas, without his suspecting, 
however, its vegetable nature, as he describes it as having eggs, an eye and a testicle, 
which are nothing else than the grains of amylon, the red mass, and the cytoblast 
we have spoken of above, and which exist as well in Chlamidomonas as in Chlamido- 
coccus. Hach of the gonidia of the 19th or last of the motive generations, gives birth 
to two immovable green cells, each of which shortly after is in its turn divided into 
two other cells, but which, differently from what has been taking place in all the pre- 
ceding generations, are unproductive of a new generation of cells. 


64 DEBY’S RESEARCHES ON THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA 

These last cells soon take a rounded form, become immovable, attain gradually their 
full size, absorb their flagelliform appendages, lose their wide outer membrane, cover 
themselves with a tenaceous and thick cell membrane, turn gradually to yellowish, 
then to red, or to a brownish-red hue, and now all organic functions seem to lie dormant 
in them for awhile. Fig. 21. 

If these red cells be submitted to the action of iodine and sulphuric acid, they again 
take a green color. I attribute this to the fact that the gelin coating is turned blue 
and the protein coating yellow by these tests, the combination of which two colors 
forms green, but this is only hypothetical. 

In some accidental cases the last generations of gonidia, instead of following the 
above mentioned order of phenomena, divide rapidly into 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 smaller gonidia, 
which are at first aggregate inside the mother cell which has produced them. (Fig. 
22.) They, however, ultimately break loose and swim about freely for some time, 
without seeming either to grow larger or to produce new cells. These are the Micro- 
gonidia of Alex. Braun; they vary from ;;; to 5; of a millimetre in diameter, have 
two flagelliform appendages, are of a yellowish or yellowish-green color, and have the 
rostrum slightly reddish. Fig. 23. 

The larger fixed red cells formed by the last (19th) generation of gonidia remain 
dormant for an indefinite period if left in water. They even seem to die and decompose 
if left there for a great length of time. But if the water they are contained in be 
slowly evaporated to dryness in the sun, be it only for a few hours, and fresh water be 
poured over them, new life is soon manifested, and generally by the next morning 
fresh gonidia (of primary generation) will be found fully developed and swimming 
actively about. These will go through the whole series of vegetative phenomena we 
have above described, and prepare a future generation of fixed cells, destined in their 
turn to perpetuate indefinitely the existence of this species of plant. 

If, instead of immersing the immovable, dormant red cells in water, we simply keep 
them in a state of dampness for some hours, they will generally divide into two fixed 
cells (of secondary formation), these in turn will divide into four (of tertiary formation 
and corresponding with the first generation of appendiculated gonidia) fixed, globular, 
unappendaged cells; then again into two (quaternary), then, last, into two (quinary) 
others, and so on for a considerable period of time, which I have not followed out, but 
which is, most hkely dependant upon temperature and the quantity of water furnished. 
These cells rarely attain above half the size of the primitive mother cell, they are 
generally globular, of a reddish-brown color, and always destitute of flagelliform ap- 
pendages. 

In the same way that the last swimming gonidia return to the form and nature of 
the parent cell—so do the last generations of this abnormal form of Chlamidococcus 
also produce larger cells of a thicker and darker color, which cannot be distinguished 


OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 65 

from the primitive mother cell, and which, after desiccation, are also capable of repro- 
ducing all the above described series of phenomena; on which account they must be 
considered as identical in functions and nature. 

In the last named form of Chlamidococcus, in which none of the cells are motive, 
the wide, outer membrane, which in the normal type envelopes each gonidia, is 
also secreted, but the divers cells being very close to one another, the consequence is 
that this gelatinous matter finally forms an apparently continuous amorphous crust 
of a pale yellowish color, in which the successive generations of cells are immersed. 
Chlamidococcus is now indistinguishable, by a cursory examination, from the genus 
Pleurococcus, Fig. 24. Braun, who has noticed these two modes of growth, noticed 
also that in the last described form, the production of 4, 8, 16, 32, &c., microgonidia 
took place occasionally just as described in the more perfect form of Chlamidococcus, 
but these microgonidia are globular and unappendaged, Fig. 29. I believe that in 
both cases the production of microgonidia must be attributed to quite accidental 
causes, such as a diseased state of the producing cell, a peculiar tenacity of its outer 
membranes, or an over-excited formative power brought on by unknown causes. If 
this were not the case these microgonidia would not die away without producing fur- 
ther generations or acquiring the ultimate dimensions of macrogonidia, which they 
are never known to do. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

The curious vegetation of Chlamidococcus above described may be understood in 
two different ways : 

1. We may imagine every cell, (be it primitive mother cell or motive gonidia) as a 
spore, or complete individual plant, and admit that as in the lower classes of animals 
we have here “ alternations of generations.” By changing the word animal into the 
word plant, Steenstrup’s description of this singular fact would read as follows: 

“ Alternation of generations, or the remarkable phenomenon of a plant producing 
offspring, which at no time resembles its parent, but which, on the other hand, brings 
forth a progeny, which returns in itsform and nature to the parent, so that the maternal 
plant does not meet with its resemblance in its own brood, but in the descendants of the 
second, third, fourth or(. . . nth) degree of generation; and this always takes 
place in the different plants which exhibit the phenomenon, in a determinate genera- 
tion, or with the intervention of a determinate number of generations, &c.” (See J. 
J. Steenstrup, Altern. of Gener., translated by George Busk, 1845, Ray Society.) 

Now, in Chlamidococcus, we may suppose we have a primitive plant (first red, fixed 
cell) producing an offspring (motive gonidia) which at no time resembles the parent, but 
brings forth a progeny which returns (after several generations) im its form and nature, 
to the parent cell, so that the maternal Chlamidococcus does not meet its resemblance in 

17 


66 DEBY’S RESEARCHES ON THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA. 

its own brood, but in its descendants of the 14th or 15th compound generation. We 
might carry on this comparison much further, but as we believe it to be a simple 
analogy with the facts stated by Steenstrup as existing in the Meduse, Polypes, 
Corallines, &c., and no identity, we prefer not prolonging here what we consider to be 
useless and sterile discussion, and we shall at once pass to the second manner of in- 
vestigating the matter, which seems more consistent with philosophical induction as 
applied to Algology. 

2. All plants are produced by the multiplication of a simple cell, which in the 
cryptogamia is called a spore. If we follow out the subsequent development of such a 
spore, we observe it generally to produce a succession of vegetative cells (not spores), 
until having at last attained maturity, (having produced a determined number of 
such cells) it forms one or several peculiar cells of a different nature from the antece- 
dent one. These last are the real spores destined to produce a new succession of 
vegetative cells, and after these a second generation of spores. The cells formed ante- 
riorly to the spores are generally connected together by cohesive or intercellular sub- 
stance, so as to form a parenchymatous mass, or thallus. The formation and deposi- 
tion of cells may take place according to three dimensions of space. It may take 
place in length (in a linear direction), and we have a filamentous (articulated) thallus, 
as in Conferva, Zygnema, &c. It may take place in length and in breadth simulta- 
neously, and we have a foliaceous thallus, as in the Ulvace, &c.; or, lastly, it may 
take place in length, breadth, and height (thickness) at the same time, and we obtain 
a massive parenchymatous thallus, which may be regular or irregular. 

In the development of Chlamidococcus in a damp place, or when kept humid, as 
above described, we have an exemplification of an alga produced by an ordinary 
spore, and consisting in an irregular foliaceous thallus, which, after growing for a 
determined time (by production of new vegetative cells) dies away, all but the last 
formed spores, which remain dormant until called into life by external circumstances. 
May we not consider also the development of the Chlamidococcus, immersed in 
water, as a growing plant, in which the ordinary vegetative cells are free (instead of 
being united into a so-called compact thallus) andin which the terminal or last formed 
cells, just as in other algze, end by giving birth to spores? I think analogy and mor- 
phological considerations lead to the adoption of this manner of viewing the subject. 
In fixed alge the cells are immovable, and united to one another in the thallus; in 
the form under consideration they differ only in being free and being furnished with 
prolongations of the inner cell membrane, which give them for a short period limited 
locomotive powers. In the crustaceous form of Chlamidococcus, where these flagel- 
liform organs would be useless, we find them to be wanting, and yet the plant is 
fertile that is, bears at last well-formed spores at the surface of its thallus, so that we 
may consider these curious appendages of very secondary importance in the organic 


OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 67 

economy of this plant. According to the above expressed views I would define 

,Chlamidococcus as a plant formed by a successiwely deliquescent and evanescent thallus, 
each vegetative cell of which is free, 1s endowed with an independent motion (produced by 
two lengthened flagelliform appendages) and has an independent life. Kach new gene- 
ration of four cells being accompanied by the destruction of the precedingly formed 
part of the thallus which has produced it. The terminal (or last formed) cells of 
this vague thallus produce globular, fixed, unappendaged red spores. These spores con- 
tain from two to six large grains of amylon and acentral cytoblast. The fully 
developed evanescent parenchym ? cells of the thallus? are green, with a red central - 
(not parietal) mass, in the middle of which is situated the cell nucleus. 

In an aberrant form this alga constitutes a continuous, non-evanescent thallus, in 
which the cells are globular, unappendiculated, and united by an amorphous inter- 
cellular substance. This discoid thallus produces at its periphery (surface), spores 
identical with those generated by the typical form. 

I believe the above definition to be consistent with the strictest laws of analogy, as 
applied to the morphology of the lower plants ; if I have erred, I shall be sufficiently 
rewarded for my labors if I should have attracted the attention of other naturalists, 
and induced them to take up the study of this interesting branch of natural history. 

Linnzus has said, “ Nullus character infallibilis est ;” but however little encouraging 
this maxim may seem, it must not dishearten nature’s votary, who can only describe 
things to the best of his abilities, in a way concordant with the present state of 
science, and who must ever remember that perfection is the attribute of the Creator, 
not of the creature, and that human science is only a very small, fragmentary, shape- 
less particle of Omniscience, which last is beyond his reach. 


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[ 69 J 

Art, VIL—Descriptions of New Species of Burds of the Genus SPERMESTES, Swainson, in 
the Musewm of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

By Joun Cassin. 

1. SPERMESTES NiGRIcEPS. Cassin. Proc. Acad. Philada., VI., p. 185 (1852). Plate 
VIIL, fig. 1, male; 2, female. 

Form.—Small, bill large and strong, wing with the second primary slightly longest, 
tail short, but wide, and with the feathers broad. 

Dimensions.—Total length (of skin) about 32 inches, wing 1%, tail 12 inches. 

Colors.—Male : head black, which color is extended to the breast aud sides of the 
body ; on the last (the sides) the black feathers are tipped with white. Middle of 
the abdomen and under coverts of the tail white. Back and wing coverts bright 
reddish chesnut, primaries black with minute spots of white on their outer webs, 
exposed portions of secondaries reddish chesnut, ramp black with minute white spots, 
tail black. Bill and feet (in skin) light colored. 

Female: entire plumage above brown, tinged with chesnut on the back, below pale 
brownish white, with a tinge of yellow, and with a few traces of black on the throat, 
primaries black edged with white, tail brownish black. 

Hab.—Zanzibar. 

Obs.—Of this handsome little species three specimens are in the museum of the 
Academy, and belonged to the Rivoli collection. All of them are marked as from 
Zanzibar. It is not in any considerable degree similar to any other species of this 
genus with which I am acquainted, but is spotted with white on the wings like 

Spermestes poensis. Fraser. 

2. SPERMESTES FUSCANS, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. VI., p. 185 (1852). Plate 
VIII. fig. 3. Adult male? 

Form.—Small, robust, bill very strong, wing with the first, second and third quills 
very nearly equal, tail rather long, with the middle feathers longest. 

Dimensions.—Total length (of skin) about 5% inches, wing 2, tail 2 inches. 

Colors.—Entire plumage dark chocolate brown, darker on the throat and around 
the base of the bill, inner webs of quills paler and nearly white. Bill, horn color. 

Hab.—Borneo. 
18 


70 CASSIN ON THE GENUS SPERMESTES. 

Obs.—Though several specimens of this bird in the museum of the Academy have 
been labelled in Europe “ F. nigerrima,” and “ F. aterrima”’, I have not succeeded in 
finding it described. It does not intimately resemble any other within my know- 
ledge, and may be easily recognized by its plain and uniform plumage. All the 
specimens are labelled as natives of Borneo. 


scaled 

ART. VIII.—WNotice of Fossils from the Carboniferous Series of the Western States, 
belonging to the genera SPiRIrER, BELLEROPHON, PLEUROTOMARIA, MACROCHEILUS, 
Narica, and Loxonema, with descriptions of eight new characteristic species. By 
Josepu G. Norwoop and Henry Prarren, of the Illinois Geological Survey. 

SPIRIFER, 

S. sprnosus, nob.—Plate IX. fig. 1, a, 6, 6 d. 

Shell rather small. Both valves very convex. The dorsal valve bears five or six 
rounded ribs on each side of the sinus. The ventral valve has four, and sometimes 
five, similar ribs on each side the central lobe. The lobe itself vesembles a large rib, 
being only-about double the size of those next to it on each side. The other ribs 
eradually diminish in size as they approach the cardinal border. They are covered 
with large and deep but irregular striz: of growth, which are most numerous near the 
margin. Besides these large imbricated striae some of the most perfect specimens are 
beautifully marked with finer concentric striz, visible only by the aid of a lens. 
The surface of the shell is irregularly covered with short, hollow spines, projecting at 
nearly right angles from their bases. On all the specimens yet met with the spines 
are broken, the longest fragments measuring about one-sixteenth of an inch. In 
addition to these spines, the whole shell, including the cardinal area, is covered with 
minute granules. Where these are rubbed off there is the appearance of small open- 
ings into the shell, giving it the aspect, somewhat, of being covered with a minute 
coral. Cardinal area, triangular; high ; a little shorter than the greatest breadth of 
the shell, and having sharp edges on the ventral valve only. The median slit is large 
and open, and occupies about one third of the space left free from the encroachment 
of the ribs of the dorsal valve. 

Dimensions.—Length, six tenths of an inch ; breadth, eight tenths. 

Comparisons and Differences.—This shell has nearly the form of the S. octoplicatus, 
of Sowerby, but differs in having fewer ribs; in the sinus of the dorsal valve being 
wide and rounded at its bottom; and also in all its ribs being rounded. When the 
epidermis is well preserved, the spines with which it is covered will readily distinguish 
it from all other species. . 

Geological Position and Localities.—This species occurs near the top of the mountain 
limestone, associated with Pentremites sulcatus, pyriformis, and florealis, Prodwctus 

19 


I 
bo 

NORWOOD AND PRATTEN, NOTICE OF FOSSILS FROM THE 

elegans, and Spirifer Fisherianus. It is very abundant at Chester, Illinois. It is also 
found in Pope county ; and in Missouri, opposite Hat Island. 
Explanation of the Figures—P\. TX. fig. 1,a. A specimen, showing the dorsal valve. 
b. The same, showing the ventral valve. 
c. Front view of the same. 
d. Magnified view of a portion of the same, showing the spines and tubercles. 
Illinois State Collection. 

S. Lerpy1, nob.—Plate IX. fig. 2, a, 6, ¢. 

Shell of medium size; extremely variable in form, some specimens being globose, 
while others are rather flattened. In young specimens the cardinal border is equal 
to the greatest breadth of the shell; in old ones the greatest breadth is towards the 
middle. The dorsal valve is furnished with a sinus, having sharp borders. It reaches 
to the beak, and opens under an angle of 16°. ‘There is one tolerably large rib at the 
bottom of the sinus, and on each side of it we find another, which is rather flattened, 
and placed like a step about midway from the middle rib to the top of rib bordering 
the sinus. On either side of this the ribs number from six to eight. Sometimes there 
are six or eight on one side and seven on the other. The varix of the ventral valve 
is strongly projected above the rest of the shell, although its height is diminished by 
a furrow which corresponds to the rib found at the bottom of the sinus of the other 
valve. On the sides of the varix there are step-like projections, similar to those found 
on the sides of the sinus. On a few specimens, however, these ribs are wanting on 
one side, but are never altogether absent. On each side of the varix there are from 
six to eight rounded ribs, similar to those on the dorsal valve. The ribs on both 
valves project strongly. Some of the specimens are beautifully marked, especially 
toward the front margin of the shell, by imbricating lines of increment. These are 
disposed in such a manner as to show that the shell increased faster in length than it 
did in breadth. Other individuals are entirely destitute of these markings. On all 
well preserved specimens the surface is covered with fine strize, only to be discovered 
un‘ler the lens. 

Some of these striz are parallel to the ribs, and others to the free borders of 
the shell, so that they cross each other, forming a kind of net-work. Those 
radiating from the beak are rather more prominent than the others. The cardinal 
area is of moderate height and triangular, the angle being 152°. It is covered with 
perpendicular and transverse strize. Deltoid aperture open, and of medium size. 

Dimensions.—Length, eight tenths of an inch; breadth, one inch. 

Comparisons and Differences——This species comes nearest to the 8. acuticostatus of 
De Koninck, but differs in its ribs, which are rounded, while those of the acuticostatus 
are sharp. The supplementary ribs on the sinus and varix will, however, at once 
distinguish it from that species. It is also a larger shell. 


CARBONIFEROUS SERIES OF THE WESTERN STATES. 73 

Geological Position and Localities.—This fossil is common at Chester, Illinois, in the 
upper part of the Mountain Limestone, where it is associated with the S. spinosus. 
Although frequently met with at that locality, well preserved specimens are very 
rare. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P\. 1X. fig. 2, a. View of the dorsal valve of an adult 
individual. 

b. The same, showing the ventral valve. 

c. Front view of the same. 

Illinois State Collection. 

Dedicated to Prof. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia. 

S. Forsesit, nob.—Plate IX. fig. 3, a, 6, ¢. 

Shell of medium size; its greatest breadth being along the cardinal line. Dorsal 
valve rather more gibbous than the ventral, and furnished with a very shallow sinus, 
hardly amounting to a depression, but which is well defined by a large rib on each 
side. The sinus is formed of five ribs, the central one being large, with a smaller 
one on each side, which last spring, a short distance below the beak, from the large 
ones, which limit the sinus. On either side of the sinus there are from sixteen to 
twenty-two simple ribs, marked by undulating lines of growth. On the ventral valve 
the varix is not raised, but is limited by two furrows, wider and deeper than any 
others on the valve, except the central one of the varix, which corresponds to the 
large rib in the centre of the sinus of the opposite valve. The varix is formed by 
two ribs, which originate at the beak and bifurcate after proceeding a short distance, 
so that it is made up of two pairs of ribs, divided by the large central furrow. The 
remainder of the ribs on this valve are like those on the opposite one. Cardinal area 
unknown. 

Dimensions.—Length, nine tenths of an inch; breadth, two inches. 

Comparisons and Dijerences.—This species differs from the S. attenuatus of Sowerby, 
which it most nearly resembles, in having fewer ribs on the sinus, and a much less 
number on the whole extent of the shell; and also in the ribs being simple, while in 
the attenuatus they are dichotomous. It cannot be confounded with any other species 
known to us. 

Geological Position and Locality.—It occurs in the middle of the Mountain Lime- 
stone series, at Burlington, Iowa. We have not been able, so far, to obtain specimens 
from any other locality, nor have we found the two valves united. It is rare. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P\. IX. fig. 3,a. View of the dorsal valve. 

b. View of the ventral valve of another individual. 

c. View of the beak and hinge line of the dorsal valve. 

Illinois State Collection. 


74 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN, NOTICE OF FOSSILS FROM THE 

BELLEROPHON. 

B. percArtnatus, Conrad. Plate IX. fig. 4, a, 4, ¢. 

This very beautiful shell, which was figured and described by Mr. Conrad in 1842, 
in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, old series, is figured here on 
account of its position in the coal measures of the west, as well as the greater size to 
which it attains in western localities. 

Geological Position and Localities—Found at Graysville, Illinois, and in Posey 
county, Indiana, five miles below New Harmony, in clay shales belonging to the coal 
measures. 

Explanation of the Figqures—P1. IX. fig. 4, a. Specimen of the natural size. View 
of the back. 

Fig. 4, 6. View of the mouth of the same. 

Fig. 4, c. The same, seen in profile. 

Illinois State Collection. 

B. MontrortrAnus, nob.—Plate IX. fig. 4, a, 8, c. 

This species belongs to the same section as the B. Urii of Fleming, being sulcated 
and not umbilicated. It is rather small, with the exception of the last whorl, the 
mouth part of which is enormously expanded, both in length and breadth. The 
shell is crossed from side to side by a series of large, wavy ridges, which are cut 
through in their centre by a deep longitudinal furrow. The ridges and furrow become 
obsolete on the expansion of the mouth. The entire surface is covered with fine 
longitudinal ribs, so numerous that it is almost impossible to number them. The 
mouth is, apparently, without a notch; exterior lip semicircular ; inner lip very much 
thickened, and, with the central parts, projects so far forwards as to form with the 
sides of the shell two semicircles. 

Geological Position and Localities—This is another most beautiful species belonging 
to the coal measures, and is found associated with the B. percarinatus and B. Uri at 
Galatia, Illinois, and five miles from New Harmony, Indiana. | 

On account of the extreme thinness and great expansion of the mouth, no entire 
specimen has been met with. The dotted outline has been given from an internal 
mould of the mouth which we were so fortunate as to obtain. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P\. IX. fig. 5, a. View of the back of an adult indi- 
vidual. 

Fig. 5, 6. View of the mouth of the same. 
Fig. 5, c. The same, seen in profile. 

Illinois State Collection. 

Named in honor of the founder of the genus. 


CARBONIFEROUS SERIES OF THE WESTERN STATES. 7) 

B. Uru, Fleming.—PI. IX. fig. 6, a, d, ¢. 

This figure is given on account of possessing a perfect mouth, which none of those 
figured by De Koninck and Phillips have. 

Geological Position and Localities——This species is very abundant in the coal 
measures, at Galatia and Grayville, Illinois, and on the Wabash, five miles below 
New Harmony, Indiana. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P1. 1X. fig. 6, a. View of the back. 

Fig. 6, 6. View of the mouth of the same. 

Fig. 6, c. The same seen in profile. 

Illinois State Collection. 

PLEUROTOMARIA. 

P. GRAYVILLENSIS, nob.—PI. IX. fig. 7, a, b. 

Shell small, being about half an inch in breadth and the same in length. Whorls 
five, flattened above; the body whorl rounded ,below. Spiral angle 102°. Shell 
covered with longitudinal lines, crossed by lines of growth, giving it the appearance 
of being garnished with small tubercles. The upper line of tubercles on each whorl, 
near the suture, is much more prominent than the others, forming a raised ornamental 
band. The band of the sinus is large, and separated from the inferior part by a fur- 
row. Mouth sub-quadrangular; exterior lip sharp; columella lip thickened, the 
columella terminating below in a point. 

Geological Position and Localities.—This species occurs in the coal measures, and is 
quite common in the shales near the mouth of Rush creek, Posey county, Indiana, 
and Grayville, Illinois. It is also found near Shawneetown, and in the neighborhood 
of Galatia, Saline county, Illinois. 

Explanation of the Figures.—Pl. IX. fig. 7, a. A specimen of the ordinary size, ex- 
hibiting a front view. 

Fig. 7, 6. The opposite side of the same. 

Illinois State Collection. 

P. CARBONARIA, 70b.—PI. IX. fig. 8. 

Shell of medium size. Length, 1 inch; breadth, 1 1-20th inch. Whorls five, 
rounded, covered with strongly raised, sharp, longitudinal ribs, the grooves or furrows 
between which are rounded, and much broader than the ribs themselves. The sinus 
consists merely of a broader groove, in which there are two or three raised ribs similar 
to those on the remainder of the shell, but much smaller. On the inferior half of 
each whorl, below the sinus, both the ribs and furrows are much smaller than those 

on the upper portion. Mouth nearly semicircular; lip sharp. 
20 


76 NORWOOD AND PRATTEN, NOTICE OF FOSSILS FROM THE 

Geological Position and Locality.—This species appears to be very rare, having 
been found only at Rock Creek, Williamson county, Illinois, where it occurs in a 
black, carbonaceous shale, belonging to the coal measures. 

Explanation of the Figure.—PI. IX. fig. 8. View of the front and left side of an adult 
specimen. 

Illinois State Collection. 

MACROCHEILUS. 

M. INHABILIS, Morton, sp. PI. IX. fig. 9, a, 0. 

Fusus(?) inHaBitis, Morton.“ American Journal of Science and Art,” Ist Series, 
Vol. xxix., p. 150, fig. 14, plate 3. 

This species, which was found in 1834, by Dr. S. P. Hitpreru, of Marietta, Ohio, 
occupying the same position it does further west, was referred by Dr. 8S. G. Morton to 
the genus “ Fusus?” and published without any adequate description. Its occurrence 
in the same geological horizon over so large a district of country, gives it an impor- 
tance which renders it desirable to supply the deficiency. 

Shell nearly globular; spire short, forming an angle of 105°. Whorls five; the 
body whorl very large and inflated, while the remainder are comparatively small, and 
occupy only one seventh of the total length of the shell. Aperture semi-elliptical ; 
much longer than wide. Columella rather long, and furnished with a distinct fold. 
The length of a large specimen is 1 8-10th inches. This species resembles somewhat 
the M. Michotianus of De Koninck, but differs from it in its greater size, and in having 
but five whorls; that species having six. 

Geological Position and Locality.—This species is found in the middle of the coal 
measures at Grayville and Galatia, Illinois, and rather more abundantly, but of 
smaller size, in the shales of the same formation in Posey county, Indiana. It also 
occurs, according to Dr. Hitpret# in the same part of the coal series of Ohio. 

Illinois State Collection. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P\. TX. fig. 9, a. Front view of a large individual. 

Fig. 9, 6.—Back view of the same. 

NATICA. 

N. VENTRICA, nob.—Pl. IX. fig. 10, a, 6. 

Shell small, globose, ventricose ; spire very short, consisting of four whorls, the 
body whorl being very large, and occupying six sevenths of the whole length of the 
shell. The upper portion of each whorl is ornamented by a series of lines radiating 
from the axis of the shell, which proceed outwards from the suture and then slightly 


CARBONIFEROUS SERIES OF THE WESTERN STATES. 17 

backwards. The remainder of the surface is smooth. The aperture is nearly semi- 
circular. Length, seven tenths of an inch; breadth, nearly the same. 

Geological Position and Locality.—This species was found by Major T. C. Downey, 
in the coal measures, one mile south of New.Harmony, Indiana, the only locality in 
which it has yet been discovered. 

Explanation of the Figures —PI\. IX. fig. 10, a. Front view, showing the aperture. 

Fig. 10, 6. Back view of the same. 

Illinois State Collection. 

LOXONEMA. 

L. Hau, nob.—PI. IX. fig. 11, a, 0. 

Shell of medium size; elongated. Length, one inch and eight-tenths; breadth, 
six tenths of an inch. Opening of the spiral angle 22°. Whorls ten, flattened, or 
only swelling out at the upper part, producing a deep suture between them ; they are 
covered with slightly raised transverse ridges. Mouth long and narrow, three times 
as long as broad, and terminating below in a shallow groove or notch, not prominently 
marked except in well-preserved specimens. 

Geological Position and Localities—This species has only been found in the coal 
measures. It is very abundant on the Wabash, five miles below New Harmony, 
Indiana, in the clay shales of that formation. It also occurs at Galatia, Saline county, 
Illinois, in equivalent beds. 

Explanation of the Figures.—P\. IX. fig. 11, a. Front view of a large specimen. 

Fig. 11, 6. Back view of the same. 

Illinois State Collection. 

We take great pleasure in dedicating this new species to the eminent American 
paleontologist, Prof. James Hall, of Albany, New York. 

New Harmony, Indiana, January 23d, 1855. 


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com] 

ART. 1X.—Plante Pratteniane Californice: An enumeration of a collection of Cali- 
fornia Plants, made in the vicinity of Nevada, by Henry Pratten, Esq., of New Har- 
mony ; with eritical notices and descriptions of such of them as are new, or yet unpub- 
lished in America. 

By Exias Duranp. 

This collection, which was placed in my hands by the Philadelphia Academy of 
Natural Sciences in the latter part of last year, is composed of about two hundred 
specimens, many of which, unfortunately, are in a very incomplete state. It was 
made during the spring and summer of 1851, in the vicinity of Nevada, a place 
situated on Deer Creek, one of the affluents of the Sacramento river, and occupying 
an intermediate position between the mountains of the Sacramento and those of 
Calaveras county. Nevada stands at an elevation of about three thousand feet above 
the level of the Pacific Ocean, near the junction of the granitic and schistose rocks. 
To the soil of the former, as well as to that of the porphyritic lavas, are confined the 
large pines, firs and arbor-vitee, while the nut pines and acacias thrive only on the 
schistose rocks. I am informed by Mr. Pratten that many of his plants belong, ex- 
clusively, either to the granitic or to the schistose formations, whilst others grow indif- 
ferently on both. 

Before entering upon a serious investigation of these specimens, I put aside all 
those that were new to me, with the view of submitting them to my friends, Profs. 
Torrey and Gray, who have had under examination several large collections of Cali- 
fornia plants. To the great experience and friendly assistance of these léarned 
botanists Iam highly indebted. They have been good enough to point out the species 
which they had already described in manuscript, and to procure for me Bentham’s 
Plante Hartwegiane, or descriptions of new plants collected by Hartweg in the moun- 
tains of the Sacramento river—a publication extremely rare in this country, and in 
which I found descriptions of many of the plants I had before me. 

All the new species of Mr. Pratten’s collection, described either by Profs. Torrey, 
Gray, Mr. Bentham, or by myself, amounting together to about forty, have been 
united in this essay, and may be considered as new matter, not having been published 
as yet in any American work. Whenever I have failed to obtain Professors Torrey 
and Gray’s notes, (their manuscript being in the hands of the printer,) I have 
endeavored to supply this want by giving my own diagnosis. 

21 


80 PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNIC. 

RANUNCULACE. 
AQUILEGIA Formosa, Fisch. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 80. The whole 

plant stouter and with larger flowers than A. canadensis ; leaves more remote, some- 
what fleshy and on short petioles; styles scarcely equalling the stamens; otherwise, 
hardly more than a variety of A. canadensis, On rocks bordering Deer Creek. June. 

DELPHINIUM Mewzissn, D.C. in suppl. to Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 661. 
Flowers large, deep blue, raceme 8-10 flowered. April. 

D. stmpLtex, Dougl. in Hook. FI. Bor. Am. vol. i. p. 25. 
D. pecorum, Fisch. and Meyer, in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. suppl. vol. i. p. 661. 
D. sicotor, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 33. | 

BERBERIDACE Zi. 

BERBERIS aquirotium, Pursh—Var. a, in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. p. 50. On 
granitic hills. 

PAPAVERACE. 

CHRYSKHIS cauirornica, Hook and Arn. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 63, 
and suppl. p. 664. 

FUMARIACE A. 

DIELYTRA rormosa, D. C. D. saccata, Nutt. Fumaria formosa, Dryand. in Torr. 
and Gr. Fl. Am. vol.i. p. 67, and suppl. p. 665. Shady granitic hills. April and 
May. 

CRUCIFER A. 

CARDAMINE paucisscta, Benth. pl. Hartw. p. 297. Spec. Nov. “ Hirtella vel 
glabriuscula, foliorum radicalium segmentis 1~5, longe petiolatis, ovato-orbicularibus 
vel subreniformibus obtusissimis; caulinarium 5, oblongis, basi angustatis, sessilibus. 

Smaller than C. pratensis, but same habit and inflorescence. Radical leaves long- 
petiolate, sometimes entire, limb 12.15” broad, truncate at base, margin obscurely 
sinuate ; but oftener, above the middle of the petiole, with 2, or more seldom, 3—4 
lateral segments, similar to the terminal one, only smaller and long petiolulate. Cauline 
leaves few and small, generally 3-partite, with narrow segments much smaller than 
the terminal one.”* 

* T have specimens of a cardamine, collected by Dr. Heermann on the bars of the river Calaveras, which I con- 
sider as a form of C. paucisecta, although somewhat differing from Hartweg and Pratten’s plant. ‘ As is 

frequently the case with California specimens, the radical leaves are wanting ; but towards the middle of the 
stem the first cauline leaves begin to appear. These are 5=-7 pinnately divided, and answering pretty well to 


PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. §1 

ERYSIMUM Arxansanvm, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol.i. p. 95. With orange 
colored flowers. In my opinion Z. asperum, D.C., Arkansanwm and elatum, Nutt., might 
be considered as different forms of one species. £. asperum is somewhat canescent, but 
they are all more or less scabrous, with appressed medio-fixed hairs; the lower leaves 
are runcinate-dentate, those of the stem dentate or entire; the flowers are large, 
varying from light yellow to orange, the petals have very long claws and obovate 
limbs ; style short and thick, with a bilobed stigma. . elatwm (Nuttall’s specimen) 
is a lank and elongated form about 3 feet high. Hilly sides of Deer Creek. August. 

POLYGALACE A. 

POLYGALA cucutiatra, Benth., Pl. Hartw. p. 299. “ Diffusa, puberula, foliis 
ovalibus vel oblongo-ellipticis, obtusis retusisve ; racemis brevibus plurifloris, sepalo 
infimo basi gibbo, alis oblongis, carina imberbi apice in cucullum oblongum producta. 

Stems branching, prostrate, the lowest part perennial and almost woody ; branches 
herbaceous, slender, 4—6” high, pubescent; leaves with very short petioles, the 
lowest small ovate, the upper 6—8” long, rounded at tip or often emarginate, cuneate 
at base, with margins slightly recurved, green on both sides and not punctate, pube- 
rulent above, almost glabrous underneath. Flower (rose colored?) 4” long. The 
exterior sepal concave at base, saccate, oblong ; the two superior a little smaller and 
one-half narrower. They are all membranaceous and colored, the two lateral 
(wings) twice longer and more slender, obliquely subovate-oblong, equalling the 
wings of the corolla, and a little shorter than the keel. Lateral petals, or wings, 
lanceolate and slightly adhering to the base of the keel. Keel split in front, dilated 
above the base and contracted towards the middle, then abruptly dilated, subrhom- 
boid and terminating in an erect obovate-oblong and obtuse hood. The stamens do 
not reach the base of the hood ; the filaments are fixed to the keel as far as the rent, 
where they become free. The style is flexuose, tubular, dilated at top and truncate, 
the stigma resting on the margin. Ovary stipitate, capsule subsessile, orbicular, 
emarginate. There are also, at the base of the leafy branches, short fructiferous 
branchlets, bearing capsules rather smaller than those of the upper branches, and 
perhaps produced by apetalous flowers.” 

The few small specimens I find in Mr. Pratten’s collection differ only from the 
above description in having the hood conspicuously mucronate; but Dr. Torrey 
informs me that, in the specimens of Col. Fremont, some have the mucro, whilst 
others have it not. 

Bentham’s description of the radical leaves of C. yaucisecta, The upper leaves are ternate, and the leaflets of all 
the leaves are rhombic-ovate, petiolulate and repand-dentate; each axil is furnished with a few-flowered stipitate 
raceme, provided with a leaf-like 3-parted or dentate bract. The terminal raceme is 12—15 flowered; the sepals 

are ovate, with a whitish margin, 4 the length of the petals, which are white slightly tinged with pink. The root 
appears to be tuberous, and the stem and petioles are succulent. 


82 PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 

VIOLACE A. 

VIOLA Becxwiruu, Torr.’s MSS. for Beckwith’s report, “subcaulescens, ad- 
scendens, caule abbreviato; foliis caulinaribus biternatis vel palmati-sectis, decur- 
rentibus, lobis vel segmentis oblonge-linearibus, hirsutis, pubescentibus; stipulis 
minutis, scariosis, integris; sepalis linearibus obtusis, ciliolatis, petalo infimo ad basim 
remisse saccato, purpureo, ad unguiculum luteo, 2 superioribus brevioribus dense 
violaceis.” 

Pratten’s plant, although evidently the same as V. Beckwithii, differs slightly from 
the above description. It has but a few pentagonal reniform leaves on long margined 
petioles; these leaves are 3-divided, or pedately parted with cuneiform 2—3 cleft 
elliptico-linear segments ; stipules small, membranaceous, fimbriate ; two very minute 
bracts about the middle of the peduncle; flowers rather small, on peduncles shorter 
than the petioles; sepals linear-lanceolate, spur scarcely any ; stigma orbicular oblique, 
fringed with short hairs. In shady and marshy woods. April. 

VIOLA topata, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 298. “Glabra, caulibus adscendentibus ; 
stipulis late ovatis, dentatis ; foliis latis ovatis subreniformibusve, regulariter palmatim 
3—7 lobis. Sepalis lanceolatis acutis, corollee calcare brevi sacciforme.” 

“Rhizoma short, ascending. Stems half a foot high. Inferior stipules two lines 
wide and auriculate at the base, the superior ones narrower acute. The lower leaves are 
more wide than long, on long petioles, with lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, and 
mostly divided above the middle of the lamina; the upper leaves are generally trifid, 
with the middle lobe larger than the others, on peduncles about two inches long, pro- 
vided, above the middle, with two small approximate or distant bracteoles. Flowers 
yellow? petals beardless. The appendices of the anthers very unequal; the superior 
a little shorter than the anther itself, the inferior very short. Style clavate, incurved, 
with an oblique stigma, and ciliate with retrorse hairs under the stigmatose part.” 

In my specimens the stems are striate, branching, eight inches long. The leaves 
are strongly veined, the inferior glabrous, cordate, palmately divided from about the 
middle, with lanceolate lobes; the upper are pubescent-scabrous, ovate-rhomboid, 
with lateral dentiform lobes. The stipules are foliaceous, broadly-oblong, mucronate- 
dentate, or entire and lobed, attaining towards the middle of the stem twice the 
length of the petioles. The flowers are numerous, on rather short peduncles, each 
having two small bracts, distant or approximate, above the middle. Petals apparently 
bluish in-my specimens, obovate, twice the length of the sepals; lateral ones some- 
what bearded at the claw; spur wide and saccate; style incurved, ciliate with retrorse 
hairs under the oblique stigma. Capsule ovate. Shady woods. May. 

V. premorsa, Dougl. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 141. - 

V. toners, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i, p. 140. 


PLANTH PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICH. 83 

HYPERICACEA. 
HYPERICUM Scoutezrt, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. i. p, 111. 

H. concinnum, Benth. Pl. Hartw. No. 1670. “Suffruticosum, glabrum, ramis her- 
baceis teretibus vel superne compressis ; foliis oblongis, sessilibus, semiamplexicaulibus, 
opacis, subtus nigro-punctatis ; cymis confertis paucifloris, sepalis ovatis acutis glan- 
duloso-dentatis, lineatis, petalorum dimidium sequantibus; staminibus numerosis, 
obsolete triadelphis ; stylis 3-distinctis, suberectis.” 

“‘Stems ligneous at base, numerous, erect, simple, half a foot high. Leaves tough, 
8—10’” long, 2 broad, with a sharp acumination, entire, sparingly nigro-punctate, 
the middle rib somewhat prominent, veins inconspicuous. Flowers 3—7 together at 
the summit of the stems, of the size of those of H. perforatum. Pedicels short, 
with two opposite bracteoles, half the length of the calyx. Petals yellow, almost 
equal, 33’” long, mucronate-acute, margins irregularly crenulate with a few glands 
and sometimes 1—2 acute teeth; the middle rib bestrewed with long linear and ~ 
almost parallel glands, and the whole surface sprinkled over with oblong black dots; 
anthers also dotted black. Ovary quite triangular, with a trilobed apex. Styles 
longer than.the ovary. On high land. July and August.” 

CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 

ARENARIA (Atsing) Dovetassu, Fenzl. in Hook. and Arn. Beechey, suppl. p. 
325. 

SILENE Greceu, Gray, Pl. Wright, part ii. p. 17. 

S. CALIFORNICA, spec. nov.? Caulis subramosus, debilis, pubescens, foliis caulinaribus 
oblongo-lanceolatis, integris, ciliatis, fere semiamplexicaulibus ; cymis trifloris; calyce 
ample elliptice-cylindrico, obscure striato, pubescente, dentibus late ovatis, margine 
membranaceo ciliato ; petalis purpureis magnis quadrifidis, lobis mediis amplis, pro- 
funde partitis, obtusis, lateralibus minoribus acutis, unguiculis latis, ciliatis ; staminibus 
tubo exsertis. 

This plant, of which I have several other specimens collected at Calaveras by Dr. 
Heermann, may be the 8. Virginica of Benth. Pl. Hartw.; but its characters are so 
constant that I feel justified in separating it from that species, which it resembles at 
first sight. It is more pubescent, the stem and calyx less striate than in the latter, 
and I have not seen more than three flowers in each cyme, whilst S. Virginica has 
generally more, and SS. rotundifolia, with which it has likewise some affinity, has 
them solitary or in twos. Its habits are also very different from those of S. regia and 
S. Greggti, which are robust and erect plants, with thickish oval or obovate leaves. In 
S. regia the petals are entire, in 8. Greggit they are 4-fid with linear lobes, in 

22 


84 PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 

S. Californica the middle lobes are considerably larger than the lateral. Internodes 
2—4 inches long. The calyx is not clavate, but uniformly expanded and perfectly 
. cylindrical, with delicate strize. The lamine of the petals are always four-lobed, two 
large obtuse lobes in the centre and two smaller and acute on the sides. Flowers 
deep scarlet. Hills of Deer Creek. May. 

S. CALIFORNICA, var. miniata, var. nov. Caulis erectus, simplex, 6—8 pollicaris, 
foliis ovato-lanceolatis acutis, basi attenuatis, sessilibus; internodiis 1—13 pollicaribus; 
cymis 3-floris; calyce omnino conformi S. Californice ; petalis miniatis, bilobatis 
cum dentibus lateralibus duobus. 

The most striking characters of 8. Californica are the tubular form of the calyx 
and the four-lobed petals; in the variety miniata the petals are not exactly four-lobed, 
the lateral teeth are too small to be accounted lobes, but the calyx and the claws of 
the petals are exactly the same. The latter might, however, prove to be a new 
species, if the minium color of its flowers is constant. Its leaves differ in being oval- 
lanceolate and more attenuate at base than S. Californica; it is also a smaller plant, 
with comparatively short internodes. Dr. Heermann brought it from Calaveras, 
mixed with specimens of S. Californica. 

S. MULTICAULE, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 192. 
\ 

PORTULACACE i. 

SPRAGUEA umBe.iata, Torrey, Pl. Frem. in Smiths. Contr. 1853, p. 4, Pl. I. A 
new and beautiful genus, belonging to the family of the Portulacacew, and dedicated to 
Isaac Sprague, the able botanical draughtsman of Prof. Gray’s Genera Illustrata. 

ERODIUM cicurarium, L’Her. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 208. 

LIMNANTHACEH &. 

LIMNANTHES axsa, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 301. “ Foliis laxe pilosis, segmentis 
oblongo-lanceolatis linearibusve, sepalis ovato-lanceolatis, pilis longis albo-lanatis. 
Habitus et folia L. Douglassii. Heec vero, preesertim folia superiora, pilis longis, laxis, 
albis ciliata. Flores quam L. Douglassii paullo majores videntur, petala alba, unicolo- 
rata et vix emarginata.” Marshy ground. 

MALVACE. 
SIDALCEA Harrwect, Gray, Pl. Fendl. p. 20. Wet places. July. 

ACERACE A. 

ACER MAcRoPpHYLLUM, Pursh’s Fl. vol. i. p. 267. A large tree, growing along the 
banks of Deer Creek. 


PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 85 

HIPPOCASTANACH &. 

ZESCULUS Cauirornica, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 251. Banks of 
Deer Creek, seven miles below Nevada. 

RHAMNACEZ. 

RHAMNUS otsirouius, Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. vol. i. p. 123; Torr. and Gr. FI. 
Am. vol. i. p. 260. 

CEANOTHUS cungatus, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 267. Hills. 
April and May. 

C. utecerrm™us, Hook. and Arn. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. suppl. p. 686. 
Hills of Deer Creek. May. 

C. soreDIANUS, Hook. and Arn. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. suppl. p. 686. Near the 
creek. May. 

C. papriiosus, Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. 268. Granitic Hills. April and May. 

C. prostRatuS, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 302. “ Fruticulus prostratus, glaber, resinosus, 
foliis oppositis cuneatis, apice spinuloso 3-dentatis, coriaceis, penninervibus ; thyrsis 
brevibus subumbellatiformibus.” 

“A very ramose and rigid shrub; prostrate, with branches and leaves opposite. 
The young shoots subangular, and afterwards terete. Stipules narrow-lanceolate, 
acute, fuscous, less than a line long. Leaves thick coriaceous 6—9'" long, and at- 
tenuated into a short petiole, dividing at top into three triangular spinescent entire 
teeth or lobes, the middle of which is commonly the largest. Flowers blue, and of 
the size of those of C. cuneatus and C. rigidus, which it resembles very much, although 
a much lower shrub.” Hills along the creek. May. | 

LEGUMINOS Zi. 

LATHYRUS venosus, var. y. L. decaphyllus, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. i. p. 159. 
L. multiflorus, Nutt. MSS. 

L. vENosuS, var. 5. L. pubescens, Nutt., L. decaphyllus, g. minor, Hook. and Arn, 
Another variety which is exactly the same form as Nuttall’s L. polyphyllus, Torr. and 
Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 274, except that the calyces are villous. All these forms were 
found on the banks of Deer Creek, in the month of August. 

PSORALEA orpicuLaris, Lindl. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 304. In the 
specimens I have before me the spikes are not globose-ovate, as represented in the 
figure of Bot. Reg., but very elongated, and some more than four inches long, with a 
tuft of large yellow bracts, ciliate, and dotted with purple clavate glands. The upper 


86 PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICAE. 

part of the stem and the calyces are very hairy. This is certainly one of the largest 
and most beautiful herbaceous plants of the family of the Legwminose, resembling the 
Lupinus plumosus. The petioles and peduncles are more than a foot long, and the 
round-oval leaflets are from 3” to 34” in diameter. It grows in damp places and 
flowers in August. . 

TRIFOLIUM rimsriatum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. T. 1070. Torr. and Gr. Fl. Amer. vol. 
1 [Om Gere 

HOSACKIA GranpirtorA, Benth. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 823. Easily 
distinguished by its large umbellate flowers, nearly an inch tong; each umbel is gene- 
rally, provided with a large orbicular-ovate and sessile foliole. Granitic hills on the 
creek sides. 

H. sicotor, Dougl. Bot. Reg. T. 1257. Lotus pinnatus, Hook. Bot. Mag. T. 2913. 
Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 322. In wet places by the creek. 

H. Pursuiana, Benth. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 827. A small form. 

H. (MICROLOTUS) BRACHYCARPA, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 306. “ Annua, & basi ramosa, 
villosa ; foliis 4—5, obovatis oblongisve; floribus solitariis, brevissime pedunculatis, 
ebracteatis; dentibus calycinis lanceolato-subulatis, tubo duplo longioribus; legumine 
oblongo, turgido. piloso, calycem breviter superanti.” 

““ Stem subramose, 3—4” high, leaves smaller than those of H. subpinnata, lesume 
2-3-seeded, 3—4”” long, 14’” wide, divided in very thin and diaphanous cells.” 

Mr. Pratten’s plant is very small, suffruticose and branching, softly villous through- 
out. Branchlets short, 3—4 flowered; leaflets 3—5, ovate or obovate lanceolate mu- 
cronulate. Stipules minute, very villous. Flowers solitary, subsessile, alternate. 
Calyx very villous, bilabiate, with linear subulate divisions, much longer than the 
tube. Legume erect, oblong, obtuse, inflated, very woolly, longer than the calyx. 
Seeds orbicular, compressed, deeply umbilicate. Hills. August. 

LUPINUS concinnvs, Agardh. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 372. 

L. nanus, Dougl. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 373. Several forms. 

L. tatirotius, Agardh. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 375. 

L. aLBicauLis, Dougl. LZ. falcifer, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 378. 
L. rtvunaris, Lindl. Z. labiatus, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 376. 
L. Doveiassu, Agardh. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 380. 

PICKERINGIA montana, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol: i. p. 388. Unfor- 
tunately, as in Nuttall and Douglass’s specimens, Pratten’s have no fruit. 


PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICZ. 87 

ROSACEA. 
CERASUS pemissa, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 411. A shrub, 

with leaves rather glaucous. 

SPIRASA opunirotra, Linn. var. mudtiflora, var. nov. Leaves small, glabrous ; 
pedicels pubescent, with a stipitate bract at the base; calyces tomentose. Flowers 
about fifty in a hemispherical umbel. 

5. Doueiassu, Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. vol. i. p. 172. Banks of Deer Creek, August. 

CHAM ABATIA Froriosa, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 308. Torrey’s Pl. Frem. in contr. 
to Smithson. Inst., p. 11, T. vi. A beautiful little evergreen shrub of the family 
Rosacece, subtribe Cercocarpece, with tripinnately dissected leaves resembling a fern. 
Side hills along Deer Creek. November. 

ROSA sLAnpA, Ait. in Torr. and Gray Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 459. 
R. egymnocarpa, Nutt.in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. 1. p. 461. Granitie hills. July. 

ONAGRACEA. 

ZAUSCHNERIA Cauirornica, Presl. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am vol. i. p. 486. 

Banks of Deer Creek. August. I have under my eyes three very distinct forms 
of Zauschneria; one, (var. «.) pubescent, narrow-leaved, with bright red calyces and 
corollas. The second, (var. s.) Mr. Pratten’s plant, is villous-canescent, with broad-oval 
leaves; calyces of a fulvous color, longitudinally veined, and tips of petals brightly red. 
The third form, which might prove a distinct species, is also villous-canescent, 
with ovate-lanceolate acute leaves, repandly denticulate, and very much like the 
floral leaves of Cinothera biennis ; calyx and corolla of a uniform bright scarlet 
color; flowers large, bracteate, on a long terminal spike. The latter was collected 

by Dr. Heermann at Posa Creek, South California. 

CHNOTHERA (GODETIA) sitopa, Sp. Nov. Caulis adscendens, ramosus, sub- 
elaber, ramis virgatis; folis lineari-lanceolatis, denticuiato-repandis, basi attenuatis, 
petiolatis; floribus sessilibus purpureis; calycis tubo infundibuliformi; petalis an- 
custe cuneatis, obeordato-bilobis, staminibus multo longioribus; antheris longis, 
reflexis ; pistillo stamina valde superanti; stigmatibus purpureis, quadrifidis, lobis bre- 
vibus, subovatis; germine lineari, acuminato, pubescenti. 

. biloba and Gi. decumbens are, I believe, the only species of section Godetie having 
deeply bilobed petals. The flowers are moderately large, lilac color, and showy. The 
stamina are much shorter than the style, stigma purple, germ linear-acuminate and 
sessile. I have not seen the ripe capsules. 

i. rupicunpA. Lindl. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 502. Stem glabrous, 

» 
-*) 


88 PLANTA PRATTENIANAD CALIFORNICH. 

virgate, purplish ; leaves subsessile, linear-lanceolate, subulately acuminate. Flowers 
axillary, pedicellate, in a loose raceme; calyx short, infundibuliform; corolla cyathiform, 
purple, with a bright orange spot at the bottom; petals flabelliform, rounded trian- 
gular, with erose margins; stamens short, erect ; tips of anthers at length reflexed, style 
purple, stigma yellow, linear-elongated. Capsule pubescent, acuminate. <A beautiful 
and highly ornamental species. On granitic hills. July. 

Ci. PURPUREA, Curtis in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am, vol. i. p. 504. 

CLARKIA ruomporea, Dougl. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 516. Near tops 
of hills, along water courses. September. 

LOASACE A. 

MENTZELIA Lavicautis, Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 535, Burtonia levi- 
caulis, Dougl. On river bars, twenty miles below Nevada. August. 

CRASSULACEAL. 
ECHEVERIA. Incomplete specimen. 

SAXIFRAGACE. 
SAXIFRAGA virainrensis, Mich. in Torr and Gr. F]. Am. voli. p. 571. 

S. pELTATA, Torr. in Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 311. “ Rhizomate crasso, repente ; foliis 
longissime petiolatis, erectis, amplis, peltatis, orbiculatis, ambitu lobatis et inciso-den- 
tatis, membranaceis ; scapis subnudis, apice cymosis, glandulosis. Calycis tubo bre- 
vissimo, campanulato, lobis late ovatis obtusis; petalis obovali-oblongis; carpellis dis- 
tinctis. 

Rhizoma thick, creeping under ground as well as under water, covered over with 
large orbicular scales. The whole plant glabrous, but the petioles, the nerves of the 
leaves, and especially the inflorescence, are overspread with scabrous black glands. 
Leaves erect on a petiole two feet long. Lamina 6~8” in diameter, concave in the 
central part; lobes very unequal, ovate, the segments reaching nearly to the middle 
of the limb, with doubly dentate or shortly lobed margins. Scapes two feet high, 
with a small cuneate, lobed or dentate leaf below the cyme. Cyme multiform, some- 
times 4” in diameter, ebracteate, ramose, very much like that of S. cordifolia. Flowers 
of a pale rose color. The segments of the calyx little more than a line long, folia- 
ceous and glandular. Petals 3’" long, marcescent. Stamens 10; filaments dilated at 
base and lessening towards the apex; anthers ovate; ovaries glabrous, resting on a 
flat base, otherwise not coherent, with tips attenuate into a very short style soon be- 
coming concave and dilated by the increase of the stigmatose part, and by the oblique 


PLANT PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 89 

subhypocridiform margin. Ovules numerous.” Grows on the banks of streams as 
well as in the water. 
This plant is also in the collection made at Calaveras by Dr. Heermann. 

- BOYKINIA OCCIDENTALIS, Horr, and-Grs El. Am.. vel. 1. 

dled A 4 ° . 
p- 977. Specimen in a 
depauperated state, and scarcely 4” high, still well characterized. 

UMBELLIFER. 
SANICULA sipinnatiripa, Dougl. in Torr. and Gr. FI. Am. vol. 1. p. 6053. 

EDOSMIA Garrpnert, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 612. 
PEUCEDANUM vurricutatum, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. 1. p. 628. 
ARCHANGELICA aixsuta? Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol i. p. 622. 

OSMORHIZA pracuypopa, Torr. in Whipple’s report, as yet unpublished. 

“ Tt differs from O. brevistylis in the very short pedicels of the fertile flowers and the 
fruit, also in the minute stylopodium; leaves also different, the general involucre 
wanting or about one-leaved. (Dr. Torr. in litt.)” The whole plant is but slightly 
pubescent and not hairy as is O. brevistylis; the configuration of the leaflets is some- 
what trapezoid, shorter than in the other species, and petiolulate, with a few rounded 
lobes or teeth. The fruit is rather truncate below the stylopodium, the styles very 
short and parallel as far as the uncinate top. Near the banks of Deer Creek. July. 

DEWEYA arcuta, 6. “ This is probably Hartweg’s plant. I have it in Whipple's 
collection in two states; one like the original specimen of Nuttall, with pinnate 
leaves, but with a tendency in the lower leaflets to be compound; the other with ter- 
nately divided leaves, and the divisions quinate and pinnate. Yours belong to the 
latter form.” (Torr. in Litt.) Not in fruit. April. 

CAPRIFOLIACEZ. 

SYMPHORICARPUS  raAcemosus, var. trilobus, var nov. Apparently a small 
shrub, subpubescent. Leaves 3-lobed, the middle lobe large, rhomboid-ovate, entire 
or dentate ; the two inferior (sometimes a single one) elongated obtuse. Although I 
have seen occasional lobes in the leaves of different species of Symphoricarpus, yet 
this character is so constant in my specimens that I think it necessary to notice it as 

a new variety. 
CORNACE AL. 
CORNUS Nurratiu, Audubon in Torr. and Gr. FI. Am. vol. 1. p. 652. 

CORNUS szssiuis, Torr. Spee. noy. ined. Frutex, foliis late-ovatis, acuminatis, 
basi fere acutis, pilis appressis pubescentibus, subius pallidis; floribus flavis, umbel- 


vO PLANTA. PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 

latis, und cum foliis nascentibus; umbell& simplici, sessili, lax4, involucro parvo, — 
4-phyllo deciduoque instructa, pedicellis villosis; fructu ovato-oblongo. 

“The leaves are broadly ovate, acuminate, rather acute at base, pubescent with 
appressed hairs, and pale underneath. Flowers appearing with the leaves, in a simple, 
sessile, loose umbel, which is surrounded by a small 4-leaved deciduous involucre ; 
pedicels villous; drupe ovate oblong.” (Torr. in litt.) 

This remarkable species belongs to the section of Cornus with yellow umbellate 
flowers, which includes the Cornus mas of Europe and our Cornus florida. So far, 
specimens collected by Dr. Bigelow and in Whipple’s expedition, had proved insuff- 
cient for the complete description of this new species, on account of their being too 
far advanced in florescence ; but two small specimens, just in bloom, collected by Mr. 
Pratten on the banks of Deer Creek, have permitted Dr. Torrey to finish his descrip- 
tion. The latter specimens, which were only the tip of flowering branches, might 
have been taken, at first sight, for Dirca palustris. 

LORANTHACE. 
PHORADENDRON sunreerinum, Engelm. in Gray’s Pl. Fendl. p. 58. 

RUBIACEZ. 
CEPHALANTHUS occrpenrauis, Linn. var. Californicus? Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 
314. “Glaberrimus, petiolis brevissimis ; floribus interdum pentameris, etsi seepius 

tetrameris,” &c. The leaves are rather narrower and more elongated than in the 
eastern species. 

VALERIANACE &. 
PLECTRITIS conessta, D. C. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p 50. 

COMPOSIT &. 

SERICOCARPUS Catirornicus, spec. nov. Caulis erectus, dense scabro-pubescens, 
foliis caulinaribus ovato-lanceolatis, integris, sessilibus, uninerviis; capitulis majoribus 
quam in eseteris speciebus, 15—20-floris, in corymbum compositum, terminalem dispo- 
sitis. Involucris fere turbinatis, squamis adpressis, ovato-oblongis, obtusis, obscure 
uninerviis, basi pallidis, apice herbaceis ; ligulis albis, pappo albido longioribus ; ache- 
niis obpyramidatis, tenuibus, pubescentibus, pappo dimidio minoribus. 

Apparently a stout plant, with larger heads of flowers than any other of the known 
species. Radical leaves wanting, those of the stem oval-lanceolate, closely sessile, 
with an acuminate point, strongly uninerved, rather adpressed, about an inch long, 
scabrous, ciliate, entire. Heads 15—20-flowered, in a compound terminal corymb ; 
involucre cylindrical-turbinate, scales imbricate in several series, adpressed, ovate- 
oblong, obtuse, obscurely uninerved, whitish-cartilaginous at base, with herbaceous 


PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNIC AH. 9] 

tips. Rays white, longer than the white pappus. Achenia linear-obconic, pubescent, 
about one half the length of the pappus. It has many points of resemblance with 
Aster Mentziesii, Lindl., from which it differs, however, in its oval leaves, white rays, 

and achenia not compressed. 

ASTER rapuLa? var. nov. Heads rather larger and more numerous than in our 
Eastern species. 

A. Duranpt, Nutt. Gambel’s plants, in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series. Very 
much like Lindley’s A. falcatus, and probably the same. 

ERIGERON Doverassn, Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 177. 
SOLIDAGO Catirornica, Nutt. in'Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 203. 

HELIOMERIS simpiex, spec. nov. Caulis gracilis, erectus, simplex, 12—15-polli- 
caris, uniflorus, et pariter cum foliis, pilis albidis, appressis, basi dilatatis parce obtectus. 
Foliis oppositis vel alternis, lanceolatis acutis, scabris, in petiolum brevem desinentibus 
interdumve sessilibus, ad basim presertim ciliatis; squamis involucralibus biserialibus, 
oblongo-lanceolatis acutis; radii floribus luteo-aurantiacis, oblongo-ovatis, obtusis, 
obscure striatis, involucro duplo longioribus, sterilibus; disci corollis fusco-purpureis ; 
acheeniis compressis, glabris, calvis.., 

I have the same plant from the head of Rio Laguno, collected by Dr. Heermann, 
and, in all my specimens, the form is the same; stem simple, erect, one-flowered, not 
above 15 inches high, with a small tap root. The stem and leaves are sparingly 
covered with appressed, simple, white scabrous hairs, squamiform at base. The 
leaves are about 2” apart, less than 2” long and 3’ broad; they are opposite or alter- 
nate, scabrous, and ciliate, with a very short hairy petiole, or sometimes sessile. The 
scales of the involucre are in two equal series, oblong-lanceolate acute. Rays 12—L6, 
oblong-oval, obtuse, obscurely striate, and of light orange color; disk corollas dark 
purple, with a short limb. Achenia compressed, smooth, devoid of pappus. Called 
by the Mexicans Ojo de Gallo. 

AGARISTA cauuiopsipea, D.C. Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 338. 

LEPTOSYNE Sritimanu, (Gray in litt.) “ Foliis inferioribus oppositis, omnibus 
trifidis seu pinnato—5-partitis, segmentis rachique planis, anguste-linearibus; squamis 
involucri externi oblongis, corollis haud annulato-barbatis ; appendicibus styli florum 
disci haud apiculatis; radii orbiculatis, margine fungoso subrugoso cinctis ; acheeniis 
glaberrimis. In the valley of the upper Sacramento. Dr. Stillman.” 

“The single specimen collected is about a span high, with shorter and coarser 
leaves than LZ. Douglass, and smaller heads. The scales of the exterior involucre 

are broader, shorter, rather fewer, and externally sparingly bearded at their base. 
24 


92 PLANTH PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 

There is only a faint indication of the bearded ring so manifest on the tube of the 
disk corollas of LZ. Douwglassii, nor do the achenia show a trace of the capitate hairs 
of that species. The appendages of the style, moreover, are very obtuse, and desti- 
tute of the abrupt and sharp tip. Still it is an undoubted congener of L. Douglassi. 
(Prof. Gray in litt.)” 

I have several fine specimens of this plant, collected by Mr. Pratten at Nevada, 
and by Dr. Heermann at Calaveras. The scapes are simple, sparingly leafy at the 
base, from 5—7" high, sometimes solitary, sometimes 2-3-4 from the same root. 
Leaves rather succulent, opposite or alternate, the lowest radical simple, linear spathu- 
late ; the others 3—5-parted with linear spatulate segments. Flowers in my speci- 
mens as large as in L. Douglassii, if not larger; rays 3-toothed, of a brilliant yellow 
color. Evidently growing in a muddy soil. 

SANVITALIA Assert, Gray, Pl. Fendl. p. 87. 

XIMENESIA EnceEtioweEs, Cav. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 359. 
HYMENANTHERUM Waicutn, Gray. Pl. Wright, part i. p. 116. 
CHANACTIS uererocArpPua, Torr. and Gr. Fl. ined. Gray’s Pl. Fendl. p 98. 
BURRIBLIA eracius, D. C. Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 378. 

LAYIA (CALLIACHYRIS) Fremont, Gr. Pl. Fendl. partii.p. 103. Calliachyria 
Fremont, Torr. and Gr. in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 140. 

“C, Fremontu, Torr. is founded on a plant collected by Col. Fremont in his first 
expedition to California, in 1846. It belongs to the section Osmadenia, Torr. and 
Gr. Fl. Am. vol. 11. p. 402, but the cup-shaped stipitate gland on the floral and fasci- 
culate cauline leaves, and the teeth of the disk corolla, are short and ovate. It differs 
in these respects from C. tenella, and thus connects the section Osmadenia with 
Eucalycadenia. It is stouter and more hairy than C. tenella, but seems to grow erect, 
and with but little tendency to spreading.” (Torr. in litt.) 

CALLICHROA prartyetossa, Fisch. and Mey. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 
399. 

CALYCADENTA truncata, D. C. Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 401. 

MADARIA corymrosa, D. C. Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 404. Granitic hills, 
along the Creek. August. 

ANISOCARPUS mapariorsss, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 403. 
HARP /AXCARPUS maApArromes, Nutt. in Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 406. 


PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 93 

MONOLOPIA tanceotata, Nutt. Gambel’s plant, in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. i. 
Deli. 

M. HrerMANNII, spec. nov. Herba tomentosa parvula, caulibus fere e radige race- 
mosis, corymbosis, 3—5-pollicaribus; ramis monocephalis ; foliis parallelo-linearibus, 
fere pollicaribus; omnibus supra medium rachis 5—7-lobatis; lobis rachique pla- 
nis, obtusis, superioribus sparse dentatis; capitulis terminalibus; involucri late cam- 
panulati squamis ad medium connatis, segmentis 8, ovato-lanceolatis, valde tomen- 
tosis; radii floribus 8, ovato-oblongis, involucro plus duplo longioribus, dentibus 
duobus ad apicem minutissimis; styli ramulis oblongo-linearibus, bast marginatis ; 
corollee disci dentibus brevibus, intus asperis. Achsenium maturum non vidi. 

A congener of I. bahicfolia, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 317. Only one specimen from 
Mr. Pratten; but I have four or five from Dr. Heermann, collected at Calaveras. 
Monolopia Heermannit differs essentially from IL bahiefolia in its leaves being always 
d5—7-parted, whilst in the latter they are either entire or 3-lobed. 

MALACOTHRIX venvurouia, Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p: 487.  Leucoseris 
tenuifolia, Nutt. 

MACRORHYNCHUS rerrorsus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 320. “Planta perennis, laxe- 
piloso-lanata vel demum glabrescens, foliis lineari-lanceolatis, retrorsum pinnatifidis ; 
involucri squamis exterioribus apice foliaceis, interioribus lineari-lanceolatis, rostro 
achzeniis plus triplo longiore. 

Same size as M. troxvmoides, with larger heads. Leaves 4—6 inches long, very 
acuminate, rachis larger, segments 4—8 on each side, lanceolate, retrorse, and all, as 
well as the apex of the leaves, terminating in a glandular callus, and some having a 
tooth at the base. Immature achenia with prominent ribs, beak 5’” long.” 

M. HETEROPHYLLUS, Nutt. Mr. Pratten’s specimens are larger than those collected 
in Oregon by Mr. Nuttall, who represents this plant as a dwarf species. They are of 
the same size as those I have received from Dr. Torrey, collected by Col. Fremont; 
but I have others from Calaveras (Dr. Heermann’s) that are not less than a foot high, 
with flowers from 12 to 12” in diameter. 

CAMPANULACE As, 

CAMPANULA PRENANTHOIDES, spec. nov. Elata ramosa, foliis inflorescentize sessi- 
libus, lanceolatis, acutis, basi latioribus, marginis infra medium utrinque bidentatis. 
Floribus cceruleis, subnutantibus, 3—d-paniculatis, spicam laxam inferne ramulosam 
constituentibus; calycis tubo globoso-truncato ; corollis campanulatis, profunde divisis, 
lobis lanceolatis; stylo exerto, reflexo; stigmate clavato, ramis tribus erectis brevibusque 
ad summum instructo. Cstivatio prenanthidis. 


94 PLANTA: PRATTENNIANA’ CALIFORNICAL. 

Stem erect, ramose, 2—3 feet high, slightly puberulent and glaucescent. Inflo- 
rescence, before the expansion of flowers, very similar to that of prananthes. The 
upper cauline leaves are sessile, lanceolate, acute, widening towards the base, with 
two small teeth on each side. Flowers medium size, about 2” long, blue and some- 
what drooping, 3—5 paniculate, in an elongated and loose spike ramulose at base ; 
tube of the calyx globose, truncate, with acute lobes, scarcely one-half the length of 
the corolla, which is campanulate and deeply divided in lanceolate lobes. Style 
exserted, reflex, stigma clavate, with three short and erect divisions. The specimens 
are very incomplete, and exhibit only the tops of the branches. 

HETERODON rartrtorum, Nutt. In herb. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

ERICACE ZA. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS exravca, Lindl. in D.C. Prodr., vol. vii. p. 586. Granitic 
hills, April. 

AZALEA cattrornicA, Torr. and Gr. spec. nov. ined. Rhododendron calendu- 
lacewm, Hook. Ramis glabris; foliis obovatis, utrinque levibus, nervis tamen subtus 
parce hispidis margineque ciliatis; pedicellis glanduloso-pilosis; calycis dentibus 
obtusis, valde ciliatis; corolle maximee tubo pubescenti limboque glabro; genitalibus 
exertissimis ; antheris elongatis, apice truncato biporosis; stylo stamina superante, 
2” longo, apice obconico, papilloso. Inflorescentia A. nwdiflore consimilis, flores tamen 
multo majores. Shady hills along Deer Creek. 

A very large-flowered Azalea with obovate subglaucus leaves, smooth on both sides, 
although sparingly hirsute on the underneath nerves, and ciliate. Pedicels glandular- 
pilose; teeth of the calyx short, obtuse and ciliate; corollas light purple, with a 
pubescent tube and smooth limb. Stamens and pistil much exserted; anthers elon- 
gated, truncate, with two glandular pores at the summit. Style obconic, papillose, 
longer than the stamina, and about two inches in length. Inflorescence of A. nudi- 
flora, with much larger flowers and more forward leaves. 

PRIMULACEA. 

DODECATHEON extipticum, Nutt. spec. noy. ined.? Planta humilis scapo in 
prima anthesi 3—5-pollicari posteaque elatiori; umbellis 5—8-floris; floribus nutan- 
tibus; foliis rotundo-spathulatis ellipticisve, in petiolum latum desinentibus et una 
cum eo 12—14” longis, margine subscarioso cinctis; involucri laciniis acutis; filamentis 
in annulum plane violaceum, antherarum tubo contiguum eoque fere dimidio breviorem 
connatis ; antheris subobtusis. 


PLANTH PRATTENIAN® CALIFORNICA. 95 

Mr. Pratten’s plant, as well as other specimens collected at Calaveras by Dr. Heer- 
mann, are all in the first stage of florescence and dwarfish ; the scape is 5—8-flowered, 
3—5" high; the leaves are round-spathulate,‘1—12" long including the petiole; they 
are entire, with a conspicuous subscarious margin; the filaments are completely 
connate in a tube of a deep violet color, shorter than that of the yellow anthers and 
contiguous with it; the anthers, therefore, appear quite sessile, and are broader than 
in D. meadia and its varieties, and rather obtuse. Specimens collected by Mr. 
Nuttall, on the plains of the Columbia river, labelled by him D. ellipticum, and, I 
believe, as yet unpublished, are perfectly identical with Pratten and Heermann’s 
plants, although in a more advanced stage of florescence and greater development 
of scapes and leaves; the latter, however, do not exceed 22" in length including 
the petiole. I suspect that Beechey’s California specimens, from which Decandolle 
has, in part, evidently, described his D. integrifolium, belong also to the same 

species. 

+So far, four or five species of Dodecatheons have been described ; but there is such a discrepancy in their 
descriptions, and their forms are so variable, that I felt inclined to follow my highly esteemed friend Prof. Asa 
Grey, in uniting them all together into a single species. However, on examining attentively and comparing the 
numerous specimens I have before me, I can not but find at least two very distinct species and several varieties, 
which I divide as follows : 

* Filamentis liberis in tubum approximatis. 

DODECATHEON meanra, Linn. o. Foliis ovato-oblongis, integris vel repando-dentatis ; umbellis multifloris ; 
floribus nutantibus; involucri foliolis ovato-spathulatis lanceolatisve ; filamentis flavis glandula purpurea ad 
apicem instructis; antheris elongatis acuminatis. In regionibus orientalibus usque ad flumen Missouri. 

3. Var. pauciflora.—D. integrifolium, Mich. non D. C. Foliis oblongo-ovalibus integerrimis (nonnunquam 
repando-dentatis) ; umbellis paucifloris, 3—5; floribus suberectis, dense purpureis; antheris atro-violaceis ; 
bracteolis linearibus. Ad orientem et occidentem fluminis Missouri usque ad Montes Scopulosos. 

y. Var. integrifolia,—D. integrifolium, Nutt. non Mich. neque D.C. D. frigidum? Cham. Foliis numerosis, 
congestis, oblongo-ovatis, et una cum petiolis vix 3-pollicaribus. Scapo 5—10-floro, 6—10” alto; involucri foliolis 
lineari-lanceolatis acutis, nonnunquam longissimis; floribus breve pedicellatis, suberectis, albis, vel purpureis- 
Vidi specimen e regione arctica, D. frigidum inscriptaum, omnino consimile. Habitus a pracedentibus dis- 
similis atque minor; forte species distincta? In regionibus Oceani Pacifici. 

** Filamentis in tubum connatis. 

D. exirpticum, Nutt. Partim D. integrifolium, D. C.; partim D. frigidum, Cham. in D. C. Prodr. In California 
et Oregon. Nuttall, Beechey, Heermann, Pratten. 

I have examined, in Mr. Kilvington’s garden, an abundance of seedlings of Dodecatheon in flower, obtained 
from different sources ; but all from the species D. meadia, var. o and 8. In the former the flowers are hanging, and 
vary in color from white to lilac and different shades of purple ; the anthers and filaments are yellow, the glands 
deep purple. The leaves are from 4—8" long. In the latter the flowers are generally erect, of a deep purple 
color, with violet anthers and yellow filaments ; the leaves are oval, oblong, entire, but sometimes coarsely den- 
tate and not marginate. In both the anthers are very acuminate, and the filaments free, remote, or somewhat 
approximated, but never connate as in D. ellipticum. I have not seen D. dentatwm of Hooker, but I suspect it 
to be the var. g, with dentate leayes, as I have seen some, remarkably so, in Mr. Kilvington’s garden. Some 
seeds were ol)tained from the far west, and I have no doubt that var. 8, came from that region; the rest were 
from Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, and the Southern States. 

25 


96 PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 

TRIENTALIS tarirotia, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 121. A variety of 7. 
Europea. 

APOCYNACEA. 

APOCYNUM anprosauirotium, Linn. Two varieties; one with round-oval leaves; 
the other, with very small flowers, oval-lanceolate and glaucous leaves, may, after- 
wards, prove to be a new species? Only one specimen of the latter. 

ASCLEPIADACE. 
ASCLEPIAS toneicornu, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 570. 

ACERATES corpirotta, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 325. “Cauli giabro, foliis sessilibus, 
cordato-ovatis, glabris ; umbellis ad apicem caulis subpaniculatis; pedicellis calycibus- 
que pilosis; corollze laciniis ovatis; cucullis superne a gynostegio discretis sequilongis- 
que.—Caulis elatus. Folia 3” longa, 2” lata vel summa minora, angustiora, acuta, mar- 
gine vix ciliolata, basi auriculis rotundato-cordata. Flores fusco-purpurei, iis Asclepi- 
adis curassavice paullo majores. Gynostegium subsessile ; cuculi apice truncati, intus 
acutangulari.” Looks very much like the Asclepias obtusifolia. 

GENTIANACEA. 
ERYTHRAA Moustensercu, Griseb, in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 60. 

FRASERA nit, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 322. “Caulibus subsimplicibus foliisque 
linearibus glaberrimis, cymis densifloris in thyrsum terminalem dispositis, foveis oblon- 
gis solitariis, coronze filamentis in squamas incisas cum staminibus alternantes con- 
natis.” 

I see very little cause for separating this from F. albicaulis. It seems to differ only 
in being perfectly glabrous. 

HYDROPHYLLACE. 

NEMOPHILA macutara, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 324. “Caule diffusa, foliis oppositis, 
pilosis, ciliatis, 3—5—7-pinnati-partitis, lobis integris, obtusis, mucronatis, pedunculis 
foliis longioribus, calycis segmentis ovato-lanceolatis, brevissime appendiculatis; 
corolla rotato-campanulata, calycem plus duplo superante, alba, lobis obovatis integris, 
purpureo ad apicem maculatis.” 

A beautiful and highly ornamental species, with larger flowers than N. insignis. 
Corollas white, with a large purple spot at the top of each division and longitudinal 
veins. In wet places. May. . 

N. insicnis, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 290. Same locality. 


PLANTA PRATTENIANH CALIFORNICA. 97 

ELLISIA curysanruemiroria, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 292. 
E. microcaLyx, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. N. 8S. vol. v. p. 191, D.C. Prodr. vol. 
ix. p. 292. 

POLEMONTACE. 

PHLOX pivaricata, var. occidentalis. Ramis longis, divaricato-corymbosis, foliis 
quam in specie atlanticé minoribus, in infimis axillis nonnunquam fasciculatis; caly- 
cis laciniis lineari-lanceolatis, etiam comparate brevioribus; corollee limbo profunde 
bilobo. 

More rigid than the eastern species, with smaller and narrower leaves, somewhat 
fasciculate in the axils; segments of the calyx shorter; limb of the corolla rather 
larger and more deeply bilobed. 

COLLOMIA Gixiomss, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 308. 

(C. @ranpirioraA, Dougl. in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 308. 
NAVARRETIA pusescens, Hook in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 309. 
N. squarrosa, Hook. in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 309. 

GILIA (CHRYSANTHA) ritirzs? Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 325. “Caule tenui 
dichotome-ramoso, foliis oppositis, palmatim 5—‘-fidis, segmentis linearibus, pedi- 
ellis e dichetomiis, filiformibus, elongatis ; corolla subcampanulata, tubo brevissimo. 
Habitus fere sectionis Dactyliphylli, sed folia omnia opposita videntur.—Caules e basi 
laxe ramosi, ramis gracilibus rubentibus, leviter scabro-puberulis. Foliorum :segmenta 
anguste rigidula, fere subulata, 3—4'" longa, pedicelli gracillimi ultra pollicem. Corolla 
5 longa, magis aperta quam in Kugiliis, non tamen subrotata ut in Dactyliphyllis.” 

I have very little doubt that Mr. Pratten’s plant is the above described, although 
the branches are perfectly smooth and the leaves so rigid as to be almost spinescent. 
There are no good flowers to judge from. 

G. capitaTa, Dougl. in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 311. 
G. tricotor, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 312. 

G. GRANDIFLORA, Steud. in D.C. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 315. 

BORAGINACE A. 
CYNOGLOSSUM eranpe, Dougl. in D. C. Prodr. vol. x. p. 153. 

ERIODYCTION exvtinosum, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. x. p.183. On porphyritic 
fills. May. 

SCROPHULARIACE A. 
COLLINSIA parvirtora, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. T. 1082, D. C. Prodr. vol. x. p. 318. 


98 PLANTA PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICA. 

C. TrnctortA, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 328. ‘‘Caule glabro elato, foliis inferioribus 
petiolatis, ovatis oblongisve, superioribus sessilibus, subcordato-lanceolatis, serrato 
erenatis, supra glabris, subtus pubescentibus ; floralibus parvis infloreseentiaque glan- 
duloso-pubescentibus ; verticillastris multifloris, pedicellis calyce brevioribus; calycis 
glanduloso-villosi lacmiis lanceolato-oblongis, corolla subtriplo brevioribus.” 

Stem glandular-viseous, smooth; caulme leaves 12—2” long, lanceelate-obtuse, 
dentate-serrate at top, closely sessile and subcordate; floral leaves narrower, entire; 
verticils 5—8, crowded; calyces glandular-villous, with segments much shorter than 
the corolla; flowers smaller than those of C. bicolor, and about the same size as those 
of &. bartsigfolia. 

C. BARTSLEFOLIA, Gray, in D. C. Prodr. vol. x. 318- 

C. sicotor, Benth. m D. C-. Prodr. vol. x. p. 318. 

PENTSTEMON uereropHy.uus, D. C. Prodr. vol. x. p. 330. Bot. Reg. T. 1899. 

MIMULUS earopinatis, Dougl. nm D. C. Prodr. vol. x. p. 370. Banks of Deer 
Creek. August. 

M. Scovuert, Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. vol. 11. p. 100, D. C. Prodr. vol. x.p.571. Same 
locality. 

M. xutevs, Linn. in D. C. Prodr. vol. x. p. 568. 

M.. moscnAtus, Dougl. D. C. Prodr. vel. x. p. 372. 

M. Pratrenn, nov. sp. Planta humilis, erecta, 3—5” alta, hirsuta; foliis oppositis, 
2—3-paribus, sessilibus, lineari-lanceolatis; floribus 3, in siceo luteis; pedicellis in 
axilla foliorum superiorum inzequalibus; calyce angulari, striato, maculisque violaceis 
consperso. 

Incomplete specimens. A dwarfish plant, slender, erect, 5—5” high, hirsute > 
leaves 2—3 pairs, opposite, sessile, linear-lanceolate ; flowers 3, yellow in the dry 

state, on unequal pedicels, starting from the axil of the upper pair of leaves; calyx 
angular, with alternate white and green lines, besprinkled with violet dots. 

EUNANUS Totmiaz, D.C. m Prodr. vol. x. p. 374. 
E. Dovetassn, D. C. in Prodr. vol. x. p. 374. 

ORTHOCARPUS purpurascens, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. x. p. 536. On hills. 
July. 

O. (TRIPHYSARIA) tacrrus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 329. “ Erectus, durus, ramo- 
gus, pubescenti-hirsutus, viscidus; foliis 1—3-nervibus, & medio ad apicem pinnati- 


PLANTA PRATTENNIANA CALIFORNICA. 99 

fidis, laciniis longe linearibus, spicis densis non coloratis (in sicco fusco-virentibus) 
dentibus calycinis lineari-lanceolatis, acutiusculis; corolle puberule tubo exerto, 
galea acuta, labii appendiculis brevibus, acutis, antheris bilocularibus.” 

Orthocarpus lacerus has a great affinity with O. lithospermoides ; but the leaves 
are more incised, the spikes less dense, the bracts almost palmately 5—7-partite, not 
turning yellow by drying, and pubescence more green. In the latter the corolla is 
yellow, and rose colored in the other. It is easily distinguished from O. hispidus by 
its much larger corolla and conspicuously saccate lip. 

OROBANCHACE Al. 

ANOPLANTHUS Fascicunatus, Walp. Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt. Phelipea 
Jasciculata, Spreng. in D. C. Prodr. vol. xi. p. 42. 

LABIAT 2. 

PYCNANTHEMUM Causrornicum, Torr. ined. Herba rigida, erecta, foliis ovato- 
lanceolatis, acuminatis, integris, basi rotundatis, sessilibus, tomentoso-canescentibus, 
pellucido punctatis. Capitulis axillaribus terminalibusque; bracteis exterioribus 
foliaceis, interioribus setaceis, villosissimis ; floribus parvis, numerosis ; calyce tubuloso, 
obconico, dentibus brevibus, valde tomentosis; corolla in sicco ochroleuc4, purpureo 
sparse punctata, tubo calycem eequante; staminibus exertis, antheris violaceis. 

The whole plant canescent-tomentose; stem quadrangular, rigid, 15—18, high; 
leaves sessile, cordate, oval-lanceolate, entire or with a few small teeth, veined and 
sprinkled over with small pellucid glands. Capitula axillary and terminal, very 
crowded; exterior bracts foliaceous; interior setaceous and very villous. Flowers pale 
yellow, with a few small purple dots. Calyx tubular, striate, tomentose, as long as 
the tube of the corolla. Stamens exserted, with purple anthers. A very aromatic 
plant, nearly as pungent as Monarda junctata. 

MONARDELLA Suexton1, Torr. in litt. “recta suffruticosa? puberula, foliis 
ovato-oblongis, petiolatis, subobtusis, integris vel obscure et remote repando-denticu- 
latis; bracteis exterioribus oblongis, calyce tubuloso, dentibus brevibus, lanceolatis, 
muticis; verticillastris terminalibus.” 

This species is easily distinguished from the others by its more exserted corollas, 
villous tubes, and very long linear lobes protruding about half an inch above the 
teeth of the calyx. 

M. canpicans, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 330. “ Annua, erecta, canescenti-tomentella ; 
foliis petiolatis, anguste oblongis, subintegerrimis ; bracteis exterioribus ovatis, acuti- 
usculis; calycis tubulosi dentibus brevibus, muticis.” 

Herbaceous, ramose, sparingly leaved, a foot high or a little over; branches oppo. 
26 


100 PLANTH PRATTENIANA CALIFORNICH. 

site, subfastigiate. Leaves 1—2” long, almost similar to those of If. odoratissima, but 
tapering at base into a somewhat long petiole. Capitula more numerous and smaller 
than in the other species, and always terminal and solitary at the top of the branches. 
Bracts veined, pubescent, 3” long. Calyces densely villous about the teeth. 

M. oporatissimA, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. xii, p. 190. 
POGOGYNE parvirtora, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. xii. p. 243. 
AUBERTIA numuris, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. xi. p. 359. April. 
BRUNELLA voutearts, var. s. D.C. Prodr. vol. xii. p. 411. 

SCUTELLARIA aneustirotiA, Pursh. Fl. Am. vol. ii. p. 412, D. C. Prodr. vol. 
Xl. p. 424. 

S. TUBEROSA, Benth. D. C. Prodr. vol. xii. p. 229. A dwarfish species, very pungent 
when green. August. 

STACHYS Pratrentt, spec. nov. ? Humilis, robusta, hirsuto-pilosa, foliis sessilibus, 
oblongo-ovatis, obtusissimis, ad basim serratis, ad apicem crenulatis, media costa promi- 
nente, albida subtus instructis ; calycibus pilosis, dentibus brevibus, ovatis, subsequa- 
libus ; verticillis 5—6-floris. 

Stem robust, hirsute-pilose ; lower leaves about 2” long, sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 
dentate at base, and crenulate towards the top, with a prominent white rib under- 
neath; calyces villous, with short ovate teeth, almost equal; verticils from 5—6 
flowers. Aff. S. pilose, Nutt. The unique specimen in the collection is about 8 inches 
high. Hilly sides of woods. June. 

TRICHOSTEMMA ostoneum, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. xii. p. 573. <A variety. 
Mr. Pratten’s specimens have ovate leaves; the whole plant, especially the stem, 
cymes and margin of the leaves, is remarkably softly villous, with hairs 2—3”’ long. 

T. LANCEOLATUM, Benth. in D. C. Prodr. vol. xii. p. 573. Very aromatic. 

POLYGONACEA. 
ERIOGONUM picuoromum, Dougl. in Trans. Lond. Linn. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 415. 

E. nupum, Dougl. in Trans. Lond. Linn. Soe. vol. xvii. p. 413. 
Ki. ViMINEUM, Dougl. in Trans. Lond. Linn. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 410. 

KH. PRATTENIANUM, spec. nova? Specimen incompletum. Sectio Genitalia glabra, 
Benth. Pedunculi subnudi, purpurascentes, semipedales vel longiores, verticillo 
foliorum 4, ovalium, breve pedunculatorum supra basim muniti. Umbella terminalis, 


PLANTH PRATTENIANZ CALIFORNICA. 101 

globosa, multiflora; involucrum maximum, campanulatum, lanugine densa tectum, 
brevi-dentatum ; perianthiis exertis, glabris, purpureis? in sicco ochroleucis. 

Mr. Pratten collected only two specimens, one without, the other with a verticil of 
four small, oval and shortly-petioled leaves a little above the base of the glabrous scape; 
umbel terminal, globose, very crowded; involucre large, very lanuginous, with short 

oval-acute teeth; perianths exserted, glabrous, probably purplish, but yellow in the 
dry state. Radical leaves wanting. 

CONIFER 2. 
JUNIPERUS vireiniAna, Linn. Mich. Syl. Am. vol. ii. p. 191. T. 155. 

ORCHIDACE A. 

GYMNADENIA toneispica, sp. nova. (specimen cui folia radicalia desunt.) Scapo 
gracili, erecto, fere pedali; foliis 4 infra spicam, parvulis, bracteiformibus, ovato-lanceo- 
latis; spicd circiter 50-fora, gradatim ad apicem gracilescenti, 7” longa; bracteis lan- 
ceolatis, ovaria equantibus; floribus minimis, albis? in sicco fuscantibus; corollis 
cernuis, sepalis subsequantibus, labio integro, calcare tenui, clavato, ovario longiori. 

The spike is very long, tapering, with at least fifty flowers. Sepals and petals 
almost equal, lip entire, spur longer than the germ, filiform, clubshape, with a much 
longer spike than Spiranthes bracteosa of Lindl. in Bot. Reg. T. 1934, to which Gym- 

nadenia longispica has a great resemblance. The inflorescence seems spirally twisted 
round the scape. 

_ LILIACEA. 
CALOCHORTUS venvustus, Benth. in Hort. Trans. vol. i. N. 8. p. 412. 

C. uxxcans, Pursh. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 240. 
CYCLOBOTHRA. rutcnerta, Benth. in Hort. Trans. vol. i. N. S. p. 415. 
C. ALBA, Sweet. Bot. Reg. T. 1661. 

FRITILLARIA tanceoxata, Pursh. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 230. Mr. Pratten’s speci- 
mens are, evidently, the same as Pursh’s plant, although bearing from 2—4 flowers. 
One specimen with a whorl of 3 leaves at the base is 14” long and has 4 flowers. 
The whole plantis slightly pubescent ; the leaves are linear-lanceolate, parallel-veined, 
those of the whorl about 4” long. Between the whorl and flowers the scape is naked ; 
but each flower is in the axil of a leaf longer than the recurved peduncle. Flowers 
campanulate, purplish, with darker spots, more than one inch diameter at top ; petals 

narrow-lanceolate, longer than the stamina. Pistil and ovary minutely hispid. In 
wet places around Nevada. May. 


102 PLANTA PRATTENIANZ CALIFORNICHA. 

F’. PARVIFLORA, Torr. ined. (for Whipple’s report.) Scapo 6—12 pollicari, floribus 
3—4, cernuis, parvis, pallide-purpureis, haud maculatis; foliis verticillatis, oppositis 
alternisve, lineari-lanceolatis, venosis, obtusis vel acuminatis. Corollis pubescentibus, 
campanulatis; petalis ovato-lanceolatis, striatis; staminibus inclusis. 

A smaller plant than the above, with small drooping flowers without dots. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, veined, obtuse or acuminate, in verticils of threes, in twos or alter. 
nate. Corollas pubescent, campanulate ; petals oval-lanceolate, purplish-white, striate ; 
‘stamens included, unequal, a little shorter than the pistil; stigma recurved. 

LILIUM surersum, Willd. Spec. Plant. vol. i. p. 88. 

BRODIEA Granpirtora, Pursh. Fl. Am. vol. i. p. 223. In damp places fully ex- — 
posed to the sun. 

B. GRANDIFLORA, var. macrantha, Torr. A larger plant than the preceding, 
bearing an umbel of 6—8 flowers, on erect and unequal peduncles, some of which are 
not less than 4—5” long. Perigonium 13—1%” in length, and more than 1” diameter 
at top, not inflated at base, even when the germ has attained a considerable size ; 
otherwise not differing materially from B. grandiflora, which is amuch smaller plant. 

DICHELOSTEMMA conezstum, Kunth. Enumeratio plant. vol. iv. Brodiea 
congesta. 

HESPEROSCORDON tacrevum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. T. 1639. Hook. Fl. Am. Bor. 
Am. T. 148. ; 

CALLIPRORA tutes, Lindl. Bot. Reg. T. 1590. 

SEUBERTIA taxa, Kunth. Enum. plant. vol. iv. A most beautiful bulbous 
plant, with a naked scape, above one foot high, bearing at its summit an umbel of 
from 8—50 large blue flowers. These are supported by unequal petioles, articulated 
with the perigonium. Corolla infundibuliform, with an obconic slender tube; limb 
six-parted ; divisions oval-lanceolate. Filaments of the anthers short, somewhat 
dilated, inserted on the throat of the corolla; ovary long-stipitate, globose, with a 
short style crowned with a simple, blunt, and somewhat papillose stigma. Leaves 
linear, canaliculate, shorter than the scape. 

ALLIUM ratcrrorium, Hook. and Arn. in Bot. Beechey’s voy. 

Another ALLIUM, with naked scape and small umbel of white flowers. Specimen 
too imperfect for examination, and, I think, a new species. 

ECHEANDIA tenvrroiia, Orteg. Kunth. Enum. pl. vol. iv. 


PLANTA PRATTENNIANZ CALIFORNICZ. 103 

CHLOROGALUM promeripianum. (Soap-plant.) Kunth. Enum. pl. vol. iv. p. 
682. Anthericum pomeredianwm, Gawl. in Bot. Reg. 

SCH@NOLIRION atzum, sp. nova. Racemo simplici, circiter 50-floro, 10 polli- 
cari; bracteis lineari-lanceolatis, membranaceis; perigonii patenti foliolis ovalibus, 
concavis, 3-nerviis, persistentibus, basi breviter connatis, ad apicem glandulis minimis 
linearibus ciliatis; staminibus 6, stylum squantibus; stylo filiformi, in stigma obso- 
lete 3-dentatum attenuato; ovario subsessili, 3 loculari, ovulis tantummodo duabus in 
loculamentis. 

Of this beautiful plant I had only fragments of the raceme, without scapes or leaves, 

SCHGINOLIRION is a new genus founded by Prof. Torrey on the Phalangiwm 
eroceum of Mich., Ornithogalum croceum of Kll., which will soon be published in 
Whipple’s report. “It differs from Phalangiwm, in the root being bulbous and the 
cells of the ovary 2 (not several) ovuled, as well as in other characters; from Orni- 
thogalum, in cells not 6—8 ovuled, style not capitate 3-lobed; from Scilla, in the same 
characters ; from Asphodelus, in sepals distinct, or nearly so, at base, and 3-nerved, 
not divided and uninerved, stigma not capitate 3-lobed, nor root fibrous-fasciculate. 
The genera with which it is most allied ‘are Camassia and Chlorogalum.” ‘Torr. in 
litt. 

DIOSCOREACE As. 

TRILLIUM szssitz, var. gigantewm, Hook. and Arn. in Bot. Beechey’s voy. p. 
402. The three involucral leaves have a diameter of 8 inches; each leaf is 4x4”, 
rhomboid acute and strongly veined; the petals are purple, rhomboid-lanceolate 22” 

long by 13” wide. 

MELANTHACE ZL. 

LEIMANTHIUM Norratin, Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. Helonias angustifolia, Nutt. 
Amianthium Nuttall, Gr. Melanth. in Ann. Lye. N. York, Vol. iv. p. 123. 

VERATRUM Catirornicum, sp. nova. Caulis robustus, foliosus, pubescens, foliis 
ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, plicatis, glabris, imis caulinaribus in petiolum attenuatis 
et cum eo circa pedalibus; superioribus sessilibus, subvaginantibus. Racemo valde 
pubescenti, paniculato et circiter pedali; floribus breve pedicellatis, polygamis ; sepalis 
ovatis obovatisve, persistentibus, in sicco fuscis et purpureo ad basim maculatis, antheris 
reniformibus posticis, antice dehiscentibus ; stylis brevibus, recurvis. 

This is undoubtedly different from V. viride of which I have specimens from Oregon, 
perfectly similar to our eastern plant, except that the leaves are almost round. The 

color and shape of petals differ entirely; V. viride has greenish flowers with narrow 
27 


104 PLANTA PRATTENIANZ CALIFORNIC. 

elongated petals drying green; V. Californicum, on the contrary, like Melanthium 
virginicum, dries purple, and has ovate sepals, marked at the base with a deep 
brown spot. The bracts in V. viride are very long and narrow, those of V. Califor- 
mnicum are scarcely longer than the short pedicel, and are oval and concave ; the leaves 
also are quite different; they are broadly ovate in the former, and oval-lanceolate 
in Mr. Pratten’s plant. 

JUNCACEA. 
LUZULA campestris, D. C., in Gray’s Bot. of the Northern States, p. 505. 

CYPERACE A. 
CAREX. Not sufficiently advanced. 

GRAMINEZ. 

CALAMAGROSTIS canapgnsis, Beauv. C. Mexicana, Nutt. in Gray’s Bot. of 
Northern States, p. 582. 

FESTUCA puriuscuta? Linn. in Gray’s Bot. of Northern States, p. 599. 
HORDEUM pusittum, Nutt. in Gray’s Bot. Northern States, p. 604. 

FILICES. 
POLYPODIUM vo.earz, Linn. Gray. Bot. Northern States, p. 622. 

WOODWARDIA Cuamissoni, Brackenridge, Bot. Exp. W. radicans, Hook. and 
Arn. Bot. Beechey’s Voy. 

GYMNOGRAMMA. Not new, but I had no means to ascertain the species. 
DRYOPTERIS, Adans. (Lastrea, Bory.) Spec. nov.? Frond triangular-lanceolate 

glabrous, pale green. Pinne linear-lanceolate acute, alternate, more than 20. Pin- 

nulz also above 20, obovate-oblong, obtuse, sharply and pinnately toothed. Fruit 
dots between the sinuses. Indusium smooth. Near D. Intermedia et D. dilatata. 

LYCHENES. 

EVERINA vouvrina, Ach. Fide Mr. Laning. 

CETRARIA, near Ciliaris, if it be not that species. Fide Mr. Laning. 

fe 

C. pLAcoripiA, Tuck. Fide Mr. Laning. 


[ 105 J 

ART. X.—felation of Atomic Heat to Crystalline Form. 
By J. Airxen Meas, M. D. 

Very probably in the atomic constitution of matter we are to seek the true material 
basis of the whole Science of Nature. The unity of Natural Science—as displayed 
in the mutual relations and connections of its different parts—here finds a positive 
expression. Therefore, Natural Science, as a unit, becomes philosophically intelligible 
in proportion to the clearness and accuracy of our views concerning the aggregation 
of passive atoms or ultimate particles into Forms,—whether organic or inorganic, 
whether specifically or generically impressed. But the comprehensive study of such 
ageregations, requires the contemporary investigation of the physical agent which 
brings together inert atoms and retains them in contact,—which preserves as well as 
produces the form. 

Under the influence of the attractive principle, matter everywhere tends deter- 
minedly to assume a definite shape. Hence crystallization is perceived to be as 
common a characteristic of the inorganic, as vitality is of the organic world. Yet if 
we may judge from the standard works of the day, upon these subjects, the cause of 
the one is involved in as much obscurity as that of the other. 

A crystal is inanimate matter individualized, or endowed with a form, in virtue of 
which it approximates the unorganized to the organized kingdom. The difference 
between the most complex crystal and the simplest plant is of course extreme; but 
while on the one hand physiologists have carefully detailed these differences; on 
the other, they seem to have lost sight of the striking analogies which exist between 
the seriate results produced alike in the crystalline and the animal and vegetable 
worlds, by a methodical intermittency of action, on the part of their respective 
developing agents. Thus the concentric layers of wood in the trunk of a tree, between 
which lines of demarcation are more or less evident,—as is especially the case between 
the duramen and alburnum of the lignum vite and the coco-wood,—indicate the 
successive periods of activity and repose of the formative principle. So the lines of 
cleavage in a crystal silently assure us that the attractive power is intermittent in 
action, and that along these weak planes it had ceased its exertions for a while, or, 
at least, had acted very feebly.* Among the numerous and beautiful forms assumed 

* Dana. Amer. Journ. of Science and Arts, 2d ser., vol. iv., p. 378, —v., p. 100. 


106 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

by snow-crystals, we find specimens from whose primitive rays are given off lateral 
spines or branchlets in pairs, directly opposite to, and separated the same distance 
from each other. One basal ray with its secondary spines is the fac-simile of all the 
rest. Now this tendency to the repetition of precisely similar parts is seen not in the 
formation of a crystal only, but also in the development of the highest plants, in 
zoophytes and in the lower mollusca and articulata where it embraces entire groups 
of organs. Thus in the highest forms of the Echinodermata, five precisely similar 
rays are developed around a common centre. ‘The same tendency is seen in the eight 
or ten tentaculee which surround the mouths of the dibranchiate Cephalopoda. Similar 
examples are presented by the Annelida. In all these instances it is evident that the 
developing force has acted methodically from a common centre, towards the accom- 
plishment of a definite end or object—the production of a special form. In elassifi- 
cation, form is of the highest value to the practical naturalist. But form is not 
fundamental, it is merely secondary; it is the effect of the action of the developing 
cause upon ponderable matter. Aided by a severe and cautious logic, the careful and 
elaborate study of comparative morphology, it is reasonable to hope, will enable us 
to advance from the known to the unknown, from the multitudinous forms of natural 
objects to their physical cause. Moreover, it will probably lead to the discovery of 
profound analogies between the organic and the inorganic worlds,—analogies mani- 
fested through similarity in the modes of action of the formative or developing prin- 
ciple. . 

Crystallization naturally constitutes the first chapter in the history of comparative 
morphology. A knowledge of crystallization is of prime importance to the chemist 
and mineralogist in assisting them to arrange bodies in their natural groups; to the 
natural philosopher in elucidating the laws of cohesive attraction; to the physiologist, 
since it promises to throw considerable light upon the function of a fundamental 
physical agent, the analogy of whose method of action with that of the developing 
principle in the organic world, will lead, if not to their identification, at least to more 
definite knowledge of the phenomena of growth; to the physician, as it affords some 
clue to the pathology of symmetrical diseases; and lastly to the philosophic naturalist, 
from its relation to organic morphology, through which, perhaps, will be attained 
that much desired result, the demonstrative proof of a great general or archetypal 
plan of organization. 

A diligent and attentive inquiry into the rationale of the phenomena of isomorphism 
and dimorphism would dissipate much of the mystery that hovers about the cause of 
crystallization in general; and even, perhaps, illuminate many obscure parts of organic 
science. 

Towards the accomplishment of so desirable a result, an important step was made 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 107 

by Mitscherlich, who from his elaborate researches deduced the well-known law, that 
the same number of atoms combined in the same way produce the same crystalline 
form, and that crystalline form is independent of the chemical nature of the atoms, 
and determined by their number and relative position only. Carefully considered, 
however, this law is seen to reveal merely the secondary or proximate cause of any 
special crystalline form. It does not distinctly explain the phenomenon of iso- 
morphism. Obviously in the power which aggregates the atoms, we are to look for 
the prime cause of crystallization in general. Mlitscherlich’s law does not clearly 
explain why different acids having different atomic weights and volumes, should, 
when combined with the same base, present the same geometrical figure. According 
to the atomic theory, the ultimate atoms composing the various chemical elements 
differ in weight and volume. The numbers expressive of atomic weight are in some 
measure indicative of atomic magnitude, otherwise the present great diversity in the 
atomic numbers of the elements and their compounds could scarcely exist. And this 
supposition receives very strong support from the well-known, but not duly appre- 
ciated fact, that the atomic weight of a body may be very great, while its atomic 
number is very small. Keeping in view this difference in atomic magnitude, it is 
difficult to conceive, as indeed has been objected to Mitscherlich’s law, why arsenic 
and phosphoric acids, whose respective atomic weights are 115 and 71, should, when 
combined with soda, produce isomorphous compounds; why the seleniate and sulphate 
of soda should be identical in form, when the atomic weight of selenic acid is 64, and 
that of sulphuric acid 40, &c. 

Again, it is a well-known fact that the same body may assume two or more 
distinct and unrelated forms. Thus, carbon presents us with regular octohedrons in 
the diamond, and six-sided plates in graphite, or plumbago. Sulphur is also dimor- 
phous, assuming two incompatible crystalline forms. The minerals rutile, brookite 
and anatase are distinct erystals of titanic acid. Carbonate of lime, too, expresses 
itself dimorphously. Such facts as these show that as far as ponderable elements are 
concerned, crystalline form is by no means the consequence of an invariable atomic 
constitution. Moreover, isomorphism is compatible with a considerable difference in 
the number of atoms. Thus, according to Mitscherlich, sulphur in one of its forms 
is isomorphous with the bisulphate of potassa. The nitrite and the nitrate of lead 
have the same octohedral figure, yet the latter compound has two atoms more of 
oxygen than the former. Gmelin instances a number of similar examples. 

Here, then, it remains to be explained why two or more acids having different 
atomic weights, upon uniting with the same base, assume the same crystalline form; 
why the same body presents us with examples of dimorphism, trimorphism, or even, 
as in the case of water, of polymorphism; why some substances are isomorphous both 

in the separate state and in combination; and lastly, why some substances replace 
28 


108 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

each other in compounds according to equal, and others according to unequal numbers 
of atoms. 

In 1809, from his own experiments, and those performed in company with Hum- 
boldt, Gay Lussac clearly demonstrated that gases combine with each other by definite 
volumes as well as by definite weights, and that the volume of a gaseous compound 
is distinctly related to that of one or both of its constituents. Prout, Thompson and 
others, by their researches, afterwards showed that this law embraced vapors, and 
also the vapors of certain bodies which possess the elastic form only when combined 
with permanent gases. 

Recently Dr. Hermann Kopp of Giessen has attempted to extend the volume-theory 
in another direction. He endeavors to show,—and with remarkable success,—that 
all bodies in forming chemical compounds, unite by definite volumes in addition to 
equivalent weights; that every body, whether elementary or compound, has a specific 
atomic volume; that as atomic weights are proportional, so are atomic volumes; that 
whilst atomic weight gives us the idea of mass, a crystal is the representative of a 
regular and definite volume. From considerations of this nature he enunciates the 
following law: “The specific weight of isomorphous bodies is proportional to their 
atomic weights; or, isomorphous bodies possess the same atomic volume.’* 

From the numerous examples adduced by Kopp, of the validity of this law, we 
may legitimately infer that the phenomenon of isomorphism may be expressed by 
saying, that many elementary and compound bodies tend strongly to assume the same, 
or, at least, but a slightly differing volume. Furthermore, all crystallization is the 
assumption of a form or regularly defined volume, the specifically regular outline or 
contour of which is dependent upon the power and freedom of the aggregating force. 
In the study of the volume of a body, then, is in all probability involved the study of 
the cause of cohesive attraction, isomorphism, dimorphism, trimorphism, polymeric- 
isomorphism, and all the interesting though obscure phenomena of crystallization. 
Evidence of a very high character exists for supposing that identity in the arrange- 
ment of atoms is the immediate predisposing cause of identity in form or volume. 
Sameness in number does not appear necessary, for examples exist of isomorphous 
bodies having unequal numbers of atoms. Reasoning in this channel, we are con- 
strained to seek for the cause not only of isomorphism, but of all crystallization, in 
that force, whatever it may be, which is capable of arranging an equal or unequal 
number of atoms into the same volume. Now, many crystals, when once formed, 
will maintain themselves unchanged under very varying external conditions. Hence 
it may be inferred that the force which gave form to a portion of matter, which 
created the crystal, so to speak, must exist with and in it, otherwise that form could 
not be preserved. Just as in the organic world, the parent imparts its vital powers 

,* London Philosophical Magazine, 3d series, Vol. 18, p. 255. 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 109 

to the ovum, which, through the processes of development, growth and nutrition, is 
seen to act as a preservative power; when it departs, the mass of organized particles 
which it vivified or animated is left a prey to surrounding destructive influences. 

A crystal is composed of ponderable and imponderable elements;—the former 
visible, gross and inert; the latter invisible, subtle, expansive and self-repellant. This 
imponderable is caloric, and in one of its relations it constitutes the specific heat of a 
body. Through all ponderable bodies it diffuses itself without exception, and accu- 
mulates in quantities varying with the peculiar nature of the ponderable substance 
with which it is combined. Here the question naturally presents itself to the 
inquiring mind, as to the cuz bono of this caloric, its uses and relations. Its continued 
presence, and well-known power and activity, as compared with ponderable matter, 
authorize us to conclude that it is not without use, otherwise we accuse nature of 
superfluity, of supererogation, which is manifestly unphilosophical. The combined 

‘heat of a body, we know, is intimately connected with the existing condition or state 
of aggregation of that body. Variation in the one is attended with alteration in the 
other. Ice, water and steam are three very different forms of one and the same 
gaseous compound. In all, the ponderable atomic constitution is the same, but the 
amount of heat contained in each is very different. Diminish the heat of steam, and 
you convert it into water; diminish it still further, and you convert the water into 
ice. In this simple instance, then, and others could easily be furnished, we have 
beautifully manifested the extraordinary influence of caloric upon the aggregation of 
atoms. And yet with so simple and forcible an example before them—an example 
embracing the three known conditions in which it is possible for ponderable matter to 
exist—chemists still express themselves doubtfully as to the propriety of admitting 
heat as an active constituent of bodies equally essential as their ponderable elements: 

In his interesting paper above referred to, Kopp has given us numerous examples 
which tend strongly to substantiate the relation which he contends for between iso- 
morphism and sameness of atomic volume. Crystalline form and volume of atoms 
are thus closely assimilated, if not, indeed, identified. Thus far concerning the pon- 
derable matter. Philosophical confidence in the intelligential character and immuta- 
bility of nature’s laws, and in the unerring exactitude of the results of those laws,— 
in other words, implicit faith in the fundamental and truly scientific doctrine that 
“nothing was made in vain,” here encourages us to advance at least one step further 
in the cautious investigation of this intricate subject, by attempting to ascertain the 
relation between the atomic volume and the imponderable element caloric surrounding 
the atoms of a crystal. 

In the following tables, where a number of elementary and compound bodies have 
been grouped together isomorphously, it will be seen that for each group the numbers 
expressive of the atomic volumes of the different substances of that group are either 


110 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

almost identical, or related to each other in a simple, multiple proportion. A still 
more evident similarity prevails throughout the numbers indicating the atomic heats 
of the same bodies. Furthermore, a remarkable relation, in some instances more 
-manifest than in others, is observed to exist between the atomic heat of a body and 
its atomic volume. 

The first column of the table contains the names of the substances, or, when these 
are compound, their formule only; the second, their atomic weights upon the hydro- 
gen scale; the third, their specific gravities; the fourth, the observed specific heats, 
with the initials of the Experimenters attached; the fifth, the mean specific heats; 
the sixth, the atomic heats obtained, after the manner of Dulong and Petit, by multi- 
plying together the atomic weight and the specific heat; the seventh, the atomic 
volumes, calculated according to the method of Schroéder and Kopp, by dividing the 
atomic weight by the specific gravity. 

Av. denotes Avogadro; Dl., Dalton; D,M., De la Rive and Marcet; Hm., Hermann; 
Nm., Neumann; P,D., Petit and Dulong; Pr., Potter; P,J., Playfaire and Joule ; 
Rg., Regnault. 

The specific gravities adopted are generally the means of the observations made by 
Kopp, Karsten, Brisson, Gay Lussac and Thenard, Mohr, Breithaupt and others, the 
results of whose experiments are recorded in the more elaborate chemical works. 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 

ELEMENTARY BODIES. 

Atomi Specifi Specifi M Spe- Atomic 
Hlements. Woigtiti le) Geantte. new nena Hew 
Sulphur 16 1.99 0.1880 P,D. 
0.1900 Di. 
0.2026 Re. 3.2416 Reg. 
0.2090 Nm. 0.1974 3.15840 
Selenium 40) 4.31 0.0675 Hm. ; 
0.0834 D,M. 3.3480 Reg. 
0.0837 Re. 0.0782 3.1280 
Tellurium 64 6.26 0.0515 Rg. 3.2960 Re. 
0.0912 P,D. 0.0713 4.5632 
Manganese 27.8 8.02 0.14411 Re. 4.00598 
Tron 27.2 GAB 0.1054 Hm. 
(cll) ery, 0.1100 P,D. 
0.1130 Pr. 
0.1138 Re. 3.09536 Rg. 
0.1300 DI. 0.1144 3.1116 
Cobalt 29.6 8.57 0.1070 Re. 
7.989 PJ 0.1172 D,M. 3.1672 Rg. 
0.1498 P,D. 0.1246 3.6881 
Nickel 29.6 8.46 0.1035 P,D 3.21456 Re. 
7.832 P,J.| 0.1086 Reg. 0.1060 3.1376 
Copper 31.8 8.896 0.0949 P,D. 
8.424 PJ 0.0950 D,M. 
0.0951 Re. 
0.0960 Pr. 3.02418 Re. 
0.0961 Hm 0.0954 3.0337 
Zine 32.3 6.99 0.0927 P,D. 
| 721 Bz. 0.0929 Nm. 
| 0.0940 Pr. 
| 0.0955 Re. 3.08465 Re. 
0.1000 DI. 0.0950 3.0590 
Cadmium 55.8 8.63 0.0385 Hm. 
0.0567 Re. 3.16386 Re. 
0.0576 D,M. 0.0509 2.8402 
Basan Gveleiois 1. Braue i 
Strontium | 44 2. 542* 
Lead TOS Si eri aleles 0.0293 P,D. 
| 0.0299 Hm. 
0.0314 Re. 
0.0320 Pr. 3.25932 Re. 
0.0400 Dl. 0.0325 3.3735 
Tin 59 7.29 0.0514 D,M. 
0.0515 P,D. 
0.0560 Pr. 
| 0.0562 Re. 3.3158 Reg. 
| 0.0700 DI. 0.0570 8.3630 
Mem | Oe | yey | 
? hh * Bunsen. Comptes Rendus, Avril, 1855, p. 717. 

29 

oe 

feb 

Atomic 
Volume. 

8.04 

PS 

9.145 

8.093 
4.593 


112 

Elements. Wastt 
Platinum 98.8 
Palladium 53.4 
Tridium 98.8 
Osmium 99.7 
Tungsten 95 

Molybdenum} 48 

Gold 199 

Silver 108.1 
Sodium BBB 
Potassium 39.2 
Phosphorus | 31.4 
Arsenic 75.2 
Antimony 129 

Bismuth 106.4 
Todine 126 

Bromine 78.4 

MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

Specific 
Gravity. 

21.5 

11.7 
21.6 
21.8 
17.3 
8.63 

19.258 

10.428 

5.74 
5.23 PJ. 

6.72 

9.79 

4.948 

2.99 

Specific 
Heat. 

0.0314 P,D. 
0.0324 Re. 
0.0593 Rg. 
0.0368 Re. 

0.0350 D,M. 
0.0364 Re. 
0.0659 D,M. 
0.0722 Rg. 

0.0298 P,D. 
0.0324 Re. 
0.0340 Pr. 

0.0557 P,D. 
0.0570 Re. 
0.0590 Pr. 

0.1887 Rg. 
0.2900 Hm. 
0.3850 Ay. 

0.0804 Hm. 
0.0810 Ay. 
0.0814 Re. 

0.0470 Nm. 
0.0496 Hm. 
0.0508 Re. 
0.0520 Pr. 

0.0270 Nm. 
0.0288 P,D. 
0.0308 Re. 
0.0330 Pr. 
0.0541 Re. 
0.0890 Av. 

0.13850 D,M. 

Mean Spe- Atomic | Atomic 
cific Heat. Heat. Volume. 
8.20112 Re. 4.595 
0.0319 3.15172 
3.1666 Re. 4.564 
3.63084 Rg. 4 574 
oo 4.573 
0.0357 3.3915 5.491 
0.0690 3.3120 5.061 
0.0320 6.3680 10.333 
0.0572 6.1833 10.366 
24.123 
45.581 
5.92518 Re. 
0.2879 9.0400 17.740 
0.0809 6.0836 13.101 
14.378 P,J. 
0.0498 6.4242 19.196 
0.0299 3.1813 10.867 
0.0715 9.0090 25.464 
26.220 
10.5840 

wa ETT AON Le. | 

ih 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 

COME OUM NED ee: OLD Tl Has, 

Formule. 

Sn O, 

Ti O, 

Fe, O; 

Cr, O3 

FeO, CO, 
MgO, CO, 
CaO, CO, 

CaO, JO, 

Bs 
2 

ye 

——_. 

CaO, CO, 

Sr0, CO, 

BaO, CO, 

PbO, CO, 

BaO, SO, 

SrO, SO, 

PbO, SO; 

Specific 
Gravity. 

6.960 

40.5 

61.4 

78.4 

80.2 

92. 

151.8 

3.792 

5.254 

5.21 

113 

Specific 
Heat. 

0.0933 Re. 
0.1110 Av. 
0.0900 Hm. 
0.0931 Nm. 
0.1716 Reg. 
0.1630 Hm. 
0.1703 Re. 
0.1724 Nm. 
0.1963 Hm. 
0.2000 Av. 
0.1942 Nm. 
0.1976 Re. 
0.1972 Nm. 
0.2173 Rg. 
0.1757 Re. 
0.1681 Re. 
0.1669 Re. 
0.1692 Nm. 

0.1796 Re. 
0.1960 Nm. 
0.2126 Hm. 

02220 Nm. 
0.1984 Re. 
0.1820 Nm. 

0.2174 Re. 
0.1945 Hm. 
0.2046 Nm. 
0.2018 Nm. 
0.2085 Re. 
0.1445 Nm. 
0.1448 Re. 
0.1078 Nm. 
0.1104 Re. 
0.0860 Re. 
0.0814 Nm. 
0.0818 Hm. 
0.1088 Nm. 
0.1128 Re. 

—— 

0.1356 Nm. 
0.1428 Re. 

0.0872 Re. 
0.0848 Nm. 

Mean 
Specific 
Heat. 

0.0968 

0.2004 

0.1699 

0.1877 

0.0830 

0.1108 

0.1892 

0.0860 

* Dolomite, 

Atomic 
Heat. 

7.260 

10.3005 

13.3201 

15.7272 

9.4794 

10.73648 
10.18084 

10.0747 

10.8575 
10.7004 

10.7572 

11.1054 
12.9192 

12.8064 

13.0548 

Atomic 
Volume. 

10.775 

13.409 

14.921 

15.393 

15.067 

15.052 
16.158 

18.464 
17.043 

20.470 

22.924 

20.601 
26.971 
24.403 

24.354 

Volume 
according 
to Kopp. 

154.58 

168.07 

186.23 

213.47 

255.53 

286.71 

259.20 

337.55 

305.30 

304.14 


114 

MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

Formule. Float 
BaO, NO, 130.6 
SrO, NO, 106. 
PbO, NO, 165.5 
Ba Cl 104. 
Sr Cl 79.4 
Pb Cl 139.2 
Ca Cl 55.9 
KO, NO, 101.2 
NH,0O, NO, 80 
NaO, NO, 85.2 
AgO,NO; | 170.1 
Na Cl 58.6 
Ae Cl 143.5 
KO, SO; 87.2 
KO, CrO, 99.3 

Specific Specific 
Gravity. Heat. 
3.050 0.1334 Hm. 
0.1525 Rg. 
2.948 0.1683 Hm. 
4.584 
3.782 0.0780 Hm. 
0.0896 Re. 
2.803 0.0972 Hm. 
0.1199 Rg. 
5.574 0.0664 Re. 
2.127 0.1642 Rg. 
2.030 0.2690 Av. 
0.2387 Re. 
1.643 
2.185 | 0.2400 Ay. 
0.2782 Re. 
4.355 0.1435 Re. 
2.114 0.2210 Av. 
0.2300 DI. 
0.2140 Rg. 
5.363 0.0844 Hm. 
0.0911 Rg. 
2.640 0.1690 Avy. 
0.1901 Rg. 
2.652 0.1850 Re. 

Mean b A Volume 

3 Atomic Atomic 

Specie” | Heat (| ieimmees| Seats 

0.1428 18.6496 49.819 586.75 
17.8398 35.956 449.41 
19.2% 36.108 452.58 
0.0838 8.7152 27.498 343.75 
0.1085 8.6149 28.326 358.18 
9.2428 24.973 312.24 

9.1787 26.281 
0.2538 25.6845 49.852 624.71 
30.4+* 48.691 612.00 
0.2591 22.0753 38.993 489.08 
24.109 39.058 488.79 
0.2216 12.9857 27.719 347.09 
0.0877 11.7849 26.757 334.81 
0.1795 15.6524 33.030 413.25 
18.370 37.443 468.33 

To the first group belong sulphur, selenium and tellurium, substances closely con- 
nected, not only by their own similarity in chemical properties, but also by that of 

their analogous compounds. 

nevertheless, in both atomic heat and volume. 

Sulphur and selenium, although their atomic weights, 
and therefore the magnitude of their atoms, differ so much, correspond very closely, 

Hence, probably, the isomorphism of 

the sulphates and seleniates, sulphurets and seleniurets—a point which I have not 

been able to verify satisfactorily, in consequence of not being able to find upon record 
any reliable specific heats for the seleniates and seleniurets, by which they might be 
compared with the corresponding sulphur salts. The atomic volume of Pb S is 16.592; 

that of Pb Se, 16.541. 

The experiments of Mitscherlich show that the sulphates and 

seleniates crystallize in right, rhombohedral prisms, at a very low temperature; in 
octohedrons with a square base, at a mean temperature; and in oblique prisms, at a 

* Calculated according to the method laid down by Gmelin. 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 115 

very elevated temperature. Tellurium associates itself with this class by heat and 
volume, as well as by chemical properties. Reasons exist for ranking oxygen with 
these three elements. The probability of such a connection finds some support in the 
fact that the combining measure of aqueous vapor and sulphuretted hydrogen is two 
volumes, and that of the’oxide, sulphuret and telluret of ethyl, four volumes. An 
atom of each of the two former substances, probably possesses a heat-sphere of the 
same size. ‘The calorific envelopes of the atoms of the last three are also equal to 
each other in extent, but twice as great as those of the former. ‘The relation of the 
oxides and sulphurets is seen in the subjoined table. 

Atomic Atomic ; Atomi i 
Oxides. Heat. Volume. | Sulphides. Bede : eee 
| 
HgO 5.665827 9.855 HeS 6.00736 14.625 
MnO 5.58956 7.568 Fes 5.97080 con 
CuO 5.65199 6.297 Nis 5.84273 
_ NiO 5.97276 no CoS 5.70548 oo 
MgO 5.71320 6.500 ZnS 5.93005 12.286 
ZnO 5.98176 7.178 PbS 6.09303 16.592 
PbO DO 2lO2 11.982 SnsS 6.27375 906 
CaO 5.10150 9.016 
SnO 6.2980 10.044 

Sulphuric and manganic acids are isomorphous. From this is inferred the iso- 
morphism of the elements sulphur and manganese. Hence manganese is regarded as 
the connecting link between the first three elements in the table, called the sulphur 
class by Graham, and the next seven, named the magnesian class. Manganese is 
regarded, therefore, as a sort of transition element, by which one group runs into or 
is blended with the other,—a good exampie of the artificiality or unreality of scientific 
classification in general. For the great plan of nature is, in the main, so uniform, 
that the gaps which apparently dissociate the different parts are being constantly 
filled up as new discoveries are made. Now, manganese has an atomic heat of 4.0059, 
and an atomic volume of 3.466. ‘The first connects it, therefore, with both groups, 
and the last with the magnesian series. The mean atomic volume of most of the 
bodies in the second class, is a multiple by three of that of the first; the others bear 
an equally simple relation. The correspondence of their elements in heat and volume, 
is of itself sufficient to bring these two classes into one category. Moreover, their 
more perfectly isomorphous protoxides evince a similar relationship in heat and 
volume, as shown in the second table. It may be interesting to observe in this con- 
nection that ice (HO) and protoxide of zinc, (ZnO) which differ not much in atomic 
heat, have been seen to assume the same regular, six-sided form. Their complete 
isomorphism, however, has not yet been established by exact measurement. 

At. Heat. At. Volume. 
HO : ; : : 6.480 3 j : 9.8 
ZnO ; : ‘ : 5.98176 . : : 7.178 

As oxygen, through the resemblance of certain oxides and sulphurets, appears to 
30 


116 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

rank with sulphur, so the resemblance in their chemical relations between HO and 
CuO is supposed to connect hydrogen with the group in question. It is curious to 
observe that the atomic heat and volume of HO tend to confirm the notion of its 
connection with the magnesian class. 

Lime (CaO) probably occupies an intermediate position between this and the barium 
series, blending them gradually together. This is very well shown in the table of 
isomorphous salts, in the two groups of carbonates, where carbonate of lime as calc- 
spar, assimilates, on the one hand, with the corresponding carbonates of magnesia, 
iron, the mineral dolomite, &c., and on the other, as arragonite, identifies itself with 
the carbonates of strontia, baryta and lead. The protoxides of barium, strontium, 
calcium and lead, are nearly related in heat and volume. But the similarity of the 
barium class to the magnesian is shown through their chlorides, where the corres- 
pondence in atomic heat and volume is quite remarkable. 

Atomic Atomic 
Salts. Heat. Volume. 
BaCl 9.31528 7.913 
SrCl 9.52006 28.357 
CaCl 9.17878 26.244 
MgCl 9.36026 tte 
MnCl 8.98065 
ZnCl 9.20577 
SnCl 9.59198 tee 
PbCl 9.24497 25.217 
He(l 9.42415 25.714 

In the next two groups the numbers for atomic heat are the same throughout; as, 
with one exception, are those for atomic volume. This is an exception in appearance 
only, and not in reality, for its volume-number is just about double that of the others, 
preserving, therefore, a simple multiple relation. This view finds confirmation in the 
isomorphism of the oxides of tin and titanium, which compounds, as the table shows, 
are sufficiently identified in heat and volume. Indeed the coincidence is still more 
positive than at first sight appears. It will be seen that the specific heat obtained 
by Avogadro for SnO, differs so much from the other three observations, that it may 
very properly be omitted in calculating the mean specific heat of this body. This 
procedure will give 6.9075 for the atomic heat of the oxide of tin. So the number 
furnished by Hermann for the specific heat of TiO, may, with equal propriety, be 
rejected in ascertaining the mean specific heat of titanic acid. We thus obtain 6.9417 
for the atomic heat of this latter substance. These two numbers may be considered 
as identical. I may here remark that a similar analysis of the whole table would 
lead to results still more striking than those indicated. I have preferred, however, 
to give all the recorded specific heats, with the mean for each elementary and com- 
pound substance, from which to calculate the atomic heat, because in this manner is 
avoided the confusion of so many analogous numbers for any body, and still more 
because I regard the results obtained in the table as approximations merely to a great 
general truth or law in nature, which yet remains to be demonstrated by a logical 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 117 

synthesis of scientific facts. In these investigations it must, for the present, be kept 
constantly in view, that the numbers obtained by experiment for the specific heat of 
different bodies, do not accurately express the amount of caloric combined with the 
ponderable matter of those bodies. The specific heat is only a portion of the whole 
quantity of combined heat; and, as Regnault has shown in his second memoir,* the 
obstacles to be overcome in obtaining the specific heat of any substance, with perfect 
accuracy, are exceedingly great, if not, indeed, insurmountable with our present 
appliances. 

From the isomorphism of their double chlorides, Dr. Clark is inclined to associate 
the. tin and platinum classes. The relation of these two series in heat and volume 
lends considerable support to their presumed affinity. According to Breithaupt, CdS 
is isomorphous with the alloy IrOs. The atomic volume of either iridium or osmium 
is to that of CdS as 1:14. Palladium, although not generally arranged in this series, 
appears here to find its natural place. 

Tungsten and molybdenum correspond in heat and volume. The tungstates and 
molybdates are isomorphous, as their agreement in atomic volume sufficiently indicates. 
I have not been able to find upon record the atomic heat of these salts. Their sup- 
posed isomorphism is confirmed by the following comparison :— 

At. Heat. At. Volume. 
WO, ; : : E 9.496. . 5 : 22.580 
MoO, ? , ; : 9.533 ; Z : 20.809 

The bisulphurets of tin and molybdenum, which present some resemblance in their 
_ physical constitution, have atomic heats but little different. The bisulphuret of iron 
differs very much from these in its characteristics, and we find that its atomic heat 
is also very different. (Regnault.) 

In the metallic state gold and silver are isomorphous. Their relationship in heat 
and volume is very obvious. I have followed Gmelin in adopting 199 as the atomic 
weight of gold. If we assign it 99.6, as do some of the chemists, and halve the atomic 
weight of silver, for the cogent reasons advanced by Regnault, the above relation 
still holds good. Or, if we reject the suggestion of Regnault, it will be found that in 
heat and volume silver is the exact multiple by two of gold; so that in either case, 
the simplicity of relation (which in the present state of our knowledge of these 
subjects is all that we can contend for) is still preserved. Sodium allies itself with 
silver, as shown by the resemblance in atomic volume of their carbonates, sulphates, 
nitrates and chlorides. In all this series, as far as the specific heats have been 
obtained, the same correspondence in heat and volume is evident. 

The atomic volume of sodium, as given in the table, is about one-half that of potas- 
sium. These volumes would be equalized by doubling the atomic weight of sodium ; 
and it is interesting here to observe that this alteration has been proposed by Dr. 
Clarke from theoretical considerations of a different character. The simplicity of 
relation is therefore evident. 

* Annales de Chim. et de Phys., 3me ser., t. 1, p. 200. 


118 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

It is well known that the potassa and ammonia salts exhibit very complete iso- 
morphism. This, indeed, might be inferred from the comparison of the nitrates of 
these bases, as shown in the table. Hence it is probable that potassium and ammo- 
nium, as has been suspected, are themselves isomorphous, notwithstanding that one 
atom of nitrogen and four atoms of hydrogen replace one of potassium in combination. 
I have not the data to compare them, either by heat or volume. 

Phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth, constitute a natural group to which 
nitrogen is thought to belong. For the first three the atomic heat is about the same; 
the number for bismuth is about one-half that of the others. The relation between 
the atomic volumes is not so evident. If we follow the example of many of the 
Kuropean chemists, and halve the atomic weights of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony, 
a tendency to multiple relations between the atomic volumes will become more 
evident. This tendency is developed in their isomorphous compounds. 

Compounds. ‘Heats Volume. 
As; Os 12.68371 26.810 
Sb, O; 13.78377 26.984 
Bi, O2 14.30929 27.976 
As, S, 13.94600 35.606 
Sb. Ss 14.87331 37.268 
Bi, Ss 15.62921 37.257 
As, Cl, 31.96886 a 
P, Cl, 28.83052 95.034 
3PbO, PO, 32.463 

3PbO, AsO; 32.804 

Iodine and bromine are isomorphous throughout their whole combinations. Chlorine 
in certain respects is naturally associated with them. Their relation in heat and 

volume is seen below. 

Atomic Atomic 
Compounds. Heat. Volume. 
KBr 13}-33172 48.612 
KI 13.530 50.322 
KCl 12.902 38.955 
NaBr. 14.061 
Nal 12.950 be 
NaCl 12.541 28.199 
AgBr 13.782 29.355 
Agl 14.420 41.699 
AgCl. 13.073 26.086 
PbBr 9.711 27.481 
PbI 9.812 38.166 

PbCl 9.244 25.217 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 119 

The isomorphous and calorific correspondences between the different bodies com- 
posing each of the several groups of compounds, are sufficiently obvious to require no 
comment. 

In most of the standard chemical works, the elements have been classified isomor- 
phously, not so much from any proof that they individually present, as from the iso- 
morphism of their compounds. The law promulgated by Mitscherlich naturally leads 
to such supposition and consequent classification. It must not be forgotten, however, 
that comparatively few of the elementary bodies are crystallizable, and that, therefore, 
we are in great measure deprived of the positive and demonstrative proof of the 
isomorphism of all the elements. Nevertheless, two-thirds of the crystallizable 
elements belong to the regular system, and are hence isomorphous the one with the 
other. Of these, however, some crystallize in other forms, under which they are 
isomorphous with elements belonging to other groups, as the Rhombohedral and Right 
Prismatic. Hence, from their arrangement into various isomorphous classes, and the 
resemblance between and apparent correlation of these classes, we fairly, though 
indirectly, infer, as highly probable, that the chemical elements, under certain favor- 
able conditions, are capable of assuming the same form. Now, the approximation of 
many of these elements, in atomic heat and volume, certainly seems to confirm the 
reality of this isomorphism. It will thus be seen that the capacity for heat of ele- 
; mentary atoms is related through isomorphism only. Moreover, it will be observed 
among compound atoms, that although similarity in chemical constitution is, in 
general, accompanied by sameness in capacity for heat, yet examples: exist of differ- 
ently constituted bodies also presenting this similarity. This is an important fact 
and one worthy of close consideration, since it probably explains why one atom in a 
compound body will replace two or more atoms in another with which it is isomor- 
phous. Thus Cu,S and AgS are isomorphous. Here two atoms of copper replace 
one of silver, and yet retain the same form. Now the atomic heat of copper is about 
half that of silver. The atomic heats of the two sulphurets are as follows :— 

At. Heat. - At. Volume. 
Cu,S : ‘ : 9.647 : ; 3 13.528 
AgS : 5 4 : 9.258 ; ; “ 18.116 

Even if we adopt Regnault’s suggestion, before alluded to, and write both substances 
according to the formula R,S, the numbers for atomic heat will still be nearly the 
same. 

Bisulphuret of iron Fe,S, is dimorphous. In the mineral Spirkise it is isomorphous 
with arsenide of iron Fe,AsS,. In the pentagonal dodecahedron of the regular system 
it is isomorphous with cobalt glance, CO,AsS,. Again, Cd,S, and Ni,S, are each 
isomorphous with Ni,As. Thus it would appear that one equivalent of arsenic is 

isomorphous with two of sulphur. Now the table shows us that the atomic heat of 
31 


120 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

arsenic is about twice that of sulphur. The atomic heat of Fe.8, is 15.60384, of 
Fe,As8,, 16.35392. The cyanides replace the chlorides, three atoms occupying the 
space and performing the function of one. The atomic heat of cyanogen is 14.4222, 
that of chlorine, 14.4627. 

We come now to inquire why the atomic heat and volume in many of the isomor- 
phous groups are not absolutely identical. Many bodies called isomorphous are 
not strictly so. Their corresponding angles sometimes vary several degrees. A 
variation of 59’ has been observed by Mitscherlich in the analogous angles of 
different specimens of the same salt. In the sulphates of barytes and strontia the 
angles of the rhombs differ by 2° 48'; in the carbonates of lime and magnesia by 
2° 36'; and in the sulphates of zinc and magnesia by 38’. Inequalities also exist 
between the axes of such plesimorphic bodies. Now the interdependence of crystalline 
condition and atomic volume has been well and beautifully shown by Kopp, as the 
result of an attentive study of the various classes of plesimorphic and strictly isomor- 
phic compounds. That careful physicist found that variations in the individual 
angles of a crystal were accompanied by corresponding variations in its atomic volume. 
But the angular value of a crystal depends upon the proportions between its axes, and 
these cannot suffer alteration without changing the density, and, consequently, its 
specific gravity—alterations necessarily preceding variation in atomic volume. 
Elongation of the principal axis increases the atomic volume; thus, step by step, we 
are led to the conviction that crystalline form is inseparably connected with, and 
dependent upon, peculiar axial proportions. Whatever modifies these proportions in 
a definite manner, must be considered as the ultimate cause of the plesimorphic 
differences referred to above. In this connection, the observations of Mitscherlich, 
Fresnel and others, upon the application of heat to crystals, may be studied with much 
advantage, as they are well calculated to lead to results as positive as they are impor- 
tant. According to these gentlemen, when crystals not belonging to the regular 
system are heated, their axes expand unequally and change the magnitude of their 
angles. Crystals of the right prismatic system have their three axes expanded differ- 
ently. In arragonite, on raising the temperature from 32° to 212°, the inclination 
of the lateral faces increases by 2' 46”, and that of the terminal faces diminishes by 
5' 29"; gypsum is more expanded by heat in the direction of the principal axis than 
in that of the lateral axes. In bitter spar, the obtuse angle of the primitive rhombo- 
hedron diminishes when the temperature is raised from 32° to 212° by 4' 6”; in 
ferruginous bitter spar, by 3’ 29”; in iron spar, containing a considerable quantity of 
manganese, by 3’ 31”; and in pure iron spar, by 2’ 22”. In crystals of the rhombo- 
hedral system, the expansion is the same in the directions of the three secondary 
axes, but different in that of the principal axis.* But the positive and methodical 
influence of heat in changing the density, axes and angles, and, therefore, the form 

*Gmelin. Hand-Book of Chemistry, Cavendish Society edition, vol. i. p. 233. 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 121 

of a crystal, is beautifully and conclusively shown in the following example: Calca- 
reous spar, heated to 180° F., has its specific gravity decreased in the proportion of 
1: mm; its principal axis expanded by 0.001961; and each horizontal axis contracted 
by 0.00056 ; in consequence of which the obtuse angles of the primitive rhombohedron 
diminish, and the acute angles increase by 8’ 34". Now, according to Kopp, when 
its principal axis = 0.85440, and its obtuse angle = 105°.5’, the specific gravity 
of calc spar is 2.7220. When heated, its specific gravity becomes 2.71675, and its 
atomic volume passes from 232.36 to 232.80; or, in other words, a modification of 
form ensues. ; 

The phenomenon of dimorphism presents us with many examples strongly confirma- 
tory of the significant connection, here indicated, between form and capacity for heat. 
Still more do they conduct us to some positive notions concerning the active agency 
of caloric in producing crystalline form. “Crystals formed at one particular tempe- 
rature,” says Gmelin, “and then exposed to that temperature at which crystals of a 
different kind are produced, often lose their transparency, and, without alteration of 
external form, become changed into an aggregate of small crystals of the latter kind. 
We may therefore imagine that the atoms of the solid crystal displace one another in 
such a manner as to bring about the particular arrangement which they are disposed 
to assume at the altered temperature, the new arrangement belonging to a different 
crystalline system.”* Carbon, as found in the diamond, which belongs to the regular 
system, has a different atomic heat from carbon as found in rhombohedral graphite. 
Tn fact, all the varieties of carbon differ in the same respect, as shown in the following 
table: 

Varieties of Specific Atomic | Atomic 
Carbon. Heat. Heat. Volume. 
Diamond. 0.1192 D,M. j 
: 0.1469 Reg. 0.8814 1.690 
Graphite: 
Natural, 0.2019 Reg. 1.2114 
Artificial, 0.1970 Rg. 1.1820 2.857 
Coke: 
3 varieties, 0.2086 Reg. 1.2216 
0.2017 Rg. 1.2102 
0.2031 Rg. 1.2186 3.333 
Charcoal: 
Strongly ignited, 0.2415 Reg. 
oe “ 0.2009 D,M. 1.3272 
Moderately heated, 0.2964 D,M. 1.7784 
From Sugar, 0.1592 Rg. 0.8552 © 
“¢ Ol. Terebinth,| 0.1801 Rg. 1.0806 
Lamp Black, 0.2570 Av. 1.5420 
Animal, 0.2608 Rg. 1.5648 

Carbon thus furnishes us with an excellent example of the connection between the 
calorific capacity of a body and its degree of aggregation. 

*Gmelin. Op. cit., vol. i. p. 98. 


122 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

If sulphur be melted and allowed to solidify at 230° F., it assumes the form of an 
oblique rhombic prism; if it be made to crystallize from its solution in bisulphuret of 
carbon or oil of turpentine, at a temperature under 100°, it appears in the shape of 
octohedrons with rhombic bases. According to Graham, the crystals of sulphur 
produced at the higher of two temperatures, become opaque when kept for some days 
in the air, and pass spontaneously into the other form, in consequence of a new 
arrangement of atoms; at the same time their transparency is destroyed, because a 
mass of crystalline particles takes the place of one crystal, thus causing the light to 
be refracted in various directions. The crystals produced at the lower temperature 
are disintegrated and changed into the other form by a moderate heat. 

As in the case of carbon, the varieties of sulphur differ in atomic heat.* 

If chloride of calcium and carbonate of ammonia be mixed together, and the solution 
brought to a temperature of 50° F., the precipitating carbonate of lime will take the 
form of rhombohedric crystals, as in calc-spar; if the solution be kept at 150°, the 
crystals appear as cubes, as in arragonite. If these cubic crystals are allowed to 
remain in the liquid, while the latter is gradually cooling, they are slowly but com- 
pletely converted into calc spar.t 

According to Fownes, green sulphate of iron crystallizes in two different forms, and 
with two different proportions of water, according to the temperature at which the 
salt separates from the solution.{ 

A prism of arragonite, exposed to the flame of a spirit-lamp, decrepitates at a low 
red heat, and breaks up into numerous minute rhombic grains of calc spar. Melted 
chalk, on cooling into marble, exhibits a rhombohedral structure. From these facts 
it appears, that while a low temperature gives to CaO, CO, the form of calc-spar, a 
higher temperature is necessary to produce arragonite,—which latter is indeed formed 
only between very narrow thermometric limits. Below are the atomic heats of 
different varieties of carbonate of lime. 

CaO, CO2 Atomic Heat. 
Cale-spar, : : : 4 5 i ; : 10.0747 
Artificial, : : i : : ; . 5 10.2515 
Arragonite, . : { Fy : : 5 10.3575 
Iceland spar, . 5 ‘ : : ‘ 5 : 10.5343 
Cltalky 200200 or a alee sieeea al OS ea 
Statuary marble, ; : . é . : ; 10.8979 

Carbonate of strontia precipitates in an indeterminate form, when chloride of stron- 
tium is decomposed by carbonate of ammonia in the cold. When heated, it takes the 
form of arragonite. But the chlorides of barium and lead, when mixed with carbo- 
nate of ammonia in the cold, respectively precipitate PbO, CO, and BaQ, CO, in the 

*Regnault. Op. cit., pp. 206, -207. + Rose. Philosoph. Mag., 3d ser., vol. xii. p. 465. 
{ Elements of Chemistry, p. 176. : 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 123 

form of arragonite. Now the latter carbonates have a somewhat higher atomic heat 
than SrO, CO,. 

If hot, concentrated caustic potash be saturated with protoxide of lead, the latter 
separates in the shape of rhombic octohedrons having a yellow color; as the . 
solution cools, however, red, crystalline scales are deposited on the first. If the red 
crystals be heated, they take the first form and also the yellow color.* 

Anatase and rutile, two forms of oxide of titanium, though both belonging to the 
square prismatic system, have incompatible angles, which assign to each a different 
primitive form. They differ in atomic heat and volume. 

Bisulphuret of iron, as common iron-pyrites, belongs to the regular system; as 
white iron-pyrites, to the right prismatic system,—the latter being of a paler yellow 
color and much softer. Breithaupt thinks that the former has been formed at a 
higher temperature than the latter. The atomic heat of the common variety is 
7.5480; of the white variety, 7.8854. 

Sulphate of nickel (NiO, SO;7Aq.) is trimorphous. It crystallizes below 59° F. in 
right rhombic prisms; between 59° and 68° F. in acute octohedrons with square bases ; 
and above 86°F. in oblique rhombic prisms; also in forms belonging to the right, 
square and oblique prismatic systems. The right rhombic prisms, after exposure to 
sunlight for a few days, are found to be composed of square-based octohedrons, often 
several lines in length. The sulphates of zinc and magnesia exhibit similar pheno- 
mena. They assume different forms, according as they are made to crystallize at a 
high or a low temperature,—manifesting, as Mitscherlich has shown, very peculiar 
and interesting changes with variation of temperature.+ 

According to Frankenheim, sal ammoniac, which generally crystallizes in regular 
octohedrons, appears at higher temperatures to assume forms belonging to the right 
prismatic system.] 

When the rhombohedrons of KO, NO; are heated considerably above 100° C., they 
change into prismatic crystals. A hot solution of KO, NO, deposits prismatic crystals 
when slightly cooled; at a temperature of 14° F., however, rhombic crystals begin to 
appear. (Frankenheim.) 

Protiodide (red iodide) of mercury sublimes at a low heat, and also separates from 
solution in square, prismatic tables of a scarlet hue; at a higher temperature, rhombic 
tables of a sulphur-yellow color are formed. As often as they are heated, the red 
crystals turn yellow, and again become red as they cool. (Gmelin.) 

Examples of this kind attest the strong, controlling influence of temperature upon 
isomorphism. We see that whether a body shall be isomorphous with a second or 9 
third, is mainly determined by temperature. “Les isomorphismes chimiques d’un 

* Mitscherlich. Jour. Pr. Chem. 19, 451. 7 Gmelin, tJour. Pr. Chem. 16, 3. 
38 


124 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

méme corps peuvent done changer completement avec la température.”* Changes in 
the form of a body correspond to variations in its combined heat. 

Many crystallizable bodies assume a peculiar state of aggregation known as the 
vitreous condition, which may be considered as a variety or modification of dimorphism. 
The binarseniate and biphosphate of soda resemble each other strongly in physical 
and chemical properties. When exposed to the same heat, the first solidifies, on 
cooling, into a white opaque mass composed of interlaced crystalline fibres, while tie 
second is converted into a transparent, colorless glass. While undergoing these 
changes, the arseniate discharges sensibly more heat than the phosphate; hence, 
probably, the glassy condition of the latter salt is due to the retention around its 
particles of a portion of the heat of fluidity.+ 

Ordinarily sugar has a granular or crystalline structure. When melted and allowed 
to cool slowly, it assumes a glassy condition and manifests very different physical 
properties. If, while still soft and viscid, (as at the temperature of 100°,) it be rapidly 
drawn out into threads, a large quantity of heat is liberated, and the sugar separates 
into minute granules of a pearly lustre. 

That the vitreous condition isin some manner connected with the amount of heat 
accumulated around the ultimate particles, is shown by the fact that glass kept soft 
for a long time, gradually loses its heat and is converted into a substance known as 
Reaumur’s porcelain, in which it assumes different characters. The crystalline and 
amorphous states of the same body differ to a certain extent in their properties; the 
former being in general harder, specifically heavier and less soluble than the latter, 
in which the atoms are placed farther apart than in the first. Graham also affirms 
that the amorphous condition is accompanied by a larger quantity of combined heat 
than the crystalline. 

Arsenious acid sublimes as a transparent glass with a light, yellow tint. By 
exposure, the vitreous mass gradually changes into a congeries of small octohedral 
erystals, and becomes opake, milk-white, and slightly altered in solubility and density. 
According to H. Rose, if the vitreous mass be dissolved in hydrochloric acid, each 
crystal as it separates emits a flash of light. Regnault, in his second memoir, says, 
“‘Vacide vitreux (arsenious) devient promptement opaque a la température de 100°.” 
The vitreous acid has an atomic heat of 15.0796; the opaque, 15.2064. Now, 
Guibourt has shown that the specific gravity of the vitreous acid diminishes during 
the change to the opaque form, from 3.785 to 3.695; and that the latter dissolves 
rather more abundantly both in hot and cold water than the transparent. This is an 
exception to the ordinary cases, for the change from the amorphous to the crystalline 
form is accompanied generally with increased density and diminished solubility. It 
is interesting here to observe that the difference in atomic heat, though very small, is 

* Regnault. + Graham’s Elements, p. 151. 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 125 

in favor of the opaque variety—another departure from the usual rule, the opaque 
form, having commonly less than the transparent or vitreous. 

The limits to which I have assigned this paper, prevent me from here introducing 
in detail many facts similar to the above. I would, however, especially refer the 
reader to the first volume of Gmelin’s Chemical Hand-Book, where, in the article on 
Amorphism, have been collected from the writings of Rose, Fuchs, Regnault, Frank- 
enheim, Marchand, Scherer and others, many valuable and instructive examples of 
the modifying influence of caloric upon the state of aggregation, form and properties 
of bodies. These constitute but a few of the many examples which a progressive 
science is daily placing upon record, to be used hereafter for the loftiest purposes of 
philosophical generalization. They are worthy of, and will amply repay, the closest 
investigation, since they conduct us to the very threshold of Nature’s secret laboratory, 
promising to lay bare that for which the human mind, through all ages, has so fondly 
and unceasingly longed—a knowledge of the primary physical cause of all natural 
phenomena. 

Nature annually performs for us, on a grand scale, an experiment at once simple, 
beautiful and instructive. I allude to the formation of snow crystals. In this process 
the crystallizing material is the same throughout all the varieties of form, but the 
accompanying temperature varies. In his excellent work on the Arctic Regions, 
Scoresby has classified the many forms of snow-flakes observed by him in his voyages 
to the North, and given a table showing the different temperatures at which different 
crystals were seen to fall. He refers the varieties of snow crystals, for their cause, 
to variations in atmospheric temperature. My own observations made during the 
past winter, lead to the same conclusion. When, after variable weather in the winter 
season, the cold has set in steadily for several days, gradually condensing the aqueous 
vapor and obscuring the heavens, the wind constantly blowing from the same point, 
and the upper atmospheric currents, as shown by the course of the clouds, having the 
same direction as the lower, I have very generally found that while the thermometer 
indicates nearly the same reading, the crystals of snow that fall under such circum- 
stances have the same or but slightly differing forms. Any marked change in the 
height of the mercurial column is very commonly followed by some manifest change 
in the snow-figures. It is true that very different and unrelated forms are often 
observed to fall simultaneously ; but reasons well known to the climatologist, render 
it very probable that they have been generated in atmospheric currents or strata 
differing in temperature. Indeed I suspect that a snow-crystal, by passing through 
variously heated currents of air, may have its form considerably altered as it descends 
towards the earth. By holding the partly-closed hand over a crystal, so as to increase 
the warmth of the surrounding air, I have, on several occasions, noticed very remark- 
able modifications of form. Mr. James Glaisher also speaks of this phenomenon, in 


126 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

a communication directed to the Editor of the Illustrated London News, (Feb. 24th, 
1855.) He says, “In conclusion, I may be forgiven if I remark, for the benefit of 
the inexperienced, that the crystal subjected to the warm influence of the proximity 
of the observer, not unfrequently alters in form before it sensibly begins to melt. I 
have myself more than once drawn a specimen on its first descent, verified it to my 
satisfaction, and passed on to others; after the lapse of perhaps a quarter of an hour 
or more, I have been surprised by witnessing, as I imagined, a new specimen occu- 
pying the precise spot of the former. In each case, however, careful observation 
proved to me that it was no other than the crystal I had already drawn, and that the 
dissimilarity arose from a general simplification of the figure caused by the subsidence 
of the groups of prisms surmounting the apex of the rays, the rounding of the edges 
of those prisms which remained, the subsiding of two or more prisms into one, and 
the elongation of spiculze which formerly served as the axes of prisms.” 

Very peculiar changes may be witnessed by studying the gradual wasting of a snow ~ 
crystal in consequence of an increasing warmth of the air. Thus I have seen a 
hexagonal lamella similar to fig. 87 of Scoresby’s plates, change into one like fig. 28, 
then resemble a star, (fig. 13,) and ultimately leave only its three axes as the skeleton 
or fundamental portion upon which the body of the crystal was erected. ‘These axes 
finally disappeared, the destruction beginning at their apices and ending at their 
common centre or j unction, thus following an order the reverse of their formation. 
An exact statement of the amount of heat combined with each variety of snow-crystal 
would constitute a valuable addition to our present stock of knowledge. 

Thus, then, we learn that the particular system or genus in which a body crystal- 
lizes, is mainly determined by the temperature at which solidification takes place. 

Dimorphism is intimately associated with isomerism. Both phenomena furnish us 
with instances of the positive and active relation which atomic heat bears to both the 
form and properties of bodies. Some isomeric substances, though agreeing in ultimate 
ponderable compositions, differ completely in atemic weight, and every other respect ; 
in others, both the atomic weight and elementary compositions are the same ; in others 
the atomic weights are the same and their molecular arrangement different; but, in 
all, as far as I can ascertain, their atomic heats are different. Phosphoric and pyro- 
phosphoric acids are alike in composition but dissimilar in properties: the second acid 
is simply the first in a state of fusion. Racemic and tartaric acids are very similar in 
properties and chemical relations, and, according to Mitscherlich, isomorphous. When 
heated, they each form three classes of salts, but are so modified that each, upon unit- 
ing with the same base, in the same proportion, produces a different compound. When 
destructively distilled, both give rise to the same pyr-acid. It is well known, that 
every organic acid has its corresponding pyr or fire acid. 

“When the group of chemical molecules are differently arranged,” says Kane, “the 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. |. 127 

various differences in color, density, solubility and figure which belong to dimorphous 
bodies are produced; but when the difference of arrangement extends to the chemical 
constituents of these molecular groups, independent but isomeric bodies are produced.”* 
It would thus appear that isomorphism, dimorphism, polymorphism and isomerism 
are immediately dependent upon a peculiar arrangement of atoms, and of molecules 
composed of two or more atoms. From the inherent tendency to such arrangement, 
probably results the binary method of combination in both the organic and inorganic 
worlds. Now, from all the foregoing facts, we have seen that when bodies agree in 
fourm and properties, they also approximate in atomic heat. When bodies assume two 
or more forms, their chemical properties differ, as do also their atomic heat. Bodies 
having the same composition, but differing in structure (as in all probability isomeric 
bodies do), and consequently in properties, differ aiso in atomic heat. 

Throughout this series, a remarkable parallelism is evident, between atomic heat on 
the one hand, and arrangement of atoms, and forms and properties of bodies on the 
other.- It is very generally true, that bodies having the same form, have also the 
same properties; and that difference of form is accompanied by corresponding differ- 
ence in properties. Very probable is it, therefore, that not only form, but also color, 
specific gravity, solubility, hardness, &c., are all dependent upon certain arrangement 
of atoms. But the arrangement of particles, necessarily pre-supposes an arranging or 
motor agent, which constitutes the ultimate physical cause of crystallization. As the 
attractive force, so grandly displayed in the solar system, must ever be present and in 
action among the planetary bodies of that system, that they may be retained in their 
accustomed orbits; so the atoms of a crystal require the continued presence and equal 
action of the arranging power, to maintain them in that relative position necessary to 
the preservation of the general form. Hence we infer, that the arranging cause must 
be a motor power, and always present. Furthermore, if it can be shown that such an 
agent exists in a crystal, a strictly logical method should prevent us from seeking else- 
where for the cause of peculiar atomic arrangement, and all the physical phenomena 
manifestly dependent upon it. 

Now we have seen that caloric is always associated with the ponderable matter of a 
crystal, and that it is positively related to crystalline form, and hence, to arrangement 
of atoms upon which form depends. It only remains to adduce some proof of its 
efficient activity. The experiments of Fresnel,t Baden Powell,{ Addams§ and others 
show conclusively that heat is self-repellant. Moreover, a careful analysis of the en- 
tire series of phenomena, which, in the aggregate, constitute the natural history of 
caloric, tends strongly to establish the fact that heat is a most powerful motor agent. 
Indeed, the ancients, with very few exceptions, contended (vaguely, however, and un- 

. 

{ Philosoph. Mag. 18, 415. § Gmelin’s Chemistry, vol. i. p. 212. 

29 
YD) 

“ Elements of Chemistry, p. 231. 7 Annales de Chem. et de Phys, 29, 57, 107, 
1 


128 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

supported by experimental proof,) that caloric was the prime mover and cause of all 
natural phenomena. A forcible writer of our own time and place, maintains this doc- 
trine with an imposing and comprehensive array of argument.” 

The following brief resume of facts, connects itself with the question under con- 
sideration :— 

Cohesion varies inversely with the temperature, generally increasing as the latter 
diminishes, and vice versa. Heat expands bodies, rendering those that were hard, 
soft and even liquid and gaseous. This change in bulk and condition, corresponds to 
an increased separation of atoms. A sufficient reduction of temperature solidifies all 
bodies. Liquids and gases may be regarded as solid matter, plus a certain amount 
of caloric, the amount varying with the species of matter. Otherwise, the particular 
temperatures at which bodies undergo these changes would not be so very different, 
nor would they always be constant for the same body. Heat is certainly the cause 
of fluidity, gasefaction and evaporation. The most permanent gases—those which 
manifest the greatest resistance to being deprived of the gaseous form, by external 
pressure and cooling—are those in which the most intimate union exists between the 
ponderable matter and heat. Gases contain more heat than liquids, are more elastic, 
therefore, and manifest a tendency to expand without limit, if not opposed by ex- 
ternal obstacles; liquids contain more heat and are more mobile than solids, which 
contain least of all the forms of aggregation. Gases by their refinement, superior 
activity and expansive power, pass through openings impervious to liquids; so liquids 
escape through openings impassable to solids. Ponderable matter is made to occupy 
a larger or smaller space, according as it is combined with more or less of the repellant 
material—caloric. 

Dr. Black, whose researches may be considered as constituting the foundation of 
the science of thermotics, showed, quite clearly, that the structure and properties of 
solids varied according as their combined heat was increased or diminished. Accord- 
ing to this observer, the malleability and ductility of metals depend upon the quantity 
of latent heat they contain. When hammered, they become red hot in consequence 
of the disengagement of heat; at the same time, while their density, and consequent- 
ly specific gravity increase, their malleability diminishes and they become brittle. 
Malleability is restored by heating. In the first volume of his valuable Hand Book 
of Chemistry, Gmelin has given numerous and very striking instances, showing that 
heat imparts to many ponderable bodies particular colors, which vary according to 
the quantity of heat contained in the bodies. Those metals which increase most in 
specific heat, when exposed to an elevated temperature, are found to have their rate 
of expansion also most rapidly increased. According to Dulong and Petit, when the 

*Dr. S. L. Metcalfe, Caloric, its Agencies in the Phenomena of Nature. 

ie oh) > Po eee 
, oe ae 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 129 

increased capacity for heat is about one-tenth, the increase in expasion amounts to 
one-hundredth. But we cannot conceive of this expansion taking place without the 
atoms being moved farther apart, thus increasing the volume. Coincidently with this 
change, and as a proof of its reality, we find the specific gravity of the metal diminish- 
ed. Hence it is, that the capacity for heat of any body increases with the temperature ; 
- for the arrangement of the atoms at greater distances from each other must necessarily 
afford more space for the accumulation of caloric around the particles. Thus the 
specific heat of copper is reduced, by violent hammering, from 0-095 to 0-935; but 
raised again by ignition, to 0.0949. Lead and tin, on the contrary, which do not in- 
crease in specific gravity under the die, likewise suffer no diminution of specific heat 
by pressure. The specific heat of soft bell-metal, (Cus) Sn) which has a density 
of 86843 is 0:0862, while the same metal hardened, in which state its density is 
8:5797, has a specific heat of 00858. (Regnault.) The more dense a body is, the 
ereater is its specific gravity and the less its specific heat. A beautiful example is 
given by Regnault in the case of precipitated silver. The specific heat of this sub- 
stance varies with the degree of condensation, as shown by the following results de- 

termined by the method of cooling :— 

20° to 15° 15° to 10° 10° to 5° 
Very little pressed, 5 : : 0:08535 0:08441 0-08519 
More strongly ‘“ F : ; 0-05844 0-05772 - 0-05781 
Still more t s : : 0:05749 0 05718 0-05749 
Strongly hammered and rubbed, _.. 0-05634 0-05671 0-05654 
More strongly <“ Mt : 0:05616 0-:05624 0:05650 

Peroxide of iron and peroxide of nickel when strongly ignited, increase in density 
and diminish in specific heat. The varieties of carbon present the same result. The 
interesting experiments of Messrs. Hopkins, Fairbairn and Joule, upon the effects of 
extreme pressure, demonstrate that the temperature of fusion increases in proportion 
to the pressure to which the fused mass is subjected. In employing a pressure of 
about 13,000 lbs. to the square inch, on bleached wax, they found that increase in 
the temperature of fusion was not less than 30° F., about one-fifth of the whole 
temperature at which it melts, under the pressure of the atmosphere.* Such facts, I 
may say in passing, militate strongly against the generally received, though probably 
erroneous theory of the exalted calorific condition of the centre of our planet. 

But the active agency of caloric in affecting specific gravity, is seen by comparing 
compound bodies with the elements of which they are composed. Thus hydrogen 
and chlorine unite, without condensation, to form hydrochloric acid gas. The specific 
gravity of one volume of hydrogen is 69:26; of one volume of chlorine, 2421-6; and 
of one volume of hydrochloric acid gas, 1247-4 ; the mean of the two former numbers. 
The specific gravity of hydrogen is about 36 times less than that of chlorine; its 

* President Hopkins’ Address befure the 23d Annual meeting of the British Association. 


130 M#IGS ON THE RELATION OF 

elastic force, on the contrary, is exceedingly great; while cold alone, or a pressure of 
but four atmospheres is sufficient to condense chlorine. The expansive power of 
hydrochloric acid gas, is equal to the pressure of 40 atmospheres, at the temperature 
of 50°. Now the atomic heat of H is 21:2064; of Cl, 14-4627; and of HCl, 28-9263. 
Four volumes of HCl must contain as many atoms as two volumes of H, or of Cl; 
or, two volumes of HCl contain as many atoms as one volume of H or Cl. But one 
volume of H contains half an atom, hence one volume of HCl must contain one-fourth 
of an atom, which must therefore be surrounded by twice as large a heat-sphere as 
the half-atom of H. Such facts authorize us to conclude, that chlorine in combining 
with hydrogen has its specific gravity reduced, in consequence of abstracting from the 
latter gas an additional quantity of caloric, by which its particles are separated further 
from each other and made to occupy a larger bulk. This supposition will also account 
for the change in elasticity. The union of iodine, bromine, cyanogen, &c., with hydro- 
gen is accompanied by a similar reduction in specific gravity, and alteration in physi- 
cal and chemical properties. When hydrogen unites with sulphur, phosphorus, and 
arsenic-vapors, and with carbon, in different proportions to form, respectively, sul- 
phuretted, phosphuretted, arseniuretted, and light and heavy carburetted hydrogen 
gases; with oxygen to form aqueous vapor, and with nitrogen to produce ammonia, 
the resulting specific gravities of these respective compounds is very much less than 
the sum of those of their constituent elements, The volume and elastic force of these 
gases are also altered in a remarkable manner. 

According to Graham, the more nearly bodies agree in composition, they are the 
more likely to act as solvents of each other, or to be miscible in the liquid form.* But 
we have seen that in both compound and elementary bodies of the same atomic con- 
stitution and of like chemical constitution, the specific heats are in the inverse pro- 
portion to the atomic weights. In this connection, I may refer to those numerous 
and interesting examples of change in the solubility of bodies after being heated, 
although their composition remains the same. Alumina, binoxide of tin, sesquloxide 
of chromium, and other metallic peroxides, and certain salts, such as silicates, tung- 
states, phosphates, antimoniates, &c., after exposure to a temperature just below red- 
ness, lose their solubility in acids. In its cubic form, the bisulphuret of iron resists 
the action of both air and water; but in its right rhombic form, when exposed to 
moist air, it absorbs oxygen with great avidity, and is converted into a crystalline 
mass of copperas.; Spontaneous ignition often accompanies those changes in solubility, 
and generally just as the body is passing from the soluble to the insoluble state. “Je 
crois méme que ce changement de chaleur spécifique correspondant 4 un changement 
d’ agrégation, donne l’explication d’une phénomeéne bien connu des chimistes et des 
physiciens, je veux parler de l'incandescence qui se manifeste subitement dans certains 

* Hlements, p. 142. + Kane. 

UNE SS ae ee RD eel 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 131 

oxides, quand on les soumet 4 une chaleur graduellement croissante. Il sa pro- 
duit alors un changement dans ladisposition moléculaire du corpse, un changement 
dagregation qui se manifeste dans les caractéres chimiques. Kn effet, la substance 
qui etait facilement soluble dans les acides, avant son incandescence, est devenue trés 
difficilement soluble, quelquefois méme insoluble aprés. L’incandescence s’explique 
facilement par une diminution subite dans la capacité calorifique du corps, qui dégage 
instantanément de la substance une quantite considérable de chaleur qui auparavant 
était latente; cette chaleur, au moment ou elle devient libre produit nécessairement 
une élévation thermométrique qui porte pendant quelques instants la substance 4 l’in- 
candescence, quand elle n’ était encore portée qu’ au rouge sombre par la chaleur ex- 
tenmeures, = 

In the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, (ler ser. t. 70, p. 407,) Gay-Lussac has 
published some observations upon certain bodies whose solubility he shows to be deter- 
mined by temperature alone. These observations lead, moreover, to the supposition 
that all spontaneous precipitations are due to differences in temperature. 

Many elementary bodies in uniting to form compounds, suffer a contraction in 
volume. Now, M. Filhol has shown, that in those compounds whose chemical 
properties are very analogous, the co-efficients of contraction are sensibly the same.+ 
Analogous properties seem to be associated with analogies in calorific condition. 

It would be superfluous to adduce other examples of the active character of caloric. 

From the laborious and carefully conducted experiments of many eminent physi- 
cists, we may infer that in the most, if not all bodies, the combined heat varies to a 
greater or less extent in different specimens. Examples of this we find in carbon, 
sulphur, &c. Accompanying this variation, and in all probability caused by it, we 
find a change in form, condition, physical and chemical properties and the like. 
Indeed it is difficult to conceive how any change, even the slightest, in the heat of a 
body, could be unaccompanied by some alteration in the ponderable matter. The 
extreme sensitiveness of heat or caloric is evinced in every chapter of its endless 
history. It is very rational to suppose, therefore, that the influence of caloric in 
moulding ponderable matter into definite forms, must in a certain measure vary with 
the degree of aggregation of the body, which state of aggregation is indeed in great 
measure contingent upon the amount of caloric itself. Increased aggregation is gene- 
rally an indication of diminished calorific capacity. In colcothar and the diamond 
we have beautiful examples of this fact. In condensing very strongly, a body often 
completely loses its most characteristic chemical properties. Heat acting upon two 
dissimilar pieces of metal soldered together, gives rise to electrical phenomena; acting 
upon water, produces motor effects. From such conspicuous examples we are forced 

* Regnault, Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 3me Sér. i. 188--9. 
+ Annales de Chim. et dle Phys., 3™° sér. t. xxi., p- 415. 

34 


132 MEIGS ON THE RELATION OF 

to conclude that any variation in the ponderable substratum or medium upon which 
a definite amount of caloric is made to act, or im the attending circumstances by 
which the body is surrounded, must necessarily produce a variation in calorific effects. 
Hence the want of absolute identity in the crystalline form of many bodies which 
are really isomorphous. Hence, too, the discrepancies occasionally met with between 
the atomic volume of a body and that of the other members of the group to which it 
belongs. For atomic volume is calculated from relative weight and specific gravity ; 
as the latter two vary, so must the former. Now the specific gravity of a body may 
vary according as it is adulterated or not with matters lighter or heavier than itself, 
and having naturally different quantities of heat; or the body itself may, in different 
states, possess different quantities of combined heat. This view will explain the 
fortuitous coincidences in form accompanying dissimilarity of properties and compo- 
sition; and, also, why certain elements manifest isomorphism in their analogous 
compounds, and yet cannot be shown to be isomorphous in their elementary state. 
For the mathematico-chemical investigations of Kopp lead us to suppose that the 
primitive atomic volume of an element suffers a considerable change in its different 
combinations,—the combining volume bearing in most instances a simple or multiple 
relation to the primitive. Hence a body may have two or more atomic volumes as 
well as crystalline forms, which, indeed, we should infer a priori. _ 

We know very well that a certain elevation of temperature may so affect the 
molecular structure of a body as to destroy its identity or individuality,—changing 
its form, color, properties, &. This molecular change is nearly always accompanied 
by a simple multiple change in the equivalent of a body, and of course in the atomic 
volume. It seems very probable, therefore, that the different forms which certain 
elementary bodies are known to assume, are intimately connected with diversity of 
equivalent volume. We may suppose that sulphur has a larger and more intricate 
volume when it takes the complex form of bisulphate of potassa, than in its ordinary 
simple form. So, likewise, we may suppose that when one equivalent of chlorine 
replaces one of cyanogen, or two of manganese in combination, it must have a 
varying volume, and consequently a varying form, in compound bodies. According 
to Graham, the tendency of discovery is to bring all the elements into one class, 
either as isomorphous, atom to atom, or with the relation to the others which sodium, 
chlorine and arsenic exhibit. In this connection, the sameness of atomic heat of the 
elements, the similarity of many of the atomic volumes, and the simple relationship 
of the others, as shown in the table, are significant facts. 

If we ignore the materiality of heat, and deny that it is as essential to the compo- 
sition of bodies as ponderable matter itself, the changes in form, properties, &., which 
these bodies undergo, are without explanation. If, on the contrary, we follow the 
evidence of our senses, and acknowledge the substantiality of caloric and the extent 


ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 133 

and dignity of its influence upon the self-inert bases with which it is combined, we 
open a channel for the hopeful investigation of cause and effect. Changes in the 
properties of things must be preceded by compositional and structural changes, either 
of their ponderable or imponderable element, or of both, just as in the animate world 
organic derangement is the invariable antecedent to functional disturbance. If caloric 
be merely a property or quality of matter, it cannot possess that self-active and 
causative power which a careful analysis of its history warrants us in assigning to it. 
If it be a substantive entity, we can readily understand the remarkable constancy and 
mathematical precision of its effects; and we can understand, furthermore, how its 
presence or absence in certain quantities can produce those structural or molecular 
alterations which manifest themselves externally in variations of form, specific gravity, 
color, solubility, &. The estimation of the absolute amount of heat combined with 
bodies in their different states of aggregation, is one of the most difficult problems in 
physical science ;—and one of the most important, since upon its solution depends the 
explanation of many unexplained and apparently inexplicable phenomena. However, 
if we bring together the few reliable observations that have been made in this channel, 
(especially those concerning the relation between the calorific condition and refractive 
power of substances,) and the numerous collateral facts which are scattered throughout 
the literature of physics, we will have material sufficient to begin already the work of 
cautious and satisfactory generalization. 

The following conclusions, as being more or less probable, seem to flow naturally 
from the foregoing facts and arguments :— 

1. That no invariable connection exists between the form and ponderable atomic 
constitution of a body. 

2. That form is immediately dependent upon peculiar axial proportions, which are 
themselves the results of a certain molecular arrangement. 

3. That the arrangement and disarrangement of atoms implies a motor agent; 
while the definite and constant relation between changes in aggregation and variations 
in form, implies the materiality of this agent and its continued presence, whether in 
the same or varying quantities. 

4, That this agent has periods of action and periods of rest. 

5. That caloric is a positive material entity—an essential element in all bodies, 
always present in different proportions. 

6. That caloric is selfrepellant and endowed with great physical power. 

7. That crystalline form is the visible representative of atomic volume. 

8. That isomorphous bodies have sensibly the same atomic heat and the same 
atomic volume. 

9. That in elementary and compound isomorphous groups, the numbers indicating 
atomic heat and volume are simply related. 


134 RELATION OF ATOMIC HEAT TO CRYSTALLINE FORM. 

10. That two or more atoms of one element may replace one of another, and retain 
the same figure; and vice versa; hence, equal numbers of atoms are not essential to 
isomorphism. 

11. That similarity of constitution is- generally, though not always, accompanied 
by sameness of combined heat. 

12. That at certain temperatures, the elements may all be made to assume the 
same form. 

13. That variation in the atomic heat of a body is accompanied by variation in its 
form. 

14. That atomic heat is the cause of isomorphism and polymorphism,—consequently 
of crystalline form in general. 

Is caloric, through its affinity for, and active influence upon ponderable matter, the 
primary physical cause of all crystallization ? 

et = 


[135] 

ART. XI.— Contributions towards a knowledge of the Marine InverTesrate Fauna, 
of the coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey. 

By Josern Leipy, M. D. 

The present communication consists of notices and descriptions of invertebrate 
animals observed during a visit of two weeks, the last August, to Joseph P. Hazard, 
Esq., on Point Judith, at the entrance of Naragansette Bay, Rhode Island; and of 
other invertebrate animals collected by Samuel Ashmead, Hsq., or myself, in short 
visits to Absecom Beach, in the vicinity of Atlantic City, New Jersey, and to Beesley’s 
Point, at the mouth of Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. 

PORIFERA. 

1. GRANTIA crLiTIA, Flemming. Sponge elliptical, with a single terminal orifice 
surrounded with a crown of spiculs. Color yellowish white; length from two lines 
to three-fourths of an inch. Point Judith ; attached to corallines, mytili, &c. 

2. GRANTIA BOTRYOIDES, Flemming. Sponge branching irregularly ; branches ovate 
or cylindroid, tubular, with a single terminal aperture. Structural spicule trident. 
Point Judith ; with the preceding species. 

POLYPI. 

3. CLAVA MULTICORNIS, Johnston. (Pl. XI. figs. 33, 34.) Polypidom a very short, 
thin tube of attachment. Polype clavate, with the dilated portion roseate, the re- 
maining portions translucent whitish. Tentacule up to twenty. Ova attached in 
clusters by means of a pedicle below the tentacule. Length of polypes up to two 
lines. Point Judith ; in shaded pools between tides, attached to barnacles, the rocks, &c. 

Although I found numerous individuals of this polype, I saw none greater than 
the measurement above given; whereas, the european Clava multicornis is stated to 
exceed half an inch in length. If this is a constant difference, most probably others 
will be found on comparison sufficient to characterise the american Clava as a dis- 
tinct species. In all the specimens examined I observed a polypidom in the form of 
a small cup enclosing the basis of attachment, as seen in figures 33, 34. 

4. HYDRACTINIA ECHINATA, Johnston. (PI. XI. fig. 35.) Polypidom crustaceous ; 
brown, furnished with simple and compound spines. Polypes long clavate, trans- 
lucent white ; with the head obtuse and furnished with an alternating circle of from 
six to eighteen cylindrical tentacule, Ovigerous polypes smaller than the others, sur- 

39 


136 LEIDY ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF 

rounded with a many-lobed head, and having attached to the sides numerous ovigerous 
capsules, of various sizes, containing from one to five ova. Length of polypes up to 
one-fourth of an inch. Abundant at Point Judith and at Beesley’s Point, investing © 
the shells occupied by the hermit crabs. 

EUCORYNE, Leidy. Polypidom, a rooted, branching, corneous tube with a soft 
axis. Polypes terminating the branches of the polypidom, non-retractile, clavate, 
furnished with a circle of long, cylindrical tentacule, and one or more circles of short 
tentaculz: with globular tips. 

5. Eucoryne ELEGANS, Leidy. (Pl. X. figs. 1-5.) Polypidom alternately branch- 
ing, adhering by a coarse reticular root, and growing in profuse branches three or four 
inches in length; trunk and branches shining black, and annulated at their origin; 
branchlets yellow, and annulated at their origin and termination. Polypes up to 
three-fourths of a line long, clavate, translucent white, with the dilated portion encircled 
with two red bands. ‘Tentacule colorless, in two or three circles: first or basal 
circle twelve in number, filiform, as long or longer than the body; second and third 
circles of six in each, cylindrical and ending in globular extremities. Quite abundant 
at Point Judith, adhering to corallines, and other fuci, mytili, &c., below low tide, 

Gertner,* Van Beneden,t+ Hassal,{ and Johnston§ represent Coryne as haying the 
tentacule terminating in globular extremities and irregularly distributed, while 
Eudendrium is represented as possessing only a circle of filiform tentacule. Such 
being the case, the polype, above described, would characterise a genus intermediate 
to Coryne and Eudendrium. Gosse|| has, however, represented two polypes, which 
he calls Coryne cerberus and Coryne stauridiai, each having a circle of simply filiform 
tentacule, and a second of those with globular tips. As an examination of Hucoryne 
elegans shows the two kinds of tentaculz to have a different arrangement in structure, 
the two species just named either do not belong to the genus Coryne, or all the species 
of the latter possess filiform tentaculz, and others with globular tips, which I suspect 
actually to be the case, when the genus Hucoryne would cease to exist. 

Eucoryne elegans is an exceedingly beautiful object, on account of the profuseness 
of its developement, its graceful branching, and varied coloring. lI observed many 
bunches four inches in length, but the main branches do not measure more than three 
inches; the addition of length in the branches, being due to the successive origin of 
the latter from stems of corallines, or other elevated objects of attachment. 

The root of the polypidom is a coarse, tortuous, black fibre, reticulated upon the ob- 
ject of attachment. Sometimes an ascidia is imprisoned by the net-work, but more 
frequently it embraces the stems of corallines, or entangles masses of minute mytili. 

* Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica. + Rech. sur l’embryol. des Tubulaires. 

{ Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol: vii. | § A History of the British Zoophytes. 
|| A Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast, pl. xiv. figs. 4-6; pl. xvi. figs. 1-5. 


TA Tee ea) ee a ae 
oe ae ae De } 
ieee, : 

THE COASTS OF RHODE ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. slats 

The principle trunks of the polypidom are nearly straight, and they give off alternat- 
ing branches, provided with from one to half a dozen branchlets. The trunks are 
black, and are annulated at their commencement, for a short distance after giving off 
the branches, and at their termination. The branches have the same color and 
character of annulation as the parent trunks. The branchlets are ochre-yellow, and 
annulated at their commencement and termination, or occasionally throughout ; and 
frequently they give off secondary branchlets. 

The polypes have the familiar form of the nine-pin, and are translucent white, 
with two purplish red bands encircling the body at the base of the first two circles 
of tentacule. The stomach of the animal is pink, and is visible through the trans- 
lucent parietes of the body, between the red bands. ‘The head of the polypes is 
conical, but in the expansion of the mouth is frequently observed to assume a cup 
shape. 

At the base of the polypes there is situated a radiating circle of twelve narrow, 
cylindrical tentacule, about one line in length, and capable of retraction, inflection, 
or complete reflection. The neck of the polypes is surrounded by two circles, each 
of six, comparatively short, cylindrical tentacule, with large globular tips. 

The long tentaculee of Hucoryne elegans are composed of an axis of large, nucleated 
cells, surrounded with a delicate muscular sheath, and enveloped in a thin, ciliated 
epithelium. Beneath these tentacule, extending their entire length, and enveloping 
the tips, there is a stratum of nettling cells. The short tentacule have the same 
structure as the others, except that the nettling cells are accumulated entirely at their 
extremities, and thus give to these their characteristic globular form. 

The nettling cells of Hucoryne vary in size, and present the same structure as the 
principal ones of the fresh water Hydra. When the cells are entire they appear as 
oval capsules containing at their fundus a hemispherical. mass of matter, which in 
some instances has appeared to me to consist of a coiled thread, as represented in 
figure 6, plate X. Above this mass or coil is a narrow oval capsule, within which is 
a style, the point of which slightly projects from the summit of the nettling cell. 
When the latter has emitted its thread, it appears partially collapsed, and from its 
summit projects an irregular cone with four barb-like processes at the sides, and the 
thread protruded from the apex, as represented in figures 5, 7. 

As in other compound polypes the soft structure of the animals is continued as an 
axis throughout the polypidom. This axis contains numerous nettling cells, as large 
and as well developed as those of the tentacule. What can be their office in this 
position ? 

Hucoryne elegans produces medusa-like buds, in numbers of one to four, situated 
just above the position of the first circle of tentacule. Very frequently a pair of these 
buds become fully developed at the same time, and then appear larger than the parent. 


138 LEIDY ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF 

They are attached by a narrow pedicle, are oval in form, and white in color, with 
four longitudinal bands of purplish red. They have four short, conical tentaculz 
and measure about half a line in length by one-third of a line in breadth. 

In one instance, I found a small bunch of Hucoryne elegans, in which the polypes 
had only two circles of tentaculz: the long cylindrical ones and a circle of the short 
ones. 

Since writing the foregoing, Mr. Ashmead has given to me several dried specimens 
of Eucoryne elegans, from Great Egg Harbor. The bunches are not so profuse as 
those of Point Judith, but one of them has a branch six inches in length. 

6. LAOMEDEA GELATINOSA, Lamouroux. Small polypidoms attached to Mytilus 
edulis, Laminaria saccharina, the rocks, &. Point Judith. 

7. LAoMEDEA DicHoToMA, Lamouroux. (Pl. XI. fig. 36.) Polypidom very much 
branched; branches alternate, annulated at their commencement, the larger ones 
brown, the smaller ones light-yellow; branchlets annulated throughout, or at their 
commencement and termination, from one to three times the length of the polype 
cells ; the latter campanulate, with an even margin. Ovarian cells axillary, pedicled, 
two or three times the length of the polype cells, urn-shaped, with the pedicles an- 
nulated. Found abundantly, growing in profuse bunches, three inches in length, 
attached to a submerged wreck on Absecom Beach. Specimens obtained by Mr. 
Ashmead. 

The nettling cells of the tentacule of Laomedea are numerous, and are arranged in 
circles. They are elliptical in form, often curved, and minute; measuring from -0067 
mm. to ‘0089 mm. long by :0022 mm. broad; and they contain a central style ex- 
tending from one pole of the cell half through its length. These cells, of which two 
are represented in figure 8, plate X, I saw at no time emitting threads. 

8. CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS, Lamarck. Point Judith. 

9. CAMPANULARIA DUMOSA, Flemming. Point Judith. I found small specimens of 
what I suspect to be this and the preceding species, but had not the opportunity of 
carefully examining their characters. 

10. SertuLaria. Polypidoms, with opposite, tubular cells, the mouth divergent, 
growing to about three-fourths of an inch in length, are very abundant at Point 
Judith, attached to the roots of Fucus vesiculosus and I. nodosus, to the surface of 
the rocks beneath these fuci, and to mytili, but I did not ascertain the species to 
which they belong. 

11. SerTULARIA cUPRESSINA,“ Lin. Found abundantly, thrown up on Absecom 
‘Beach. Some of the bunches measure six inches in length. 


THE COASTS OF RHODE ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. 139 

12. AsTrANGIA AstRarormis, M. Ed. et Haime, An. des Sc. Nat. 1849, 181; 
Astrangia Dane, Agassiz, (non M. Ed. et Haime), Proc. Amer. Assoc. 1850, 69. 
Polypidom encrusting, flat or lobed, or pedicled and lobed. Polype cells short, ap- 
proximate, fused together at their bases, cylindrical when free, subpolygonal when 
crowded, externally slightly costate. Calices infundibular. Columella slightly de- 
veloped. Partitions up to thirty-five in number, slightly exserted, narrow, with their 
margin oblique and serrated and their sides denticulated. Polypes cylindrical, pro- 
jecting up to half an inch in length, translucent white, brown, red, or green ; tentaculee 
colorless, twenty-four in number, elongated conical, with rounded tips, situated in an 
alternating circle ; mouth oval, situated at the summit of a conical proboscis. Coral 
masses up to two inches in diameter. Point Judith. Found attached to rocks just 
below low tide. / 

The polypidom of Astrangia ustreformis was first described by Milne Edwards and 
Haime, in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1849. The living coral was first 
discovered by Agassiz who dredged it from a depth of nine fathoms off Gay Head in 
Martha’s Vineyard Sound.* At Point Judith I observed it in position attached to the 
rocks a little distance below the lowest tide mark. It is especially interesting from 
the fact that it is the only coral which has been discovered on the eastern shore of 
the United States. Dead specimens have long been known, and the cabinet of our 
Academy contains a number of them, among which is one attached to a fragment of 
a Fulgur, from ihe coast of South Carolina. 

Finding the living A. astreeformis afforded me an opportunity of examining its fili- 
ferous capsules. These are especially abundant in the tentacule, and in certain white 
cords of the interior of the body. The function of the cords just mentioned is yet 
unknown. I frequently observed them extruded from wounds of the body of A. 
astreformis. Wien detached they will spontaneously roll into a close coil; and are 
composed of filiferous capsules arranged in a radiant manner around a central cellular 
axis, enveloped in a delicate, actively vibrating ciliated epithelium. 

The filiferous capsules of A. astreformis are of two principal varieties. The first 
variety consists of oval, or ovoidal cells, about .05 mm. long by .0155 mm. broad, 
containing a spirally wound thread, as represented in figures 11, 12, plate X. The 
second variety consists of smaller cells; those of the tentacule measuring about .045 
min. by .0067 mm., and those of the white cords .03 mm. by ‘0112 mm.; and they 
contain besides a spirally wound thread, a style extending from one pole to about the 
centre of the cells, as represented in figures 9, 10. 

Both kinds of filiferous capsules, under certain circumstances not readily explained, 
eject their contained threads with an astonishing degree of rapidity, and in so doing 
the threads are absolutely turned inside out, as was first noticed by Agassiz,; and sub- 

* Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, 69. + Proc, Am. Assoc. 1850. 
36 


140 LEIDY ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF 

sequently by Gosse,* and remain attached to the emptied cells as long extended tubes, 
From the smaller cells the style is also extruded, and then appears as a more expanded 
portion of the thread, with which it is continuous at one end and with the capsule at 
the other, as seen in figures 15, 16. An attentive examination of the extruded thread 
exhibits a more complicated structure than would have been suspected, and as remarked 
by Agassiz, who first detected the peculiar arrangement, its exact character is exceed- 
ingly difficult to ascertain and requires the utmost power of the microscope to analyze. 
In the case of the larger capsules a spiral arrangement is readily distinguishable, ex- 
tending the entire length of the extruded thread. This arrangement in some instances 
appeared to me to depend upon minute cilise, which project at right angles from the 
thread, and apparently pursue a spiral course, as described by Agassiz, and as repre- 
sented in figure 15; but in other instances, it appeared to me as if the thread during 
its eversion from the capsule, assumed a spiral course within the portion preceding it, 
and that the thread externally was encircled at regular intervals with non-vibrating 
cilia, as represented in figure 14. 

In the ease of the smaller capsules the extruded style appears as a tube much dilated 
beyond its original calibre, narrowed at the extremities, and longer than the cell which 
contained it, so that it appears to have been folded within itself. From the distal 
extremity of the stylous tube projects the everted thread, which at times appeared 
simple, but at other times appeared to possess a spiral arrangement, like the coarser 
thread of the larger capsules. The tube derived from the style also presents a spiral 
arrangement, apparently dependent upon long cilize pursuing a spiral course as repre- 
sented in figure 16, or upon a twisting in the tube as represented in figure 15. 

13. AcrrniA MARGINATA, Lesueur. Body when contracted, in the form of the segment 
of a large sphere; when expanded, cylindrical; brown in color with longitudinal 
bands of brighter brown. Tentacular disk deeply folded, translucent brown. Ten- 
tacles very numerous, short, elongated conical, from one-sixth to half an inch in 
leneth, brown tipped with white, sometimes with a median ring of white, and not 
unfrequently the white altogether absent. Mouth nearly circular, surrounded with 
an irregularly lobate, bright orange or reddish brown lip. 

This species is abundant at Point Judith. In one position, beneath an overhanging 
rock, a short distance from Mr. Hazard’s residence, I observed a group in the highest 
state of development. Some of the individuals measured four inches across the ten- 
tacular disk. 

Var. ambrea. Attached to fuci I frequently observed small specimens of an Actinia, 
two or three lines in diameter, and of a translucent ambreous appearance, which I 
suspected to be the young of A. marginata. 

* The Devonshire Coast. 


¢ 

THE COASTS OF RHODE ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. 141 

Var. salmonea. I found two specimens of an anemone of the same form as that of 
Actinia marginata, about an inch in diameter, and of a bright salmon color, which I 
suppose to be only a variety of the latter species. It was attached to large mytili, 
appeared to be more active than the undoubted A. marginata, and when irritated 
ejected jets of water from large pores of the body, a phenomenon I did not observe in 
the more ordinary variety. . 

The filiferous capsules of Actinia marginata are numerous in the tentacule, but 
especially so in the white cords of the interior of the body. (PI. X, figs. 17, 18). 
They are elliptical in form, and measure about the .06 mm. in length by the .004 
mm. in breadth; and they contain a spirally coiled thread and a style extending from 
one pole about two-thirds through the centre. The ejected contents of the capsules 
present two different forms. In the one case the style assumes the appearance of a 
spindle-shaped tube, several times its original length, apparently having the extrud- 
ed thread of the capsule coiled within it and having on its exterior long ciliary ap- 
pendages, as represented in figure 21. In the other case the extruded style assumes 
the appearance of a long narrow tube, apparently with the projected thread partly 
coiled within it and partly everted from its distal extremity as represented in figures 
19, 20. 

14. Acrinia NEGLECTA, Leidy. Body when closed, obpyriform, or shortly cylin- 
drical; when expanded, cylindrical, about an inch in length by one fourth of an inch 
in breadth, smooth, translucent olive green. Mouth: elliptical, with the lip composed 
of six greenish white lobes. Tentacles numerous, up to half an inch in length, brighter 
olive green than the body. A single specimen was found in the mud of a sound, in 

the vicinity of Atlantic City. 
POLYZOA. 

15. MemBranirora pitosa, Johnston. The stellate variety is very abundant at 
Point Judith, encrusting the ruffled borders of Laminaria saccharina. It is also found 
encrusting Chondrus crispus, the shells of Mytilus edulis, etc. Tn all the specimens I 
observed, the cells possessed four lateral spines and a posterior spine, and this in no 
case was developed to the dimensions which would give it the name of a bristle. 

16. EscHARINA LINEATA, Leidy ; Flustra lineata, Lin. (PI. X. fig. 22.) Polypidom 
crustaceous, circular. Polype cells oblong oval ; mouths large, with about ten inclined 
spines on each side. Found by Mr. Ashmead, on pieces of anthracite coal from a 
wreck, at Beesley’s Point. 

17. Escrarra pepriostoma, Leidy ; Lepratia pediostoma, Hassal. (PI. X. fig. 23.) 
Polype cells, six-sided oval, closely punctured; mouth subterminal, quadrate with 
rounded angles, and slightly constricted at the sides. On shells. Beesley’s Point. 
Obtained by Mr. Ashmead. 


142 LEIDY ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATA FAUNA OF 

18. Escnarina VARIABILIS, Leidy. (Pl. XI. fig. 37.) Polypidom encrusting, spreading 
in circles ; simple or lobate. Polype-cells exceedingly variable: square, oblong square, 
tubular, oval, ovoid, or flask-formed; arranged alternately, semi-alternately, in ad- 
vancing series, or opposite; more or less convex, or flat, or with a large spheroidal 
dilatation in advance of the mouth; usually procumbent, occasionally semi-imbricated, 
and rarely vertical ; when young glistening white, thin, and covered with perforated 
mamillee; when old dull white, thick, and reticulated. Mouth terminally lateral or 
median, usually to the left, circular, with an elevated border, emarginated inferiorly 
or laterally, with or without a short tubercle below the emargination. Anal aperture 
triangular, oblique, elevated, protected by a triangular corneous valve, usually situated 
to the right of the mouth, occasionally to the left, more rarely beneath, sometimes 
conjoined with tle mouth, and not unfrequently entirely absent. Polypes brownish 
orange color. Found at Point Judith encrusting rocks and shells; obtained by Mr. 
S. Ashmead at Great Ege Harbor, N. J., encrusting oyster shells, serpule, &c. 

This species of Escharina may have been already described under half a dozen 
names, but I found it no easy task to determine which they are. The Célleporide 
are subject to great variety of form, and require much study before the true species 
can be ascertained. 

19. CrLnuLaria FASTIGIATA, Blumenb.  Polypidom branching dichotomously. 
Polype cells in alternating pairs, elongated conoidal, with a short spine supero-exter- 
nally; mouth large, elliptical, with an entire margin. Found in small bunches attached 
to fuci. Obtained by Mr. Ashmead, in Great Egg Harbor. 

20. ALcYonIpIuM? PELLUCIDUM, Leidy. (Pl. X. fig. 24.) Polypidom translucent 
white, attached by narrow fasciculated bases, which are extended in a procumbent 
manner and then expand into wedge-shaped masses, upon the free, flat surfaces of 
which the polypes are clustered. Polypes with bright orange colored tentacule. 
Attached to rocks, mytili, sponges, &c., at Point Judith; abundant. 

The masses of A. pellucidum from the white, fasciculated points of attachment to 
the broad free surfaces are up to an inch in thickness. Although I preserved a 
number of specimens in fresh sea-water for some days, I could not induce the polypes, 
if they were such, to protrude from their cells, and I only had the opportunity of ex- 
anining them in their retracted condition as represented in figure 24, plate X. 

21. BowERBANKIA GRACILIS, Leidy. (Pl. XI. fig. 38.) Polypidom delicate, creeping, 
branching, white. Cells cylindrical, erect, about one-third of a line in length, without 
appendages at their orifice, the margin of which is retractile with the inhabitant of the 
cell. Polype provided with eight ciliated arms. Intestine with a strong gizzard. 
Point Judith. 


THE COASTS OF RHODE ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. 1435 

This species differs from Bowerbankia densa in having a less number of tentacule 
and in having no spines to the cells. From Fwrella our polype differs in possessing a 
strong gizzard. The animal corresponds in its form very closely with the figure 
given by Hassal in the seventh volume of the An. and Mag. of Nat. History for 1841, 
Pl. vii. fig. 4. 

22. PEDICELLINA AMERICANA, Leidy. (PI. X. fig.25.) Polypidom delicate, creeping, 
white, with erect branches about one-third of a line in length, smooth and without 
abrupt dilatations. Polype campanulate, white, with a wide, crenated border marked 
with fine concentric lines. Tentaculze cylindrical, twelve or more in number. Found 
attached to the roots of Laminaria saccharina, at Point Judith. 

23. VALKERIA PUSTULOSA, Johnston. Polypidom growing in profuse, wide spreading 
bunches up to two or more inches from the root of attachment. Stems flexuose ; 
alternately branching at the flexures. Cells oval, arranged in semi-spiral clusters up 
to a half a line in length and situated about the same distance apart. Found by Mr. 
Samuel Ashmead, in Great Ege Harbor, N. J. 

DENDROCGLA. 

24. Monocenis Aciiis, Leidy. Body elongated elliptical, anteriorly and posteriorly 
subacute, black or fuliginous. Hye brown. Length one line, breadth one-eighth of 
a line. Found actively creeping on Mytilus edulis. Point Judith. 

25, PLANARIA FREQUENS, Leidy. Body spatulate, posteriorly convex, anteriorly 
narrowed ; head auriculate. Hyes two, reniform, distant. Color above black, beneath 
grey. Length one to two lines, by one-sixth to two-fifths of a line in breadth. A 
small, quite active, and remarkably abundant species, found beneath stones, near 
high tide mark. Point Judith. 

26. Nemmrres socials, Leidy. Body long, linear, flattened, anteriorly subacute, 
posteriorly obtuse or subacute; usually black above, and brownish ash'colored beneath, 
oceasionally brownish ash colored with the anterior extremity tipped with black. 
Head not constricted from the body. Eyes two to four pairs, arranged longitudinally 
on each side. Length up to six inclies, by one-third of a line in breadth. Very 
abundant, often in masses, about the roots of corallines between tides. Point Judith. 

27. MECKELIA INGENS, Leidy. Body long, tape-like, narrowed posteriorly, cream 
colored. Head obtusely angular, depressed ; lateral fissures deep. Generative aper- 
ture a longitudinal fissure. Described from a specimen preserved in alcohol, and 
measuring in its present condition, fifteen inches in length, eight lines in breadth and 
three and a half lines in thickness. It was obtained by Mr. Chas. C. Ashmead, 
from an oyster bed, at Beesley’s Point, New Jersey, and when alive measured more 

than a yard in length. 


SSSA Tee hype ee ae 
17, vm 3 24d ee 

[44 LEIDY ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATH FAUNA OF 

NEMATOIDEA. 

PontoneMA, Leidy. Body capillary, narrowing towards the extremities. Head 
continuous with the body, obtuse, pointed, with short cirri. yes none, caudal ex- 
tremity obtuse. Generative aperture near the middle of the body. sophagus long, 
cylindrical ; intestine cylindrical. Ovaries two. Allied to Amblyura. Marine. 

28. PonToNEMA VACILLATUM, Leidy. Body cylindroid, with minute eirri anteriorly 
in addition to those around the head. Tail short, obtuse, incurved. Color brown- 
ish white. Length to three-fourths of an inch, by one-fifth of a line in thickness. 
Found abundantly beneath stones, between tides, at Point Judith. 

29. PontoNEMA MARINUM, Leidy. Body cylindroid. Tail long, narrow, blunt. 
Color white. Length to three lines. Obtained from an oyster bed, in about six feet 
water, in one of the sounds near Atlantic City, New Jersey. 

ENTOZOA. 

30. GREGARINA . Body elliptical; head oblate spheroidal. Length -225 mm., 

breadth -072 mm. From the intestine of Nereis denticulata. 

31. Leucopurys cLAVATA, Leidy, (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 50.) In. the visceral 
cavity of Lwmbriculus tenws. 

32. LEUCOPHRYS COCHLEARIFORMIS, Leidy. (Pl. XI. figs. 62,63.) Body curved cochle- 
ariform. Length 135 to:18 mm. From the intestinal canal of Lambriculus tenuis. 

I found four individuals of this remarkable species in a dozen of the Lumbriculus. 
While within the intestine it appeared quiescent, but when set free it moved about 
actively, by means of its long vibrating cilia, with the bowl-end forward. 

ANNULATA. 

NaraGANseta, Leidy. Body cylindrical, narrowed posteriorly ; no lateral pinne ; 
segments numerous ; those anteriorly furnished with a few, simple, cylindrical, lateral 
tentaculz ; anterior segments with four rows of simple sete in fascicles; succeeding 
few segments with two rows of simple seta, and two rows of cochleariform podal 
spines ; posterior segments with four rows of cochleariform spines. Upper lip distinct, 

conical, eyes none. 

33. NARAGANSETA CORAL, Leidy. (PI. XI. figs. 46—48.) Body black, brownish 
or yellowish black, ninety segments in an individual, one inch anda quarter in length. 
Hight comparatively short tentaculze on each side of the anterior six segments; three 
to the first segment ; first two the shortest, the third the most robust; orange in color, 
and except the most robust one, tipped with black. Anterior ten segments with four 
rows of simple sete: in fasciculi of five; the succeeding four segments with two rows 


THE COASTS OF RHODE ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. 145 

of simple sete, and two rows of cochleariform podal spines; and the following seg- 
ments with four rows of cochleariform podal spines in fasciculi of four to six. Point 
Judith. 

This curious worm lives in tubes within the dead portions of Astrangea astreformis. 
It protrudes the anterior portion of its body with the orange colored antennz. The 
latter are contractile, from one to four lines long, and with the exception of the third 
or most robust one on each side, are tipped with black, as if to be subservient to the 
impressions of light. Its setee are quite simple, as represented in figure 47, and are 
about the fifth of a line in length. The podal spines consist of a long style ending in 
a bowl, like that of a spoon, as represented in figure 48. 

For the new genus, of which the worm just described is the type, I have adopted 
the Indian name Narragansett, being that of the bay, on the shores of which the 

animal was first discovered. 

34. SABELLA OCULIFERA, Leidy. (Pl. XI. figs. 55—61.) Body demicylindroidal, pos- 
teriorly narrowed, one hundred and thirty-eight setigerous segments to an individual 
one and a half inches in length. Tentaculs: twenty-four in number, arranged in the 
four-fifths of a circle, decreasing in length towards the extremities of the latter, re- 
flected, supplied with about forty-eight secondary tentaculee, arranged in pairs; two 
or three black eye spots on the back of the longer tentacule. Two rows of setz in 
fascicles of about six, and two rows of podal hooks, in transverse series of ten. Setee 
in the third to the ninth segment inclusive, in major part spade-shaped with a short 
subulate point; of the following segments all like the latter. Podal hooks in 
the first to the tenth segments inclusive, bird-like in form, associated with opposing 
spade-like podal spines. Podal hooks of the following segments smaller than those 
anteriorly. Worm living in tough tubes composed of mud, and found in a horizontal posi- 
tion partially concealed beneath masses of Astrangia astreformis. Point Judith. 

The plumose tentaculee with the dark eye specks on their back render this worm 
a beautiful object. The surface of the tentacule is everywhere covered with vibrat- 
ing cilia. By transmitted light the blood appears of a bright green color. 

39. CLYMENE URCEOLATUS, Leidy. Body cylindrical, composed of segments of various 
lengths, twenty-six in number including the head and caudal appendage. The anterior 
eight segments the shortest; the seven preceding the last ten the longest; those in 
advance of the third, and intervening to this and the sixth and the ninth, without 
sete. Head obliquely truncated, concave, with a thin acute margin. Mouth inferior 
triangular. Caudal appendage large, urceolate, with the margin entire. Color 
reddish brown. Length five inches; breadth one and a half lines. Raked from the 
mud in a sound about six feet deep, near Atlantic City, N. J. 


146 LEIDY ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF 

36. CLYMENE ToRQUATUS, Leidy. Body cylindrical, with a membranaccous collar at 
the fifth segment. Head abruptly truncated, concave, with a thin membranous border 
emarginate below and on each side. Mouth inferior, at the sumimit of a double 
ringed papilla. Length? (the posterior portion of the only specimen found, is either 
wanting or the body terminates very abruptly.) The anterior fourteen segments 
measure one inch and a half in length by one line in breadth. Found with the pre- 
ceding species. | 

37. PrectINARIA AURICOMA, Grube. (P. Belgica, Grube, Gould; P. Grenlandica, 
Grube, Stimpson)? Body composed of nineteen segments including the head and 
tail. Palese eight to sixteen in a fasciculus, according to age. Twenty-eight denticula- 
tions to the frontal border. Length up toaninch anda half. PoimtJudith and Great 

Ege Harbor. 

38. 'TEREBELLA ORNATA, Leidy. (Pl. XI. figs. 44, 45.) Body with about one hun- 
dred segments, of which forty-five are setigerous. The anterior teu ventral plates trans- 
versely oblong square, those succeeding abruptly diminished in size. Tentaculee: nume- 
rous ; branchiz in three pairs. Color brownish red. Length to four inches. Lives 
in tubes of mud. Found at Point Judith, Atlantic City, and Beesley’s Point. 

I found the young of this species at Point Judith. It had the appearance of that 
of Terebella nebulosa, Mont., represented in fig. 24, pl. 3, of M. Edward’s Rech. Anat. 
et Phys. etc. The single specimen obtained was three lines long. There were twelve 
tentaculee, twenty-five eyes around the head, and twenty-eight segments to the body, 
of which sixteen were setigerous. 

39. SPIRORBIS SPIRILLUM, Lamarck. On Chondrus crispus. Point Judith. 

Torquza, Leidy. Body cylindrical, narrowed at the extremities. Tentaculex 
numerous, attached laterally to the head, capable of very great extension and con- 
traction by the passage to and fro of blood corpuscles from the cavity of the body. 
Hyes none. Sete in two rows, three to twelve in a fasciculus, extremities lanceolate. 
Podal hooks in two rows, short, from twelve to forty in each transverse series, sup- 
ported at the edge of a laminar process stiffened with fine, simple sete. 

40. Torquea EximiA, Leidy. (PI. XI. figs. 51, 52.) Body soft, blood red. Ten- 
taculee very numerous, capable of very great extension by the propulsion into them 
of the bright red corpuscles, with which the cavity of the body is filled. Sets: anteriorly 
in fasciculi of twelve, posteriorly from three to six. Podal hooks commencing at 
the eighth segment, from twelve to forty in each series. Worm half an inch to an 
inch in length, with from forty to sixty segments. Obtained from mud and sand 
below low tide mark. Point Judith. 

This worm is remarkable for its softness, its blood red color, its numerous extensi- 


THE COASTS OF RHODE ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. 147 

ble tentaculee, and its numerous podal hooks. It is capable of slowly progressing, by 
means of its tentacule. In the process, these are extended by having forced into 
them the bright red corpuscles which fill the visceral cavity of the body, they then 
attach themselves by their extremities to the surface upon which the animal is lying, 
and by subsequent contraction the body is dragged after them. 

41. CIRRHATULUS FRAGILIS, Leidy. (Pl. XI. figs. 8943.) Body cylindrical, narrowed 
towards the extremities, reddish orange color, posteriorly greenish. Mouth inferior, 
circular; upper lip conical. Eyes two. Cirri numerous, orange colored ; the first 
pair, commencing at the second setigerous segment and the most robust. Sete in two 
rows, simple, in fasciculi of three to five. Podal hooks in two rows, five to eight in 
each fasciculus, sigmoid, bifid at the free extremity. Intestine cylindrical, constricted. 
Ovaries on each side of the intestine, extending four-fifths the length of the body. 
Worm three lines long, by one-fourth of a line broad, and composed of forty annula- 
tions. - Found under stones, on the shores of Point Judith. 

42. LUMBRICONEREIS SPLENDIDA, Blainville. Body cylindrical, copper-red and strongly 
iridescent. Upper lip conical; mouth round, with a short proboscis armed with an 
inferior pair of dental plates, as well as a complex dental apparatus above and within. 
Hyes four. Caudal segment furnished witha pair of minute cirri. Lateral tubercles 
with from six to ten sete in two fasciculi. Setse simple, distally curved and grooved 
and ending in a subulate point. Length up to eighteen inches, with as many as 420 
segments. Raked from oyster beds, in Great Eee Harbor, N. J., where it is abundant. 
The animal corresponds closely with De Biainville’s description of a specimen, the 
country of which, he remarks, he did not know. 

43. Eunice SANGUINEA, Montagu. Body compressed, cylindroid, brownish red, 
iridescent. Head with two oval dorsal lobes. The five antenne nearly equal. An 
eye situated between the outer two antenne. Branchie blood red, commencing at the 
sixteenth segment and continuing until within about forty segments of the posterior 
extremity. Setigerous tubercles of the anterior sixteen segments containing two spines, 
the remainder containing four. Seta in two fasciculi to each tubercle, simple and 
compound, the latter consisting of a scalpel like blade received into a forked handle. 

Length to five inches, with two hundred, and twenty segments. Found with the pre- 
ceding. 

44, GLYCERA AMERICANA, Leidy. (Pl. XI. figs. 49, 50.) Body cylindrical, brownish 
red. Upper lip short, with hardly perceptible antennew. No branchial appendages 
except three minute dorsal papille upon the pinne. The latter five-lobed, armed 
with two spines and four fasciculi of simple and compound sete, thirty to forty in 

number to each pinna. Simple setae linear, awned; compound seta composed of a 
38 


148 LEIDY ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF 

furcate handle and a long linear lanceolate blade. Length up to five inches, with a 
breadth of one and a half lines, and about 240 setigerous segments, between each of 
which is a secondary ring. Found at Point Judith, Atlantic City, and Great Kgg 
Harbor. It is most like the Glycera capitata Oersted, but nevertheless is a different 
species. 

45. NEREIS DENTICULATA, Stimpson. Abundant at Point Judith, R. I, and on the 
shores of Great Eee Harbor, N. J. 

46. SIPHONOSTOMUM AFFINE, Leidy. Body cylindro-fusifurm, minutely papillated, 
with four rows of fasciculi of sete ; those of the anterior three segments directed for- 
ward ; those of the first segment one-third of an inch long; those of the third segment 
one line long. Length to three inches, by two lines broad, with 80 segments. Ob- 
tained by Mr. Ashmead, from Beesley’s Point, N. J. 

47, LEPIDONOTE ARMADILLO, Leidy. (Aphrodita armadillo, Bosc., Lepidonote punctata, 
Oersted, Stimpson; Polynoe squamata, M. Ed., Gould)? (Pl. XI. fig. 54.) Body of 
twenty-four segments, with twelve pairs of elytrae completely covering the back. 
Elytree fringed externally, spotted with variously colored papilla. Head round, with 
two pair of eyes, three anterior tentacule and three lateral tentacule ; the middle of 
the anterior and the first of the lateral tentaculse the longest, the former with two eye- 
like black spots, the latter with none; all the others with a single black eye-like 
dilatation or spot. Dorsal and anal cirri with black eye-like dilated spots. Length 
an inch and a quarter, by three lines wide. Point Judith and Great Ege Harbor. 
The Lepidonote squamata is described as having five tentaculee; in L. armadillo I in no 
case could find less than nine, as represented by figure 54. 

48. SigaAnion Maruirpm, Aud.et Edw. (PI. XI. fig. 53.) Body composed of over 
200 segments, with over 150 pairs of elytra completely covering the back. Head 
with five antenne, of which the outer ones are the longest and most robust, the middle 
one is next in length, and the second is the shortest. Eyes four, those anterior nearly 
concealed by the bases of the second antenne. Sets of the dorsal pinne simple; 
those of the ventral pinnz compound. Length over five inches, by two and a half 
lines in breadth. Described from a specimen, with the posterior extremity lost, ob- 
tained by Mr. Ashmead, at Beesley’s Point, N. J. 

49. OPHELIA SIMPLEX, Leidy. Body fusiform, above convex, below flattened, an- 
teriorly and posteriorly acute, reddish brown. Mouth inferior, round. Cirri com- 
mencing at the third and ceasing about the twentieth segment. Setse in two lateral 
approximated fasciculi, simple, linear. Length two-thirds of an inch, with about 30 
setigerous segments. Taken from below low tide at Point Judith. 

50. LumpricuLus TENUIS, Leidy. (Pl. XI. fig. 64.) Body cylindrical, linear, bright 


5 sh SOG a eR ae Oa Sk ae Aa cag aa a 

THE COASTS OF RHODE ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. 149 

red, composed of sixty or more segments; ninth to the eleventh segment inclusive, 
slightly thickened ; two generative apertures on each side of the ninth segment. Four 
rows of podal hooks, anteriorly five or six in each fasciculus, posteriorly three or four 
in each fasciculus. Length up to an inch and a half, by the fourth of a line in breadth. 
Abundant about the roots of grasses on the shores of a sound on Point Judith. 

CRUSTACEA. 
51. OcypopE ARENARIA, Say. Great Kgg Harbor. 

52. GELASIMUS PUGILATOR, Desmarest. Absecom and Great Egg Harbor; in 1m- 
mense numbers, at margins of salt meadows, or upon salt flats. 

58. GELASIMUS MINAX, Le Conte. From a brackish spring at Great Egg Harbor, 
and at Dennis Creek, N. J. Discovered by Mr. Ashmead. 

54, SESARMA CINEREA, Say. Absecom and Great Ege Harbor. 
55. SESARMA RETICULATA, Say. Absecom and Great Ege Harbor. 
56. PINNOTHERES OSTREUM, Say. Point Judith, Absecom, and Great Ege Harbor. 

57. PINNOTHERES MACULATUM, Say. Point Judith. Frequent in Mytilus edulis. 
Say gives the muricated Pinna of our coast as the animal which protects this parasitic 
crustacean. His description also closely applies to the parasite of our Mytilus edulis, 
which is a curious fact as the same species of Mytilus of Kurope contains the P. mytilo- 
rum, which is quite distinct from the P. maculatwn. 

58. PLATycarcinus IrRoRATUS, M. Edw. Point Judith; Great Ege Harbor. 

59. PLatycarcinus SAyi, Dekay. Point Judith; Great Egg Harbor. 

60. PLATyoNIcHUS OcELLATUS, Latr. Point Judith; Newport; Great Egg Harbor. 
61. Lupa picantHa, M. Edw. Point Judith; Absecom ; Great Ege Harbor. 

62. Lupa MAcuLATA, Say. Great Egg Harbor. Obtained by Mr. Ashmead. 

63. Carcinus mans, Leach. Point Judith ; Newport. 

64. Panorpeus Hersstu, M. Edw. Newport; Great Ege Harbor. 

65. Panorpzus WurpMANu, Gibbes. Delaware Bay. Obtained by Mr. Ashmead. 
66. Hyas coarcrata, Leach. Great Ege Harbor. Obtained by Mr. Ashmead. 
67. HippA TALPOIDEA, Say. Point Judith ; Absecom; Great Egg Harbor. 

68. PAGURUS POLLICARIS, Say. Newport; Point Judith; Great Ege Harbor. 

69. PAGURUS LONGICARPUS, Say. Newport; Point Judith ; Great Eee Harbor. 


; rs ti haa te ira a 

150 LEIDY ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF 
70. CRANGON SEPTEMSPINOSUS, Say. Great Egg Harbor. Obtained by Mr. Ash- 
mead. 
71. GEBIA AFFINIS, Say. Great Egg Harbor. Mr. Ashmead. 
72. SQUILLA EmMpuSA, Say. Newport. Obtained by Samuel Powell, Esq. 
? Point Judith. 
? Point Judith. 

73. PycnoGoNon 

74. CAPRELLA 

75. CALIGUS —? Attached to the fin of a shark. Great Egg Harbor. Ob- 
tained by Mr. Ashmead. This and the preceding two crustaceans I have not had the 
leisure to determine. 

76. POLYPHEMUS OCCIDENTALIS, Lam. Point Judith; Absecom ; Great Ege Harbor. 
In the latter locality in immense numbers. 

Tt. Lier ? Point Judith. 

78. LIMNORIA TEREBRANS, Leach. Absecom. 

79. IpoTEA rRRORATA, M. Edw. Point Judith; Absecom; Great Ege Harbor. 
Numerous varieties, and in great abundance in the first mentioned place. 

80. InorEA TRILOBA, Say. Great Egg Harbor.- Obtained by Mr. Ashmead. 
81. OrcHESTIA GRYLLUS, Gould. Point Judith. Abundant. 

82. Cepon pistortus, Leidy. (Pl. XI. figs. 26—32.) Female. Body compressed 
and distorted ovoid, white ; abdominal scales completely concealing the pinkish white 
ova. Head prominent, provided with a pair of large oval disks situated posteriorly. 
Mouth minute, at the summit of a trilobate papilla. Antenne very small and indis- 
tinct. Divisions of the thorax posteriorly strongly costate. Feet in seven pairs, 
curved forward and downward, ending in a short recurved, abortive hooklet. Abdo- 
men deeply segmented. Branchial appendages lanceolate, fringed. Male. Body long 
and slender, divided into fourteen segments. Head subrotund. Internal antennz 
short and robust, three jointed ; joints spinous. External antenne long, seven jointed ; 
the first two joints spinous, the others bristled. First joint of the thorax transversely 
oblong, the remainder depressed, pyriform in outline. Feet in seven pairs, the ante- 
penultimate joint spinous, the penultimate joint broad and with the claw recurved. 
Abdominal segments depressed, pyriform in outline, each provided with a pair of pe- 
culiar ventral appendages, and, except the fifth one, with a lateral irregular pigment 
cell. Caudal segment round, with a pair of divergent appendages. Length of female 
four lines, breadth three lines; length of male one and a quarter lines. Found in the 
branchial cavity of Gelassimus pugilator, at Atlantic City. 


THE COASTS OF RHODE ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. Toi 

The genus Cepon was first described by Duvernoy, in the fifteenth volume of the 
An. des Sciences Naturelles, but the individual he indicates as being the male of 
Cepon typus is evidently the female of another species. Cepon distortus is not a very 
abundant parasite, for after having accidentally found a specimen, in searching for 
others, I destroyed fifty fidler crabs without obtaining a second. The parasite produces 
no deformity, visible externally, of the animal it infests. The male was found in 
the embrace of the female, as commonly observed in the isopodous crustacea. 

In making out the foregoing list of crustacea, I have availed myself of the aid of 
Dr. Bridges’ knowledge of this class of animals. 

CIRRIPEDIA. 

83. ANATIFA STRIATA, Brug. 84. ANATIFA La&vIS, Brug. 

85. ANATIFA DENTATA, Brug. 
86. BALANUS BALANOIDES, Stimpson. ‘The four species of cirripeds have been ob- 
served at Point Judith, Atlantic City, and Beesley’s Point. 

RADIATA. 

87. ASTERACANTHION RUBENS, Mull. et Trosch. Very abundant at Point Judith. 

88. EcHINUS GRANULATUS, Say. Abundant at Point Judith. 

REFERENCES TO PLATES X. AND XI. 

Fig. 1.—A branch of Hucoryne elegans, the size of nature. 

Fig. 2.—Kucoryne elegans. A portion of a stem with three branchlets and polypes. a, young bud; 
b, medusa bud fully developed ; c, young medusa bud. Magnified. 

Fig. 3.—A polype of Hucoryne elegans, with two fully developed medusa buds (b) and a young one (c). 

Fig. 4.—Hucoryne elegans. Extremity of one of the filiform tentaculee with the filiferous cells (a) placed 
inferiorly and at the tip, and with an axis of large nucleated cells (c). Highly magnified. 

Fig. 5.—Hucoryne elegans. Extremity of one of the superior tentacule with the globular end filled with 
filiferous cells (a), a few of which (b) are represented as separated and with their threads ejected.. 
¢, central axis of large nucleated cells, surrounded with muscular fibres and a ciliated epithelium. 

Fig. 6.—A filiferous cell of the Hydra, resembling those of Kucoryne. Highly magnified. 

Fig. 7.—A filiferous cell of the Hydra, with the style and thread emitted. 

Fig. 8.—Two styliferous cells, highly magnified, from the tentacule of Laomedea. 

Figs. 9—16.—Filiferous cells of Astrangia astreeformis, highly magnified. 

Fig. 9.—Filiferous cell with a style; from the tentacule. 

Fig. 10.—Filiferous cell with a style; from the white cords of the interior of the body. 

Figs. 11, 12,—Filiferous cells; from the white cords. 

Figs. 13, 14.—The same as figs. 11, 12, with the apparent structure of the partially emitted thread. 

Figs. 15, 16.—Filiferous cells, with the thread partially and the style entirely emitted, exhibiting their ap- 
parent structure. 

Figs. 17—21.—Filiferous cells, from the interior white cords of the body of Actinia marginata. 

Figs. 17, 18.—Filiferous cells with styles. 

Fig. 19.—One of the varieties of filiferous cells with the thread and style emitted. 

39 


152 REFERENCES TO PLATES. 

Fig. 20.—The same as fig. 19, more highly magnified, exhibiting the apparent arrangement of the emitted 
structure. 

Fig. 21.—A second variety of the filiferous capsules, with the apparent arrangement of the emitted structure. 

Fig. 22.—Cells of Escharina lineata. Magnified. 

Fig. 23.—Cells of Escharina pediostoma. Magnified. 

Fig. 24.—A retracted polype of Alcyonidium? pellucidum. Magnified. 

Fig. 25.—Pedicellina americana. Magnified. 

Fig. 26—82.—Cepon distortus. Highly magnified. 

Fig. 26.—Posterior view of the male. 

Fig. 27.—Head of male, with the antenne. 

Fig. 28.—A right foot of the male. 

Fig. 29.—The abdominal segments of the male, with peculiar appendages (branchial ”). 

Fig. 30.—Dorsal view of the female. 

Fig. 31.—Ventral view of the female. 

Fig. 32.—A foot of the female. 

Fig. 833.—Clava multicornis. Magnified. 

Fig. 34.—Clava multicornis, with bunches of ova. Magnified. 

Fig. 35.—Hydractinia echinata. a, neuter individuals; b, ovigerous individuals. Magnified. 

Fig. 86.—Polypidom of Laomedea dichotoma. 

Fig. 837.—Cells of Escharina variabilis. 

Fig. 88.—Bowerbankia gracilis. 

Fig. 89 —43.—Cirrhatulus fragilis. 

Fig. 39.—The worm, having many of the cirri broken off. 

Fig. 40.—Side view of the head. 

Fig. 41.—Extremity of one of the cirri, more highly magnified. 

Fig. 42.—Fasciculus of setze. 

Fig. 43.—One of the podal hooks. 

Fig. 44.—One of the setze of Terebella ornata. 

Fig. 45.—One of the podal hooks of Terebella ornata. 

Fig. 46.—Anterior extremity of Naraganseta coralii. 

Fig. 47.—One of the setz of Naraganseta coralii. 

Fig. 48.—One of the podal hooks of Naraganseta coralii. 

Fig. 49.—Pinna from the anterior third of Glycera americana. 

Fig. 50.—Pinna from the posterior third of Glycera americana. 

Fig. 51.—Two views of one of the sete of Torquea eximia. 

Fig. 52.—Podal hook of Torquea eximia. 

Fig. 53.—Head of Sigalion Mathilde. 

Fig. 54.—Head of Lepidonote armadillo. 

Fig. 55.—Tentacule of Sabella oculifera. a, eye-spots.. 

Fig. 56.—One of the tentaculze of Sabella oculifera. a, eye-spots. 

Figs. 57, 58.—Two forms of sete of Sabella oculifera. 

Fig. 59.—One of the posterior podal hooks of Sabella oculifera. - 

Figs. 60, 61.—Associated setee and podal hook from the anterior part of the body of Sabella oculifera. 

Figs. 62, 63.—Leucophrys cochleariformis. 

Fig. 64.—A podal hook of Lumbriculus tenuis. 


[ 153 ] 

ART. XU.—Descriptions of new species of Psirtactpm, in the collection of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

By Joun CASSIN. 

1. ArA AURICOLLIS, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada. vi. p. 372. (June, 1853.) 
ARA AuURITORQUES, Massena et Souance, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 71, (Feb.) 
SITTACE PRIMOLI, Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 147. 

PLATE XII. Adult. 

Form.—Rather smaller than Ara severa, (Linn.) Bill abruptly curved, culmen 
flattened, bare space commencing at the nostril, including the eye and completely 
inclosing the under mandible. Wing rather long, second and third quills longest and 
nearly equal; tail graduated, containing twelve feathers. 

Dimensions.—Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 15 inches, 
wing 84, tail 82 inches. 

Colors.—A large spot of yellow on the back of the neck, somewhat rectangular in 
shape, and extending slightly on to the sides of the neck at its lower edge. 

Head above, from the base of the bill to the crown, black, which is also the color 
of the cheeks immediately next to the bare space. Occiput and all other parts of the 
plumage, except the wings and tail, green, tinged with yellowish on the back and 
wing coverts, and very slightly with bluish on the occiput. Primaries and secondaries 
light blue; tertiaries same yellowish green as other plumage. Taii with the two cen- 
tral feathers on their upper surface reddish chestnut or maroon for the greater part of 
their length, yellowish green at base, and towards the end subterminally light blue 
and narrowly tipped with yellow! Other feathers of the tail much the same, but 
with the light blue predominating on their outer webs, and yellowish green on their 
inner webs. Under surfaces of wings and tail pale silky yellow. 

Hab.—South America; Bolivia. 

Obs.—Peculiarly characterized by the large yellow patch on the neck behind, and 
bearing no very near relationship to any species known to me. Three specimens, very 
similar in plumage, are in the collection of the Academy, two of which have been 
labelled in Europe as natives of Bolivia, the other is without label. 

2. CHRYSOTIS VIRIDIGENALIS, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada., vi. p. 371. 

(June, 1853.) 
PLATE XIII. Adult Male. 

Form.—About the size of C. autwmnalis, (Linn.) Bill strong, culmen curved from 
the base and slightly grooved. Wing with the second, third and fourth quills longest 


154 CASSIN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PSITTACID/. 

and nearly equal; quills broad, tail of twelve feathers, moderate, rather broad; tarsi 
short, robust; small space around the eye, bare. 

Dimensions.—Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 12 inches 
wing 8, tail 42 inches. 

Color.—Top of the head from the base of the bill, fine crimson, varying in extent 
in different specimens; other plumage of the head above, green at the base of the 
feathers, many of them having subterminal transverse bands of bluish cinerous, and 
all narrowly tipped with black. Cheeks fine pale green, (with no yellow nor red.) 

Entire plumage above and below, green; dark on the back and tinged with yellow 
on the under parts ; every feather of the back, rump, neck, breast and abdomen nar- 
rowly tipped or edged with black. First primary black, others green for the greater 
part of their length, but bluish black at their tips. A large spot of fine crimson 
occupying about the middle third of the first five or six secondaries, which are tipped 
with fine blue. Tail above and below dark green at its base, terminal portion greenish 
yellow, central feathers darkest, some of the outer feathers edged with reddish chest- 
nut at their bases. Under tail coverts yellowish green, shafts of the feathers black. 
Bill (in skin) pale yellowish. 

Hab.—South America. Brazil? 

Obs.—Several specimens of this bird are in the collection of the Academy, variously 
labelled, but mostly “ Psittacus vernans?” and “ Amazona lilacina. Less.” It is not 
the latter, and I do not know the former, if there is such a species. 

This species considerably resembles C. awtwmnalis, (Linn.) but is invariably smaller 
and has no yellow markings on the face. The bill is clear yellowish white, with no 
tinge of brown or horn color, as in that species. The extent of the space on the 
head occupied by both the crimson and bluish ash colors, varies much in different 
specimens, and in one the latter color is nearly invisible. 

3. PsITTACULA LINEOLA, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada. vi. p. 372, (June, 
1853.) 

Plate XIV. Fig. 1. 

Form.—Small, size of P. passerina, (Linn.) Wing with the first and second quill 
longest and nearly equal; tail feathers pointed, the two central feathers longest, 
acuminated ; bill tumid; tarsi and feet strong. 

Dimensions.—Total length (of skin) about 6 inches, wing 4, tail 24 inches. 

Colors.—Shoulders black. Entire plumage above and below green, slightly tinged 
with brownish on the back, and with yellow on the under parts, rump, upper and 
under tail coverts, most obvious on the latter. Every feather of the entire plumage, 
except the quills and tail narrowly tipped with black, nearly obsolete on the middle 
of the breast and abdomen, but very conspicuous on the head, neck, back rump 


* CASSIN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PSITTACIDA., 155 

coverts of the wings and tail, sides and flanks, and assuming the form of circular ter- 
minal spots on the upper and under coverts of the tail. 

Quills green on their outer webs, brownish black on their inner webs, tinged with 
green and paler on their inner margins. Tail feathers green, the two central feathers 
with a line of brownish black along their shafts and tipped with the same color, other 
tail feathers also brownish black along the shafts and on their inner margins. Bill, 
tarsi and toes light colored. 

Hab.—Mexico, National Bridge. 

Obs.—This handsome little parrot does not appear to be nearly related to any other, 
but in general appearance bears a greater resemblance to some of the small Australian 
species, than to any that are American. Two specimens are in the collection: one 
brought by Mr. Pease from the vicinity of the National Bridge, and the other is in a 
collection made by M. Bruzin, also from Mexico. 

4. BRoTOGERIS AURIFRONS, nobis. Nov., 1855. 

Plate XIV. fig. 2. 

Form.—Similar to that of B. chrysoptera, (Linn.,) but larger. Bill rather com- 
pressed, upper mandible lengthened; wing long, first and second quills longest and 
very nearly equal; tail short, somewhat rounded; feathers narrow at the tips; tarsi 
and toes robust. 

Dimensions.—Total length (of skin) about 63 inches; wing 44; tail 2% inches. 

Colors.—Narrow band in front (at the base of the upper mandible) and small spot 
on the throat dark reddish orange. Inner of the greater coverts of the wings reddish 
orange, fading into paler yellow at the ends, and forming a conspicuous spot on the 
wing. 

General color green, slightly tinged with brown on the back and with yellow on 
the under parts of the body. Quills bluish-black, edged outwardly with green. Tail 
green, with all the feathers yellowish on their inner edges, and on its under surface 
silky greenish yellow. Under surface of the wings pale blue. Bill and feet pale dull 
yellow. 

Hab.—South America, 

Obs.—This bird is related to B. chrysoptera, but is larger, and may be immediately 
distinguished by its frontal band and spot on the throat of dark reddish orange. 
Several specimens are in the collection of the Academy. 

5. PRIONITURUS FLAVICANS. Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., VI., p. 373, 
(June, 1853.) 

Form.—Similar to that of P. platurus (Vieill.) and P. discwrus (Vieill.,) but larger 
than either. Bill strong, rather tumid ; wings long, second and third quills longest 
4 


a Oe eee Oe ee 

156 CASSIN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PSITTACIDA, 

und nearly equal; tail moderate, rather wide, the two central feathers with their 
shafts exserted and with spatula-formed tips; tarsi and toes robust. A small bare 
space at the base of the upper mandible. 

Dimensions.—Total length (of skin) about 11 inches; wing 72; tail 0 inches. 

Colors.—Kntire under parts greenish yellow, extending upwards and forming a wide 
collar around the neck, the yellow most clear and distinct on the breast and collar, 
greener on the abdomen and inferior coverts of the tail. 

Head green, tinged with light blue on the vertex. Body, wings and tail above, 
dark green; first primary light blue on its outer edge; all the quills margined with 
brownish-black on their inner webs; tail tipped with black and with its inferior 
surface greenish blue. Bill, in dried specimen, nearly white, tinged with horn color 
at its base. 

Hab.-—Celebes. 

Obs.—The only specimen of this bird in the collection, is one of the many valuable 
contributions to our collections made by Mr. Edward Wilson, and is labelled as a 
native of the island of Celebes. It is quite different from either P. platurus or P. 
discurus, both of which are in the collection of the Academy, and is peculiarly cha- 
racterized by its yellow breast and wide cervical collar of the same color. 

6. PALaorNis Grronizrt. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 195 (May.) 

PALAORNIS VIRIDICOLLIS. Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., VI., p. 373 
(June, 1853.) | 

The paper in the Proceedings of the Academy in which the species above given are 
originally described, contains also a description of the present bird, of which several 
specimens have been sent from Europe by Mr. Edward Wilson. It was however 
described a short time previously by Messrs. Verreaux, as above, whose name is of 
course to be adopted. 


= 

oo 

ee) 
~~ 

i 

23, for ‘ample elliptice-cylindrico,” read amplo, elliptice cylindrico. 
14, for “‘ Fruticulus,”’ read Fruticosus. — 
16, for “ subumbellatiformibus,” read subumbelliformibus. 

16, for “foliis,” read foliolis. 

the following line. 

33, after D. C., add Hook. Bot. Mag. T. 3622. 

9, for “‘ cauli,” read caule. 
15, for “‘sepalis,” read sepala. 

CORRIGENDA. 

- Page 82, line 4, for “oblonge-linearibus,”’ read oblonge linearibus. 
“ 82, “ 17, for “sacciforme,” read sacciformi. 
‘ 7, for ‘‘3-distinctis,” read 3 distinctis. 

19, for ‘ Douglassii” (and the same word in the sequel) read Douglasti. 

22, for “‘but the cup-shaped,” read but has cup-shaped, and erase the comma after corolla in 

3 and 10, for “‘ Schcenolerion,” read Schoenolerion. 

6, for ‘stigmate,’’ read stigma, 

een 
PS 

shal eh at Se ah 

fo ee 

—-o. 

ae eer 

Sy ae = 

Ca 
Tr en 

To a eT. 


th Eeas 

ti xo MiG), 

we 


[ 159 ] 

ART. XIII.—Descriptions of some remains of fishes from the Carboniferous and 
Devonian Formations of the United States. 

By Josern Lerpy, M. D. 

EDESTUS, Leidy. 

Generic Characters.—Maxillary bones segmented ; segments beveled anteriorly and 
excavated posteriorly for coadaption. Teeth in general form resembling those of 
Charchavodon ; one coossified with each maxillary segment. 

‘Epestus vorax, Leidy. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii, 414. The subject of the present description is a fossil 
fragment of the jaw of a remarkable and gigantic fish, which was presented to the 
Academy by William S. Vaux, Esq., who obtained it from an itinerant showman. The 
latter informed Mr. Vaux, that the specimen was discovered at Frozen Rock, Arkansas 
river, twenty miles below Fort Gibson, in the Indian Territory. 

The specimen is dense, heavy, and jet-black ; and when it was first received the 
crevices about its surfaces were filled with carbonaceous matter. It was probably 
derived from a coal bed; but the geological features of the locality from which it was 
obtained I have been unable to learn. 

The fragment of jaw is six inches in length ; and it measures three inches in depth 
from the dental border. ‘The sides are symmetrical, and slope divergently from the 
latter position towards the base, which is convex and moderately keeled in the median 
line. At the dental border the jaw is about seven eighths of an inch in thickness, and 
and at the thickest part cf its base measures one inch and four-fifths. Longitudinally 
the base of the jaw is slightly concave and furrowed. The surface of the bone is 
covered with fine vermicular, reticulating, broken ridges, assuming a striking resem- 
blance to arabic writing. 

The most remarkable peculiarity of the jaw is its segmented character; and of the 
segments the fossil retains two very nearly perfect ones with portions of two others. 
Each segment in outline forms an irregular pentahedron ; and each: possesses a single 
coossified tooth, whose broad surfaces abruptly increase the acclivity of the sides of 
the jaw. 

From its general form the fossil might readily be taken for a portion of the lower 
jaw, but from the fact that no vertebrated animal, neither living nor extinct, has jet 
been discovered in which the dental branches of the inferior maxilla are segmented, 
while several genera are known, as he Peele among living fishes, and the 


160 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF REMAINS OF FISHES FROM 

Dendrodus of the Old Red Sandstone,* in which the superior maxille@ are segmented, 
therefore it is a fair inference that the fossil in question is a portion of an upper jaw. 

The maxillary segments of the fossil are beveled off on each side anteriorly to a 
nearly acute edge, and are excavated posteriorly, so that the succeeding segments shall 
fit into those in advance. Lach segment contributes to the sides of the jaw a band- 
like surface curving from the dental border as far back as the position of the second 
succeeding tooth, and then turning forward at a nearly right angle to the base of the 
jaw, so that when the segments are conjoined they appear separated on each side 
by > like grooves. 

Near the middle of the anterior margin of the beveled portion of the segments, on 
both sides there exists an oval foramen, the apparent continuation of a dental canal. 

The teeth of the fossil are so closely set upon the jaw that the anterior basal angle 
of those behind passes the contiguous angle of those in advance. Of the portions of 
four teeth retained in the fossil, two are sufficiently well preserved to obtain some idea 
of their form when perfect, as represented in the outlines of figure 1, plate 15. In general 
form they appear to be like those of Charcharodon, but differ in a number of impor- 
tant characters. They are compressed, conical, with coarsely dentated, trenchant 
edges. Their two broad sides are symmetrical ; and they curve forward, so that in 
the restored condition their anterior margin appears to be convex and the posterior 
margin concave. Their base presents on each side a lobe-like expansion which ex- 
tends upon the sides of the jaw, so that they look asif they were excavated and fitted 
upon the dental border of the maxillary segments. 

The width of the teeth at base is one inch and nine tenths, the thickness in the 
same position four fifths of an inch, and the probable length is about two inches. 
The denticles are slightly compressed conical, with trenchant edges, and are nearly 
two lines long and over one line broad. In structure the teeth are solid and consist 
of hard dentine. which is however of looser texture toward the centre; and they 
are invested with smooth, shining enamel, about the one sixth of a line in thickness. 

The teeth are firmly coossified with the maxillary segments, and indeed their 
dentinal structure is absolutely continuous with, and undistinguishable by the naked 
eye from the nearly equally dense ossific structure of the jaw. 

A careless inspection of the fossil, at its posterior broken border would mislead one 
to suppose the teeth were inserted by long fangs into the jaw, an appearance which 
arises from the narrow portion of one fragment, continuous with its tooth, being 
received into the excavation of the segment in advance. 

Plate 15, figs. 1, 2.—Views of the two broad surfaces of a fragment of the jaw of Edestus voraz. 

fig. 3.—Outline view of a vertical section of the jaw. 
fig. 4.—Outline of transverse section of the teeth, from the same specimen. 

* Agassiz, Pois. Foss. t. ii, pt, 2, p. 18. 


Re =. ee 
5 me 
Las ; 
nA 

THE CARBONIFEROUS AND DEVONIAN FORMATIONS. — 161 

ORACANTHUS, Agassiz. 

Generic Characters. Dorsal rays very large, compressed conical, with a large interior 
cavity ; the external surface furnished with oblique and longitudinal rows of tubercles 
or tuberculated ridges; without posterior rows of denticles. 

ORACANTHUS veTUSTUS, Leidy. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii. 414. This species is proposed upon an ichthyodorulite 
or dorsal ray, from the collection of Mr. Timothy Conrad, now forming part of the 
cabinet of the Academy. The specimen is from Missouri Territory, but the exact 
locality from which it was obtained is unknown. It is dense, jet black, and heavy; 
and it has its apex and base broken away. On one side towards the base it is crushed 
inwardly, and in this position there is a portion of adherent iron gray limestone, with 
a partially imbedded segment of a crinoidal stem, which Mr. Conrad views as an evi- 
dence that the dorsal ray was derived from the carboniferous limestone. In several 
places the ray is fissured ; but the parts appear to have retained their original relation- 
ship, and the form of the ray is nearly perfect. 

In its present condition the specimen is five inches long and two and two-thirds of 
an inch wide at the base ; and its thickest portion is about eight lines. Its form is 
flattened pyramidal and is curved a little backward and slightly also to one side. The 
broad sides and posterior margin are thickly covered with mammillary tubercles but 
the anterior margin is smooth. Between the tubercles the surface is slightly striated. 
On the right side the tubercles are arranged in rows, irregularly longitudinal, and 
irregularly oblique in the transverse direction. On the left side they are arranged 
more regularly in longitudinal rows, and they evince a tendency to become confluent 
in short transverse rows, which pursue an irregular waving course across the ray. 
On the posterior margin, which is obtuse, there are several longitudinal rows. The 
anterior margin of the ray is more obtuse than the posterior; and it narrows 
towards the base. The thickness of the walls of this ichthyodorulite is not easy 
to ascertain. The apex of the specimen exhibits a solid bony structure, but the base 
appears to present thin lateral walls and a thick wall to the anterior border. 

Plate 16, figs. 1, 2, 3.—Different views of the ichthyodorulite of Oracanthus vetustus. 

PETALODUS, Owen. 

Generic Characters. Teeth with fangs. Crown demi-compressed-pyramidal, broader 
than long, with trenchant margins, surrounded by a basal cingulum composed of 
narrow imbricating folds, and descending lower on one side than the other. Fang 
large, undivided, laminar. 

PETALODUS ALLEGHANIENSIS, Leidy. 

Sicarius extinctus, Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii, 414. 

This species of Petalodus is established upon the specimen of a tooth, which Mr. 


162 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF REMAINS OF FISHES FROM 

Timothy Conrad borrowed from the cabinet of Charles A. Poulson, Esq., for mv in- 
spection. It was presented to the latter gentleman by Townsend Ward, Esq., who, in 
a note, observes, it was given to him “ by the engineer of the stationary engine at the 
head of inclined plane number 3 of the old portage railroad,’ which crossed the 
Alleghany Mountains from Hollidaysburg, in Blair County, Pennsylvania. Mr. Ward 
further states, “it was obtained from a stratum about one foot thick, black, carboni- 
ferous, and calcareous, which was exposed by the excavation for the buildings to 
accommodate the stationary engine.” He then adds, “I obtained quite a number of 
other fossils there, and from the same stratum near Freeport, above Pittsburg, and I 
think on the Conemaugh, seventeen miles west of Johnston. I found the stratum 
distinctly marked at these different localities, and have understood it is alsoto be seen 
in Ohio, where it is as distinctly marked by its appearance and fossils. It is in the 
bituminous coal series, and has a coal seam beneath it.” 

The tooth is of an iron gray color, hard, well preserved, and perfect, except that the 
basal angles of the crown and the end of the fang are broken away. 

The crown has the form of one half of a broad, compressed cone. Its outer side 
is smooth, and transversely convex, but slopes in a nearly even plane from the tren- 
chant margins. The inner side is also smooth, and forms a vertical plane from the 
latter position, and is transversely concave. The trenchant edges, except at the basal 
angles, are nearly straight, and are minutely serrulated, or rather simply striated. 

The basal cingulum surrounding the crown is bow-shaped on each of the broad 
sides; and it is composed of about nine imbricating, parallel folds. Externally it 
slopes inwardly beneath the crown; and internally it forms a thick convex ridge de- 
scending much below its position externally. 

The fang is an osseous plate, thick at the middle and towards the broken end, but 
thinning towards the lateral borders, which are slightly bent, scroll-like, from within 
outwardly. The inner surface is transversely concave ; thé outer one is convex, and 
presents a wide groove following the course of the basal cingulum. 

The mvasurements of the specimen are as follows: Breadth of the crown (not en- 
tire) 14 lines; height, including the basal cingulum, internally 112 lines, externally 
9 lines. Breadth of the fang 10% lines; length (not entire) internally 42 lines, ex- 
ternally 7 lines. 

Plate i6, figs. 4, 5, 6.—Outer, inner, and lateral views of a tooth of Petalodus alleghaniensis. 

HOLOPTYCHIUS, Agassiz. 

Generic Characters.—Body broad, short, compressed. ‘Tail heterocercal, short. 
Head flat; the bones rough, or irregularly granulated. A few large conical teeth 
folded at the base, and numerous small conical, intermediate ones. Scales large, 
more or less rounded, rhomboidal; the covered portion smooth ; the exposed surface 


THE CARBONIFEROUS AND DEVONIAN FORMATIONS. 163 

furnished with coarse, longitudinal, flexuose, anastomosing ridges or tubereles. Ven- 
tral fins on each side, posterior to the middle; dorsal fin opposite the anal fin, which 

is close to the caudal fin ; pectorals small. 

HoLorrycaivus AMERICANUS, Leidy. 

Holoptychius nobilissimus, Ag., Hall, Geol. of New York, pt. IV, 281, fig. 130. 

By this name I propose to distinguish the remains of the genus which have been 
discovered to the present time in Pennsylvania, although it may possibly include two 
species. Remains of Holoptychius are stated to be quite abundant in certain localities 
of the Old Red Sandstone Formation of Tioga county; but such as they are, consist- 
ing of isolated scales, cranial bones, and teeth, they are so exceedingly friable and 
the matrix so hard, or so soft and brittle that it is difficult to obtain specimens suf- 
ficiently perfect to be characterized. Among numerous specimens, for the most part 
consisting only of impressions left by the disintegration of the remains, presented to 
the Academy, by Timothy Conrad, Hsq. and Charles E. Smith, Esq., there are a few 
which I have ventured to describe, and which are represented in figures 9, 10 of plate 
16, and figures 1-4 of plate 17.: 

One of the specimens, represented in figure 9, plate 16, is a portion of a large scale, 
with an impression of a portion of the remainder. It measures nearly 23 inches in 
length, and apparently has been ovally rhomboidal in its perfect condition. The 
covered portion of the scale constitutes nearly one half, and is smooth. The exposed 
surface of the scales, as indicated by the impress of the matrix, was furnished with 
coarse, longitudinal, flexuose, and somewhat ramifying ridges. 

A smaller scale, represented in figure 10, plate 16, of which specimens are more 
frequent than of the preceding, is 14 lines long and 12 lines broad, and is a rounded 
square. A little more than half its surface has been covered by the scale in advance ; 

‘and the exposed portion of the surface is covered with coarse longitudinal ridges. 

This scale resembles an isolated specimen of one from Holoptychius nobilissimus, repre- 
sented in figure 26, plate 31 a, of Agassiz’ Poissons Fossiles, but is not at all like those 
represented in plate 23 of the same work. 

The impression of a tooth, left in a portion of matrix by the destruction of the original, 
from which a clay cast was taken, gives the form characteristic of the large teeth of 
Holoptychius, as represented in figure 1, plate 17. The tooth has been ten lines long 
and four lines in diameter at the base. It is conical, circular in transverse section, as 
represented in figure 2, plate 17, and is folded two thirds of its length from the base. 

A very imperfect fragment of a maxillary bone, consisting indeed of little more than 
the thin internal surface adhering to a portion of matrix, represented in figure 3, plate. 
17, exhibits at the anterior extremity the remains of a large tooth, partially consisting 
only of its impression ; and further back at the margin of the bone it presents two 

conical denticles about one line long. 
42 


164 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF REMAINS OF FISHES FROM 

A bone, the most perfect specimen preserved of the remains of Holoptychius amert- 
canus, represented in figure 4, plate 17, appears to be one of the branchiostegal plates. 
Itis trilateral, is sixteen lines wide, and appears to have been about twenty-two lines long. 
Its surface exhibits numerous short flexuose ridges, and tubercles, characteristic of the 
cranial bones of the genus. 

Plate 16, figs. 9, 10.—Scales of Holoptychius americanus. 
Plate 17, fig. 1.—Tooth of H. americanus. 

fig. 2.—Transverse section of the same tooth. 

fig. 3.—Fragment of the lower jaw 

fig, 4.—A_ branchiostegal plate. 

STENACANTHUS, Leidy. 

Generic Characters. Dorsal spine long, narrow, straight, compressed conical, hollow, 
longitudinally striated, furnished posteriorly with marginal rows of oblique denticles. 

STENACANTHUS NiTIDUS, Leidy. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., viii, 11. This genus and species are indicated by the specimen 
of an ichthyodorulite, imbedded in a fragment of rock of the Old Red Sandstone For- 
mation of Tioga County, Pennsylvania, and discovered by Charles E. Smith, Esq., who 
presented it to the Academy of Natural Sciences. In the same fragment of rock with 
the spine, there are also small portions of bones, and the impression of a tooth, 
apparently of Holoptychius. 

The specimen has its apex broken off, and also a portion of its left wall, exposing a 
large interior cavity, filled with the sandstone matrix. _ It appears to have been per- 
fectly straight in its length, and is long, narrow, compressed conical. The anterior 
border is convex ; the sides are longitudinally striated or grooved; and the posterior 
border is denticulated. There appears to be a pair of close rows of denticles, though 
the specimen only exhibits one. The denticles are triangular, directed obliquely down- 
ward and backward, and seven of them are equal to the space of half an inch. 

About half an inch below the broken summit of the specimen, a zigzag fissure or 
perhaps a suture crosses the spine, as represented in figure 7 of plate 16. From the 
two lower angles of the fissure, two others proceed longitudinally downward to the 
broken margin of the specimen. ‘These appear like real sutures, though they are most 
probably mere cracks, the result of fracture. 

The length of the ichthyodorulite in its present condition is two inches and two 
thirds, and its width at base about half an inch. 

Plate 16, figs. 7, 8.—Ichthyodorulite of Stenacanthus nitidus ; the former figure representing merely the 
outline. 

APEDODUS, Leidy. 

Generic Characters. Opercular bones, thick, covered with hard and finely granulated 
enamel. Teeth large, compressed conical, with trenchant margins and a grooved base. 


THE CARBONIFEROUS AND DEVONIAN FORMATIONS. 165 

APEDODUS pPRISCUS, Leidy. 

This species is founded upon specimens of a tooth and a fragment of bone, from the 
Old Red Sandstone Formation of Columbia County, Pennsylvania, which were sent 
for my inspection by Prof. Baird, from the cabinet of the Smithsonian Institution. 

The tooth is seven lines in length, compressed conical, with trenchant edges, and is 
slightly curved. The two broad sides are very nearly symmetrical; the transverse 
section being elliptical and rather abruptly narrowed towards the acute poles. The 
trenchant margins are entire, and the surfaces are smooth, except at their lower half, 
where the tooth is grooved as in Lepidosteus and Holoptychius. 'The base of the tooth 
is four lines and a quarter in breadth, and two lines and a half in thickness. The 
tooth appears to be solid, and is invested with thin enamel. 

The fragment of bone mentioned, which I have considered as having belonged to 
the same fish as the tooth, for no other reason than that they were found in association, 
appears to be a portion of an opercular, or perhaps a sub-opercular bone. It is thick 
and dense, and on the exposed surface is invested with thin, shining, and minutely 
eranulated enamel. Viewing the specimen as an opercular bone, it has been over two 
inches in length, and about an inch anda half at its widest part. Its anterior margin 
is thin, and beveled off for the fourth of an inch for adaptation to the preopercular 
bone. ‘The posterior margin is convex; the lower extremity is a little prolonged ; 
and the upper broken margin of the specimen reaches one line in thickness. 

Plate 17, fig. 5.—Tooth of Apedodus priscus. 

fig. 6.—Transverse section of the same tooth. 
fig. 7.—Portion of an opercular bone. 


[ 166 } 

ART. XIV.—Deseription of some remains of extinct Mammalia. 

By Josepu Leipy, M. D. 

CamELops Kansanus, Leidy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii, 172. 

This genus and species are established upon a fragment of the anterior extremity of 
an upper jaw of an animal of the camel family, discovered by Mr. Henry Pratten, of 
New Harmony, Indiana, in the gravel drift of Kansas Territory. : 

The specimen consists of portions of the left maxillary and intermaxillary bones, — 
the latter of which contains the fang of a transformed incisor or functional canine. 
tooth, as in the lama. 

The intermaxillary bone is of very much more robust proportions than in the lama 
or camel. Its upper part and outer surface form the segment of a slightly flattened. 
cylinder, and from the nasal side to the outer side of the aperture of its alveolus it 
is an inch in breadth, while in the lama in the same position it measures only the 
third of an inch, and in the camel about half an inch. The inclination of its nasal 
border approaches more the horizon than in the lama or camel, apparently indicating 
the animal to have possessed a lower and perhaps a longer face than in either of the 
latter genera. The gingeval border is rugged as in its congeners, and it presents two 
irregular pits, apparently the alveoli of incisive germs. 

The fang of the functional canine contained in the intermaxillary bone is laterally 
compressed conical, and is an inch and a half in length. From the orifice of its 
alveolus it is strongly curved upward and backward, nearly on a line parallel with 
the curved palatal margin of the bone. The crown of the tooth was directed 
downward and outward; and at the base it is ovate in section, with the narrow end 
posteriorly ; and it measures six lines and three fourths wide, and three lines and 
three fourths transversely. A small portion of remaining enamel indicates this to 
have been thin and smooth. 

The small remaining fragment of the maxillary bone attached in the fossil exhibits 
at its broken margin the portion of an alveolus, situated an inch and three fourths 
behind the tooth contained in the intermaxillary bone. It has been about four lines 
in transverse diameter, apparently had a direction curving downward, forward, and 
outward from its bottom, and probably accommodated a true canine tooth, although 
the position is unusually far back, a necessary condition however in the Oumelops, 
from the distance to which the fang of the functional canine tooth extended backward. 

The margin of the hiatus between the alveoli indicated is subacute and concave ; 
and it measures one and three fourths of an inch in length. It is divided about the 


ia ial eat 
Rt a 

LEIDY’S DESCRIPTION OF REMAINS OF EXTINCT MAMMALIA. 167 

middle of its course by the maxillo-intermaxillary suture, which descends at the side 
of the jaw parallel with the nasal border, and on the palate curves inward and 
advanees as far as the position of the posterior third of the orifice of the intermax- 
illary alveolus. 

Plate 17, fig. 8.—Inferior view of a fragment of the upper jaw of Camelops Kansanus. 
fig. 9.—Outer view of the same specimen. 
fig. 10.—Transverse section of the tooth contained in the same specimen. 

Canis primavus, Leidy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii, 200. 

This name is proposed for an extinct species of wolf supposed to be indicated by a 
fragment of a skuil, discovered by Mr. Francis A. Lincke, in association with remains 
of Megalonyx Jeffersonii, Bison americanus, Cervus virginianus, Equus americanus, and 
Tapirus Hays, in the banks of the Ohio River, near the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a 
short distance below Evansville, Indiana. The specimen, which with others were 
kindly borrowed for my inspection by Dr. J. G. Norwood, of New Harmony, consists 
of the left upper maxillary bone containing the back five molar teeth, which are 
nearly entire except the penultimate. tooth. 

The fragment on comparison with the corresponding portion of the skull of the common 
wolf of HKurope, and its american congeners, differs only in being larger and in present- 
ing slight variations in the teeth, not however. greater than those found among 
different varieties, or perhaps even individuals of recent wolves. 

Certain naturalists may regard the fossil as indicative of a variety only of the 
Canis lupus, and of the correctness of such a view, an attempt will not be made here 
to decide. Naturalists have not yet systematized that knowledge through which they 
practically estimate the value of characters determining a species. What may be 
viewed as distinct subgenera by one will be considered as only distinct species by 
another, and a third may view both as varieties or races. In the use of these words, 
or rather in the attempt to define them, we go too far when we associate them with 
the nature of the origin of the beings in question. We know nothing whatever in 
relation to the origin of living beings, and even we cannot positively deny that life 
connected with some form was not co-eternal with time, space, and matter, and that 
all living beings have not successively and divergingly ascended from the lowest 
types. 

To return to a consideration of the fossil: the maxilla has the same form as the 
corresponding bone of recent wolves with which I have had the opportunity of cor- 
paring it. The infra orbital foramen, is vertically oval, directed forward, and is on a 
line vertical to the interval of the third and fourth molar teeth. 

The crown of the penultimate molar tooth is rather less concave posteriorly than 
in any recent specimens under inspection; and its antero-posterior diameter internally 
is greater in relation with the same diameter externally; or in other words the tcoth 

43 


168 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTION OF REMAINS OF EXTINCT MAMMALIA. 

internally is less narrowed than in recent wolves. It is also broader in the antero- 
posterior diameter when compared with its transverse diameter; and its basal ridge 
externally is a little more abrupt and is slightly crenated at the border. | 

The second and third molar teeth have their basal ridge internally a little better 
developed, which is also the case with the internal oblique ridge, descending towards 
the cusp anteriorly. : 

The principal measurements of the fossil, in comparison with those of the corres- 
ponding part in recent wolves, are given in the following table. 

ey a 
2 Bl ctl aaduliie eras 
a Bo lege ee |e 
MEASUREMENTS. eS | SS sgh Noein cae 
g2| 22/28 | es | #8 | 2a 
5 anes =e | * ar 
fs | esis [Fe | 22 [ge 
wi | O20 oO Eiiey ah 
‘ f lines 
From base of crown of third molar to upper margin of maxilla, . é 25 | 24 | 213) 24 | 26) 31 
From base of crown of fourth molar to upper margin of maxilla, . : 84 | 86 | 30 | 34 | 36 | 41 
From back of last molar to canine alveolus, 5 eae aes A : 38 | 48 | 414] 422) 46 | 58 
Antero-posterior diameter of first molar alveolus, 5 : ; ; 3 34, 33) 4 4 4 
Do. do. of second molar tooth, . : c 6 : Male et OS ot 7 
Do. do. of third molar, . : 6 ; : : Bel oye gs oak SB 5 
Do. do. of fourth molar, . - 93] 13 | 124) 123) 13 | 16 
Do. do. of fifth molar, . ; 5 : : UB Werte eel ah enews) theo) 
Transverse do. do. : : : 6 , 0 8 | 103) 11 | 103) 103) 113 
Antero-posterior diameter of last molar, . 2 4 F 4 4. 43) 4 #| 423 
‘Transverse do. do. 4 Balt 7 re ail a 7 

Plate 17, fig. 11.—Outer view of the fragment of the upper Jaw of Canis primevus. 
fig. 12.—Lower view of the same specimen. 

Ursus AMPLIDENS, Leidy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi, 303. 

This species is founded upon a fragment of lower jaw and an upper molar tooth, 
which were discovered in association with remains of Megalonyx, Mylodon, Ereptodon, 
Equus americanus, Cervus virginianus fossilis, and Mastodon, ina ravine in the neigh- 
borhood of Natchez, Mississippi. 

The fragment of the jaw is of the left side; and it contains the last molar tooth, 
It has about the same size as the corresponding portion of the jaw of the common 
black bear (Ursus americanus), or of that of the grizzly bear (Ursus ferow) at an age 
when the permanent teeth have all protruded but are not yet worn by attrition. Its 
form also does not vary from what itis in the latter animals, except that it is more 
convex externally. 

The last molar tooth is intermediate in size to that of the black and the grizzly 
bear, but the form of the crown is more like that of the former than that of the latter. 

The specimen of an upper molar is the penultimate one of the left side. It has 
very nearly the same form as in the grizzly bear, except that the small cone in front 
of the outer pair of principal cones is almost as well developed as that behind them. 


LEIDY’S DESCRIPTION OF REMAINS OF EXTINCT MAMMALIA. 169 

The slight variations indicated in the fossils might be considered as insufficient to 
characterise them as having belonged to a distinct species from the grizzly bear, but 
when we reflect upon the equally slight variations which exist in the homologous 
parts to the fossils in certain recent species of the genus, and recollect that the fossils 
in question were found in association with remains of the Megalonyx, &c., im a country 
never known to have been inhabited by the grizzly bear, we cannot help inclining to 
the belief that they belonged to a species distinct from the recent ones. 

The comparative dimensions of the fossils are as follows: 

U. americanus.| —U. ferox. U. amplidens. 
Depth of lower jaw below the last molar, . . : . |L5 to 18 lines.|18 to 2 lines.| 17 lines. 
Antero-posterior diameter of the last lower molar, . 8 oe Dee 
Transverse do. do. domees 0 : Da ee Te 66s oS 
Antero-posterior diameter of the upper penultimate molar, —. 82 & DL sel alle 8 
Transverse do. do. do. do. i 64 at Gc de % 

Plate 17, fig. 13.—Outer view of the fragment of the lower jaw of Ursus amplidens. 
fig. 14.—Triturating surface of the last molar contained in the same specimen. 
- fig. 15.—Outer view of a left upper penultimate molar. 
fig. 16.—Triturating surface of the same specimen. 

URSUS AMERICANUS FOSSILIS. 

Remains of the common black bear ( Ursus americanus) have on several occasions 
been discovered in association with those of extinct animals. Dr. Harlan* mentions 
an inferior maxilla, which was found in Big-bone Cave, Tennessee, in association with 
remains of the Megalonyx. The specimen, which is preserved in the collection of the 
Academy, contains none of the teeth, and it is unchanged from the original texture, 
except that it has lost a small portion of its gelatin. It is not improbable that the 
specimen may be of much later date than the Megalonyx remains with which it was 
found. 

Another specimen preserved in the cabinet of the Academy, consists of the left 
half of the lower jaw containing the canine and anterior two molar teeth of a species 
of bear, discovered in a ravine in the vicinity of Natchez, Mississippi, in association 
with remains of Megalonyx, Mylodon, Ursus amplidens, Equus americanus, Bison lati- 
frons, Cervus, &e. The specimen corresponds closely in its anatomical characters 
with its homologue of the common black bear. The bone is exceedingly friable, and 
is enveloped in a thick layer of compact peroxide of iron, in the same manner as the 
specimen upon which was established the Felis atrox,; and which was found in the 
same locality. 

Procyon priscus, Le Conte. Amer. Jour. Sc’. and Arts, 2d s. v, 106. 

This species of extinct raccoon was first indicated by Dr. John L. Le Conte, from 
some specimens which were found in association with remains of several animals of 

* Journ. Acad. Nat. Se., vi, 269. Med. and Phys. Res., 329, pl. xiv, fig. 26. 
} Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d ser. x, pl. 34. 


170 LEIDY'S DESCRIPTION OF REMAINS OF EXTINCT MAMMALIA. 

the peccary tribe, Platygonus compressus, Protocherus prismaticus, &c., in the lead 
region of the vicinity of Galena, Illinois. 

Besides several phalanges, the fossil specimens alluded to consist of several fragments 
of jaws and teeth. } 

A small fragment of the upper jaw (figure 17, plate 17) of the left side contains 
the fourth and fifth molars, which have the same form as the corresponding teeth of 
Procyon lotor, but are about one sixth larger. 

A specimen of a right upper canine tooth has the same size as in the recent raccoon, 
but is rather less compressed towards the subacute borders of the crown. (Figure 24, 
plate 17.) ia 

A small fragment of the right side of a lower jaw, (fig. 19,) rather larger than the 
corresponding portion of the same bone in the recent raccoon, contains the canine and 
the fourth molar tooth. The former has the same form, as in the recent raccoon, and is 
only a little larger. The latter‘tooth is not only larger than its representative in the 
recent raccoon ; but it has the inner posterior ridge of the crown continuous with the 
principal cusp and not terminating in a small cusp, and the tubercle at the outer 
posterior part of the base of the principal cusp is hardly developed in comparison with 
its condition in the recent raccoon. (Figs..19, 20, 21.) 

An apparent, isolated, inferior, third molar tooth (figs. 22, 23) of the left side has 
more nearly the form of the fourth one than of its homologue in the recent raccoon, and. 
it is also relatively larger in comparison with its associated succeeding tooth than:in the 
latter species. ‘The principal cusp and that developed from its base postero-externally 
are more distinctly separated than in the corresponding points of the fourth molar of the 
recent raccoon. The anterior heel also is less developed and that posteriorly is less 
exeavated than in the succeeding tooth of the recent raccoon, with which it is com- 
pared in preference to the corresponding one of the latter species. The size and form 
of the two fangs of the fossil tooth correspond with the same characters of the two 
alveoli for the third molar in the fragment of a lower jaw above indicated. In con- 
clusion it must be admitted that had this last, described tooth been found alone it 
would without hesitation have been viewed as a third inferior molar of Procyon lotor. 
(Figure 22, plate 17.) 

Plate 17, fig. 17.—Outer view of the superior fourth and fifth molars of the right side of Procyon priscus. 
fig. 18.—View of the triturating surfaces of the same teeth. 
fig. 19.—Fragment of the lower jaw of the right side containing the canine and the fourth molar. 
fig. 20.—View of the triturating surface of the latter tooth.. 
fiz. 21.—Inner view of the same tooth. 
fig. 22.—Outer view of the left inferior third molar. 
fig. 23.—View of the triturating surface of the latter tooth. 
fig. 24.—Outer view of the right superior canine. 


peta te, ae Ri) alg tee Ae Pra ey © Ne. a ‘al 
“i ’ Bae a ieee oN 5 a 

LEIDY’S DESCRIPTION OF REMAINS OF EXTINCT MAMMALIA. 171 

Awomopon Snypert, Le Conte. Am. Journ. of Science and Arts, 2d ser. v, 106. 

In association with the remains of Procyon priscus, just described, there was found 
a curious tooth, which Dr. Le Conte has supposed to be the left superior canine of a 
large ‘insectivorous animal. It is quite peculiar in form; and its affinities I am at 
present unable to determine. 

The tooth is compressed to a remarkable degree, and on the inner side for the greater 
part of its length is depressed, so that a transverse section except near the apex of 
the crown would be reniform. The crown is curved conical, and is most convex ex- 
ternally. Posteriorly its outer and inner surfaces are separated by a feeble ridge; and 
internally about half way towards the base it is furnished with an anterior and a 
posterior tubercle, of which the former is lower than the other. 

The fang at the broken border of the specimen is nearly half an inch broad and is 
less than two lines thick. In consequence of the deyeeysion of its inner wall, the 
pulp cavity has a curved linear form, thus c 

In its perfect condition the tooth has apparently been in theneighborhood of an inch 
and a half long, and the base of the crown measures five lines broad and one and 
three quarter lines thick. 

Plate 17, fig. 25.—Outer view of tooth of Anomodon Snyder. 

fig. 26.—Inner view of the same tooth. 

44 


PAM EM t 

4 / 

, tet 
s, Y fn} 
& 
A 


*) th as may iy te eee nf 
i a 

[ 173 ] 

ART. XV.—On the Sandstone Fossils of Connecticut River. 

By JAmes Deane, M. D. 

Prior to the year 1839, the indications of organic life, co-existing with the sandstone 
deposition of Connecticut River, were exclusively confined to a few genera of hetero- 
cercal fishes. This rock was formerly supposed to be so destitute of animal remains, 
that when in this year I opened a new chapter of its organic history, my discoveries 
were treated with incredulity and neglect. But, after the investigations of twenty 
years that have resulted, itis known to be exceedingly rich in the imperishable 
materials of geological history. Very few indeed have any conception of the 
marvellous perfection of these fossil inscriptions, or of the multitudes of once living 
creatures whose existence they commemorate. During the vast sandstone deposition, 
it is presumed that animals whose instincts and organizations attracted them to littoral 
margins, were as numerous as their living representatives. The immense groups of 
birds embraced countless individuals who have inscribed upon the shores whereon 
they congregated their unmistakeable and instructive history. Most of the finest im- 
pressions have never been described, and the rich discoveries of late years, render a 
thorough revision of these fossils indispensable to a clear comprehension of the sublime 
truths they teach. 

Other inferior creatures existed in astonishing profusion during the sandstone 
period, and like the birds, have left the imprints of their feet vivid as upon the day 
they were made. The presumption is that they embraced as a class, animals no 
higher in the scale of organization than vertebrated reptiles. They were quadrupedal, 
and were grouped into several orders; Saurians, Batrachians and Chelonians. Of the 
saurian and batrachian orders I am acquainted with twenty species at least, and shall 
present herewith a notice of ten of that number. In one essential feature all these 
impressions concur, and that is, in the difference in magnitude between the anterior 
and posterior feet, the latter being about four times greater than the former. This 
distinctive character, and the diminutive size of the animals they indicate, appear to 
distinguish them into species, having their affinities in existing salamandrian or tailed 
Batrachians. 

The indications of Tortoises prove them to have been very numerous, but it is 
nearly impossible to detect specific differences. Their movements over soft mud re- 
sulted in ploughing up a trace or furrow by the solid armor of their bodies. In some 

instances the swinging movements of their feet are well preserved, and in rare cases 
the pedal imprints are also visible. | 


174 DEANE ON THE SANDSTONE FOSSILS OF CONNECTICUT RIVER. 

Descending in the scale of organization, this rock has retained the foot-print of in- 
sects and crustacea with surprizing fidelity. Nothing in the strange history of the 
sandstone fossils, is more astonishing than the unrivalled perfection of the vestiges of 
these frail creatures. 

In this brief memoir I shall endeavor to portray some of these interesting hiero- 
elyphics of extinct existences. Fig. c, pl. 18,is an unimpeachable footprint of a bird, no 
other animal could impress it. Its analogies are unmistakeable. It is a left foot, the 
inner toe has two, the middle three, and outer four phalanges, exclusive of the nail, 
which is in exact correspondence with the feet of existing trydactylous birds. The 
triple-headed, or distal extremity of the tarso-metatarsal bone, is also unequivocally 
impressed. Naturalists may, if they prefer it, explain the origin of these impressions 
upon the hypothetical existence of such monsters as biped reptiles, but by the unerring 
laws of comparison, I have never hesitated for a moment to ascribe these footprints 
to birds. In this opinion I am sustained by a distinguished comparative anatomist, 
who, in relation to fig. c, remarks, “that some naturalists would call it reptilian, be- 
cause, according to their idea of cosgomony, birds did not exist in the new red sand- 
stone period, and there are some very distinguished naturalists who maintain this 
doctrine, but I call it the footprint of a bird, cosmogony or no cosmogony.” 

Fig. @ is quadrupedal, and is Batrachian. Each foot has four toes radiating forward, 
and the anterior foot is considerably more advanced than is usual. This is a very 
beautiful specimen of these delicate footprints. 

Fig. d has four toes, two diverging outward and two inward. They are thick and 
somewhat massive, and blunt at their extremity. Both the anterior and posterior 
feet are analogous as to form. 

Fig. e is an elegant and interesting example of the quadrupedal impressions, and 
the most diminutive ever seen. It is very perfect, yet it is difficult to comprehend 
the place to which the amimal who made them should be assigned. All the other 
quadrupeds move by alternate steps, but in this example both right and left feet fall 
simultaneously. There is no impression of a fore foot, but this is a common defect 
in delicate quadrupedal impressions, the impression of the fore foot not always being 
retained. It may be that the imprint of the anterior foot is obliterated by that of the 
posterior foot. The dragging of the foot from one step to another is distinctly pre- 
served. There were probably four toes. The surface upon which the creature moved 
is smooth as if polished, and no other would retain the imprints with such extraordinary 
fidelity. 

Fig. b is probably Saurian. It is exceedingly perfect. It is a hind foot with five 
heavy toes, if the appendage upon the left be considered asa toe. It has a Chirotherian 
aspect, but as it is a solitary example, and is separated from the fore foot, its true 
relations cannot be exactly determined. The fine preservation of its massive heel and 
toes renders it a very beautiful example of foot prints. 


DEANE ON THE SANDSTONE FOSSILS OF CONNECTICUT RIVER. 175 

Fig. a, diagram A, pl. 20, isan undescribed species of quadrupedal imprints. The foot- 
prints are defective, being impressed when the mud was too soft to retain forms, but 
this condition was favorable to receive the trail of the animal’s tail, which is exquisitely 
preserved. This is a raré feature. 

Fig. 6, diagram A, pl. 20, is likewise new and undescribed, and is remarkable for the 
disparity of the anterior and posterior feet. The fore feet are very perfect, four thick 
but pointed toes radiate outward and somewhat backward. The posterior feet are 
comprised of four long, slender toes, lying nearly parallel, and the feet are divergent. 
Right and left feet widely separated. 

The foregoing species of quadrupedal imprints have never been figured or described. 
Those which follow are copied from drawings made by myself and published in the 
Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences a few years since. They are 
inserted here for comparison, although a simple outline of a foot can convey no 
adequate idea of its organization. 

Fig. a, diagram B, pl. 20, is remarkable for its peculiar symmetry. Four thick, 
tapering toes radiate forward, and in the hind foot the impression of the heel is pro- 
longed backward to a considerable distance, and is broad and flattened. The fore foot - 
is planted a little in advance and a little outward of the hind foot. 

Fig. }, diagram B, pl. 20. The hind foot consists of three thick, pointed toes, widely 
spread, and a short toe pointing inward. The heel is projected backward, and termi- 
nates in a rounded extremity. The anterior foot is not conformable to the posterior. 
Four toes, two pointing forward and outward, and two outward and backward. In 
birds the foot points inward without exception ; in quadrupedal impressions it diverges 
outward in every instance I have ever seen except this. The hind foot inclines 
slightly inward. Both examples upon diagram B are exquisitely beautiful and perfect. 

Fig. a, diagram C, pl. 20, is a series of very delicate foot-prints. Toes four, long and 
slender, and drag from one step to another. Impression of anterior feet not retained. 

Fig. 6, diagram C, pl. 20,is probably Saurian. Toes have a chirotherian look, thick 
and massive. Feet divergent. The fore foot planted near the hind, sometimes partially 
obliterated by it. Stride very great. Fig. d, diagram C, is probably analogous, and 
both, with the exception of the appendage upon the side opposite the thumb, have a 
striking resemblance to fig. 0, pl. 18. 

The remaining fig. c, diagram C, pl. 20, is probably Batrachian ; toes four, feet 
divergent, impressions of anterior feet not retained. 

The impressions upon pl. 19 are of recent discovery, and the obscurity of their 
origin is in proportion to their beauty and extraordinary preservation. Nothing of 
the kind has hitherto been described or even discovered. 

Fig. a of this plate is remarkable for the geometrical symmetry and perfection of the 
dotted impressions, which are arranged in ON each a reproduction of the other. 


~ 

176 DEANE ON THE SANDSTONE FOSSILS OF CONNECTICUT RIVER. 

I think in the present state of science it is impossible to explain the origin of this elegant 
fossil. If the accuminated bodies that constitute the various lines of impressions be 
not due to the deciduous fronds of plants, they must be taken for the dermoid pro- 
tuberances of some animal. ‘There is not the slightest evidence of a compressed stem 
of a coniferous or other plant, which should certainly be the case in so perfect a 
specimen; and moreover, upon the superior or superincumbent stratum, the imprint 
is reversed ; it is a cast, and this, it appears to me, is conclusive evidence against a 
vegetable origin. Ihave drawn this beautiful fossil with excessive care, for it is the 
most difficult puzzle I have ever encountered, and I must leave it to others more com- 
petent than myself 10 determine its origin. The reader who will take the trouble to 
analyze the various line of impressions, wili find a corresponding number in each repe- 
tition. Thus in the unbroken row running obliquely upward from left to right, there 
are invariably fourteen of the protuberant points, and in each other line, when re- 
peated, is consistent, both as to number and arrangement of the geometrical lines of 
elevations. 

The remaining figures upon this plate are probably foot-prints of a class of creatures 
not higher in the scale of organization than the articalated division of animals, and a 
few observations perhaps may assist in deciding upon their origin. I rely more upon 
the fidelity of the drawing than upon any descriptions to convey exact ideas. : 

Fig. 7, pl. 19, is the simplest form of these linear imprints. It is a single set of 
straight, slender, parallel feet, planted in regular succession. 

Fig. f. The set is also single, feet slightly divergent, and terminate in an enlarge- 
ment or depression, caused apparently by the momentum by whicli the creature moved. 

Fig. c. The two rows upon the left are identical with those of fig. f but there is 
also an additional row of impressions upon the right, the terminations of which are 
not excavated. 

In fig. 6 the impressions are identical with fig. c¢, except that the order is reversed. 

In fig. h two sets of feet are exquisitely preserved. The irregular or odd number 
of feet may perhaps be explained upon the hypotheis that the creature was moving 
upon the bottom of the water, and by floating used a part only of its organs of 
locomotion. This conjecture is sustained by the fact that the rows of impressions 
sometimes appear and disappear abruptly upon the surface, and are both preceded and 
succeeded by delicate prolonged lines, caused by dragging of the feet. 

Fig. g displays two rows of linear feet, and are very fine indeed. The entire length 
of the original impressions is fifteen inches. 

Fig. & shows a row of parallel linear feet, and corresponding rows of lateral bulbous 
impressions. 

Fig. d also shows the central or parallel rows, and two corresponding lateral rows 
of curved feet. 


Ree te a =e ee 
ean, is ; t 

DEANE ON THE SANDSTONE FOSSILS OF CONNECTICUT RIVER. 177 

Fig. ¢ exhibits the trail of the body, with lateral feet. 

These extraordinary fossils occur upon surfaces as smooth as polished marble; no 
other would receive, much less retain such delicate impressions with such fidelity. 
To explain their obscure meaning I have sought the assistance of several gentlemen 
distinguished for their scientific attainments, and it gives me pleasure to subjoin their 
opinions to these meagre descriptions of my own. 

Prof. Leidy considers the impressions &;, d, 7, /, c, and 6, to be the tracks of insects 
and crustacea; g and e those of worms; and a, from its remarkable uniformity, to be 
rather a vegetable than an animal impression. 

Prof. Gray is of opinion that fig. a represents leaf scars of some plant like a tree 
fern. 

Prof. Wyman is of opinion that fig. a is a vegetable impression, and that the other 
impressions upon this plate are due to articulate animals, insects or Crustaceans. 

Prof. W. B. Rogers is of a similar opinion as regards fig. a, yet he remarks that this 
is but conjecture, and that we are without any guide as to MD might be esteemed 
a probable interpretation of this mysterious inscription. 

Prof. Dana can refer fig. @ to nothing but a plant, the prominence being the traces 
of leaves, probably coniferous; still it is not like any known coniferous plant, ancient 
or modern. Upon the remaining figures of pl. 19 he offers the following valuable re- 
marks: “The delicate linear tracks must be made by an articulate animal. They 
can hardly have been made by annelids (excepting e and g of which there is doubt), 
and may have been made by Crustaceans or insects, perhaps water insects. I should 
incline to say Crustaceans. Among the tribe of this class they may have been either 
Entomostracans, Isopods, Macrourans, or small species of Anomourans. Isopods have 
too small legs and pointed claws to make so large a track as 4, and they would not 
make the two distinct series of this figure, or a track with three impressions as in ¢, 
The legs spread from the longitudinal axis, and do not point forward asin 7. Still 
it is possible that d and & might have been made by an Isopod, the bent form of the 
track in this case being due to the fact that three joints of the leg, pressed on the mud 
in the progress of the animal. There is a small tribe of Crustaceans near the Isopods, 
which I have called Anisopods, in which the two anterior feet often have large claws, 
and are projected forward in front of the head, and such an animal might make marks 
with these claws like J, but I should think they would be likely to be less regularly, 
or even continuous lines.” 

“The Entomostracans may have been tracking the mud ; but so small species of that 
group have usually very thin or slender feet, commonly more or less foliaceous for 
swimming.” 

“T should therefore be inclined to refer the triple and quadruple track to small 
Anomourans. The two more central tracks, where there are four, being made by the 


178 DEANE ON THE SANDSTONE FOSSILS OF CONNECTICUT RIVER. 

anterior claws; and the one where there are three to the claw of one side, for it is 
very common for one claw to be larger than the other, and sometimes the difference 
of size is exceedingly great.” 

“T cannot say that g and e are Crustaceans, as some large Isopods have legs that 
would make as strong impressions. But in Isopods the three anterior of the seven 
pairs of legs are directed obliquely forward, and the four posterior pairs obliquely 
backward, so that there would hardly be with such animals the exact uniformity of 
direction these tracks present.” 

In bringing this paper to a conclusion, I must here express my acknowledgements 
to the gentlemen who have so politely responded to my request for information. I 
am also under peculiar obligations to Roswell Field, Ksq., who is the discoverer of all 
the original specimens of the two plates and those of the diagram A, and who kindly 
loaned the specimen. The estate of Mr. Field is situated at Turner’s Falls, and by 
his sagacity and activity he has been very successful in developing the history of these 
sandstone fossils. He has made many very splendid discoveries. ‘The fossils that 

constitute the originals of the plates and diagrams are exclusively from Turner's Falls. 
Greenfield, March, 1856. 


iy a ee Oe ee ee ee ee KS 
v i ; 
per 

ye) 

ART. XVI.—Pianta KANEANE GRENLANDICA. Hnumeration of Plants collected by 
Dr. B. K. Kane, U.SN., in his first and second expeditions to the Polar Regions, with 

descriptions and remarks. 
By Eras Duranp. 

I have brought together in the following enumeration all the plants collected by Dr- 
Kane at the stations of his two voyages, the whole belonging to the western coast of 
Greenland, and nearly to the same geographical zone. 

These stations were, for the first voyage, (1850 and 1851,) Sukkertoppen, Holstein- 
' borg, Egedesminde, Disko, Upernavik, and Wolstenholm, between the 64th and 76th 
north parallels; and for the second, Fiske Fiord, Sukkertoppen, N. Proven, Uper- 
navik and the different stations of Smith’s Sound as far as 81° N. latitude. 

The first collection was in pretty good order, but the second had suffered much from 
the peculiar hardships attending the last period of this eventful expedition, in which 
Dr. Kane’s fortitude and devotion to science were so signally manifested. Surrounded 
with difficulties of every sort, and threatened by the impending danger of starvation 
and death, amid the drifts, disruptions and other impediments of a hyperborean cli- 
mate, he did not hesitate sacrificing the useful articles of comfort and self-preservation, 
to make room in his luggage boxes for as many of his scientific collections as he could 
pack in them. 

Thus was the best portion of his botanical specimens preserved to science, after suf- 
fering much, as it may be imagined, from the inclemency of the weather, and the 
hardships of a long and perilous voyage back to the United States. But for the zeal 
and self-denial of his comrades, and especially of his surgeon, Dr. I. I. Hayes, his co- 
laborer in the scientific field, Dr. Kane is pleased to acknowledge that he could never 
have undertaken their transportation. 

Under these circumstances I have experienced great difficulty in determining seve- 
ral specimens,—difficulty arising not only from their damaged state, but also from 
their occasional incompleteness, some being just blooming, others in a fruiting condi- 
tion, others again wanting some of the essential characters. To these disadvantages 
I must add the want, in several instances, of books of reference, and of authentic spe- 
cimens for comparison. . 

When I attempted the task of determining these collections, I relied much, I con- 
fess, on the assistance of a learned and more experienced friend, Professor Asa Gray ; 
but, owing to the pressure of his occupations, I have not been able to secure his val- 
uable services to the extent of my anticipations. I am, however, greatly indebted to 
him for hints and remarks that have been very useful to me. I am under peculiar 


180 PLANTA KANEANZ GRONLANDICA. 

obligations to Professor Torrey for the determination of the Gramineae, and hisassist- 
ance in some of the most perplexing genera; and also to my friend Thomas P. James, 
Hsq., for the entire enumeration of mosses, Hepaticee and Lichens. Iam most happy 
to take this opportunity to render to these three gentlemen my sincere acknowledg- 
ments for their great kindness. 

Laying aside the consideration of the lost packages, Dr. Kane’s collections are yet 
among the richest and most interesting ever brought by Arctic and Polar explorers. 
They not only afford a considerable accession to our previous knowledge of the vegeta- 
tion of Northern Greenland, but they develop facts of some importance in a physico- 
geographical point of view :— 

First—By exhibiting, throughout the range of coasts between the Arctic and Polar 
circles, no perceptible change in the number and identity of the species therein col- 
lected ; thus establishing, as far at least as Greenland is concerned, that the third or 
Polar zone of Sir John Richardson* might as well begin at the 67th as at the 73d N. 
latitude. 

Secondly.—By the reappearance, beyond the limits of Smith’s Sound, of Hesperis 
Pallasti and Vesicaria arctica, in a perfect fruiting state—two plants belonging rather 
to the milder regions of the Arctic zone, and which have never been found yet, I be- 
lieve, in the higher intervening points. Both these plants belonged to a scanty collec- 
tion of eight or ten species, made late in the season, on the newly discovered lands of 
Washington and Humboldt, on the very verge of that mysterious Polar sea which Dr. 
Kane’s expedition had the good fortune to espy and see free of ice as far as the eye 
could reach. Such a fact indeed, although limited to two species, seems to indicate 
peculiar isothermal influences, depending either on warm currents, greater depth of 
water, or actual depression of our globe at its poles. 

Another remarkable feature of Dr. Kane’s collections is, that, dividing into two 
equal parts the whole extent of coasts visited by him, and each section presenting 
about the same number of stations at which herborizations were made, the northern 
section, from Upernavik to Washington Land, has yielded more dicotyledonous plants 
than the southern, from Fiske Fiord to 73°; and Smith’s Sound alone, only three de- 
grees in length, has proved nearly as rich. (See Table No. 1.) ; 

These unexpected results show that the Polar zone cannot properly be compared 
with the Alpine regions of the more temperate climates. The uninterrupted action — 
of light and heat, during the whole period between the rising and setting of the sun 
which marks the day or summer season of the poles,—a purer and damper atmosphere, 
aided, perhaps, by a greater accumulation of electric fluid, &c.—must necessarily and 

more promptly (in the lowest levels) actuate and perfect the vegetation, not only of 

“See Appendix to Searching Expedition, London, 1851, p, 319 and following, 


PLANTA KANEANA GRGENLANDIC. 181 

plants inured to those climates, but also of those the seeds of which have been trans- 
ported hither from milder regions by currents, migration of birds, or other causes. 
Unlike the snow-capped and barren summits of the Alpine regions, at all times des- 
titute of verdure, itis probable that vegetation is permitted toextend to the very pole 
itself, wherever it meets with proper soil, favorable solar exposure, and protection from 
the blasts of winds. | 

The southern extremity of Greenland, from Cape Farewell to Sukkertoppen, has 
been well explored, and found to possess nearly the same climate as Labrador, with 
an almost identical vegetation. E. Meyer, in his Plante Labradorice, (1830,) enume- 
rates 224 phzenogamous species, the greater part of which are indigenous both to Lab- 
rador and to Greenland. Professor Giesecke, who resided several years in Greenland, 
for the express purpose of studying its Natural History, published in Brewster's Ed- 
inburgh Encyclopedia (1832) an enumeration of 171 phzenogamous species, with a 
long list of Cryptogams, amounting to no less than 231 species, all indigenous to that 
island. From the two above works, and from all the other sources to which I have 
had access,—De Candolle, Torrey and Gray, Hooker, Brown, Richardson, Hornemann, 
Steudel,—for Cyperaceze and Graminez, &c., I have compiled the following Table No. 
2, which presents an amount of 264 phzenogamous species, belonging to 109 genera 
and 36 families. 

This apparent richness of the Greenland flora is, however, confined to the extreme 
southern point of the island; for, from Sukkertoppen to a few degrees higher, it is 
found to have lost already eight or ten families; and from Upernavik, 73°, to the out- 
let of Smith’s Sound, it is reduced to twenty families, by the entire disappearance of 
Violacee, Oxalidacee, Holoragee, Umbelliferee, Cornacee, Lentibulacee, Primulacee, 
Gentianacee, Boraginacee, Labiate, Plumbaginacee, Plantaginacee, Betulacee, Coni- 
Sere, Orchidacee, and Melanthacee. 

Notwithstanding this prodigious decrease, the column headed North Greenland from 
73°, in Sir John Richardson’s Statistical Tables, will be found, by the accession of 27 
other species from Dr. Kane’s collections, now to be raised—from 49 phzenogamous 
species allotted to that region by the eminent English botanist—to 76; which is a 
gain of fifty per cent. . 

The following species are to be added to Richardson’s column of North Greenland 
from 73° :— 

Ranunculus Sabinii? | Dryas octopetala. Hieracium vulgatum. 1 Salix. 
Hesperis Pallasii. Alchemilla vulgaris. Vaccinium uliginosum 2 Eriophorum. 
Vesicaria arctica. Potentilla frigida. Pyrola chlorantha. Agrostis canina. 
3 Draba. Sedum rhodiola. Diapensia Lapponica. Festuca ovina, 
Arenaria arctica. 2 Saxifraga. 2 Pedicularis. 27 
Cerastium, N. Sp. ? Gnaphalium sylvaticum. | Empetrum nigrum. 

Only two new species, Pedicularis Kauei and Bryum lucidum, have been found in 
the whole collections. 


182 PLANTA KANEANA GRGNLANDICA. 

TABLE No. 1. 

Enumeration of the Phenogamous plants collected by Dr. H. K. Kane, on the western coast of 

Greenland. 

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. d a DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 4 a 
aE ae 
|e re 

I. RANUNCULACES. V. Rosacez. 
J. Ranunculus aquatilis, var. Dur. * 1128. Dryas octopetala, L. * 
2. 13 glacialis, L. *| 1129.  integrifolia, Vahl. “le 
3. «6 nivalis, a. L. *30. Alchemilla vulgaris, L. 3 
ae Oe eedien. *131. “ alpina, L. ee 
4 aff. sabinii ? *32. Potentilla pulchella, Br. rs 
33. aS nivea, o. fl. D. ei 
II. PAPAVERACEA. « OS 6h, 181, apie 
5. Papaver nudicaule, L. cates es mC ok Wats a5 3 
34. os frigida, Vill. A. Gr. a 
III. Crucirerz. 35. as aurea, 6. D. CO. 4 
6. Arabis alpina, L. *| 1136. a tridentata, Ait. ae 
7. Cardamine pratensis, var. H. cs 
8. Hesperis Pallasii, T. & Gr. a VI. ONnAGRACE. 
9. Vesicaria arctica, o. H. */37. Epilobium angustifolium, L. FAM 
10. Draba alpina, a. H. *| 1138. a latifolium, L. hes 
66 « 2B. B. % 
Hi “¢ corymbosa. % VII. CrassuLacem. 
ub «¢ micropetala. *| *1189. Sedum rhodiola, D. C. alee 
66 ce var. *k 
ll. “ glacialis, 4. H. ae VIII. SaxirrRaGacEm. 
12.“ rupestris, o. Br. «40. Saxifraga oppositifolia, L. mahi: 
13. © nivalis, Willd. *|141. “  flagellaris, Willd. gel 
14.‘ [Lapponica, Willd. *| 1142.  — aizoides, Wahl. ‘i 
15. “ ‘hirta, L. *1143, “‘ __tricuspidata, Retz. 4) 
16.  “ incana, var. confusa, T. & Gr. | 144. us: coespitosa, a. L. re 
17. Cochlearia fenestrata, Br. | ok ee co 82 ET > 
18. Se officinalis, L. *) 1145. Cg aizoon, Jacq. ee 
Qty ke Anglica. *)  |/46. e nivalis, L. o.. "1 
66 & K 
IV. CaRYOPHYLLACER. 47. be foliolosa, Br. ai 
20. Arenaria Groenlandica, Spr. *) 1148. me cernua, L. Pe i ali 
21. t arctica, var. H. *1|49. 8 rivularis. * 
22. Stellaria humifusa, Rottb. a 
23. “ — Jongipes, var. #. minor H. * IX. ComposiTz. 
Y iY 5. T. & Gr. *50. Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L. a 
“e ys «. T. & Gr. *(51. Hieracium vulgatum, Fries. a 
24. Cerastium alpinum, a. L. *| *1/52. Arnica angustifolia, Vahl. * 
eee « g. Fischerianum, T. & 53. Taraxacum palustre, D. C. sli 
Gr. Z 
as « 8. uniflorum, D. i X. CAMPANULACEA. 
cs ee vale *154. Campanula linifolia, A. D. 3 
2. Silene acaulis. *) 1155. Ws uniflora, L. zt 
26. Lychnis apetala, o. Iu. aes ~ 
6 “ B. * XI. Ericace2. 
Os. alpina, L. zi . Vaccinium uliginosum, L. 


A 

PLANTA KANEANA GRAINLANDICHA, 

TABLE No. 1.—Continued. 

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 

57. Cassiope tetragona, L. 
58. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salish. 

59. Rhododendron Lapponicum, Wahl. 
60. Loiseleuria procumbens, Desv. 

61. Ledum palustre, L. 
62. Pyrola chlorantha, Sw. 

XII. BoRAGINACES, 
63. Mertensia maritima, Don. 

XIII. ScropHULARIACER. 
|64. Bartsia alpina, L. 

65. Pedicularis arctica, Br. 
66. ef Kanei, D. 
67. te hirsuta, L. 

XIV. LABIAT#. 

|68. Thymus serpyllum, var. 

XV. DIAPENSIACEA. 

|69. Diapensia Lapponica, L. 

XVI. PoLyGoNacEs. 
70. Polygonum viviparum, L. 

|71. Oxyria digyna, Campd. 

XVII. EMPETRACEA. 

| 72. Empetrum nigrum, L. 

XVIII. BETULACER. 

| 73. Betula nana, L. 

XIX. SALICcACEs. 

| 74. Salix desertorum, Rich. 

for | «6 
76. “ 

uva-ursi, Pursh. 
arctica, Br. 
herbacea, L. 

Se 

e | From 73—80°. 

OM we | From 64—73°, 

x * 
(e,2) 
R 

* 
* 
co 
ise) 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 

XX. ORCHIDACES. 
. Platanthera hyperborea, Lindl. 

XXII. MELANTHACES. 
. Tofieldia palustris, Huds. 

XXII. JuncacEs, 
. Luzula spicata, Desv. 
“¢ hyperborea, Br. 
“¢ arcuata, Mey. 
. Juncus trifidus, Fl. Dan. 
“ areticus, L. 

XXIII. CypERAces. 

. Carex rigida, Good. 

‘¢ dioica, L. 

‘* aff. retroflexee ? 

. Scirpus ccespitosus, L. 

. Eriophorum capitatum, Host. 
a vaginatum, L. 

s¢ polystachyon, L. 

XXIV. GRAMINEZ. 
. Alopecurus alpinus, Engl. Bot. 
. Phippsia algida, B. 
. Agrostis canina, B. 

. Calamagrostis canadensis, Beauv. 

ee stricta, Nutt. 
. Glyceria arctica, H. 
. Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. 
. Poa arctica. 
“ alpina, L. 
. Festuca ovina, 
‘©  Richardsonii ? H. 
. Bromus Kalmii ? Torr. 
. Elymus arenaria, L. 
. Aira flexuosa, L. 
. Trisetum subspicatum, Palis. 

From 64—73°. 

| From 73—80°. 

%* % ee 

KK ee 

* 


184 PLANTA KANEANA GRONLANDICA. 
TABLE No. 2. 
GENERAL FLORA OF GREENLAND, j|| |» RESEND EnORs OR ORE reENtaAND) 
Vihear Rr See PAE, Lea ite ia, OHH yr 
the acces- 
Phenogamous Families. Genera. |Species. Phenogamous Families. Genera. |Species. |sion of the 
Kanean 
| Plants. 
1. Ranunculacezx. 4 12 1. Ranunculaceze. 1 2 1 
2. Papaveraceer. 1 1 2. Papaveracez. 1 1 
3. Cruciferee. 8 22 3. Cruciferee. 6 12 5 
4. Violaceze. 1 2 
5. Caryophyllacee. 6 21 4. Caryophyllaccze. 5 9 2 
6. Oxalidacez. 1 1 
7. Leguminosz. 4 4 5. Leguminose. 1 1 
8. Rosacez. 7 18 6. Rosacez. 3 7 3 
9. Onagracez. il 4 7. Onagraceze. i 2 
10. Holoragez. 1 1 : 
11. Crassulaceze. 1 2) 8. Crassulaceze. 1 1 1 
12. Saxifragacez. 1 18 9. Saxifragacee. 1 9 2 
13. Umbellifera. 2 2 
14. Cornacez. 1 1 
15. Composite. 10 18 | 10. Composite. 5 5 2 
16. Campanulacee. 1 3 || 11. Campanulacez. 1 1 
17. Hricacez. 10 19 12. Kricacee. 3 3 2 
18. Lentibulacez. 1 2 
19, Primulacez. 1 2 
20. Gentianacee. 2 4 
21. Diapensiaceze. 1 1 |/18. Diapensiacez. 1 1 1 
22. Boraginacee. 1 1 
23. Scrophulariacez. 5) 12 ||14. Scrophulariacez. 1 3 2 
24. Labiatee. 2 2 
25. Plumbaginacez. 1 2 
26. Plantaginacee. : 1 1 
27. Polygonacez. 4 7 |/15. Polygonaceze. oa 2 
28. Empetracee. 1 1 |16. Empetracez. 1 1 1 
29. Betulaceze. P5403} 
30. Salicacez. 1 10 || 17. Salicaceze. 1 4 1 
31. Coniferee. 1 1 
32. Orchidacez. 2 3 
33. Melanthacez. 2 3 
34, Juncaces. 2 11 =|/18. Juncacez. 1 2 
35. Cyperacez. 3 17__‘|/ 19. Cyperacez. 2 3 2: 
36. Graminee. 16 32 «-/20. Graminez. 6 ih 2 
36 Phenogamous Families. | 109 | 264 20 Phzenogamous Families. 44 76 27 

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 

Page 185, line 8. After the parenthesis add: and undoubtedly A. hederaceo proximus of Giesecke. 

Page 190, third line from bottom. Cancel P. nana? and what follows, and read: P. frigida, Villars 
in D. C. Prodr. ii. p. 572. Lam. Dict. Encycl. v. p. 602. A. Gray, Man., ed 2d. 

Page 195, line 13th from the bottom. lLunatus, read lanatus. 

Page 198, linc 10. Melianthacez, read Melanthacee. 


A Ny a nie Sl a all 
alk aa 

PLANTH KANEANA GRONLANDICA. 185 

ENUMERATION.—DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
RANUNCULACE. 

1. RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS, var. arcticus. Foliis omnibus emersis, consimilibus, 
profunde tripartitis ; partitionibus cuneatis, ad marginem dilatatis, crenatis ; flore albo ; 
sepalis ovalibus, concavis, petala fere zequantibus. 

This form, of which I have only two specimens, has a great affinity with De Can- 
dolle’s R. aquatilis, var. hederaceus, R. hederaceus, Lam., not of Linn. (vide Fl. Frane. 
vol. 4, p.894.) The stems are fistulous repent, with small fascicles of radical fibres at 
each node below the scape. No capillaceo-multifid leaves; they are all suborbicular 
tripartite, on long vaginant petioles, 3—4 at the base of each peduncle ; leaflets cu- 
neate, with dilated crenate margins, each crenature having a blunt mucro. Scape 
thick, naked, one-flowered, 3—3% inches high. Flower white, middle size, with five 
oval and concave sepals about the length of the petals. 

Disko and adjacent coast, 70°. 

2. R. eractauis, Linn., sp. plant. p. 777. D.C. Prodr. 1, p. 30. Torr. and Gr. 1, 
jg JMO | 
North Proven, 72°. 

3. R. nrvauis, Linn., Fl. Lapp., p. 158—T.8. D.C. Prodr. 1, p. 35. Hook, FI. 
Bor, Aa. Lp. 7. Torr, and Gr. 1, p. 20. . 

a. Fe. nivalis Linn. Leaves glabrous, on long ciliate petioles, somewhat reniform, 
crenato-lobate, lobes obtuse, more or less deep, equal or narrower at base, with con- 
spicuous divergent veins. Cauline leaves sessile, palmate. Flowers rather large, deep 
yellow; petals oval-rounded, about twice the length of the calyx which, as well as 
the peduncle, is covered with a thick, brown toment. Root perpendicular, with nu- 
merous white and thick fibres, indicating a plant Heeply, rooted in mossy beds, 

Stations of Smith’s Sound, 78°—80°. 

8. R. Br., in Parry’s first voy. app., p. 264. #. nivalis, var. Vahl., Fl. Lapp, p. 157. 
R. sulphureus, Soland. in Phipps’ Voy., p. 202. Leaves cuneate, palmately lobed, 
lobes generally narrower at base. Flower pale yellow. 

Smith’s Sound Stations, 78°—80°. 

4. .......+ Ihave two very damaged specimens, closely allied, by the leaves, 
with the preceding variety, but widely different on other points, and which might be 
R. sabinii, R. Br., collected on the shores of Melville Island in Parry’s first voyage. 
The radical leaves are cuneate, veined, ciliate, deeply 3-parted, with lateral partitions 
bifid, supported on long vaginant membranaceous petioles. Stem apparently two- 
flowered. Flowers pale yellow, smaller than the preceding. Sepals and peduncles 


186 PLANTE KANEAN® GRENLANDICA. 

covered with whitish hair. Petals partly destroyed, but seemingly narrower than in the 
above species. 
Grows in dry levels at Bedivelled Reach, 79°. 

PAPAVERACE A. 

5. PAPAVER NUDICAULE, Linn., spec. pl. p. 725. Fl. Dan. T. 41. Pursh’s FI., p. 364, 
&c. The most hardy plant of the polar regions, resisting the first frosts and remaining 
the last in flower. The leaves and especially the seeds, which are very oleaginous, 
are a great resort in scorbutic affections and agreeable to the taste. Dr. Kane. 

This plant was found at all the stations of the two voyages, and extends probably 
to the farthest limits of vegetation. 

CRUCIFERZ. 

6. ARABIS ALPINA, Linn., Fl]. Dan. T. 62. Pursh’s Fl., p. 427. Torr. and Gr. 1, 
p- 80. ; 
North Proven, 72°. 

7. CARDAMINE PRATENSIS, @. angustifolia, Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 45. 
Sukkertoppen, 64°; Disko, 70°. 

8. HESPERIS PALLASI, Torr. and Gr. suppl., p. 667. H. minima, Torr. and Gr. 1, 
p- 90. . pygmcea, Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 1. p. 60. COhewranthus Pallasii, Pursh’s FI., 
p. 436. C. pygmeus, Adans. in D. C. prodr. 1, p. 187. Two fruiting specimens 4—6 
inches high, scarcely to be mistaken from Dr. Hooker’s fig. T. 19 of Fl. Bor. Am. 
Leaves only apparently narrower by drying. Found at the extreme north point of 
Dr. Kane’s expedition, on Washington Land, 81st N. latitude. This plant was disco- 
vered by Pallas on the north-west coast of America, and never, I believe, in the Arctic 
Sea. 

9. VESICARIA ARCTICA, «. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 48. Rich. in Frankl. Ist jour. 
ed. 2d app., p. 20. <Alyssum arcticum, Fl. Dan. T. 1526. Torr. and Gr. I, p. 100. 

Fruiting specimens found, August 27, at the junction of Humboldt and Washington 
Lands, 81st N. latitude. 

10. DraBA ALPINA, .. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 50. WD. alpina, Linn’s Herb. ex R. 
Br. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 103. Silicles glabrous; flowers yellow; leaves less hairy 
than var. ¢. Just flowering, and of smaller size than fig. in T. 56 in Fl. Dan. 

North Proven, 72°. 

6. R. Br. Spitzb., pl. in Scoresby’s Arct. Reg. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 50. Torr. 
and Gr. 1, p. 103. Leaves, peduncles and silicles hairy. Flowers rather larger than 
the preceding, and of a deeper yellow color. 

tensselaer Harbor, 79°. 


PLANTA KANEANA GRENLANDICA. 187 

Var. corymbosa. Densely cespitose, and perhaps the same as the following. Scapes 
short, naked, almost glabrous as well as the silicles. Flowers apparently white and 
quite corymbose. Style rather:long, stigma emarginate. Perhaps var. 5., Hook, or 
D. corymbosa, R. Br. in Ross’ Voy., but scarcely to be separated from alpina. 

Bedivelled Reach, 78°. 

Var. micropetala. Leaves larger than the preceding varieties and retaining a lively 
green color in the dry state, ciliate, but scarcely hispid on the surface. Scape, short, 
naked, pilose, as well as the calyx. Just blooming ; flowers white, small, thickly corym- 
bose and almost capitate. Perhaps D. micropetala, Hook. in Parry’s 2d voy. app., p. 
380. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 104, but scarcely anything more than another form of D. alpina. 

North Proven, 72°, and Rensselaer Harbor, 79°. 

Tears cr « Another variety in the fruiting state, with scape naked, 3} inches 
high; silicles corymbose, oval, much larger than in the other varieties and conspicu- 
ously veined, very hairy, as well as the scape and pedicles. Style short, with a blunt 
stigma. — 

Rensselaer Harbor, 79°, August 27. 

11. D. euactranis, ¢ Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 51. Scapés and pedicles pubescent ; 

silicles glabrous, with the habits of var. «. 
Disko and below Bedivelled Reach, 70° and 78°. 

12. D. rurgsrrrs, «. R. Br. in Hort. Kew. 3, p. 91. D. C. Prodr. 1, p. 169. D. hirta, 
Engl. Bot. T. 1338. D. hirta, var. 4, Hook. in Parry’s 2d voy. app. p. 386. Pubes- 
cent; scapes naked, or with a 3-cleft leaf about the middle. 

Rensselaer Harbor, 79°, August 27. 

13. D. nrvauts, Willd. D. rupestris, 8. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 105. Leaves rosulate, 
scarcely linear oblong, but otherwise according with Willdenow’s description. Scapes 
6—7 inches high, hirsute, with a small leaf below the middle. Silicles glabrous. 

14. D. rappontca ? Willd. D. C. Prodr. 1, p. 169. RB. Br. in Parry’s Ist voy. app:, 
p. 266. D. hirta, var. 3, in Parry’s 2d voy. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 105. Specimens in 
the fruiting state; scape naked, almost glabrous, as well as the lanceolate entire leaves. 

Disko Island, 70°. 

15. D. nirta, Linn. Scape and silicles puberulent-pilose. Radical leaves entire, 
aval-lanceolate ; those of the scape toothed. Flowers rather large, white, racemose ; 
silicles oval-oblong; style scarcely any. 

Upernavik, 73°. 

16. D. ncana, var. confusa, Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 107. D. incana, var. Linn. D. 
confusa, EKhrh. in D. C. Prodr. 1, p. 170. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°. 
48 


188 PLANTH KANEANA GRANLANDICA. 23 

17. CoCHLEARIA FENESTRATA, R. Br. in Ross’ voy. ed. 2d, vol. 2, p. 193, and in 
Parry’s Ist voy. app., p. 266. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 109. A much smaller plant than 
the two following species, and agreeing with specimens collected in Capt. Franklin’s 
voyage, in Herb. Torr. and Acad. of N. Se. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°, and as far north as Rensselaer Harbor, 79°. 

18. C. orricivatts, Linn. spec. pl. p. 903. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 57.  Silicles 
somewhat globose ; root fleshy, fusiform. 
Disko Island, 70°. 

19. C. anerica, Linn. spec. pl. p. 903. D.C. Prodr. 1, p. 354. Torr. and Gr. I, 
p- 109. Silicles elliptical in a long raceme. Axis of the septum, in general, con- 
spicuously fenestrate. Radical leaves wanting; those of:the stem sessile, oblong- 
spathulate, with a few teeth. Root fibrous. | 

North Proven, 72°. 

CARYOPHYLLACE A. 

20. ARENARIA GRNLANDICA, Spreng. Stellaria Greenlandica, Retz. Fl. Scand. D. 
C. Prodr. 1, p. 398. Fl. Dan. T. 1210. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 180. 
Sukkertoppen, 65°, Upernavik, 73°. 

21. A. Arctica, var. grandiflora, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 100, tab. 34, B. A ; 
beautiful pigmy species, not above one inch high, with, comparatively, very large 
flowers. 

Upernavik, 73°. 

22. STELLARIA HUMIFUSA, Rottb. Fl. Dan. T. 978. Hook. in Parry’s 2d voy. app., 
p. 390, and Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 97. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 184. 
North Proven, 72°. 

23, A. LONGIPES, #. minor, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 95. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 185. 
S. stricta, Rich., app. Frankl. Jour. ed. 2d, p. 15. 

Sukkertoppen, 65°, Disko, 70°. 

6. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 185. 8. deta, Rich., app. Frankl. Jour. ed. 2d, p. 16. Hook. 
app. Parry’s 2d voy., and Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 96. 

Bedivelled Reach, 78°. 

é. Torr, and Gr. 1, p. 185. S. Edwardsii, R. Br. app. Parry’s Ist voy., p. 271. Hook. 

Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p..96. WS. nitida, Hook., app. Scoresby’s voy., p. 411. 8. ovalifolia, 
Hook. 

Rensselaer Harbor, 79°, August 27. 


. ‘afl sf 

PLANTA KANEANZH GRANLANDICA. 189 

24. CERASTIUM ALPINUM, «. C. alpinum, Linn. FI. Dan. T. 79. BR. Br. in Ross’ 
Voy. Hook. app. Parry’s 2d Voy., p. 390. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 188. 

Fiske Fiord, 65°; North Proven, 72°, Upernavik, 73°. 

3. C. Fischerianum, Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 188. C. Fischerianum, Serr in D. C. Prodr. 
1, p. 419. Cham. and Schl. in Linnea, 1, p. 60. Hirsute with stiff hairs and sub- 
viscose. Stems rigid, ascendent, elongated ; flowers dichotomous or subumbellate. 

Sukkertoppen, 60°. 

3. O. uniflorum. Perhaps a new species? ‘The only specimen in the collection has 
a thread-like root about ten inches long, bearing marks of absent fibres, but, in the 
present state, perfectly naked. From the neck of this root project whitish, filiform, 
subterranean stems, simple or dichotomous, with short internodes, each provided with 
a pair of small scarious leaves; the external stems are furnished with a rosula of 
ovate and softly lanuginous leaves, and each stem has a solitary erect peduncle, with 
2-3 pairs of remote and appressed hoary leaves, and a single erect flower, nodding in 
the fruiting stage. Stems very numerous. 

North Proven, 72°. 

Another form of C. alpinum, which may be the same as the preceding, is rather 
smaller, with fewer stems and shorter scapes. The flowers are very large, with sepals 
terminating in a very acute membranaceous point, and the petals.deeply obcordate. 

Sukkertoppen, 65, and all the stations of Smith’s Sound, from 78—80°. 

25. SILeNe ACAULIS, Linn. Pursh’s Fl. p, 316. Hock. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 87. Torr. 
amd: Ga. L, p. 189: 
Fiske Fork, 64°; Disko, 70°; N. Proven, 72° and 73°. 

26. LYCHNIS APETALA, g. Linn. Spec. pl. p. 626, Fl. Dan. T, 806. Hook. FI. Bor. 
Am.1,p. 91. L. uniflora, Ledeb. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 194. 

At almost every Station of both voyages, from 64° to 80°. 

g. L. pauciflora, D. C. Prodr. 1, p. 386. Torr. and Gr. 194. Z. pauciflora, Fisch. 

Bedivelled Reach and other Stations of Smith’s Sound. 

27. L. Aupina, Linn., Fl. Dan, T, 65. Pursh’s Fl. p. 321. Torr. and Gr. 1, 194. 
Fiske Fiord, 64°; Sukkertoppen, 65°; Holsteinberg, 68°. 

ROSACEA. 

28. Dryas ocropeTaLaA, Linn. Pursh’s FJ. p. 350. D.C. Prodr. 2, p. 550. Hook, 
Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 174. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 420. 
Bedivelled Reach and Rensselaer Harbor, 78 and 79°. 


190 PLANTA KANEANA GRENDANDICA. 

29. D. 1ntEGRIFoLIA, Vahl. Fl. Dan. T. 1216. Hook. Fl. Bor Am. 1, p. 174. Torr. 
and Gr. 1, p. 420. 

Fiske Fiord, Holsteinborg, N. Proven, as far as the highest Stations of Smith’s Sound. 

30. ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS, Linn. Fl. Dan. T. 693. Engl. Bot. T. 597. D.C. 
Prodr..2, p. 589. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 432. A plant indigenous tothe north of Hurope, 
but very seldom found in North America. 

Upernayik, 73°. 

31, A. ALPINA, Tamm: Pursh’s Fl. p. 321. EN Dan. 1. 49." Dorm sandiGielap: 
194. 

Fiske Fiord, Sukkertoppen, 64 and 65°. 

82. PoreNTILLA PULCHELLA, R. Br., Ross’ Voy. and Parry’s lst Voy. Suppl. p. 277. 
Hook. Parry’s 2d Voy. and Fl. Bor. Am.1,p. 191. PP. sericea, Grev. Torr. and Gr. 
1, p. 439. Stems 1—2-flowered. Leaves silky tomentose on both surfaces in several 
of my specimens, pinne very acute; peduncles 2—3 inches long with 1—2 small 
leaves. Flower rather large, of a deep yellow color; petals obcordate, longer than 
the calyx. 

Upernavik, 75; and Rensselaer Harbor, 79°. 

33. P. NIVEA, «. discolor, Fl. Dan. T.1035.  Pursh’s Fl. p. 353. R. Br. in Parry’s 
Ist Voy. app. p. 277. D.C. Prodr. 2, p. 572. Torr. and Gr. t, p. 441. 

Disko Island, 70°. 

p. ‘oncolor, Hook., Parry’s 2d Voy. app. p. 3895. P. frigida, Grev. P. Gren- 
landica, R. Br. in Ross’ Voy. ed. 2d, p. 193. P. verna, Hook., Scoresby’s Greenl. 
p- 431. Torr. and Gr. 1, p.°441. Leaves of the same color on both surfaces, 
sparsely villous; segments of the calyx very obtuse and shorter than the obcordate 
petals. Two flowerless specimens with a woody perpendicular root of the size of a 
small quill and very long, dividing at top into several stems,is undoubtedly the state 
of this variety, which is described by Dr. Hooker in his note to Potentilla nivea, at p. 
195 of Fl. Bor. Am. vol. 1. The leaves are quinate, of a reddish hue with obovate 
leaflets. 

Wiske Fiord, Upernavik, Rensselaer Harbor. 

y. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 441. BP. hirsuta, Vahl., Fl. Dan. T. 1390. 2B Vahtiana, 
Lehm. P. Jamesoniana, Grev. A low species, resembling P. nana, with very hirsute 
lsaves and brown toment underneath. Peduncles short, uniflorous; petals broadly ob- 
cordate, longer than the calyx. 

Rensselaer Harbor, 79°. 

34. P. wana? Lehm Potent p.3l, fie DiC Prodr: 2ipwore- sore sand 
Gr. 1, p. 441. 

Fog Inlet, 78°. 


Z PLANTH KANEANH GRGNLANDICA. 191 

35. P. aurea, g. D.C. Prodr. 2, p. 576. PP. salisburgensis, Henke, Torr. and Gr. 
1, p. 441. A single specimen with leafy and sparingly hirsute 2—3-flowered stems. 
Radical leaves 3—5-foliolate, leaflets obovate, nearly glabrous, flowers on long filiform 
pedicels. Petals obcordate, deep yellow, nearly twice the size of the calyx. Re- 
sembling exactly the fig. of P. awrea spontanea of Haller’s Synops. Potent. T. 8. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°. 

36. P. rripentata, Ait. Mich, Fl. Bor. Am, 1, p. 304. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 
5s Torr, andGr. 1, p. 440: 
Sukkertoppen, 65° ; Holsteinborg, 68°; Rensselaer Harbor, 79°. 

ONAGRACE AS. 

37. Epmosium Anqustirotiom, Linn, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 205. £. spicatum, 
Lam. Dict. Bot. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 487. 
Fiske Fiord, Disko, Upernavik, 72°. 

38. E. tamironum, Linn. Fl. Dan. T. 365. Pursh’s Fl. p. 259. Torr. and Gr. 1, 
p. 487. . 
Fiske Fiord, 64°; Upernavik, 73°. 

CRASSULACE As. 

39. Sepum ruoprioLa, D. C. Prodr. 3, p. 401. Rhodiola rosea, Linn. £. odorata, 
Lam. Illustr. T. 1035. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 558. 
Holsteinborg, 68°; Upernavik, 73°. 

SAXIFRAGACEA. 

40. SAxIFRAGA oppositiroLiA, Linn. FI. Lapp..T. 2. Pursh’s Fl. p. 311. Hook. Fl. 
Bor. Am. 1, p. 243. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 563. 

At almost every station of the Ist and 2d Voyages. 

This species varies very much in its forms: I have stems scarcely one inch high, 
densely cespitose, with, leaves all imbricated in four rows and flowers almost sessile; 
‘others with numerous branches thiekly set and spreading on the ground, leaves im- 
bricated in the inferior part and opposite towards the top; others again with long 
sterile branches and leaves all opposite and remote. I have also the form WS. Esch- 
scholtzit of Sternb., with silvery gray foliage, which cannot be separated from this 
species. rom the large and beautiful purple flowers, apparently monopetalous, which 
are peculiar to this species, I have no doubt it is the plant mistaken for a gentian by 
Dr. Kane, in the narrative of his first expedition. 

From N. Proven, 72°, to the most northern stations of Smith’s Sound. 
49 


192 PLANTA KANEANZ GRENLANDICA. 

41. S. rLAGELLARIS, Willd. ex. Sternb. Rev. Saxifr. p. 25, T. 6. R. Br. Parry’s Ist 
Voy. suppl. p. 273. S&S. setigera, Pursh’s F1. p. 312. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 564. 
Disko, 70° ; Fog Inlet, 78°; Rensselaer Harbor, 79°; Aug. 27th. 

42. S. Arzomes, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 115. Pursh’s Fl. p. 312. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 
1, p. 255. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 565. 8. autumnalis, Linn. 
Upernavik, 73°. 

43. S. rricusprpaTa, Retz. Prodr. Scand. Pursh’s Fl. 1, 312. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 
1, p. 254. FI. Danica, T. 976. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 560. 
Holsteinborg, 68°; Fog Inlet, 78°; Rensselaer Harbor, 79°. 

44, S. ca@ispirosa, «. Hook. &. cespitosa, Linn. Don. Saxifr. Pursh’s FI. 1, p. 312. 
Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 119. & Grenlandica, Linn. D. C. Prodr. 4, p. 27. Torr. and 
Gray 1, p. 565. Of this variety I have three different forms ; one with cauline leaves 
all entire; the second with all the cauline leaves 3-cleft and cuneate; the third with 
both forms of leaves on the same stem. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°; Disko, 70°; Proven, 72°, &c. 

8. Hook. S. uniflora, R. Br. in Parry’s lst Voy-., suppl. p. 274. 8. cespitosa, 
Engl. Bot. T. 764. 8. venosa, Haw. Enum. Saxifr. p. 28. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 565. 

Upernavik to Rensselaer Harbor, 73—79°. 

45. 8. arzoon, Jacq. Fl. Aust. 5, T.438. Pursh’s Fl. p. 310. Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 
1, p. 245. Chondroza aizoon, Haw. Enum. Saxifr. Torr. and Gr. 1, 566. 
Fiske Fiord, Upernavik, 64—73°. 

46. S. NIVALIS, «. S. nivalis, Linn. Pursh’s Fl. p. 310. RB. Br. Parry’s Ist Voy. 
suppl. p. 270. D: C: Prodr.4, ps 38.) Dor: andiGr 1p: of: 

Fog Inlet, Bediveled Reach, Rensselaer Harbor, 78—79°. 

6. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 248. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 571. Heads loose and 
branched. It does not seem to differ from S. reflexa, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. T. 85, other- 
wise than by the petals of the latter being bimaculate. In my specimens, which are 
rather advanced, the filaments of the stamina are purple. 

Upernayik, 73°. 

47. S. rotrotosa, R. Br. in Parry’s Ist Voy. suppl., p. 275. Hook. in Parry’s 2d 
Voy. suppl., p. 13, and FI. Bor. Am. 1, p. 251. S. stellaris, 7. Linn. Fl. Lapp. S. 
stellaris, @ comosa, Willd. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 570. Specimens not yet in bloom. 

Scapes 2—3z2 inches high, naked at base and dividing at top into small branches, 
each crowned with a fascicle of small ova! and concave leaves, in the centre of which 


PLANTH KANEANA GRA@NLANDICA, 193 

a small oval flowering bud is just perceptible. Radical leaves cuneiform, with two 

minute lateral teeth on each side and terminating in an acute apex. 
Fog Inlet, 78°. 

48. 8. cernua, Linn. Fl. Lapp. T.2. R.Br. in Perry’s 1st Voy. suppl., p. 275. 
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 245. Torr. and Gr. Fl. 1, p. 575. Very remarkable by the 
upper leaves bearing in their axils little bulbs of abortive flowers. 

Disko, 70°, and all the stations of Smith’s Sound to 80° N. lat. 

49. S, rivutarts, Linn. Fl. Lapp. T. 2. Pursh’s F1., p. 312. D. C. Prodr. 4, p. 36. 
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 246. Torr. and Gr. 1, p. 574. 
Fiske Fiord, 64°. | 

COMPOSIT . 

50. GNAPHALIUM SyLvATICUM, Linn. Engl. Bot. T. 913. Pursh’s FI., p. 525. Hook. 
F]. Bor. Am. 1, p. 319. 
Upernavik, 73°. 

' 51. Hieracrum vureatom? Fries. H. molle! Pursh’s F1., p. 525. Hook. FI. Bor. 
Am. 1, p. 299. Torr. and Gr. 2, p. 475. Stem 18—20 inches high, erect, naked above, 
with a corymb of 3- —4 large flowers. Radical leaves petiolate, attenuate at both ends, 
with a few remote, obscure, and mucronate teeth from the base to the middle, entire 
upwards. A few sessile cauline leaves to about the middle of the stem. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°; and Upernavik, 73°. 

52. Arnica aANGusTIFoLIA, Vahl. Fl. Dan. T. 1524. D.C. Prodr. 6, p. 317. Arnica 
montana, var. alpina, Linn. A. alpina, Wahl. A. plantaginea and .A. fulgens, Pursh’s 
Fl, p. 527. Torr. and Gr. 2, p. 449. 

Near Smith’s Sound, 78°. 

53. TARAXAcuM PALUSTRE, D. C. Fl]. Fr. and Prodr. Leontodon palustre, Smith, Br. 
Fl]. 2, p. 823. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 296. Leontodon taraxacum, 8. salinum, E. 
Mey. pl. Labr. p. 58. Taraxacum montanum, Nutt. in Torr, and Gr. 2, p. 494. 

Wolsteinholm and below Bediveled Reach, 76—78°. 

CAMPANULACEA, 

54. CAMPANULA LintroLIA, A. D. C.Camp., p. 179. ©. rotundifolia, 4. linifolia, 
Rich. in Frankl. Ist jour., ed. 2d, app., p. 61. The only specimen I have is stript 
of its radical leaves; the inferior cauline are petiolate, oval-lanceolate, the upper 
ones linear-lanceolate, entire or with afew teeth. Flowers only two, (there might 
have been three) rather large, on filiform pedicels with two linear bracts at the 


Pe CTA est Brae ene 
} OR beh hea ee Fa 

194 PLANTH KANEANZH GRONLANDICH. 

base ; teeth of the calyx very short and subulate; lobes of the corolla round-oval ; 
stamina one-third the length of the style. Stigmata 5? 
Holsteinborg, 68°. 

55. C. untrLora, Linn. F]. Lapp. T. 9. Fl. Dan. T. 1512. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 
2, p. 29. A form between the Linnean plant and g. Gieseckiana, of D. C. Pr. 7, p. . 
482. Calyx invertedly conical with divisions half the length of those of the corolla, 
but much shorter than in var. 4. Otherwise corresponding with the Linnean de- 
scription. 

Upernavik, 73°. 

ERICACE As. 

56. VAccINIUM ULIGINosUM, Linn. Mich. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, p. 235. Pursh’s F'1., p. 
288. Rich. Frankl. Ist jour. ed. 2d, app., p. 22. Asa Gray Man., ed. Ist, p. 261. 
Fiske Fiord, Disko, Proven, Upernavik, Smith’s Sound, 78°. 

57. CASSIOPE TETRAGONA, Don. in D.C. Prodr. 7, p.611. Andromeda tetragona, Linn. 
FL. Dan. T. 1030. Pursh’s F1., p. 290. Hook. Bot. Mag. T. 3181, and Fl. Bor. Am. 
2,p. 08. There are specimens among them very branching and more than a foot long. 

Disko, Proven, Fog Inlet, Bediveled Reach, fr. 70 to 79°. 

58. PHyLLopocE TAXIFOLIA, Salisb. A. Gray. Man. ed. 1, p. 267. Menziesia 
coerulea, Sw.. Eng. Bot. T. 2469. <Andronieda coerulea, Linn. Fl. Dan. T. 57. A. 
taxifolia, Pull. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°; Disko, 70°. 

59. RuopopENpron Larronicum, Wahl. FI. Lapp., p. 104. Hook. Bot. Mag. T. 
3106, Fl. Bor. Am. Azalea Lapponica, Linn. Fl. Lapp., p. 89, T. 6. Pallas’ FI. 
Ross 2, p.52. Asa Gray. Man. ed. 1, p. 269. 

Holsteinborg, 68°. 

60. LorsELEURIA PROCUMBENS, Desv. Asa Gray. Man. ed. 1, p. 270. Azalea procum- 
bens, Linn. Pursh’s Fl., p. 154. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, p. 44. 
Kgedesminde, 69°. 

61. Lepum pALustre, Linn. Pursh’s F]., p. 301. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 44. 
Sukkertoppen, 65°; Holsteinberg, 68°. 

62. PyRoLA cHLoRANTHA, Swartz. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, p.46. A. Gray. Man. 
ed. 1, p. 279. Rich. in Frankl. Ist jour. ed. 2, p. 13. Nutt. Gen. Am. 1, p. 273. 
Disko, 70°; N. Proven, 72°; Smith’s Sound Stations, 78°. 


PLANTA KANEANA GRCUENLANDICAL. 1Yo 

BORAGINE &. 

63. MpRTENSIA MARITIMA, Don. Gen. Syst. 4, p. 320. D. C. Prodr. 10, p. 88. 
Pulmonaria. maritima, Linn. Fl. Dan. T. 25. Lithospermum maritimum, Lehm. 
Hook. F). Bor. Am. 2, p. 86. Pulmonaria parviflora, Mich. 

Disko, 70° ; IN. Proven, 72°: 

SCROPHULARIACES. 
64. Bartsis Anprna, Linn. Engl. Bot. T. 361. FL Dan. T. 48. D.C. Prodr. 10, 

p. o44. 
Fiske Fiord, 64°. 

65. Pepicutaris arctica, R. Br. in Parry’s Ist Voy. app., p. 270. P. Langsdorfii, 
Fisch. MS. in Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 2, p. 109. P. purpurascens, Spreng. P. hirsuta, 
Rich. app. Frankl. Voy., p. 25. D.C. Prodr. 10, p. 568. Stems short and few; 
ccauline leaves with tomentose and conspicuously dilated rachis. Bracts pinnate ; 
flowers dark purple, with two small teeth at the helmet. Corolla and calyx of a 
tougher texture than in the following species, the former 3—4 times longer than the 
latter. Stigma emarginate; germ ovate. 

Rensselaer Harbor, 79°. 

66. P. Kanet, Nov. Spec. Caulibus compluribus ; foliis linearibus glabris; pin- 
nulis minutis, omnibus remotis, rachi petioloque vix dilatatis; corolla rosea, galea 
edentata. 

Planta quam preecedens robustior, radice carnosé palmatim ramosa. Caules com- 
plures, vix lanati ; folia linearia, glabra, pinnatifida; pinnule: minute, omnes remote, 
margine sursum fere integra, deorsum acute serrata; petiolus foliorumque rachis vix 
dilatati; prior ad basin parce lunatus. Spica densa; bractez lanuginos® angusto- 
lanceolate, fere integree, ad apicem tantummodo obscuré pauci-dentate. Calyx 5—6 
fidus, lana alba densissim& implexus ; corolla rosea, textura tenerrima, calyce duplo 
longior ; labium inferius tripartitum, suberoso-dentatum ; lobus medianus subrotundus 
(in preecedenti emarginatus) galea minus incurva, angustior, edentata, Staminorum 
filamenta pilosa; stigma subrotundum, papillosum, integrum; germen subglobosum. 

Pedicularis Kanei is easily distinguished from P. arctica by the delicacy of its pin- 
nules, which are all remote on a rachis scarcely dilated ; by its bracts, perhaps more 
lanuginous, but almost entire; by its rose colored flowers, its edentate helmet, and 
the thin texture of its corolla and calyx. The middle lobe of the inferior lip and 
stigma are not emarginate as in P. arctica, and the germ is of a more globose form. 
It is, moreover, a larger plant, with many more stems and a more fleshy root. 

G7. P. aesuTA, Linn. D.C. Prodr. 10, p. 578. Hook. F). Bbr. Am. 2, p. 109. 

rr 

50 


196 PLANTA KANEAN® GRAINLANDICA. 

P. lanata, Willd. A larger plant than the two preceding, with erect, leafy and lanu- 
ginous stems. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with the rachis remarkably dilated ; 
the lower pinnules very small, the other larger and dentate. Spike leafy and crowded; 
calyx half the length of the corolla, which is much smaller than in the two preceding 
species, and of a yellow color. An old stem in fruit, seven inches high and quite 
glabrous, with mucronate pods at least half an inch long, has the leaves bipinnate. 
Other imperfect specimens from N. Proven are not half the size of those from Smith’s 
Sound, with very small flowers,seem to belong to the same species—perhaps a varity ? 
Proven, 72°; Fog Inlet, 78°; Rensselaer Harbor, 79°. 

LABIAT As. 

68. THYMUS SERPYLLUM, var. arcticum. Nov. var. Foliis pellucido-punctatis, ad 
basin ciliatis, 5-venosis, venis subtus valde prominentibus. Calycis dentibus corolleeque 
lobis ciliatis. aes 

This variety is probably the same as that collected by Vahl on the eastern coast of 
Greenland, and described by Prof. Hornemann as var. decumbens. The stems are 
quite prostrate, as almost all the forms of serpyllwm ; the leaves are of a pale green 
color, with pellucid dots, ciliate at base,and with veins remarkably prominent and 
symmetrical. Flowers capitate among the upper leaves, which, as well as the calyces, 
are tinged with bright purple. Calycinal teeth and lobes of the corolla ciliate. 

Fiske Fiord, 65°. 

DIAPENSIACE. 

69. DrApensta Lapponica, Linn. Asa Gray. Man. ed. 1, p. 346. Ido not think 

this plant was ever found before in such high latitudes. 
O°. 

Collected by Dr. Kane on his return home in latitude 7 
POLYGONACEZ. 

70. Potygonum vivieArum, Linn. Pursh’s FL, 271. Engl. Bot. T. 669. Rich. 
app., p. 43. Asa Gray. Man. ed. 1, p. 386. 
Found at every station of both voyages. 

71. Oxyria pigynaA, Campd. A. Gray. Man. ed.1, p. 391. 0. reniformis, Hook. 
Rumex digynus, Pursh’s Fl., p. 248. Engl. Bot. T. 910. 
With the preceding at almost all the stations from 64° to 80°. 
EMPETRACE i. 

72. Emprerrum nigrum, Linn. Pursh’s FI., p. 93. Engl. Bot. T. 315. A. Gray. 


PLANTH KANEANX GRGNLANDICA. 197 

Man. ed. Ist, p. 409. It is, in those regions, the ordinary food of deer and rabbits. 
Dr. Kane. 
Fiske Fiord, 64°; Disko, 70°; and on Smith’s Sound. 

BETULACE. 

73. BeTuLA NANA, Linn. ’ Engl. Bot. T. 349, Pursh’s F1., p.622. FI. Dan. T. 
Slee 
Holsteinborg, 68°. 

SALICACE As. 

74. Saix DESERTORUM, Rich. app., p. 37. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, p. 161. 
Fiske Fiord, 64°. 

75. S. uva-urst, Pursh’s Fl., p. 610. Hook. FJ. Bor. Am. 2, p. 152. A. Gray. 
Man. ed. Ist, p. 429. SS. glauca, Horn. app. Cap. Graah’s Voy. and Dr. Kane. Stem 
erect, one foot high, or prostrate. Bark of branches greenish. Leaves elliptical or 
obovate, slightly toothed, glabrous and shining above, glaucous beneath. The speci- 
mens are all in a fruiting state and larger than those of the White Mountains. Cat- 
kins long, cylindrical, rather loose ; pods glabrous, shortly pedicellate, tapering into a 
beak, of an orange color or turning black. : 

Fiske Fiord and Sukkertoppen, 64 and 65°. 

76. S. arctica, R. Br. Ross’ Voy. ed 2d, vol. 2, p. 194, and in Melville Island 
Plants, p. 272, (not Pallas). Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, p. 152. 8. lanata! Dr. K. 
Prostrate with tortuous branches furnished with a light brown or yellow bark. Leaves 
entire and very variable, (lanceolate-acute, elliptic, oval or obovate, cuneate or spathu- 
late,) strongly veined, subsericeous with long hairs, when young or even in the fruiting 
stage, generally very apt to turn black on drying. Fertile catkins long pedun- 
culate, cylindrical or ovoid-oblong; scales villous, broad-oval, of a brown or dusky 
color. Style elongated. Ovary thickly tomentose. 

Sukkertoppen, 65°; Holsteinborg, 68°; as far as 76° N. latitude. 

I have been somewhat perplexed with specimens collected by Dr. Kane at the 
Smith’s Sound Stations. They are comparatively smaller in all their parts, and have 
dried yellow, probably from some atmospheric causes, or the more advanced season. 
Some of these specimens, with leaves quite lanceolate and acute at both ends, and 
small ovoid catkins, resemble the figure of S. Lapponum, in Fl. Dan. T. 1050, except 
that their leaves are petiolate. They are, however, subject to all the same variations 
in leaves and catkins as S. arctica of the lower latitudes, and Dr. Torrey says they 
agree well with the Hookerian specimens of his herbarium. 


198 PLANTA! KANEANA GRANLANDICAL. 

77. S. werBacea, Linn. Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 2, p. 155. A. Gray. Man. ed. Ist, p. 
43. 
Holsteinborg, 68°; Upernavik, 73°. 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
ORCHIDACE i. 

78. PLATANTHERA HYPERBOREA, Lindl. Gen. Orch. p. 287. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 
p. 198. Habenaria hyperborea, R. Br. and Rich. app. 2, p. 33. Orchis hyperborea, 
Pursh’s Fl., p. 588. 

Fiske Fiord, 65°. 

MELIANTHACE. 

79. TortELpIA PALUSTRIS, Huds. TZ: borealis, Wahl. T. pusilla, Pers. Pursh’s F'l., 
p. 246. Nartheciwm pusillum, Mich. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, p. 219. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 
pL 7a: 

Fiske Fiord, 64°. 

JUNCACEZ. 
80. Luzua spicata, Desy. A. Gray. Man. ed. Ist, p. 505. Juneus spicatus, Linn. 
Engl. Bot. T. 1174. 
Fiske Fiord and Sukkertoppen. 

81. L. HyperBoREA, R. Br. Melville Island Plants, p. 183. Hook. in Parry's 2d 
Voy. app. p. 405. L. campestris, R. Br. Spitzb. app., p. 75. Juncus arcuatus, Hook. 
Fl. Bor. Am. 2, p. 189. 

Below Bediveled Reach, 79°. 

§2. L. arcuata, Meyer. Asa Gray. Man. ed. Ist, p. 505. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 
2, p. 189. 

Fog Inlet, 78°. 

These two last species, which are of small stature and with black spikes, are easily 
distinguished from each other. JL. hyperborea has the leaves flat, whilst Z. arcuata 
has them channeled and linear. 

83. Juncus rTriripus, Fl. Dan. T. 107. Lam. Dict. Bot. Asa Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, 
p. 008. 
Fiske Fiord, 64°. 

84. J. arcricus, Linn. Fl. Lapp., p. 116. D.C. Fl. Fr.3, p. 165. Scapes simple, 
rigid, naked, 8—10 inches high, furnished at base with long striated sheaths, springing 


PLANTA KANEANA GROINLANDICZ. LY 

up from matted horizontal rootstocks. Panicle few-flowered, apparently lateral from 
the spathe, terminating in a long and acute point. Sepals dark brown. 
Sukkertoppen, 65°; intermixed with Luzula spicata. 

CY PERACE AL. 

85. CAREX RIGIDA, Good. C. saxatilis, Linn. Fl. Dan. &c. 
Frequent at almost every station. 

CLUE ae ene aff. C. dioice. A single specimen with solitary staminate spikes of 
an ovoid form: Leaves all radical and flat. Culm apparently flat (perhaps 3-angular), 
3 inches high and rather shorter than the leaves; scales obtuse, of a light brown 
color, stamina much exerted and whitish. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°. 

Ola eee aff. C. retroflexe. Too young to determine. 
Fiske Fiord. 

88. Scirpus caspitosus, Linn. D.C. Fl. Fr. 3, p. 135. Asa Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, 
and Gram. and Cyper. Very small form, not three inches high. 
Fiske Fiord and Sukkertoppen. 

89. HriopHoruUM CAPITATUM, Host. FE. scheuchzeri, Hoppe. EF. vaginatum, @. Sutt. 
Helv., p. 28. Lam. Dict. suppl. 3, p. 445. D.C. Fl. Fr. 3, p. 132. Culm cylindrical, 
6—8 inches high, with smaller heads than the following, but hardly distinguished from 
it by other characters than being provided with a brown oval and persistent spathe 
instead of scales. Sheaths terminating in a short acumination, but sometimes quite 
leafy. Leaves channeled at base, flat above and terminating in a triangular blunt 
point, longer than the culm and more or less scabrous on the margin. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°, and Rensselaer Harbor, 80°. 

90. HE. vaeinatum, Linn. Engl. Bot. T. 873. D.C. Fl. Fr. 3, p. 132. Asa Gray. 
Man. ed. Ist, and Gram. and Cyper. No. 88. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 231. Culm 
7—8 inches high, with two sheaths at the base, terminating in a short acumination. 
Leaves all radical, triangularly channeled, half the length of the culm. Spathe none; 
scales numerous, ovate and acuminate, of a lead color; mature silky heads more than 
one inch in diameter, almost globular. 

Sukkertoppen, 659. 

91. HK. potystacnyon, Linn. Spec. pl. p. 76. £ latifoliwm, Hoppe. Specimens 
from 4—15 inches high, not in fruit. 
Stations of Smith’s Sound to Rensselaer Harbor, 80°. 
51 


200 PLANTH KANEANH GRGNLANDICA. 

GRAMINE i. 

92, Auoprcurus ALPINus, Engl. Bot. T. 1126. R. Br. in Parry’s 1st Voy., p. 184. 
Rich. app. ed. 2, p. 3. Hook. in Parry’s 2d Voy. app., p. 184. 
Egedesminde, Bediveled Reach, 79°; Aug. 11. 

93. Purppsta ALGipA, R. Br. in Ross’ Voy. ed. 2, p. 191, and in Parry’s Ist Voy. 
app. p. 195. Agrostis algida, Soland. in Phipps’ Voy. p. 200. Trichodium algidum, 
Swensk. Bot., p. 545. 

North Proven, 72°. 

94. AGROSTIS CANINA, 2. Melaleuca, Bong. Veget. de Sitka, p. 20. Hooker FI. Bor. 
Am. 2, p. 240. 

Two forms, one larger, 10—12 inches high, from Sukkertoppen ; the other nearly 
half the size from Smith’s Sound. 

95. CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS, P. Beauv. Arwndo canina, Mich. Calamagrostis 
mexicana, Nutt. 

Sukkertoppen, 65°. 

96. C. srricta, Nutt. Torr. Rich. app. ed. Ist, p.3. Arwndo neglecta. Ehrh. 
Sukkertoppen, 65°. 

97. Guycerta arctica, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, p. 248. Dr. Torrey. 
Holsteinborg, 68°. 

98. CATABROSA AQUATICA, P. Beauv. Agrost. p..97, T. 19, Fig. 8. Dr. Torrey. 
Aira aquatica, Linn. 

Sukkertoppen, 60°. 

99. Poa arctica, and var. R. Br. in Parry’s Ist Voy. app. Hook. in Perry’s 2d, 
3d and 4th Voy., and in Bot. of Beech. Voy., p. 133. P. laxa, R. Br. Three different 
forms, a large one 15 inches, some middle forms 6—7 inches high, and a re- 
markably small one, with almost filiform leaves, which might prove a different species.. 

The largest from Sukkertoppen, the others from Smith’s Sound. 

100. P. auprna, Linn. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, p. 244. Dr. Torrey. Several forms. 
Fiske Fiord, 65°; N. Proven, 72°; Rensselaer Harbor, 80°. 

101. Frsruca ovina, Linn. Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, p. 599. Dr. Torrey. Two forms. 
Sukkertoppen, 65°; Rensselaer Harbor, 80°. The latter not above 6 inches high. 

102. F. Ricnarpsont? Hook. FJ]. Bor. Am. 2,p.250. Variety with smooth flowers. 
Dr. Torrey. : 

Ty, 4 ve . > 
Fisite Piord, 64°. 


PLANTA KANEANA GRG@NLANDICHA. 201 

103. Bromus Katmu? Dr. Torrey. A. Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, p. 600. B. ciliata, 
Muhl. B. purgans, Torr. Fl. N. 8. 
Sukkertoppen, 60°. 

104. Exymus arenarius, Linn. Engl. Bot. T. 1672. Hook. and Arn. Bot. of 
Beech. Voy., p. 119 and 132. Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 2, p. 255. 
Holsteinborg, 68°. ’ 

105. Arra ruexuosa, Linn. A. Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, p. 605. 
Sukkertoppen, 65°. 

106. Triserum suBspicATuM, Linn. Hook. and Arn. Bot. of Beech. Voy., p. 119 and 
182. 
Fiske Fiord, 64°; and Bediveled Reach, 79°. 

CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
EQUISET As. 

107. EquisretuM ARVENSE, Linn. Barren fronds only. 
Fiske Fiord, 64°; North Proven, 72°. 

FILICKS. 

108. Potyroprum PuscoriErIs? Linn. Too young and without fruit dots. 

Sukkertoppen, 65°. 

109. Woopsta Invensis, R. Br. A. Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, p. 629. Nephrodium ru- 
fidulum, Mich. 

Fiske Fiord, 64°; N. Proven, 72°. 

110. CystoprEris FrAGILIS, Bernh. A. Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, p. 629. Large fruiting 
specimens 8—10 inches long, with stalks. 

Disko, 70°; Wolstenholm, 76°. 

Another state (very young) of probably the same fern was collected at Rensselaer 
Harbor. It is scarcely more than 4 inches long, narrower and less divided, without 
fruit dots. Perhaps var. dentata, Hook. A. Gray’s Man. p. 629. 

LYCOPODIACE. 
111. Lycoropium sELAco, Linn. Asa Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, p. 637. 
112. L. annotinum, Linn. Asa Gray’s Man. ed. Ist, p. 637. 

113. L. atprnum, Linn. Engl. Bot. T. 234. 
All collected at Fiske Fiord, 64°. 


202 PLANTA KANEANA GR@NLANDICH. 

MUSCTI. 

114. SPHAGNUM squARROSUM, Pers. 
Disko Island. 

115. S. Acutirotium, Ehrh. 
Fiske Fiord. 

116. S. rEcurvum, Brid, 
Sukkertoppen. 

117. TrrrAPLoDON MNIOWES, Bruch and Schimper. 
Disko Island. 

118. SpLAcHNnum vASscuLosum, Linn. 
Proven. 

119. S. Wormsxioipi, Horn. 
Bediveled Reach. 

120. Bryum Lucipum, James, Nova species. 

Proven. 

This species in all its characters resembles Brywm crudum, except the capsule, 
which is oval without a colla, and not pyriform, and of a dark brown color. 

121. B. Muntensecku, Bruch and Schimper. 
Proven. 

122. AULACOMNION TURGIDUM, Schweg. 
Proven. 

123. PotytricHuM JUNIPERINUM, Hedw. 
Disko Island, Proven. 

124. DicRANUM SCOPARIUM, f. orthophyllum, Br. and Schimp. 
Fiske Fiord. 

125. D. sLoneatum, Schweeg. 
Proven. 

126. D. virens, Hedw. 

Fiske Fiord. 

D. virens, &. Wahlenbergit, Br. and Schimp. 
Disko Island. 

D. virens, variety. 

Disko Island. 


PLANTA KANEANA GRONLANDICA, 
127. D. Ricnarpsont, Hook. 
Fiske Fiord. 

128. D. MunLensecku, Br. and Schimp. 
Fiske Fiord. 

129. D. aff. FALCATUM, Hedw. 
Fiske Fiord. 
S0%) Di aff. Stark, Weber and Mohr. 

Fiske Fiord. 

131. RAcomiTRiuM LANUGINOSUM, Brid. 
Fiske Fiord. 

132. WEISSIA CRISPULA, Hedw 
Proven. 

133. Hypnum riparium, Linn. 
Bediveled Reach. 

134. H. uncinatum, Hedw. 
Sukkertoppen, Fiske Fiord, Proven. 

135. H. corpirotium, Hedw. 

Fiske Fiord. 

A. cordifolium, var. Br. and Schimp. 
Fiske Fiord. 

136. H. strAMINEUM, Dickson. 
Sukkertoppen and Fiske Fiord. 

137. H. sArmMENTosuM, Vahl. 
Fiske Fiord. 

138. H. scureseri, Willd. 
Fiske Fiord. 
HEPATIC As. 
139. PriLiprum cILIARE, Nees. 
Fiske Fiord. 
140. SarcocyeHus Enruarti, Cord. 
Proven. 

141. JunGERMANNIA DIVARICATA, Engl. Bot. 

Fiske Fiord. 
52 

203 


Tia “eee 
ee 

_ 204 PLANTA KANEANA GR@NLANDICA. 
142. J. sqguarrosa, Hook. 
Fiske Fiord. 

THALLOPHYTES. 

145. CrrrariA ISLANDICA, Ack. 
Fiske Fiord. 

144. PreLtigrra CANINA, Hoffm. 
Fiske Fiord. 

145. CLADONIA PYXIDATA, Fries. 
Fiske Fiord. 

146. C. RANGIFERA, Hoffm. 
Fiske Fiord. 

147. C. rurcata, Floerk. 
Fiske Fiord. P 

148. . . . . Another species in an imperfect state. 

Fiske Fiord. 

Norz.—A full set of the above plants has been incorporated in the Herbarium 
Boreali-Americanum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. ED. 


yt ee Wee ee ne 

[20594 

ART. XVIL—A Commentary on the Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali media 
degentium, by L. D. de Schweinitz. 

Bythe Rev. M. J. Berxerry, M. A., F.L.S., and the Rev. M. A. Curtis, F. A. A. A. S. 

With a view to place the Mycology of the United States on a firm and stable 
foundation, a careful examination of most of the species which still exist in the 
Herbarium of Schweinitz has been instituted by the authors of the present Memoir. 
Free access has been also had to the numerous authentic specimens in the Herbarium 
of Sir Wm. Hooker, and Prof. Torrey has kindly presented us the collection given 
him by Schweinitz. About a fourth of the species have passed under review, and as 
the examination of the remainder must necessarily be a work of time, we think it 
best to publish the present by way of instalment. When the whole has been 
reviewed, we hope to be in a position to give a complete Mycology of the United 
States, for which we have immense materials. As Schweinitz did not possess types 
of the greater part of the Kuropean species, it was impossible that he should not have 
made many mistakes in the determination of species; but though we have been 
compelled to differ frequently from him in his diagnoses, the species which he has 
published as new, with few exceptions, still hold their place in science, and present 
numberless points of interest as regards structure and affinity. He was, however, 
very far from exhausting the treasures of the American forests. We have in our 
possession a host of new species, equal in interest to those which first gave so high a 
character to American Fungi; and a review of these authentic specimens has, in only 
a very few instances, compelled us to change our nomenclature. There will be no 
longer delay in the publication of the remainder of our commentary, than unavoidable 

circumstances may necessitate. 

** When our paper upon the Exotic Fungi of the Schweinitzian Herbarium (see 
Journ. Acad. 11. p. 277) was written, we had not ascertained from whom the Surinam 
species were procured, there being no recognition of the collector upon the tickets. 
We have since learned that the collection was made by Dr. Hering, now a distin- 
guished Homoeopathic Physician of Philadelphia. Dr. Schweinitz had evidently 
intended to commemorate this gentleman’s services in Natural History by naming 
for him the genus since published by Berkeley under the name of Hyporyssus. (See 
_Kxot. Fung. No. 15.) Herrera is now devoted by Agardh to a genus of Algz. 


206 BERKELEY AND CURTIS'S COMMENTARY 

100. AGaricus siccus, Schwein.! This resembles very closely Marasmiws hama- 
tocephalus, Mont., but the upper half of the stem has a transparent appearance, and 
there is a cottony tuft at the base. The appearance of the stem is very much like 
that of A. coherens. Schweinitz’ description of it does not accord very well with the 
specimens. 

147. A. peTALorES, Bull. Certainly not the plant of Bulliard, though similar in 
habit. It is Punus angustatus, Berk. in Hook. Lond. Journ. vi. 518. 

152. A. stypticus, Bull.= Panus stupticus, Fr. 

154. A. Ateipus, Fr.= <A. atroceeruleus, Fr. 

159. “A. AppLicAtuS, Batsch. epiqge@us.” Probably a distinct species. 

162. A. NigER, Schweim.! A larger species than A. applicatus, very dark and 
with somewhat of the habit of Xerotus. 

229. A, DEPLUENS, Batsch. 

230. A. VIOLACEO-FULVUS, Schwein. Apparently A. pimsitus, Fr. Certainly not a 
Creprdotus. 

267. FAVOLUS ALVEOLARIUS, Fr.= Polyporus Boucheanus, Fr. 

268. F. aBNorMIs, Schwein., marked “ Favus membranaceus” in the Herbarium, 
has the hymenium of Gl@oporus, of which it may be a resupinate form. 

269. LENTINUS SCHWEINITZII, Fr. 

278. CANTHARELLUS AURANTIACUS, Fr. In the fragments we possess of what 
Schweinitz assigned to this species, the gills or folds are far broader than in any 
Kuropean specimens. We consider the name, therefore, as very doubtful. The 
species has not yet occurred in 8. Carolina. 

281. C. LUTESCENS, Fr. 
282. C. CINEREUS, Fr. 
284. C. oporAtus, Schwein. != Craterellus odoratus, Fr. 
286. C. CINNABARINUS, Schwein. != Hygrophorus cumnabarinus, Fr. 
_ 287. C. rLoccosus, Schwein.! C. Canadensis, KI. is apparently the same species. 

289. C. crispus, Fr. This seems to be a common species in the Northern States, 
but has not yet been detected in the Southern. 

290. C. INCARNATUS, Schwein.! More properly a Merulius, and evidently allied 
to M. tremellosus. Authentic specimens exist in the Herbarium of Sir Wm. Hooker. 

Not an uncommon species in the Carolinas. 


RIEL Ne AE ee re eS 

os) 
=) 
=I 

ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 

291. C. CONFLUENS, Schwein. !— Merulius corwwm, Fr. 
292. C. SPATHULARIA, Schwein. !—= Guepinia spathularia, Fr. 

293. C. cupresst, Schwein.! This is no Fungus, but a curious gall on the leaves 
of Taxodium. It appears to be a common production in the United States. 

298. C. curpuLaris, Fr. Our specimens of this are imperfect. 

299. C. rascicuLatus, Schwein.! This is properly a Cyphella. There is a species 
in our collections to which we gave the name of Cyphella fasciculata before we knew 
that the plant of Schweinitz belonged to that genus, exactly agreeing in habit, but of 
a paler and more washy tint, perhaps from being exposed to the weather. 

— 300. C. oLtvacrus, Schwein.! There is but a single specimen of this in the 
Herbarium, and it is arranged there under Meruliuws. At the time of our examination 
we referred this to Puwxillus panwoides, Fr., but it may perhaps be P. Curtis, Berk. 

202. ScuHizoPpHYLLUM COMMUNE, Fr. (Hook. Herb.) 

315. “ BoLEtus (Non FLoccopus.)” = 8B. strobilaceus, Scop. (Strobilomyces, Berk.) 
323. PoLYPoRUS FULIGINOSUS, Fr., more properly /fuligineus. 

326. P. LEPTOCEPHALUS, Fr. Nearly destroyed, but is P. brumalis or arcularius. 
328. P. RUFESCENS, Fr., marked by Schweinitz P. cinnamomeus. It is certainly 

not P. rufescens, but a state of his own P. connatus, of which he considered P. cinna- 

momeus, P., a synonym. 

329. P. Scuweinitzu, Fr. P. tabule@formis, Berk., is confounded with this. . 

330. P. connatus, Schwein.! A fine authentic specimen remains in the collection 
at Kew, and others exactly agreeing with it were sent by the late Mr. Lea from 
Ohio. These, however, run so gradually into P. perennis, that there is some doubt 
about the stability of the species, notwithstanding the enormous difference in the size 
of the pores. Fries informs us that this is P. parvulus, Klotsch. P. connatus, Fr. 
and Weinman is a totally different species. 

331. P. Rapicatus, Schwein. Specimens of this very distinct species, with the 
pileus varying from 13 inch to 5 inches across, and the stem from 12 to 9 inches long 
and % to 12 inch thick, were sent from Ohio by Mr. Lea. Allied certainly, as 
Schweinitz himself hints, to such species as P. ciliatus, Fr., though immensely larger. 

332. P. varius, Fr. 

333. P. papius, P. A form of P. varius, Fr., growing to a large size, with the stem 
53 


aS Sey ete TOT ee ot Ph 
; Sug yt 

208 RERKELEY AND CURTIS'S COMMENTARY 

not black as far as the pores, but only half way up. Such specimens occur in great 
beauty in Ohio. 

334. P. Lucipus, Fr.=P. Curtsu, Berk. 

341. P. GRAVEOLENS, Schwein! This is the same thing with P. conglobatus, Berk., 
and a most extraordinary and magnificent species. It is, however, by no means 
“durissimus,” though it forms a compact close mass, but the texture is as soft ‘and 
velvety as that of P. fomentarius. This circumstance, and the very different smell of 
the Schweinitzian and Ohio specimens, led to the notion that the latter was a distinct 
species. The odor of the former is described as oppressive and nauseous, whereas the 
specimens of Mr. Lea, though clearly identical, had a most attractive smell like that 
of strawberries. This grateful odor is found also at times in the Southern specimens, 
which we have heard compared to that of the flowers of Calycanthus, and that of the 
Water Beetle. 

343. P. Lagyrintuicus, Schwein! A very fine species, remarkable for its coarse, 
tow-like texture. 

344, P. spumgus, Fr. According to Fries (Nov. Symb. p. 39) this is P. fusco-albus. 
The specimens in Herb. Schwein. are nearly destroyed. 

345, P. BETULINUS, Fr. 
346. P. cutongus, Fr. 
347. P. pesrructor, Fr. The specimens are marked with a note of interrogation, 

and we think them somewhat doubtful, though clearly belonging to the same section. 
The stbstance is yellowish, and it may possibly belong to some undescribed species. 

348. P. Lactgus, Fr. The specimens are too much worm eaten for allowing any 
satisfactory decision, but they do not seem to belong to P. lacteus. 

349. P. stypticus, Fr. Nearly destroyed and unfit for comparison with our au- 

thentic speciniens. 
350. P. Mouus, Fr. 
351. P. casius, Fr. 
354, P. aLuTacEus, Fr. 

. FIMBRIPORUS, Schwein! Brown when dry. 

3590. P 

357. P. rumosus, Fr. Certainly not P. fwmosus, but apparently a state of P. annosus. 
358. P. uNDULATUS, Fr. 

360. P. NIGROPURPURASCENS, Schwein! This highly curious species belongs to the 


ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 209 

genus Gleoporus, Mont. It seems identical with what Dr. Montagne has sent from the 
south of France under the name of P. dichrous, P.; but specimens from Fries under 
that name are more like P. adustus, so that there is some doubt about the species. It 
should be observed that Fries considers this to be merely a state of P. tsabellinus, 
Schwein., which we did not find in the Herbarium. 

361. P. AMorpHuS, Fr. 

362. P. apustus, Fr. 

363. P. crispus, Fr. 

364. P. utmArius, Fr.=P. scruposus, Fr. 

366. P. popuLinuS, Fr. The Schweinitzian specimens were found on an apple tree, | 
and are undoubtedly distinct. They may be characterized as follows : 

TRAMETES MALICOLA, Berk. et Curt., imbricatus, ligneus; pileis dimidiatis posticé 
decurrentibus subvillosis subzonatis, ligneo-umbrinis ; porismediis dissepimentis crassis 
subtomentosis. 

It differs clearly in the far larger pores, darker pileus, &c. 

370. P. Pitora, Schwein.! This is apparently the same thing with P. hypococcinus 
Berk., the differences arising rather from age, or from the greater perfection of the 
Ohio specimens. No mention of bright showy colors is made by Schweinitz, except 

2 

in the qualified phrase “ intus subrutilans.” 

374. P. vELUTINUS, Fr.=P. hirsutus, Fr. 

375. P. NIGROMARGINATUS, Schwein.! Merely a state of P. hirsutus. 

378. P. srereoipes, Fr. We are not acquainted with the species of Fries, but the 
Schweinitzian specimens are the same with P. pergameneus, Fr.!=P. Menandianus, 
Mont. 

379, P. rapratus, Fr. var. curpineus. Certainly the same with P. seruposus, Fr.! 

380. P. PALLESCENS, Fr. Of this we have only fragments. One with a hirsute 

pileus is P. hirsutus, another may be the true plant. 

381. P. apreinus, Fr. The same with 378. The true species of this name occurs 
in the Herbarium with the ticket marked “ P. poroides—pinicola, L. v. 8.” and is very 
common in the U. States. 

382. P. vircingus, Schwein.! The specimens are totally different from the original 
species, being densely villous. They are the same with a slight variety of P. Sulli- 
vant, Mont., which occurs in S. Carolina. The species, however, which we have 
from more than one source is very distinct. 


210 BERKELEY AND CURTIS'S COMMENTARY 

383. P. concuireR, Schwein.! The true species exists in Hook. Herb., and is most 
beautiful and distinct, differing in character and habit from every thing else. Very 
fine specimens were gathered by Mr. Lea in Ohio. The Schweinitzian specimens be- 
fore us seem to be a discolored state of P. virgineus, of which however we have seen 
no authentic specimens. 

385. P. pEcIPIENS, Schwein.! (marked P. affinis.) This has larger pores than P. 
versicolor, and is of a yellowish tinge, but still is not a very well marked species. 

386. P. pARVULUS, Schwein. There is no species of this name in the Herbarium, 
but the plant mentioned above under 381 (“ P. poroides—pinicola”) is probably the 
one intended under the present number. 

387. P. SCUTELLATUS, Schwein.! A very curious species, extremely well described, 
but not closely allied to any published species except P. compressus, Berk., a Swan 
River Fungus. 

388. P. sSANGUINEUS, Fr. 
389. P. CINNABARINUS, Fr. 

393. P. BEnzomnus, Fr. Authentic specimens from Fries are totally different from 
this, which has the colors of such species as P. 7adiatus, scruposus, &c. It is indeed 
very closely allied to the former, from which it differs in its larger size and less yellow 
substance. It can therefore retain the name of P. fusco-gilvus, originally given to it 
by Schweinitz, and by which it is ticketed in the Herbarium. But our specimens are 
not sufficiently good to allow of our drawing up a specific character, and possibly it 
may be identical with P. cuticularis, Fr. 

395. P. NIDULANS, Fr. 

396. P. curicuLaris, Fr. Not the true plant of Fries. It is clearly a form of his 
P. conchatus. 

397. P. RuTILANS, Fr.=P. scruposus, Fr. Schweinitz himself says, “an carpi- 
neus,” and it is certainly the same with No. 379. 

398. P. gitvus, Schwein.! (Hook. Herb.) Sir W. J. Hooker's specimens are P. 
scruposus, Fr., but Fries must have received something very different under this name. 

399. P. mareinatus, Fr. 

401. P. annosus, Fr. Certainly not the plant of Fries, but more like P. igniarwus, 
which perhaps it may be, though our notes and recollection of the specimen are 
imperfect. . 

402. P. pryaprus, Fr. Not the European species, from which it differs evidently 


ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 211 

in its rhubarb-colored substance and minute pores; and in the latter character it 
differs also from P. dryophilus, Berk. The Schweinitzian plant is, as we believe, 
only a form of P. scruposus. Specimens exactly similar were gathered by Mr. Lea 

in Ohio. 

409. P. ropatus, Schwein. This is one of the specimens missing from the Herba- 
rium. It must be very different from the Friesian homonym. 

410. P. Pint Canapensis, Schwein.! Certainly the same with P. hypococcinus, 
Berk. See above, No. 570. 

411. P. sponetosus, Fr. The plant of Fries is a resupinate form of P. nidulans, 
such as occurs in Scotland, which this certainly is not. The pores are too large to 
allow of its being a state of P. igniarius, but our materials are scarcely sufficient for 
arriving at any distinct opinion. P. spongiosus, Klotsch, Herb. viv. Mye. No. 2, is 

the same production. 
414. P. rerrugrnosus, Fr. 
416. P. sanicinus, Fr. 
417. P. susspApicEus, Fr. We are unacquainted with the Friesian species. 

418. P. sprssus, Schwein. This species, of which there are authentic specimens 
in Hook. Herb., is totally different from the Friesian plant, which we believe that 
we have from 8. Carolina. The pores have the same resinous appearance as in P. 
Pilote, Schwein. In the Schweinitzian Herbarium it is marked P. rufus. 

419. P. unpatus, P. This differs from the plant of Persoon, of which we have an 
authentic fragment, in the far larger pores. In-color it agrees with it. 

420. P. NiEskyensis, P. 

421. P. umprinus, P. Certainly not the same with P. obliquas. We cannot 
distinguish it from P. ferruginosus. 

422. PB. JueLanpinus, Schwein.! Certainly different from P. spissus of Hook. Herb. 

423. P. vittcoLaA, Schwein.! Resembles P. contiguws, and perhaps not really 
different, though totally distinct from P. superficialis. 

424. P. xantuus, Fr. Totally different from authentic specimens of the Friesian 
species, but exactly agreeing with a specimen under the same name from Desmaziéres, 
except that it is not at present stratose. It somewhat resembles resupinate forms of 
P. annosus, except that the pores are smaller. We have the true P. wanthus from 
S. Carolina. 

DI 


212 BERKELEY AND CURTIS'S COMMENTARY 

425. P. nrripus, Fr. We have two species under this name,—one from Schweinitz’ 
earlier collections, which appears to be a state of his P. migro-purpurascens, and the 
other with long pores, very different from an authentic specimen now before us. 
This was formerly called P. croceus by Schweinitz, but that name is preoccupied. 
We beg to substitute 

P. CROCIPORUS, n. sp.;—totus resupinatus; poris minutis longis tenuibus, extus 
intusque croceo-fulvis, mycelio pallido molli oriundis. 

The pores are just the color of dried saffron, and have somewhat the same appear- 
ance as those of P. spissws. The mycelium is pale, thin, of a rather soft texture and 
confluent with the matrix. 

426. P. puLcHELLUS, Schwein. The same with P. xanthus, Schwein.! Herb. As 
P. pulchellus was formerly called P. xanthus by Schweinitz, it is possible that we 
have not got what he ultimately intended by that name, and which may therefore 
be the true plant. ; 

428. P. incARNATUS, Fr. The young state of some Gleoporus. 

430. P. RuopELLUS, Fr. Not the true plant of Fries, as appears from an authentic 
specimen. It looks like an early stage of P. spissus, Schwein.! in Hook. Herb. 

431. P. unirus, Fr. The Schweinitzian specimens are precisely the same with 
No. 418. ; 

4§2. P. viTELLinus, Fr. 
434. P. sinuvosus, Fr. We have no authentic specimens of this species. 
435. P. XANTHOLOMA, Schwein.! Very distinct. 

436. P. rHopopENDRI, Schwein. ! Very like P. Stephensu, Berk., which has been 
found on Taxodium by Mr. Ravenel. This differs in its thinner dissepiments and 
obscure tint. 

437. P. SASSAFRAS, Schwein.! Schweinitz describes this in his Herbarium as 
having “pori majusculi,” which agrees with the specimen; whereas the printed 
character says “poris minutis.” It is probably a distinct species. 

438. P. SUPERFICIALIS, Schwein.! An authentic specimen from Prof. Torrey’s 
Herbarium has nothing like “poris latiusculis,’ and we believe is identical with 
No. 439. 

439, P. NIGRO-PURPUREUS, Schwein, ! 

440. P. cingErEuUS, Schwein.! The specimens of this, as of some others among the 
omitted numbers, are destroyed. 


ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 213 

441. P. CARy&, Schwein.! Resembling somewhat P. xantholoma, but with rather 
larger pores. 

442, P. papyracrus, Schwein.! Pores rather large; resembles P. Stephensii, Berk. . 
444, P! MEDULLA PANIS, Fr. 

445. P. tupercuLosus, Fr. Apparently a Radulw. 

446. P. virreus, Fr. The specimens belong to P. vulgaris. 

447. P. vutearts, Fr. Not the true species, but closely allied to P. pulchellus, 
Schwein., only with smaller pores. We can see no other difference. The same 
Fungus occurs in Ohio and N. Carolina. 

448. P. cancrus, Fr. 8. A curious production, resembling somewhat a Porothelium, 
but scarcely in a normal condition. 

449. P. cautosus, Fr. The specimens are hardly distinguishable from P. pulchellus, 
Schwein., and do not answer to the description of Fries. - We have, however, the 
Friesian species from S. Carolina. 

451. P. couticutosus, P. We are not acquainted with this species. 

452. P. oppucens, P. This is not in the least degree stratose. The pores are a 
line long. It appears to us to be very near to P. xantholoma. 

453. P. pentirporus, P. Very much after the fashion of P. vaporarius, and indeed 
scarcely to be distinguished. 

455. P. rerrestris, Fr. This is scarcely the plant of Fries, and perhaps is unde- 
scribed. 

456. P. tenuis, Schwein.! Resembling P. vaporarius, but more uniform. What 
was referred to this species in the account of Mr. Lea’s Ohio Fungi is something with 
much broader and shallower pores, and is scarcely developed fully. 

457. P. mucipus, Fr. 
458. P. RADULA, Fr. Certainly P. vaporarius. 

459. P. micans, Fr. Another form of P. vaporarwus. 

461. P. SANGUINOLENTUS, Fr. There are two things under this number. One is 
the same with 430; the other answers exactly to P. reticulatus, Fr. 

462. P. motuuscus, Fr. The sulphur-colored variety of which Schweinitz speaks 
is much in the fashion of P. reticulatus, and is probably undescribed. 

463. P. FARINELLUS, Fr. Our specimens of this are nearly destroyed by insects. 


OI ROO aC eae 
ries rc AG 

214 BERKELEY AND CURTIS’S COMMENTARY 

464. P. annirinus, Fr. The specimens are not quite certain, but the species 
occurs in a highly developed state in S. Carolina. 

465. P. xytostromeus, P. Two things are in the Herbarium under this name: 
the one appears to be merely a state of P. vaporarius; the other is a species of 
Merulius. See below under No. 500. 

469. P. InTERNUS, Schwein. ! 

471. P. reticuLatus, Fr. This appears to be certainly P. farimellus, of which we 
have fine specimens from S. Carolina. It has not a byssoid margin, nor are the pores 
distant. 

*P. BRUNNEUS, Schwein.! New York. This appears to be the same with P. 
crocatus, Fr., which is very near to, if not identical with, P. cupreus, Berk. 

473. POROTHELEUM SUBTILE, Fr. 

475. P. PrzizowwEs, Schwein.! This species differs from P. fimbriatum only in the 
absence of the marginal threadlike processes. There is a species in Hook. Herb. 
from Schweinitz marked Boletus obliteratus. 

476. DA&DALEA BIENNIS, Fr.= Polyporus rufescens, Fr. 
480. DADALEA ABIETINA,= Lenzites abietina, Fr. 
481. D. TRABEA,= Lenzites trabea, Fr. 

483. D. Pint, Fr. The specimens belong to Lenzites sepiaria, perhaps from an 
accidental change of the label. 

486. “D. AN GipBosa?” = Lenzites Berkeleit, Lev. 
A490. D. aneustata, Fr. 
491. D. AUREA, 2. FERRUGINEA—Lenzites sepiaria, var. 

492. D. zonata, Schwein.! This is considered by Fries to be D. variegata. Our 
specimens are too imperfect to allow us to form any judgment on the point. 

494. D. MERULIOIDES, Schwein. This is a Paxillus, but our notes upon the speci- 
men are too meager to enable us now to recal the species. 

495. MERULIUS TREMELLosUS, Fr. The plant in Hook. Herb. from Schweinitz, 
under the name of MM. tremelloides, seems nearer to M. fugax, of which we have very 
fine specimens from 8. Carolina. It is accompanied by Sclerotium rugulosum, (No. 
2436,) and therefore must be what Schweinitz intended. See that number. 

496. M. srricoso-zonatus, Schwein.! This is Phlebia zonata, B. & C., a very 
distinct species. 


ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 215 

497, M. purus, Fr. 
498. M. serpens, Fr. Nearly destroyed, with no rugs. It looks like a Corticium. 

499. M. crispatus,Fr. Thisisclearly a form of MZ coriwm. M. crispatus resembles 
Cantharellus crispatus. 

500. M. paAttens, Schwein.! Very nearly allied to MZ coriwm. The specimens 
of Polyporus xylostromeus, Schwein. ! strongly resemble this. 

501. M. rugax, Fr. Specimens destroyed. 

504. M. vasrator, Fr.=No. 497. M. vastator is a synonym of M. lacrymans. 
_ 505. M. motiuscus, Fr. Specimens in bad condition. 

506. M. Himantiores, Fr. The specimens belong to IZ. Brassicefolius, Schwein., 
a name not preserved in the Herbarium. 

507. M. Portnores, Fr. We have fine specimens of this species from Ohio. It 
occurs also in S. Carolina. Schweinitz specimens are all but barren, and the slight 
trace of incipient folds indicates rather a state of I Coriwm or M. serpens. 

511. Hypnum sussquamosum, Fr. 

514. H. rurescens, P. 

517. H. canum, Schwein. ! 

518. H. penicatum, Schwein.! Nearly destroyed. 

519. H. compactum, Fr. 

521. H. rerRuGINEuM, Fr. 

522. H. cinereum, Fr. 

523. H. cyATuirorms, Fr. (Hook. Herb.) Teeth white, slightly discolored. 

524. H. connatum, Schultz. The Schweinitzian specimens have not a shining 
stem, and do not seem to differ from H. zonatum, Batsch. 

526. H. CORIACHO-MEMBRANACEUM, Schwein.! A very singular and distinct species. 

528. H. Apustum, Schwein.! The specimens nearly destroyed; but the species is 
common and well ascertained. 

530. H. CORALLOIDES, Scop. 

037. H. stricosum, Sw. 

038. H. ocHRAcEuM, P. 

539. H. Ruors, Schwein.! The specimens indicate a true Hydnwm, to which, 
perhaps, H. jlabelliforme, Berk., is too near. That in Hook. Herb., if identical, has 

rather the structure of a Polyporus. 
5d 


216 BERKELEY AND CURTIS’S COMMENTARY 

540. H. otrvAcrum, Schwein.! The specimens belong to Lrpex cimnamomeus. 

541. H. macropon, P. The species of Persoon is but little known. The Schwein- 
itzian specimens closely resemble A. mucidum. 

542. H. mMemBrANAceum, Fr. The Schweinitzian specimens are altogether different 
from the Friesian. In fact we do not find the species which they represent described, 
and therefore characterize it as follows: J. Schwemitzn, B. et C., papyraceum, 
album, a matrice omnino solubile; aculeis sparsis subulatis, basi abrupte dilatatis. 

543. H. rusco-atrum, Fr. 

544. H. rERRUGINOSUM, Fr. 

545. H. micropon, P. The original plant is a subterranean species, altogether 
omitted in the Epicrisis. ‘The fragments of the Schweinitzian plant before us seem to 
agree fully with H. membranacewm, Bull. 

546. H. atutaceum, Fr. This is very different from the plant of Fries, of which 
we have authentic specimens. It seems to be a young state of H. udwm. 

547. H. FASCICULARE, A. and S. 

548. H. mucipum, P. Extremely different from authentic specimens. It appears 
to be the true H. alutacewn. 

550. H. optusum, Schrad. Very near to H. alutacewm. Unknown to Fries. 

551. H. crustosum, Fr. Identical with No. 546. 
553: H. niveum, P. Very near to 4. farinaceum. 

do04. H. 

50d. H. 

556. H. viricora, Schwein.! | Fries considers this only a form of H. mucidum ; but 
the specimens in Herb. Schwein. are totally distinct from that species. The spines 
are not connected at the base by any mucedinous matter. 

SUBCARNACEUM, Fr. 

SULPHUREUM, Schwein. ! 

557. H. suBRESUPINATUM, Schwein.! Certainly not a good Hydnum ; but our speci- 
mens are so devoured by insects that we can get no distinct notion of the species. 

558. H. HimantiA, Schwein.! <A very beautiful species which we have also from 
Sweden, gathered by Lindblad. 

559. H. pysstnum, Schwein. ! 

560. H. EprpnyLtuM, Schwein.! A curious species in the style of HZ, ferruginosum, 
with short granules rather than spines, and perhaps belonging to Odontia rather than 
to Hydnum. 

561. H. squAtinum, Fr. Our specimens are young and imperfect. 


i eh = os ees 

ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 217 

563. H. arucinosum, Schwein.! Apparent!y distinct, but our specimens are in a 
wretched condition. 

564. H. rivpriatum, P.= Odontia fimbriata, Fr. 

565. H. spatauLatum, Fr. Quite different from Schweinitz’ specimens under this 
name in Hook. Herb. It appears to be some Polyporus with lacerated dissepiments. 

566. H. quzrcinum, Fr. This is perhaps Jrpex obliquus, Fr., certainly not Radulum 
quercinum. Some states of J obliquus are, however, very difficult to distinguish from 
Pol. vaporarius. 

569. H. strpatum, Fr. 

570. H. cInNABARINUM, Schwein.! This is the same with Odontia albo-miniata, 
B. and C., and is only a peculiar condition of Pol. cinnabarimus. 

571. H. croceum, Schwein.! A well marked species. 

572. H. LUTEO-PALLIDUM, Schwein. ! 

574, IRPEX PALEACEUS, Fr. This does not agree with the plant of Thore; it is 
rather [. fusco-violaceus. 

579. L. rusco-vioLAceus, Fr. The specimens are merely a state of Pol. pergame- 
neus, Fr., P. stereoides, Schwein. ! 

276. I. tactrus, Fr. Our specimens are in such a state that we can say nothing 
positive about them. : 

578. I. EpipHyLLA, Schwein.! This is without any question Pol. biformis, KI. 
We have collected specimens precisely similar extending from stumps over fallen 
leaves. 

579. I. runipirera, Schwein. ! 

580. I. ruscEscens, Schwein.!=J. cinnamomeus, Fr. The specimens of Hydnum 
olivaceum, Schwein.! are the same with this. 

583. I. Curasi, Fr.—J paradoxus, Fr. The pores, however, are more developed 
than in our authentic specimen, and the dissepiments thinner. 

584. I. spATHULATUS, Fr. We have no doubt that the specimens belong to Pol. 
vaporarius. Fries says of I spathulatus, “nunquam porosus,” which does not at all 
apply to the plant before us. Indeed there is no resemblance between it and a Swiss 
specimen from Trog. 

585. I. optiquus, Fr. 
586. I. prrormis, Fr. 
987. I. ntveus, Schwein.! Fries considers this very near L deformis. 

589. RADULUM ORBICULARE, Fr. (Hook. Herb.) 


218 BERKELEY AND CURTIS'S COMMENTARY 

590. R. mouarE, Fr. This cannot be the true species. It appears more probably 
to be a state of Kneifia setigera, but our specimens are in a very unsatisfactory con- 
dition. 

591. R. racineum, Fr. 

592. R, parum, Fr. Certainly not R. letwm, but apparently a form of R. molare. 

593. R. Borrytss, Fr. Certainly not the plant of Fries. Whether a good species 
or not we can scarcely determine from our much decayed specimens. 

595. R. Pint CANADENSIS, Schwein. ! 

596. R. Hypnans, Schwein.! Very nearly allied to 7. molare, but brightly colored 
and with very short teeth. i 

597. R. investrens, Schwein.! Connecting Radulum and Corticium. It resembles 
indeed some states of C. leve. 

598. PHLEBIA MESENTERICA, Fr. Avuricularia, Fr. Epicr. 

600. P. rapiata, Fr. Deeper colored than 602. 
601. P. vaca, Fr. 

602. P. cINNABARINA, Schwein. !—P. radiata, Fr. 
603. P. coccINEO-FULVA, Schwein. ! 

604. P. HypNoIDEA, Schwein.! A very singular Fungus, perhaps abnormal from 
being grown within a hollow trunk. | 

605. THELEPHORA CANTHARELLA, Schwein.! A Craterellus. It was gathered in 
Ohio by Lea, and is Craterellus lateritius, Berk. in Herb. 

606. T. pANNosA, Fr. We have never seen the true plant of Persoon. The 
Schweinitzian specimens accord with the figure in some measure, but without authentic 
specimens it is very difficult to judge. They look like a mesopod form of 7. biennis. 

607. T. REGULARIS, Schwein.! Resembles somewhat ZT: anthocephala. 

608. 'T. CARYOPHYLLZA,= T. lacumata, P. 

609. T. muttrpArTiITA, Schwein.! (Hook. Herb.) Very distinct. 
610. T. viAuis, Schwein.! Very distinct. 

611. T. cornALLomes, Fr. 

612. T. PALMATA, Fr. 

613. T. TUBEROSA, Grev. 

614. T. FLABELLARIS, Fr. 

616. T. riwBriatA, Schwein.! In Hook. Herb. is a very different thing resembling 
Corticium leeve. j 


ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 219 

617. 

re 

. CANDIDA, Schwein. ! 
618. T. cLapontA, Schwein. ! 

619. 

| 

. PALLIDA, Schwein. ! Very common throughout the United States. 
620. T. cmsPITULANS, Schwein. ! 

621. T. cristata, Fr. The American species is very different, and is perhaps only 
a state of T. pallida. Several of the Schweinitzian species have not occurred in the 
more recent investigations. 

623. T. seRRATA, P. 
624. T. TarREstRIS, = 7. caryophyllea, Fr. 

625. T. tacintaTA, P. This has very little resemblance to the true plant, and is 
in fact the same with No. 627, 7. biennis. 

627. T. BrEnnis, Fr. 

629. T. GAUSAPATA, Fr. 

630. T’. ALBIDO-BRUNNEA, Schwein. ! 
631. T. utosa, Schwein. ! 

632. T. sicotor, P. (Hook. Herb.) In Herb. Schwein., this species is found under 
the name of 7. brunnescens, from Indiana. 

633. T. RUBIGINOSA, Schrad. 
634. T. TABACINA, Fr. 

635. T. crocata, Fr. This has not so deep a rhubarb tint as authentic specimens 
from Fries, but it differs from the two foregoing species, and is perhaps a form of that 
to which Schweinitz refers it. 

636. T. LepRosa, Fr. = 7. Curtis, Berk.; whether the same with 7. leprosa, Fr., 
a Brazilian species, we are unable to say positively. 

637. T. IMBRICATULA, Schwein.! ‘This seems a distinct species and undescribed by 
modern authors, though some half dozen nearly allied forms are published. 

638. T. aTRATA, Swartz. Authentic specimens, of which a figure may be seen in 
Annals of Nat. Hist., vol. X. tab. 11, are totally different. The plant of Schweinitz 
is very beautiful ; but as the hymenium is not formed, it is impossible to describe it. 
We shall hope to have some future opportunity of making it generally known. 

639. T. versicotor, Swartz, var. fasciata, Schwein.! An extremely common 
o6 


ae ee ee 
t ny 

220 BERKELEY AND CURTIS'S COMMENTARY 

species, of which we have numerous specimens. Schweinitz seems to have included 
T. lobata, Kze, which is common in the subtropical parts of the United States. 

640. T. spApicea, P. Only a variety of T. hirsuta. 
641. T. Rnuaosa, P. 

642. T. Styracirtua, Schwein.! Resembles, as Fries says, 7. hirsuta ; but the 
upper surface is smooth, or only obscurely silky, besides other characters. 

643. T. nrsutA, Willd. ; ¢. ramealis, Schwein.! = Sterewm complicatum, Fr. Spe- 
cimens marked 7. Gates, in the Herbarium, are the same species. 

644. T. ocurotnuca, Fr. Our specimens are so bad that it is difficult to say to 
what they belong; but they are certainly not the plant of Fries, of which we have an 
authentic specimen, and which occurs in various parts of the United States. 

646. T. saneuinotenta, A. and S. Rather thicker than British specimens, and 
approaching 7. spadicea. 

647. T. striata, Fr. Common throughout North America. 
648. T. GriseA, Schwein. This was not found in the Herbarium. 

649. T’. oOCHRACEO-FLAVA, Schwein.! A beautiful species, resembling in color Cor- 
tictum ochracewm. Much paler than any form of Stereum hirsutum, and far less coria- 
ceous. 

650. T. suszonatuM, Schwein. = Corticium subzonatum, Fr. Hpicr. 
651. T. CINERASCENS, Schwein. ! 

652. T. EVoLVENS, F'r. The specimens exhibit something very different from the 
authentic specimens of Fries. It is doubtful whether they are any thing more than 
Corticvwm lave. 

654. T. sAticinA, Fr. We have never seen authentic specimens of this curious 
species, but there can be no doubt that the plant of Schweinitz is the same with that 
of Fries. 

655. T. quercina, P. It is scarcely possible that Schweinitz should not have been 
acquainted with this common Kuropean species. We have no specimen from Bethle- 
hem. That from Florida is in too bad a state for determination, but is evidently 
something totally different, more, in point of fact, in the way of S. spadiceum. 

657. T. asietina, P. The specimens are not on the wood of any Conifer. They 
are very bad, but appear to belong to 7. papyrina, Mont. 
658. T. Rura, Fr. We have no authentic specimens, and cannot therefore say 


Pe nk) ae Lae ay) ae 

ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 221 

whether the reference is right. The species, however, in the Schweinitzian Herba- 
rium, if not belonging to that of Fries, which is very doubtful, is evidently distinct. 
It has no rufous tinge. The species, which has occurred in several localities, is marked 

in our collections Corticiwm molle, n. sp. 
661. T. acposApra, Schwein.! The label has 7. albomarginata erased upon it. 

662. T. piscirormis, D.C. The specimens exhibit a resupinate disciform state of 
f. quercina. The true species occurs at least in Canada. 

663. T. cANprIpIssiIMA, Schwein.! (Hook. Herb.) marked 7. candida. A beautiful 
and distinct species; = Stereum candidum, Fr. 

664. T. FRUSTULATA, Fr. (Hook. Herb.,) where it is marked Spheria. 

665. T. PALLESCENS, Schwein.! Resembling Corticiwm lactescens, Berk., but strongly 
setulose, like C. gigantewm, and very thick. 

666. T. 1nstnuANS, Schwein.! A distinct but coarse species. 

667. T. AREOLATA, Fr. Except in color, this resembles Cort. polygonium. The 
true plant is much harder and more woody. 

668. T. HELVELLOIDES, Schwein.! The thick spongy substance of this species is 
very curious, reminding one of Pol. obducens. Though the hymenium looks like that 
of an Helvella, there are no asci. 

669. T. sponaiosA, Schwein.! This seems rather to be a mycelium than an auto- 
nomous species. Fries has, however, probably seen better specimens. 

671. T. rETicuLATA, Fr. See No. 703. 
672. T. Byssorpes, P. ‘This appears to be the same with No. 700. 

673. T. OLIVACEA, @. botryoides, Schwein.! Fries considers Schweinitz right in 
making this curious production a variety of T. olivacea. It is our T. granosa. 

674. 'T. SistotREMoIDES, = Odontia Sistotremoides, Fr. Kpicr. 
675, T. FERRUGINEA, P. 

676. T. puniceA, A.and 8. The specimens are not in the least reflexed; but we 
have no authentic example with which to compare them. 

677. T. RUBRO-PALLENS, Schwein. ! 
679. 'T. coccInEA, = Hypochnus rubrocinctus, Khrb. 

680. T. LiLAcinA, Schwein.! Scarcely more than a form of Cort. cinereum. 


FAR oD 

222 BERKELEY AND CURTIS'S COMMENTARY 

681. T. cinnAmomEA, P. Scarcely the plant of Persoon and Fries; apparently a 
resupinate form of Sterewm rubiginosum. 

682. T. PEDICELLATA, Schwein.! This grows on bark of living trees, and is proba- 
bly not a true Fungus, but a state of some Lichen. 

685. T. strigosa, P. A mere mycelium ; omitted by Fries in the Epicrisis. 
686. T. vioLAscENns, Fr. Not the true species, but closely resembling Cort. cinereum. 

687. T. ATROVIRENS, Fr. Similar specimens occur in England, but we have never 
seen a perfect hymenium. 

688. T. cam@ruLtea, Schrad. In Hook. Herb., under the name of 7. indigo, Schwein. 
690. T.sunpHuREA, Fr. With a perfect hymenium. 
691. T. viricota, Schwein.! (Hook. Herb.) 

692. T. nacteA, Fr. Very different from the true plant. Probably only a state of 
Cort. Sambuce. 

694. T. antHocuRoA, Fr. With the true plant is mixed up an obscure white species 
which appears to be a form of Cort. calceum. 

695. T. oporata, Fr. Very different from authentic specimens. The original 
name J. alutacea, ought to be retained for the species, for it seems distinct. It isa 
Corticvum. 

696. T. seticeRA, Fr. The plant of Fries now forms the genus Kneifia. The 
plant of Schweinitz is either a blanched state of Corticiwm velutinum or distinct. 
The only difference, however, is one of color. 

697. T. BomBycina, Sommf. (7. sera of Syn. Car.) It is a well developed state of 
Cort. sulphureum and is marked by Schweinitz Contophora sulphurea. 

698. T. pAPiILLosA, Fr. This is not a Grandinia, for there is not the slightest ap- 
pearance of granules. It is perhaps only a form of Cort. leve. 

699. T. GigANTEA, Fr. Very doubtful. It is in fact the same with 7. viscosa from 
Mauch Chunk, which is so marked by Schwein. in Herb. 

700. T. mvcrustans, P. (Z- sebacea, Fr.) 

701. T. cauceA, Fr. Not the plant of Fries. Far more nearly allied to Sterewm 
acerinum, a form of which is very common in Carolina on trunks of Cedar. 

702. T. pupERA, Fr. Beautiful specimens of this have been received from Ohio. 

Liebert tb 


Bereta ars yy Pie ee es am 

ON SCHWEINITZ’S SYNOPSIS FUNGORUM. 223 

The hymenium is not setulose, and Schweinitz was right at first in thinking it distinct. 
It is, we believe, the same with Cort. Auberianwm, Mont. 

703. T. MOLLIS, Fr. Identical with No. 871, which should be referred here. 
704. T. ALNEA, Fr. 

705. T. OCHRACEA, Fr. 
707. T. eRANULOSA, P, This again is no Grandinia, and is probably merely aform 

of Cort. leve, or possibly of C. wncarnatum. 
709. T. serrauis, Fr. Very doubtful. 

710. T. urvipa, P. This is not the sate with authentic species from Fries. It 
appears to be a resupinate state of Cort. quercinwm. 

711. T. viscosa, P. 

712. T. conruuens, Fr. Merely a form of Cort. leve. 

713. T. comepens, Nees. Ifthe specimens are named correctly, the hymenium is 
much more developed than in European individuals ; but we have scarcely sufficient 
materials to determine what is the habit of Schweinitz’ plant. 

714. T. incarNnata, Fr. Color very slightly developed. 

715. T. nupa, Fr. Certainly not the true plant. It resembles much more thicker 
conditions of Cort. cinereum, such as are often found on Ash twigs. 

716. T. cinerea, Fr. 

717. T. ALBIDO-CARNEA, Schwein.! A very distinct species with the substance . 
yellowish. Our Cort. chrysocreas is a more highly developed form. 

718. T. potyeonta, P. | 
a9. T RIBESIA, Fr. Scarcely a distinct species ; apparently Cort. incarnatum. 
720. T. acerina, Fr. Not the true plant; appears to be Cort. calcewm. 

721. T. corrucata, Fr. 

22. T. pavieATA, Fr. The difference between this and No. 681 is very slight. 
It is very doubtful whether it is what Fries intends. It does not appear to take its 
origin beneath the cuticle like Cort. comedens, which is essential to the species. 

723. T. pPIsPH@RIA, Schwein. ! 
724. T. MACULFORMIS, Fr. 

725, T. BUFONTA, P. 


Re Oe ean Te ee 

224 BERKELEY AND CURTIS’S COMMENTARY 

726. T. AmpHTROLIA, Fr. 
727. T. EPIDERMEA, P. 

The following should be added to No. 374 :— 

There is in the Hookerian Herbarium a species from Schweinitz marked Sistotrema 
velutinum, and we have the same from Prof. Torrey’s collection of Schweinitzian Fungi 
marked Polyporus velutinus, which is probably the plant intended under No. 374. . It 
does not, however, accord with numerous authentic specimens from Fries, and we pro- 
pose for it the name of Pol. Richardsonii, as it occurs in his collections from the higher 
northern regions of America. 

P. RICHARDSON, n. sp.; pileo reniformi disco tantum affixo, subtiliter depresso- 
tomentoso ruguloso leviter zonato albido ; poris parvis. 

A few species from Surinam were overlooked in our Exotic Fungi, which are here 
appended :— 

CANTHARELLUS SPATHULARIA, Schwein. ! MSS.= Guepinia Spathularia, Fr. 

C. SuRINAMENSIS, Schwein. ! MSS.= Cladoderris dendritica, P. 

“¢ ScHIZOPHYLLUM RAMOSUM (novum),” Schwein. MSS.=a multipartite LZ. commune. 
CLAVARIA ADMIRABILIS, Schwein.! MSS. is the same as the preceding. 

PoLYPORUS SANGUINEUS, Fr. 

The following very beautiful species was confounded in our Exotic Fungi, No. 4, 
(Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., 11. p. 278) with P. modestus, Kze., which, however, is very 
near to P. affinis, if the specimen in Weigelt’s Exsiccata is rightly named : 

PoLYPORUS CERVINO-NITENS, Schwein.! MSS. pileo flabelliformi tenui radiato-rugoso 
plicatove ligneo-coriaceo sublobato cervino-fulvo zonis crebris obscurioribus sericeo- 
striato ; hymenio contextuque subconcoloribus dilutioribus; poris minimis. Surinam. 

Pileus flabelliform, 2 inches high, above 2 inches broad, thin, of a hard coriaceous 
substance, slightly lobed, attenuated behind into an obscure stem, radiato-rugose or 
plicate, sericeo-striate, of a bright tawny fawn-color, approaching to brick-red, with 
narrow darker zones, margin very thin. Substance and the bordered hymenium paler, 
pores punctiform, very minute. 

The following should be inserted in its place, No. 408 :— 

408. P.micrororus. Florida. Gathered by Le Conte. The same species was sent 
to Sir W. J. Hooker under the name of P. Floridanus. The pores are superficial and 
punctiform, and the whole plant resembles strongly such productions as P. by yn sinus, 

“Mont., which is, we believe, only a state of P. occidentalis, K1. 


5a ene Re Cee Ree ae 

ART. XVIII.—Synopsis of the MELotontuips of the United States. 
By Joun L. Lz Contes, M. D. 

The Melolonthide form a group of the family Scarabzeide less distinctly defined 
than any other in that extensive family; connecting with several others, it seems to 
be the great central group, and embraces genera of such diverse form and structure, 
as to render the attempts at classification not altogether satisfactory. Hrichson was 
the first to attempt a general arrangement of the tribe, and Lacordaire, while following 
nearly in his path, has introduced some important changes. It would ill become me, 
having studied only a fauna limited in genera of this type, to pronounce upon the 
value of the affinities thus displayed between genera which I have never seen; but I 
have found great difficulty in placing in the schemes of those authors a new genus, 
which should evidently have place within the limits embraced by them. 

The classification of Burmeister is founded upon entirely different characters, and 
seems at first to give much more natural groups than those formed by Erichson and 
Lacordaire, though the characters used seem by no means distinct or easy of applica- 
tion. The great stumbling point in both systems is however the curious mixture of 
characters found in the allied group Anthobia of Burmeister, part of which forms 
Hrichson’s family Glaphyrid, enrolled in the great series of Scarabzi laparosticti. 
Burmeister having examined (Lamell. 2, 2d, 467) the position of the abdominal stig- 
mata in the genera of Hrichson’s Glaphyride, found great variations between the 
individual genera, some having them as in Melolonthid, while in none had they 
exactly the situation in which they are found in the other groups of Laparosticti. 
From these facts he draws the inference that the family Anthobia as established by 
him is a natural one, osculant between the Phyllophaga (Melolonthide and Rutelide 
of Erichson) and Melitophila (Cetoniade of Erichson), entirely denying the relation- 
ship with the Laparosticti. 

While admitting the probable justice of the latter result, although Erichson notes 
the transition from Pheenognatha to Hybosorus, I must say that the facts seem to me 
_to bear a very different interpretation. Looking for example at the four primary 
groups into which Hrichson divides the, Scarabs pleurosticti, the reader will see that 
the Melolonthidx have the posterior stigmata diverging but feebly, while the three 
others have them diverging strongly. We will afterwards see that the position of 

08 


SES a One 

226 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

the posterior pair in the groups of genuine Melolonthide varies. Why, then, may 
not all these cases of variation, great or small, in the position of the stigmata be 
brought together in one large group, which may be placed between the pleurosticti 
and laparosticti, connected more closely with the former than with the latter. The 
essential character of this large group seems to be the negation of the characters of 
the other two; and we would thus have the following expression of relations : 

Stigmata abdominis in segmentis ventralibus sita postice fortiter divergentia, ultima 
conspicua . : : 5 ; 6 ; é : : : ; 5 6 . Laparosticti. 
Stigmata abdominis parum divergentia, variabiles, at in membrano non sita, ultima saepe 
conspicua . ; 2 ; : ; : A i ; : ‘ ; F - Melolonthidee. 
Stigmata abdominis in membrano inter segmenta ventralia et dorsalia sita, ultima obtecta Pleurosticti. 

Besides this difficulty in determining the limits and characters of the entire family, 
some difference in observation appears to result from the nature of the characters 
used in its division. Thus, for example, the ventral segments of the Sericide are 
described as free by Erichson and Lacordaire, and as connate by Burmeister; the 
sutures are in reality distinct, though probably immovable. Nevertheless, although 
so deceptive, this character cannot in the present condition of the study be abandoned, 
though perhaps something may be done to render it more reliable. 

Modifying the tables of Erichson and Lacordaire to suit the introduction of the new 
views enunciated above, and omitting the groups not found in our territory, the 
following table may be formed : 

I. Mandibulze sub clypeo tectz. 

A. Coxe antice transverse haud prominule. 
Parapleure late. 

Segmenta abdominis haud connata_ . : : : ; 1. Macrophylle. 
Segmenta abdominis suturis obliteratis : 6 . : . 2. Melolonthe. 
Parapleure anguste . ; : : : 2 : : : 3. Rhizotrogi. 

B. Coxe anticz conic prominule. 
Parapleurze angustz vel mediocres ; tarsi onychio distincto ; tibie posteriores bicalcarate. 
Abdomen segmentis ventralibus haud connatis : 
: segmentum sextum haud conspicuum . : ; . 5 4. Diplotaxes. 
segmentum sextum conspicuum. 
Labrum connatum . : ; : : 5 - oo Serie. 

Labrum distinctum : 

ungues divergentes, fixi . : : : : ; : 6. Macrodactyli. 
ungues mobiles, cheliformes : : : : . 7. Dichelonyche. 
Abdomen segmentis ventralibus arcte connatis : . : 8. Lasiopodes. 

Parapleure magne. 
Tarsi onychio nullo ; tibize unicalcaratze vel ecalcaratze : ° 9. Hoplie. 

II. Mandibulee ante clypeum conspicuze. 

Parapleurze maximee (abdomen segmentis liberis) . . ? - 10eGlaphy ri: 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 227 

1. MACROPHYLLA. 

A group having the epimera and parapleurse of the metathorax broad as in Melo- 
lonthe, but differing by the ventral segments not being connate, although the sixth 
is less closely articulated. Besides this character, the long slender tarsi, and the 
very long hair of the head, thorax and sides, enable them to be readily recognized. 
The group has heretofore had no representative on the American continent, but I am 
now enabled to make known a new genus found within our territories. 

Characters derived from the abdomen, and not mentioned by Burmeister or Lacor- 
daire are the very distinct and straight fissure-like suture between the fifth ventral 
seement and the propygidium; the stigma is situated on the ventral segment, near 
the anterior margin, but remote from the suture just mentioned. 

The group in its present form was established by Lacordaire. It consists of the 
eroup Tanyproctini of Hrichson, less the genus Tanyproctus. 

Burmeister combines with it Krichson and Lacordaire’s group Pachypodii, which 
differ not only by the variable characters derived from the less development of the 
oral organs, but by the epimera of the metathorax being narrow. 

Puosetus Lec. 

Corpus ovatum, convexum alatum, margine omni pectoreque longe villoso, elytris abdomineque subglabris. 
Caput clypeo rotundato margine reflexo, sutura frontali fere obliterata. Labrum transversum late concayum, 
parum emarginatum. Mandibule obtuse prominule. Mentum medio impressum ; palpi labiales articulo 
ultimo cylindrico (maxillares desunt.) Antennz 9-articulatze, articulo 1mo (scapo) elongato, 2ndo rotun- 
dato, io 4to zequalibus, 5to obliquo haud breviore, 6to transverso brevi, clava triarticulata, (maris) funiculo 
paulo longiore. Thorax antice linea marginali profunda. Abdomen haud marginatum, segmento quinto ven- 
trali longiore margine postice subcoriaceo ; pygidium triangulare, magnum convexum. Tibi breves, anticz 
bidentatze, denteque superiore munitz, longius unicalcarate; posteriores spinulis longioribus unicoronate, 
posticse crassiores et denticulo superiore munite, omnes longe pilose. arsi tibiis fere duplo longiores, 
tenues, verticillatim setosi, articulis subzequalibus, unguiculis versus apicem dente magno lato acuto armatz, 
et ad basin iterum subdentatze. 

Seems to be allied to Tryssus Hr. and Trichiodera Burm., but the latter has 10- 
jointed antenne; the former has, it is true, 9-jointed antennz, but is very insuf- 
ficiently described, and being from southern Africa can hardly be the same as the 

present genus. 

1. P. comatus, capite obscuro confluenter dense punctato, clypeo rotundato fortiter marginato, thorace 
luteo-ferrugineo margine omni longissime flayo-piloso, lateribus valde rotundatis, confertim punctato, 
elytris piceo-testaceis nitidis, margine laterali et basali flavo-pilosis, vix obsolete punctatis, stria suturali 
profunde exarata, propygidio dense subtilius punctato pubescente, pygidio nitido parce piloso et punc- 
tulato ; subtus ferrugineus, femoribus tibiis posterioribus et pectore longe pilosis. Long. -67. 

One specimen found in California by Mr. J. Wittick, probably near Sacramento, 

and given me by Mr. 8. 8. Rathvon. The thorax has a strong marginal line at the 


228 - _ LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

apex, and a faint fovea near the side at the middle; the anterior angles are acute. 
The oral organs, sides of the head, and base of the antenne are also provided with 
long hairs. 

2. MELOLONTH A. 

This group differs from the others by the combination of the following characters : 
five ventral segments of the abdomen are connate, with nearly effaced sutures, the 
6th is distinct and rounded ; the parapleure of the metathorax are broad and their 
epimera are large. 

The latter important character was first observed by Lacordaire, (Gen. Col. 3, 292), 
but has been overlooked by Burmeister, who distributes the contents into two groups, 
Leucopholidez having the third joint of the antenne short, and Polyphyllide having 
the same joint elongated. The new genus Thyce, while important as being the 
second generic representative of the group on this continent, is still more important, 
as showing the greater correctness of the view taken by Lacordaire, since with the 
habit and structure of head and feet of Polyphylla, it combines the antenne of Leu- 
copholis. 

Additional characters common to our two genera, but which, though apparently 
of importance, are not mentioned in the generic descriptions of Burmeister, are, that 
the middle tibize, instead of being surrounded externally by two more or less developed 
crowns of spines, (as in all Rhizotrogide), are acutely bidentate; the posterior tibize 
of Polyphylla are similar to the middle ones; in Thyce the inferior prominence is 
transverse; the suture between the fifth ventral segment and the propygidium is dis- 
tinct, angulated at the middle, with the stigma placed exactly upon the angle; the 
thorax is not margined anteriorly, and is ciliate with short bristles. 

Our two genera are very distinct, and may be thus known : 

Antennarum articulo 310 longiore, clava polyphylla_ . ; : 5 Polyphylla Harris. 
Antennarum articulo 3io haud longiore, clava parva ( ¢ ) triphylla .  Thyce Lec. 

PoLYPHYLLA Harris. 

A. Tibise maris anticze fortiter tridentate. 

1. P. Hammondi, oblonga, fusca, supra parce albo-squamosa, thorace brevi lateribus oblique rotundatis, 
antrorsum angustato, canaliculato, trivittato, margine postico longe comato, elytris parce punctatis, 
sutura anguste, vittaque brevi basali densius albo-squamulosis, ano, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis. 
Long. -82—1:0. 

Two males found at Fort Riley, Kansas, by Dr. Wm. A. Hammond, U.S. A. to 
whom I owe my most grateful acknowlegements for a very large and complete series 
of the Coleoptera of that region. ' 

Body oblong, somewhat cylindrical, blackish brown, shining, above very sparsely 


mer iy 71 Ul a 
x * 2 4 
\ 

MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES, 229 

esprinkled with small white scales. Clypeus (as in the males of this division) deeply 
“concave, with the sides oblique and diverging anteriorly, margin broadly reflexed, 
truncate in front, and reddish; vertex with long yellowish hair. Antennz ferruginous, 
club much longer than the head. Thorax nearly three times wider than long, sides 
rounded and oblique, not narrowed towards the base, margin reddish, disc with a 
dorsal channel which being clothed with denser white scales forms a narrow vitta, 
another short interrupted vitta is seen each side, but in one specimen is very indis- 
tinct; the disc near the anterior margin is furnished with a few long hairs; the sur- 
face is shining and sparsely punctured ; the posterior margin is fringed with long hair. 
Scutellum with a white medial line. Elytra shining sparsely punctured, with a very 
narrow sutural line, and a short basal vitta inside of the humerus more densely clothed 
with white scales, the vitta disappearsin one specimen. Abdomen clothed with small 
white scales more condensed at the posterior margin of the segments, anus ferruginous. 
Pectus clothed with dense long hair, legs ferruginous; anterior tibiee armed with three 

acute teeth. 

2. P. cavifrons, oblongo-cylindrica, fusco-ferruginea, pube brevi pallida squamulosa parce vestita, 
thorace lateribus rotundatis, utrinque angustato, sulco dorsali, plaga utrinque basali densius pubescen- 
tibus, margine basali brevius fimbriato, elytris rugosis obsolete tricostatis et vix vittatis, sutura paulo 
densius pubescente. Long. ‘9. 

Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philada., 7, 222. 
Sonora, Dr. Webb, and Mr. Schott, of the U. 8. and Mex. Boundary Commission. 

Only males were procured. ‘This species is slightly more cylindrical than the preced- 
ing, being about the same size and form as P. variolosa, of a reddish brown color and 
with a thin covering of short depressed yellow hair; the thorax is however of a dif- 
ferent shape, being about two times wider than long, much rounded on the sides, and 
narrowed both in front and behind, the disc is moderately densely punctured, channeled, 
with the sides, dorsal vitta and basal spots more densely pubescent with fine short 
yellowish hair like scales. The anterior part of the disc has a few longer hairs, and 
the posterior margin is fringed with not very long hair. The head is formed as in 
the preceding, sparsely clothed with short yellowish hair, with long hair on the vertex; 
the antenne are paler ferruginous with the club not much longer than the head. The 
elytra are finely rugous, not very shining, with three faint costa, which appear with 
the suture more densely pubescent. The abdomen is densely clothed with yellowish 
scale like hairs, the pectus as usual with long yellow hair. The anterior tibie are 
armed with three acute teeth. 

3. P. subvittata, cylindrica ferrugineo-testacea, parce pallide squamosa, thorace lateribus fere angu- 
latis, utrinque angustato, canaliculato, trivittato, elytrorum sutura vittisque minus distinctis utrinque 
tribus albo-squamosis, vitta externa ambiente. Long. 1-10. 

One mutilated male found by Mr. A. Schott on the Rio Grande, Texas. More 
59 

age 


230 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

cylindrical than the preceding, and of a paler color, sparsely clothed with small, 
white scales. Clypeus longer, with the sides more diverging, and the anterior oe 
more defined ; vertex as usual with yellow hair. Thorax a little more than twice as 
wide as long, sides almost angulated, narrowed very much in front, and moderately 
behind, disc anteriorly without hairs, with the dorsal channel and a lateral discoidal 
vitta (as in the next species) more densely squamous; surface shining moderately punc- 
tured, posterior margin fringed. Hlytra shining, coarsely rugous and punctured, with 
the suture and three vittse each side more densely squamous ; the two inner vitte ex- 
tend within one-fourth of the apex, the outer one is less distinct, but entire, and bends — 
around the apex almost to the suture. Body beneath as in the preceding. Anterior 
tibize with three teeth which from wearing have become obtuse. 

B. ‘Tibiz antics: maris bidentatee. 

3. P. decemlineata, fusco-picea, parce sulphureo-squamosa, thorace canaliculato, vittis tribus, scutello 
medio, elytris sutura vittis tribus brevique humerali niveo-squamosis, antennis ferrugineis. 

Mas antennarum clava magna, clypeo truncato subemarginato antice-paulo latiore. Long. 1-10. 

Femina, antennarum clava parva, clypeo parum concayo, lateribus parallelis, antice subsinuato, tibiis anticis 
tridentatis, Long. 1-05-—1-:35. 

Lee. Proce. Acad. Nat. Se. 7, 218. Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 407. 

Melolontha 10-lineata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 3, 246. 

Kansas, Nebraska and New Mexico; shores of Tlamath Lake, Oregon, Dr. New- 
berry ; a specimen of very large size was found by Mr. Joshua Child in the Sierra 
Nevada of California. The head behind is clothed with moderately long hair, but 
hardly any is seen on the thorax ; the yellow scales on the latter near the margin are 
elongate, but on the disc they are lanceolate, and about twice as long as their width ; 
the sides are obtusely angulated at the middle, with the posterior angles very obtuse. 
The yellow scales of the elytra are acute, and a little more than twice as long as their 
width. The under surface is clothed with pale scales with snowy bands across the 
abdomen ; the pectus is very hairy, the posterior tibize are internally clothed with 
long hair. The feet vary from ferruginous to blackish. 

A male found in Kansas is remarkable for the right antenna bifurcating at the end 
of the second joint; the inner third joint is thick and short, the outer normal; the 
outer club is normal, but smaller than the one of the opposite side; the inner club is 
deformed, being composed of two which are fused together at the middle, forming a 
concave mass, of which the upper laminze are much longer than the under ones. The 
anterior tibize are almost without teeth. 

4, P.crinita, fusco-picea, pube depressa vix squamulosa pallide sulphurea parce yestita, capite postice, 
thorace antice longius crinito, hoe canaliculato, niveo trivittato, scutello medio elytris sutura, vittis 
tribus humeralique brevi niveis, pygidio sepius, pedibus antennisque ferrugineis. 


jai eae! eee ne Seen ee eas ee 

MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 231 

Mas antennarum clava magna, clypeo recte truncato, thoracis margine postico longe villoso. Long. ‘97—1-17. 
Femina antennarum clayva parva, clypeo antice subsinuato, thoracis margine postico brevius villoso, tibiis 
anticis tridentatis. Long. 1-:05—1:35. 

Oregon, Washington Territory and California. So similar to the preceding that the 
females might be readily confounded ; on comparison, however, I find the following 
differences independent of sex. The yellow scale-like hairs are lanceolate, and narrow, 
being on the elytra about four times as long as their width; on the disc of the thorax 
especially in the vittee they are broader, but towards the margins they are elongated, 
and are gradually converted into long hairs, which towards the apex are as long as 
those on the back of the head: the sides of the thorax from a dorsal view appear 
rounded, and not angulated. 

The base of the thorax of the male is densely fringed with long yellowish hair, about 
three-fourths as long as the scutellum, but in the female the hair is not longer than 
in both sexes of P. 10-lineata. The under surface is as in the preceding; the legs — 
are however ferruginous in every specimen before me: the margin of the elytra, the 
pygidium and last ventral segment are also usually ferruginous. 

The study of the genus Lachnosterna indicates that in this tribe species may be 
really distinct, although almost without differences in form and sculpture, otherwise 

T should not venture to distinguish the present by a specific name, but should rather 
class it as a race of P. 10-lineata. 

5. P. variolosa, fusco-ferruginea, undique minus dense albido-pubescens, capite postice villoso, thorace an- 
trorsum fortius angustato, lateribus oblique magis rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis, canaliculato pube 
densiore subtrivittato, elytris, sutura anguste, guttisque pluribus densius pubescentibus. Long. -8—-9. 

Mas antennarum claya magna, clypeo concavo antice latiore fere recte truncato, thorace margine basali medio 

longe villoso. 
Femina haud visa. 
Harris Ins. Inj. Vegetation, Ist ed. 30. 
Melolontha variolosa Hentz, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3, 256, pl. 2, fig. 5. Harris, Ins. Inj. Vegetation 

Qnd ed. 28. 

Middle States, Massachusetts, New Jersey.’ This species seems to have been con- 
founded by Erichson and Burmeister with the following, to which it bears but little 
resemblance ; or at least the name has been quoted as a synonym, without any know- 
ledge of the object or figure to which it referred. Apart from the want of regular 
vittze on the elytra, the pubescence is much less dense, the occiput clothed with long 
hair, the thorax is shorter, and more narrowed anteriorly and more rounded on the 
sides, the body is less elongated, and much less cylindrical than in the next species. 
The abdomen is sometimes fuscous, sometimes reddish brown, with bands of whitish 
pubescence. 

6. P. occidentalis, elongata, cylindrica ferrugineo-testacea densius pallide pubescens, thorace antror- 

sum parum angustato, lateribus rotundatis, angulis posticis rectis, vitta dorsali alba, alteraque utrinque 


fo i tae ce NEE ea RD 
ia Was Mamet eS SE Ca ; 
i a ents ie | 

232 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

seepe obsoleta, scutello toto, elytris sutura vittisque tribus densius albo-pubescentibus, interna sepe 
abbreviata. Long. ‘9—1:3. 
Mas antennarum claya magna, clypeo lateribus subrectis, antice latiore recte truncato, tibiis anticis bidentatis. 
Femina antennarum clava parva, clypeo lateribus rotundatis, antice subsinuato, tibiis anticis fortius bidentatis. 
Er. Ins. Deutsch]. 659 ; Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 408. 
Scarabeeus occidentalis Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12ma reformata, 1, 2, 555. 
Melolontha occidentalis Herbst, Kafer, 3, 72 ; tab. 23, fig. 8. Drury, Ins. 2, 58; tab. 32, fig. 2. Oliv. 
Ins. 5, 15, tab. 1, fig. 7, (in part.) 
Southern States, S. Carolina, Louisiana. The abdomen is usually blackish with 
transverse bands of denser white pubescence. The hair of the base of the thorax is 

distinct but not longer in the male than in the female.* 

Tuyce Lec. No GUN: 

Corpus oblongo-cylindricum, alatum, squamulosum, pectore villoso, elytris subglabris. Clypeus concavus, 
antice paulo latior, recte truncatus. Antennze 10-articulate, articulis 3 et 4 equalibus, clava (feminz) parva 
triphylla. Labium profunde excavatum. Mentum paulo concavum, ligula latior. Palpi labiales in margine 
ligule inserti : maxillares articulo ultimo longiore cylindrico ad apicem acuto. Mandibule parum prominulz. 
Tibize anticee fortiter tridentate, intermedise extrorsum acute bidentate, postice crassiores denticulo 1mo 
acuto, denteque secundo transverso armate, ad apicem spinulis coronate, calcaribus complanatis, interno 
minore angustiore. Tarsi (postici) breves, verticillatim setosi, articulis 1—4 sensim paulo brevioribus, 5to 
primo zquali, unguiculis medio dente acuto mediocri armatis. Pygidium subtransversum triangulare, angulis 
rotundatis. 

In every respect resembling Polyphylla, exceptin the antenn, the more thickened 

posterior tibize, and the ungues. 

1. T. squamicollis, piceo-ferruginea, capite thoraceque confertissime punctatis, pilis depressis squami- 
formibus pallidis vestitis, hoc convexo, disco antice posticeque parcius villoso, elytris nitidis punctatis 
et rugosis parce brevissime pubescentibus, pygidio abdomineque squamulosis, pectore dense villoso. 
Long. 1-03. 

One female collected by T. Charlton Henry, M. D., U.S. A., at Albuquerque, New 
Mexico. 

Uniform reddish brown, with the tibice darker. Head densely punctured covered 
with narrow yellowish scales; front broadly margined, sides straight, slightly diverg- 
ing, anterior margin nearly straight. Thorax convex, narrowed in front, much rounded 
and subserrate on the sides, feebly broadly channeled about the middle of the disc, 
vaguely impressed each side near the anterior angles: densely punctured, covered with 
small narrow scales like those of the head, with long hairs intermixed towards the 
base and apex. Scutellum densely pubescent with a glabrous line. Elytra rugous as 
in most Rhizotrogi, not densely punctured, with a very short hair from each punc- 
ture. Pygidium densely, abdomen less densely clothed with very small whitish 

* Fabricius has intended by his Melolontha occidentalis the European Anoxia australis; Olivier confounded 

them together as is evident by the localities given. His description does apply to the present, as the seven jointed 
antennal club of the male is mentioned. 


ea, Ye. ee ewer om ne erat ee 
il » Mg ' 

MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 233 

scales. Pectus densely clothed with long yellowish hair. Femora and inner margin 
of the posterior tibiz fringed with long hair. 

3. RHIZOTROGI. 

These are distinguished among the other Melolonthide with transverse not promi- 
nent anterior cox, by the deeply emarginate labrum, the anteriorly margined thorax 
without apical membrane, the narrow parapleure, and the connate ventral segments. 
Specimens, and perhaps even species occur in which this last character is not very 
obvious. | 

Additional characters, not previously noticed are: the 5th ventral segment is joined 
with the propygidium by an angulated suture, which is sometimes partly obliterated, 
the stigma is paced upon the suture at the angle, and nearer the posterior than the 
anterior margin. 

The last joint of the maxillary palpi is frequently impressed and sometimes deeply 
excavated, the ungues and mandibles seem to vary in form within the same genus. 
In the native genera the posterior coxse are entirely corneous, without any posterior 
membranous margin: the posterior external angle is sometimes produced ; the antennze 
are 9 or 10-jointed, with the club three-jointed. 

Our genera may be thus arranged : 

Unguiculi haud serrati, prope medium dentati ; 

Ligula profunde emarginata ; 
Antenne 10-articulate : ° : : : : : : Eugastra Lec. 
Antennz 9-articulatee : ; ; : : : : ; : Endrosa Lec. 
Ligula fere truncata ; 

Labrum bilobum : 5 ae ks : ; : ; : Lachnosterna Hope. 

Tabrum concavum, haud bilobum Gynnis Lec. 

Unguiculi plus minusve serrati, nonnunquam ad medium dentati ; ligula fere truncata Listrochelus Blanch. 

EKuGastra Lec. 

Corpus crassum, convexum, sexus utriusque apterum, supra et subtus glabrum. Labrum bilobum ; man- 
dibule prominulz, maxillz validz ad apicem dentate. lLigula parum concava, antice profunde subquad- 
ratim emarginata. Palpi mazxillares articulo ultimo elongato, levissime obovali, labiales articulo ultimo 
oyali. Antenne: 10-articulate, articulis 3—6 subzqualibus, 7mo breviore, haud latiore ; clava sexus utrius- 
que parva triphylla. Tibize posteriores coronate, tarsi tibiis paulo longiores, setosi, postici articulo lmo vix 
breviore ; unguiculis dente acuto prope basin armatis; calcaribus posticis sexus utriusque liberis. Abdomen 
segmento ventrali ultimo feminz prominulo, maris brevi; penultimo maris «quali, feminz transversim 
impresso. 

This genus represents on this continent the apterous Rhizotrogi of the group Geo- 
trogus, but differs from that genus by many characters. The deep emargination of 
the ligula is bisinuous but almost square at base, and will readily distinguish this 

from all the other genera of the tribe. 
60 


234 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

1. E.cribosa, brevis inflata, purpureo-picea, thorace varioloso, antice ad medium paulo deplanato, 
elytris connatis, subreticulatis, longitudinaliter obsolete sulcatis. Long. -65. 

Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 7, 217. 

Tostegoptera cribrosa Lec. ibid. 6, 231. 

Texas, valley of the Rio Grande; collected by Messrs. Schott and Clark, of the 
U.S. and Mexican Boundary Survey. Body convex, stout, ovate in the female, 
oblong in the male, purplish black. Head scabrous, flat, finely margined, faintly 
emarginate in front; frontal suture not visible. Thorax nearly twice as wide as the 
head, sides much rounded, serrate, sparsely ciliate, narrowed towards the base; disc 
very coarsely and confluently punctured, at the middle slightly flattened, with some 
smooth polished spaces around the flattened portion. Scutellum transverse, smooth. 
Elytra ventricose, subsulcate, and covered with shallow fove, giving a reticulated 
appearance, suture not more elevated than the rest. Pygidium sparsely coarsely 
punctured. Body beneath shining; sternum very coarsely punctured, with very short 
hairs proceeding from the punctures; sides and the abdomen sparsely punctured and 
slightly hairy. 

2. E.ventricosa, atra convexa, thorace lateribus rotundatis serratis, medio subangulatis, confertim 
grosse punctato, callo dorsali pone medium levi, disco antice vix obsolete impresso, elytris connatis 
subsuleatis, confluenter minus profunde punetatis, interstitiis subleevibus. Long. -9. 

Lec. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 7, 217. 

Tostegoptera ventricosa Lec. ibid. 6, 440. 

Eagle Pass, Texas; two females collected by Mr. Schott. Differs from the pre- 
ceding by the head being more rounded and less scabrous, with the frontal suture 
slightly visible ; by the thorax being less coarsely but more densely punctured, and 
having a dorsal smooth space behind the middle. The elytra are more distinctly 
sulcate, and are rather punctured than reticulate. The body beneath is sculptured 

as in Eu. cribrosa. 

Enprosa Lec. 

Antenne 9-articulate, articulis 3—5 connatis, longitudine zequalibus, clava triarticulata; palpi maxillares 
articulo ultimo elongato, cylindrico, labiales articulo ultimo ovali; labrum bilobum, ligula (cum mento) sub- 
rotundata, concava, antice profunde acute emarginata. Mandibule crass prominule. ‘Tibiz posteriores 
coronate ; tarsi elongati, postici articulo 1mo paulo breviore, unguiculi dente magno ad medium armati ; 
calearia postica sexus utriusque libera. 

This genus is represented only by Melolontha quercus Knoch, and a new species 
having the appearance of the Lachnosterne of group V, but differing in several 
respects, the principal of which are the emarginate clypeus and deeply incised ligula. 
The posterior spurs of the male are free, elongated, flattened and obtuse ; the penul- 
timate segment of the abdomen is protuberant and impressed at the middle, the last 
segment is short, and not impressed, as in the Lachnosterne of division C, 


SNR Ss 

MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 235 

1, E. querceus, cylindrica, testaceo-rufa, sericeo-pruinosa, capite thoraceque saturatioribus, illo fortiter 
haud dense punctato, clypeo anguste marginato, emarginato, thorace parce punctato, elytris parcius 
fortiter punctatis subcostatis, pygidio et propygidio subtilius punctatis, pectore parum pubescente. 
Long. -58—:63. 

Melolontha quercus Knoch, Neue Beytr. 72, tab. 1, fig. 26. 

Melolontha fervidat Iliger, ed. Oliv. 2, 44, (fide Burmeister.) 

Ancylonycha quercus Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 340. . 

Middle and Southern States. The club of the antenne of the male is as long as 
the stem. 

2. KH. volvula, cylindrica, rufo-testacea nitida, capite fuscescente minus dense punctato, clypeo emar- 
ginato, thorace sat dense, elytris fortius punctatis haud costatis, pygidio parce subtiliter punctato, 
pectore vix pubescente. Long. 5. 

One female, New York, Mr. Guex. Much smaller than the preceding, and very 
different by the shining and more punctured body. 

LACHNOSTERNA Hope. 

This genus commonly appears under the name Ancylonycha, and in the Catalogue 
of the Described Coleoptera of the United States is called Phyllophaga. After care- 
fully examining the history of each of these names, I am convinced that aregayd for 
the purity of nomenclature requires that they should be rejected, and the name pro- 
posed by Hope in 1837, (Coleopterist’s Manual, 1, 99) should be restored. 

The name Ancylonycha, the one best known, is used for the first time by Dejean, 
in the Catalogue of his Collection printed in 1833, but the characters were first pub- 
lished by Blanchard, in 1845, and the name was subsequently adopted by Erichson, 
Lacordaire, Burmeister, and all the leading entomologists of Kurope. 

Misled by a note in the first edition of Harris’ Insects of Massachusetts Injurious to 
Vegetation, (p. 30,) the name Phyllophaga was adopted by Mr. Haldeman and my- 
self in the Melsheimer Catalogue, as above stated, but by the kindness ofa friend I 
have recently procured a transcript from the Massachusetts Agricultural repository 
cited by Harris, and find that the name, although proposed as early as 1826, is not 
accompanied by any description.* 

* For the convenience of future students, I reprint the passage in which the name is proposed. Vide Mass. 
Agricult. Repository, vol. x. p. 6, (note.) 

«The genus Melolontha as constituted by Fabricius contains a vast number of species, differing greatly in ex- 
ternal appearance, and somewhat in modes of life. Fabricius describes 149 species, and Schénherr, after separat- 
ing those which constitute the modern genera Anisonyx, Glaphyrus, Amphicoma, Rutela, and Hoplia, enumerates 
226 species of Melolontha, to which additions are constantly making from the discovery of new species. Hence 
the genus requires further subdivision. The bases of these subgenera have been pointed out by Latreille, Knoch, 
and Schéunherr, and some have already been established. I would restrict the name of Melolontha to those 
species which have more than three lamellz to the club of the antenne, like the vulgaris of Europe, and of which 
we have an indigenous example in the M. decimlineata, of Say, (M: occidentalis Herbst?). Our common species 

quercina, hirsuta, hirticula, balia, and some others might receive the generic name, Phyllophaga. M. vespertina 


“~~ nee Te 

236 LE CONTH.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

From this it is clear that the name Ancylonycha is the one entitled to least regard, 
since it the more recent, among the uncharacterized as well as among the char- 
acterized names. 

The species are very numerous, and many of those recently discovered in the South 
Western territories of the United States present some very curious characters in the 
spurs of the posterior tibize, which render the establishment of several groups easy. 
The form of the ungues, and the prominence of the mandibles in a state of repose are 
characters subject to much variation. Following the example of Lacordaire I have 
suppressed the genus Tostegoptera Blanch. founded on Mel. lanceolata Say, and 
Trichesthes Hr. as being distinguished by insufficient characters. 

The species naturally divide themselves into four principal groups; of these the 
most numerous is distinguished by the inner spur of the posterior tibiee being in the 
male connate with the tibiz, and by the comparatively large sixth ventral segment 
being somewhat rounded in front so as to invade the fifth. These would seem to be 
characters of some importance, and a careful study of the species from Asia and South 
America may shew the necessity of regarding them as generic, in which case Trichesthes 
must be retained for division D; division A. will keep the name Tostegoptera, and C. if 
differing from the Asiatic species called H olotrichia by Hope must receive a new 
name. In that event, however, as at present the following grouping exhibits the 
relations of our native species. 

A. Ungues prope basin dentati; tibize postice calcaribus utriusque sexus liberis. 

I. Corpus squamulis vestitum ; thorace postice haud angustato calearibus posticis rectis Sp. 1. 
II. Thorax ante basin latior ; calcaribus posticis rectis, obtusis Sp. 2—3. 
III. Corpus supra glabrum; thorace ante basin latiore, calcaribus posticis contortis Sp. 4. 

B. Ungues ad medium dentati; tibize postice calcare interno maris fixo, solido, (nonnunquam obsoleto) ; 
abdomen articulo ultimo ventrali majusculo. 
IV. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo sepe ovali ; antennze 9-articulate ; corpus cylindricum, 

supra glabrum Sp. 5—7. 

sericea and tricolor would form another sub-genus which might be called Stilbolemma, unless they are included 
in Serica MacLeay, or Omaloplia of Megerle ; the characters of their genera I have not seen. M. pilosicollis, 
longitarsa, and moesta of Knoch and Say should each constitute a subgenus. The latter (with M. sordida and 
frondicola Say ?) belongs to Kirby’s genus Apogonia. From the singular manner in which the nails are divided 
at tip, I would call the linearis of Schénherr Dichelonyx.’ 

Ibid, vol. x. p. 8. (Note.) | 

‘ Stenothorax would be an appropriate name for the subgenus having the svbspinosa for its type. 

Scarabeeus lanigerus, Linnzeus Melolontha lanigera, Fabr. has been referred to the genus Rutela ; but Schoaherr 
says it is not a Rutela, and arranges it between M. fastwosaand M. aurata F., belonging to the genus Anomala? 
it may therefore be considered as the type of a new subgenus. See Schonherr’s Synonymia Insectorum, HT. p. 
504. Scarabzeus punctatus, Lin., Melolontha punctata Fabr., or Rutela punctata, Latreille, belongs to Mr. Mae- 
Leay’s genus Pelidnota. 
Melolontha varians Fabr. is congeneric with the Anomala vitis of Megerle and Koppe.’ 


Pee seh ey er 

MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 237 

V. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo impresso ; antenne 10-articulate; corpus cylindricum, 
supra glabrum, capite magno Sp. 8—13. 
Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo tenui haud impresso. ; 

a. Antenne 10-articulate. 

VI. Tibiz posticee maris calcare interno obliquo; (corpus glabrum) Sp. 14. 
VII. Tibiz posticze maris calcare interno elongato contorto ; (corpus glabrum, margine longe 
fimbriato) Sp. 15. 
VIIL. Tibiz posticee maris calcare interno recto, (corpus supra glabrum, vix fimbriatum) ; 
* Thorax haud serratus ; clypeus fortius marginatus, vix emarginatus Sp. 16—21.° 
**k Thorax serratus vel haud serratus; clypeus anguste marginatus, fortius emarginatus Sp. 22—30. 
ek Thorax lateribus serratis medio angulatis Sp. 31—34. 
IX. Tibize sicut in VIII: corpus supra pubescens Sp. 35—38. 
b. Antennee 9-articulate. 
X. Clypeus emarginatus 39—45. 
XI. Clypeus integerrimus 46. 

C. Ungues ad medium dentati; tibia postice sexus utriusque calcaribus liberis gracilibus; abdomen 
articulo ultimo brevissimo ; (antenne 10-articulate); mandibulz ad apicem conspicue. 

XII. Clypeus subemarginatus ; species pubescentes Sp. 47—50. 
XIII. Species pruinosze ; Sp. 51—52. 
XIV.* Clypeus integerrimus ; species thorace piloso Sp. 53. 
D. Ungues intra medium breviter dentati, tibie posticee sexus utriusque calcaribus liberis gracilibus ; ab- 
domen articulo ultimo brevi ; mandibule occultz ; (antenne 10-articulatze) Sp. 58—55. 
Group I. 

We have here asingle species remarkable by the small scales which cover the surface. 
The male is winged, the female apterous and very obese in form. The antenne are 
10-jointed; the mandibles are prominent, and the last joint of the maxillary palpi is 
elongate and not impressed. The thorax is short, not narrowed at the base. The 
spurs of the posterior tibize are free in both sexes : the claws are long and slender and 
are armed with a sharp tooth near the base. 

1. L. lanceolata, fusco-nigra, alutacea, opaca squamis sordide pallidis lanceolatis undique tecta, 
clypeo reflexo late rotundato, elytris lineis sepe subdenudatis notatis, pectore villoso, pedibus obscure 
castaneis. Long. -52—-68. 

Melotontha lanceolata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. 3, 242. 
Tostegoptera lanceolata Blanchard, Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 149 ; Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 356. 
Ancylonycha lanceolata Lacordaire, Gen. Coleop. 3, 285. 

Kansas and New Mexico, as far east as Fort Riley. 
Male oblong, winged; with the club of the antenne as long as the stem; the 2—4 

* Here may be placed a group containing Trichestes cylindrica Burm. from Cuba, distinguished by the 
9-jointed antenn, and very faintly emarginate clypeus; the maxillary palpi are slightly impressed and the 
body is cylindrical as in group V: the tooth of the ungues is short, and the club of the antenna of the male is 

composed of four joints. 
61 


238 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

anterior segments of the abdomen with a medial short elevated crest, the fifth narrow- 
ly incised at the middle, the pygidium broad and flat ; the spurs of the posterior tibie 
free long and slender, the tarsi very long. , 

Female ovate, apterous; more densely squamous, with the last ventral segment 
more prominent, and the pygidium more triangular, but also flat; the spurs of the 
posterior tibize shorter and broad. 

Group II. 

Contains species of a robust form and rather large size, having the body glabrous, 
or nearly so, above. The head is small, the clypeus broadly margined, and hardly 
or not at all emarginate. The antennz are 10-jointed, the mandibles prominent, and 
the last joint of the maxillary palpi slender, not impressed. The thorax is widest at 
the middle, strongly narrowed in front, slightly so behind. The spurs of the posterior 
tibize are free in both sexes, but are very broad and obtuse: the claws are armed near 
the base with a long sharp tooth. 

2. L. 2qualis, ovata convexa, (femina aptera) piceo-nigra nitida, capite convexo scabro-punctato, clypeo 
coneavo minus dense punctato, thorace fortiter sat grosse punctato, lateribus serratis rotundatis, pilis 
pallidis depressis parce vestito, elytris fortius punctatis haud costatis, pectore breviter dense villoso. 
Long. ‘8. 

Tostegoptera cequalis Lec. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 6, 440. 

One female found by Mr. Schott, of the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Commission, 
at Eagle Pass, Texas. 

The spurs of the posterior tibize are elongate, broad and flattened very much as in 
L. lanceolata, and the wings are rudimentary ; but the pygidium is convex and strong- 
ly punctured, and the thorax is formed as in the next species; for this reason I have 
placed it in the present group. 

3. L. farcta, ovata convexa, alata, castaneo-rufa, glabra, capite fortiter dense punctato, clypeo late ro- 
tundato, lateribus anguste, apice latius marginato, thorace sat dense punctato, lateribus serratis ciliatis, 
elytris fortiter punctatis haud costatis, pygidio gibboso, parce punctato. Long. ‘75—-95. 

New Braunfels, Texas, Mr. Lindheimer. Body ovate, inflated, convex, shining 
reddish brown. Head flattened on the disc, densely punctured ; clypeus rounded and 
broadly margined in front, slightly so on the sides, and less densely punctured than 
the head. Thorax convex, twice as wide as the head, fimbriate and strongly serrate 
on the sides, strongly not very densely nor coarsely punctured. Scutellum with two 
groups of punctures. ‘ Elytra more coarsely and strongly punctured than the thorax, 
without any trace of dorsal cost; the suture is broad andrugous. Pygidium of both 
sexes sparsely punctured and protuberant at the middle, though more acutely so in 
the female. Breast very finely and sparsely pubescent : abdomen with small depressed 
hairs. 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 239 

Male with the club of the antennz as long as the stem, the abdomen with a broad 
longitudinal impression not extending upon the last segment, posterior tibize with the 
spurs free, very broad, flat and obtuse: tarsi longer than the tibie. 

Female with the abdomen not impressed ; the posterior spurs as in the male, and 
the tarsi hardly longer than the tibia. 

Group III. 

This group is established upon a single species, having most of the characters of 
the preceding, but the form is oblong and the spurs of the posterior tibise are con- 
torted (at least in the male) and not flattened. The antenne are 10-jointed, the 
mandibles and palpi as in the preceding, the clypeus is strongly margined, hardly 
emarginate. The thorax is rounded on the sides and serrate, but only very slightly 
narrowed at the base. The breast is moderately hairy, and the claws are toothed 
near the base : the spurs of the posterior tibie of the male are free, the inner (lower) 
one is curved, almost in a semi-circle, and inserted on the edge of the tibia, the upper 
one is straight and prismatic, inserted upon the end. 

4. L. torta, oblonga convexa, castanea nitida, capite dense punctato, clypeo fortius marginato vix 
emarginato, thorace lateribus serratis postice paulo angustato, confertim fortius punctato, elytris con- 
fertim punctatis, subrugosis, costis parum distinctis, pectore dense brevius flavo-villoso. Long. -83. 

Two males collected in Texas by Messrs. H. Haldeman, and Lindheimer. The 
propygidium is opake, sparsely punctured, the pygidium is shining, more strongly 
punctured and subtruncate at tip: the abdomen is tolerably strongly punctured. 

The club of the antennz of the male is hardly as long as the stem; the abdomen 
is longitudinally flattened, and the penultimate segment is roughened and slightly 
elevated transversely at the middle near the posterior margin; the inner spur of the 
posterior tibize is laterally inserted and curved in a semicircle, the outer one is shorter, 
pointed, thick and three sided: the tarsi are longer than the tibie. 

Group IV. 

This group consists of small cylindrical species, glabrous above. The head is large, 
the clypeus is entire in one species, and deeply emarginate in the others: the mandi- 
bles project beyond the labrum: the last joint of the maxillary palpi is oval, nearly 
pointed, not impressed externally in all but volyula, where it is cylindrical and 
slightly impressed. The antenne are 9-jointed, with the joints 3—5 connate, the 
6th slightly produced inwards. The last joint of the abdomen is tolerably large, 
merely flattened and not impressed in the males. The inner spur of the posterior 
tibis of the male is fixed, and straight in the species here described. The tarsi 
especially of the males are very long, and the claws are armed with a small tooth in- 
side of the middle. 

5. L. frontalis, elongata, cylindrica pallide testacea, capite fusco rude punctato, canaliculato, clypeo 


240 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

valde concavo, emarginato, testaceo parce punctato, thorace brevi sat punctato, elytris fortius punctatis 
subcostatis, pectore densius villoso. Long. °52. 

Platte River, Kansas Territory. Nearly allied to the next, but the head is more 
coarsely and less densely punctured, and the breast is more hairy. The form is a 
little more robust. 

In the male the club of the antenne is as long as the stem, the abdomen is slightly 
flattened longitudinally, and the penultimate segment has a small posterior lunate 

impression at the middle ; the inner spur of the posterior tibiz is very small and fixed, 

but the outer one is long and flattened. 

In the female the pygidium is less convex and more triangular, and the inner pos- 
terior spur is about one-half as long as the outer one, but more slender. 

6. L. longitarsis, elongata, cylindrica pallide testacea, capite fusco confluenter punctato, fronte parce 
punctato, testaceo, valde concavo, emarginato, thorace brevi sat punctato, elytris fortius punctatis sub- 
costatis, pectore parce piloso. Long. -47. 

Melolontha longitarsis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 3, 249, 
Illinois, Mr. Willcox: only males were procured, and in their sexual characters 
they precisely resemble the preceding species. 

7. L. dispar, cylindrica rufo-testacea nitida, zequaliter fortius sat dense punctata, capite fusco, clypeo 
parcius punctato, rotundato valde concayo, elytris subcostatis, pectore parum pubescente. Long. -45. 
Trichestes dispar Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 361. 

Southern States. More robust than the preceding, and approaching in form those 
of the next group. Burmeister describes the male as fuscous on the upper surface ; 
the only two specimens in my collection are males, but are of a reddish yellow color 
both above and beneath ; only the head is dark. 

The club of the male is longer than the stem of the antennz; the three anterior 
segments of the abdomen are longitudinally impressed and the last segment is slightly 
swollen: the pygidium is slightly transverse and strongly punctured ; the inner spur 
of the posterior tibise is fixed, one-half the length of the outer, which is slender. 

Group V. 

Containing cylindrical species having the body glabrous above, and beneath only 
slightly pubescent, even on the breast. ‘The head is large, being scarcely one fourth 
narrower than the thorax; the clypeus is strongly margined, sometimes entire, some- 
times emarginate. ‘The mandibles project beyond the labrum when closed. The last 
joint of the maxillary palpi is variable in form, but is always more or less oval, and 
flattened or impressed along the outer part. The antenne are 10-jointed, with the 
joints 8—5 connate and indistinct, the sixth and seventh are slightly produced inwards. 
The thorax is remarkably broad, not narrowed behind, nor serrate on the sides. The 
last joint of the abdomen is relatively smaller than in the other groups having the 
inner posterior spur of the male fixed, but in the male is impressed and emarginate. 


A and 
PP ita! 

MELOLONTHID OF THE UNITED STATES. 241 

The inner posterior spur of the same sex is fixed, very small, and sometimes vanishes 
entirely. The ungues are armed with a short acute tooth just behind the middle. 
The legs, and especially the tarsi of the male are longer than usual. 

8. L. latifrons, cylindrica, purpureo-nigra, nitida, clypeo rotundato marginato, ad apicem prominulo, 
capite thoraceque minus dense punctatis, elytris subpruinosis fortius punctatis, obsolete costatis,anten- 
nis palpisque rufis. Long. -66—-70. 

New York; only females seen. Larger than the other species of this group, above 
and beneath of a shining purplish black; antennze and palpi pale, tarsi dark rufous. 
Head flat, not densely punctured; clypeus longer than usual, more closely punctured 
than the head, rounded, narrowly margined on the sides, more broadly in front, with 
the apex prominent in a very slight angle. Eyes small, distant. Thorax one third 
wider than the head, and punctured like it. LElytra slightly pruinose, strongly 
punctured, with faint traces of the cost. Breast strongly densely punctured, clothed 
with sparse short whitish hair. Abdomen sparsely but strongly punctured at the 
sides and apex; penultimate segment faintly transversely impressed. Pygidium 
tolerably densely punctured. Spurs of posterior tibie (female) long and nearly 
equal. 

9. L. cerasina, cylindrica, purpureo-rufa, parum nitida, capite parcius punctato, clypeo fortius 
marginato, late subemarginato, thorace elytrisque modice punctatis, his subcostatis. Long. ‘65. 

One male, Georgia. Similar in form to the preceding, but with the sides of the 
thorax less rounded; uniform purplish rufous, not very shining. Head and clypeus 
sparsely, not strongly punctured, the latter strongly margined, very broadly but 
faintly emarginate, so as to appear scarcely more than truncate at tip. Thorax 
modera‘ely punctured. LHlytra rather more strongly punctured than the thorax, 
with faint traces of costz. Propygidium punctured at tip. Pygidium finely punc- 
tured. Breast densely punctured, clothed with fine short hair. Sides of the abdomen 
finely and sparsely punctured. 

Male with the club of the antenne much longer than the stem, and the abdomen 
faintly channeled; the penultimate segment has a faint posterior excavation at the 
middle, and two transverse obtuse elevations; the last segment is deeply foveate and 
rises at the tip into two slight cusps; the outer spur of the posterior tibie is long and 
slender ; the inner one is completely wanting. 

10. L. ephilida, cylindrica rufo-testacea nitida, capite thoraceque obscurioribus, illo dense fere con- 
fluenter punctato, clypeo fortius marginato, late emarginato, thorace sat dense, elytris fortius punctatis, 
obsolete costatis. Long. -70. 

Melolontha ephilida Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 5, 196. 
Trichestes ephilidia Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 359. 

Georgia and New York; only males observed. Differs from the next by the more 
densely and finely punctured head, less deeply emarginate clypeus, and by the some- 

what more robust form. 
| 62 


TORE (ae reece cre mee ae 

242 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

Male with the club of the antenne shorter than the stem; the abdomen obsoletely 
channeled ; penultimate segment broadly but suddenly emarginate at the middle and 
roughened with transverse elevated points ; last segment broadly transversely foveate, 
emarginate at tip, with two obtuse cusps. 

11. L. Burmeisteri, longior, cylindrica, rufo-testacea nitida, capite obscuriore, sat dense punctato, 
clypeo fortius marginato, parce fortius punctato late emarginato, thorace fortiter haud dense punctato, 
clytris fortius punctatis, subcostatis. Long. -62. 

Trichestes longitarsist Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 359. 

One male found at New York. This species bears no resemblance to Say’s Melo- 
lontha longitarsis, but is very closely allied to the preceding, from which it differs 
chiefly by the clypeus being sparsely punctured and more deeply emarginate, and by 
the body being more slender. 

The male has the club of the antennz shorter than the stem ; and the abdomen and 
posterior tibize precisely as in the preceding species. 

12. L. glaberrima, longior, cylindrica, rufo-testacea nitida, capite obscuriore, parcius fortiter punctato, 
clypeo emarginato, fortius marginato, parce punctato, thorace parcius punctato, elytris fortius punc- 
tatis, obsolete costatis. Long. -58. 

Ancylonycha glaberrima Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 1386. 

Georgia. This species has precisely the form of the preceding, but the head is 
more coarsely and less densely punctured. 

The male has the club of the antenne longer than the stem; the abdomen faintly 
channeled, the penultimate segment faintly impressed and roughened at the middle, 
with the posterior margin not emarginate as in the two preceding, with a very 
slight oblique discoidal elevation each side towards the middle; last segment with a 
very deep round fovea, bounded each side by an elevated ridge, which, however, 
hardly rises into a cusp, as in L.cerasina. Posterior tibiz: with the terminal 
fringe of spines longer than usual, with the inner spur distinct, but not larger than 
one of the spines ; outer one long, slender. 

A female which I refer to this species has the head much smaller, being only two- 
thirds the breadth of the thorax, the eyes small and distant, and the spurs of the 
posterior tibize long and nearly equal. 

13. L. inana, subcylindrica, testacea nitida, capite rufescente, parcius punctato, clypeo emarginato, for- 
tius marginato, thorace sat punctato, lateribus subcrenatis, elytris fortius punctatis haud costatis. 
Long. *45. 

One female, New York, Mr. Guex. Much smaller than the preceding, but similar 
to it in characters; nevertheless, the clypeus and thorax and elytra are more punc- 
tured, the scutellum is strongly punctured, and the elytra are not costate, even near 
the margin. The pygidium is subtriangular, shining and sparsely punctured. The 
breast is very slightly pubescent, and the claws are armed with a small tooth at the 


Dc Le th ee a ee ee et ee a 
Rat Eo perp e ‘ . 

MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 243 

middle. The penultimate ventral segment is faintly impressed transversely, and the 
last joint is slightly emarginate at tip. 
Group VI. 

In this group we havé a species of oblong form, glabrous upper surface, and 10-jointed 
antennz; the clypeus is slightly emarginate, the mandibles are but little prominent, 
the last joint of the maxillary palpi is distinctly oval, but has no lateral impression. 
The thorax is not narrowed at the base, and is hardly serrate on the sides: the upper 
spur of the posterior tibize of the male is fixed, laterally inserted and is oblique, thus 
causing the apical portion of the tibiz to be emarginate beneath: the upper spur is 
flattened and acute: the claws are armed with a short acute tooth at the middle. 

14. L. congruwa, fusca, vel pallide castanea, oblonga, convexa, capite dense punctato, clypeo sigsictiaattn, 
late sub-emarginato, thorace brevi sat confertim punctato, linea szepe dorsali indistincto brevi, elytris 
rugose punctatis subcostatis, subtus pallide brunnea, vel testacea, pectore dense villoso, antennis flavis. 
Long. -65 —-70. 

New York, Georgia, and Texas. The pygidium is sparsely but strongly punctured. 
Only males are known to me, and in them the club of the antenne is longer than the 
stem, the last three segments of the abdomen are broadly and deeply channeled, the 
penultimate has a deep posterior longitudinal line, and the last a triangular space 
limited each side by a sharply defined edge; the outline of the apex is sinuous, and 
has two small lobes at the middle. The inner posterior spur is straight, not shorter 
than the outer, but oblique and connate, inserted upon the side, so as to produce a 
deep inferior emargination. 

Group VII. 

Contains a single oblong convex species, which, although glabrous above, is fringed 
on the margin with long erect hairs. The head is moderate, the clypeus narrowly 
margined, slightly emarginate; the antennz are 10-jointed, the last joint of the 
maxillary palpi slender, not. impressed. The thorax is not narrowed behind; the 
breast is clothed with long dense hair; the inner spur of the posterior tibize of the 
male is very long and irregularly bent, the outer one is equally long, but straight 
and slender ; the tarsi are long, and the claws armed with a long tooth a little beyond 
the middle, so as almost to appear cleft. 

15. L. futilis, oblonga convexa, pallide castanea nitida, capite dense punctato, sutura subleevi, clypeo 
anguste marginato, antice late emarginato, thorace sat dense punctato, lateribus serratis fimbriatis, 
elytris rugose punctatis vix obsolete costatis, margine longe fimbriato, pectore dense longe villoso. 
Long. -51—-67. 

Lec. Agassiz’ Lake Superior, 226. 

Lake Superior, New York, Kansas; only males seen. Body oblong, convex ; head 
densely punctured, with an indistinct smooth transverse line about the frontal suture ; 
elypeus with narrow reflexed margin, slightly emarginate in front. Thorax one-half 
wider than the head, short, tolerably densely, not very coarsely punctured, sides 


244 LE CONTE—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

rounded, serrate and fimbriate, dorsal line smooth but not very distinct. Scutellum 
sparsely punctured. Elytra strongly rugous and punctured, with a faint trace of the 
inner dorsal costa, but no outer ones: margin fringed with long erect hairs. Pygidium 
convex, sparsely strongly punctured. Breast densely clothed with long yellow hair. 

The male has the club of the antenne longer than the stem, the abdomen longi- 
tudinally impressed, the penultimate segment with a faint transverse elevation, and 
the last segment with a large fovea bounded posteriorly each side by an acute edge 
extending to the apex; inner spur of the posterior tibie very long, slightly sigmoid, 
dilated into an oblique narrow disc at tip. 

As frequently happens, when isolated species are described before the group to 
which they belong has been studied, the original description given by me makes no 
mention of the most remarkable characters of this species. 

Group VIII. 

This is the central group of the genus, and contains a large number of species, 
which seem in some cases to be so closely allied as to be undistinguishable, thus pre- 
senting the phenomenon of races, of which the examples are already so numerous in 
this as in every other department of Natural History. The body is glabrous above, 
and sometimes pruinose ; the head is small, or moderate in size; the clypeus is more 

or less emarginate, though in L. serricornis it is entirely rounded. The thorax is 
usually gradually broader from tip to base, but sometimes its widest part is at the 
middle. The fifth ventral segment is broadly emarginate, and in the male is 
variously impressed, while the last of the same sex is widely but not deeply exca- 
vated. The ungues are variable in form, even between closely allied species. The 
inner spur of the posterior tibize of the male is straight and connate, while in the 
female both are free, and not very unequal. 
According to the form of the clypeus and the sides of the thorax, the following 
division may facilitate the determination of the species: 
* Thorax not or hardly serrate, clypeus strongly margined é - ; : Sp. 16—21. 
** Thorax not or hardly serrate, clypeus finely margined, but more deeply emarginate Sp. 22—30. 
Thorax angulated on the sides, strongly serrate, clypeus as in ** 5 : Sp. 31—34. 
16. L. fusca, fusco-picea, vel brunnea, subtus seepe ferruginea, capite haud confluenter punctato, glaber- 
rimo clypeo parum emarginato, thorace postice latiore, lateribus plus minusve rotundatis, subtilius 
punctato, elytris plus minusve punctatis et rugosis, subcostatis, pygidio parce punctato, pectore flavo- 
villoso, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis. Long. ‘78 —-97. 
Melotontha fusca Frohlich, Naturf. 26, 99 (1792 ;) 29, 118, tab. 3, fig. 8. 
Melolontha quercina Knoch, Neue Beytr. 74, tab. 1, fig. 27, (1801.) 
Melolontha fervens Gyll. Schénh. Syn. Ins. App. 74. 
Melolontha fervidat Oliy. Ins. 5, 24, tab. 9, fig. 109. 
Rhizotrogus fervens Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. 1382. 
Lachnosterna quercina Lec. Agass. Lake Sup. 226. 

Ancylonycha quercina Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 319. 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 245 

A very common and through Atlantic America widely extended species, em- 
bracing several races, to which, however, no definite characters can be given. 'The 
color varies according to the maturity of the specimen, but usually the whole under 
surface is ferruginous ; the last ventral segment of the male hasa broad round impres- 
sion, and the penultimate is transversely impressed and elevated. The tooth of the 
claws of the tarsi in the male of the normal race is one-half shorter than the apical 
part ; the club of the antennz is as long as thestem. In the female the clubis small, 
and the tooth of the claw is as long as the apical portion. The elytra are sometimes 
very finely rugous without punctures, sometimes very finely and sometimes quite dis- 
tinctly punctured ; the costz are usually obvious. The sides of the thorax are some- 
times slightly, sometimes very strongly rounded; the punctures are distinct but not 
large nor dense, sometimes a smooth dorsal line is left. The clypeus is usually dis- 
tinctly, though slightly emarginate, but in some specimens the undulation is hardly 
perceptible. 

The principal races are as follows: 

a. Body nearly cylindrical, thorax much rounded on the sides; elytra finely and densely punctulate ; 
male with long tooth on the ungues. J. consimilis Lec. Agassiz’ Lake Sup. 226. 

8. Body slightly ovate, thorax with the sides oblique and rounded, narrower than the elytra; male with 
ungual tooth short. 

y. Body ovate, thorax strongly punctured with the sides oblique and rounded, shorter than’ usual, nar- 
rower than the elytra, which are strongly punctured. JL. unxia Lec. Agass. Lake Sup. 226. A. brevicollis 
Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 132. 

§. Thorax narrower than the elytra, almost angulated on the sides, finely sparsely punctured, elytra 
moderately punctured ; claws of the male with long tooth. A. brevicollis Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 322. 

z. Body hardly ovate, thorax slightly narrower than the elytra, much rounded on the sides, elytra dis- 
tinctly and sometimes strongly punctured; claws of male witha long tooth. Ancylonycha puncticollis 
Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Par. 133. 

n. Larger, body subcylindrical, thorax very much rounded on the sides, elytra finely and densely rugu- 
lose and slightly punctulate. Male with along tooth on the claws. Mhizotrogus Drakii Kirby, Fauna 
Bor. Am. 133. 

Ancyl. profunda and uniformis Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris 132, 133, 
which are considered by Burmeister to be varieties of this species, appear by descrip- 
tion so different that I am not warranted in so placing them, though the characters 
given are not such as to enable them to be distinctly recognized. The first mentioned 
is perhaps allied to L. Knochii. 

A male specimen from Wisconsin, belonging by form and sculpture to 7, shows a 
remarkable sexual peculiarity in the penultimate abdominal segment, the elevation on 
which is very sharply defined and quite curved; in all the other males I have seen 
the elevation is straight, although sometimes very slightly emarginate. 

17. L.cephalica, fusco-ferruginea, convexa, oblongo-ovata, nitida, capite haud confluenter punctato, 

utrinque parce breviter piloso, clypeo parum emarginato, thorace antrorsum angustato fortius haud 
63 


Whee * Bis. a eRe ¥Tt 
TR Ak ahs Re RE A 2 
oy MN Te 

246 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

dense punctato, lateribus modic? rotundatis, elytris subcostatis fortius punctatis, pygidio parce punc- 
tato, pectore longe villoso, unguiculis dente mediocri armatis. Long. +69. 

One specimen found at Fort Riley by Mr. de Vésey. ‘This species has nearly the 
form of the common varieties of the preceding, but the punctures of the head, espe- 
cially towards the side, support short erect hairs; the punctures of the thorax are 
stronger than usual in that species, and those of the elytra are not dense but strongly 
marked. 

The antennz are yellow, and the club of the male is a little longer than the stem ; 
the abdomen is broadly impressed longitudinally, and the penultimate segment has an 
obtuse transverse elevation at the middle; the moveable spur of the posterior tibie is 
more slender than in L. fusca; the tooth of the claws is one-half the length of the 
apical portion. 

18. L. decidua, fusco-ferruginea, convexa, oblongo-cylindrica, nitida, capite densius haud confluenter 
punctato, utrinque pube decidua erecta parce vestito, clypeo haud emarginato, thorace a medio antror- 
sum angustato, lateribus magis rotundatis longe fimbriatis subserratis, fortius haud dense punctato, 

elytris subcostatis densius punctatis, longe fimbriatis, pygidio parce punctato, pectore densissime yvilloso, 
unguiculis dente mediocri armatis. Long. -6—-65. 

New York, Mr. Guex. This species and the preceding are nearly related, but the 
present is more cylindrical in form, with the thorax more rounded on the sides, fringed 
with long hairs, and narrowed only before the middle: the clypeus is also longer, not 
emarginate, and more closely punctured ; and the elytra are finely and densely punc- 
tured. The hairs of the head are sometimes rubbed off, in which case the specimen 
assumes the appearance very nearly of L. sororia, but may be known by the long hairs 
of the sides of the thorax and elytra; the sexual characters are precisely as in the 
preceding. 

19. L. sororia, elongata, subcylindrica, paulo ovata, fusco-castanea, obsolete pruinosa, capite antice dense 
postice parcius punctato, clypeo latius reflexo yix emarginato, thorace lateribus antice rotundatis parce 
fortius punctato, elytris fortius minus dense punctatis, subcostatis, pygidio parce punctato, pectore longe 
flavo-villoso, pedibus castaneis, unguiculis dente longo ( 2 ) vel brevi(%) armatis. Long. ‘63. 

Middle and Southern States, rare: of somewhat the same form as L. fraterna 
and L. cognata, but more cylindrical, differing by the less emarginate but more 
strongly margined clypeus, and by the sparse punctuation of the head. Care must 
be taken not to confound it with a species (L. rufiola) having 9-jointed antennx, 
which although resembling it entirely in form and sculpture, differs by the outer spur 
of the posterior tibiz being less slender, and by the pygidium (of the female) being 
somewhat conoidal. Body above dark reddish brown, very slightly pruinose, cylin- 
drical, a little dilated behind. Head moderately punctured, front densely punctured, 
clypeus with reflexed margin, very slightly emarginate. Thorax not twice as wide 
as the head, about twice as wide as long, sides not serrate, converging slightly from 
the base, but only broadly rounded, especially before the middle, surface equably but 


I 

MELOLONTHID® OF THE UNITED STATES. 24 

sparsely and strongly punctured. LElytra sparsely and strongly punctured, with in- 
distinct costee. Pygidium triangular, with rounded angles, convex, sparsely punctured. 
Breast clothed with long yellowish hair; legs ferruginous. 

The male has the club of the antennz one-half longer than the stem: the abdomen 
broadly impressed from the base to the fifth joint, which has a very faint transverse 
impression ; the last segment is convex in both sexes. The tooth of the claws is 
smaller in the male than the female. 

20. L. micans, nigro-fusca, cinereo-pruinosa, oblongo-ovata, conyexa, capite antice confluenter, postice 
sat dense punctato, clypeo latius reflexo vix emarginato, thorace antrorsum angustato, fortiter haud 
dense punctato, elytris costatis fortius punctatis, pygidio sat punctato, pectore longe flavo-villoso, pedi- 
bus castaneis, unguiculis dente longo (  ) vel brevi (% ) armatis. Long. -65. 

Melolontha micans Knoch, Neue Beytr. 77. 
Ancylonycha micans Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 138 ; Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 322. 

Middle States, not rare. The club of the antennz in the male is as long as the 
stem; the middle of the abdomen is broadly impressed for the whole length, and the 
penultimate segment has a slightly curved transverse elevation ; the tooth of the claws 
is one-half as long as the apical portion, while in the female there is but little differ- 
ence in length. 

Mr. Blanchard places A. micans among the species having nine joints in the an- 
tenn. 

21. L. serricornis, supra testaceo-rufa, subtus fusca, oblongo-ovata, convexa, nitida, capite thoraceque 
obscurioribus, illo dense punctato, clypeo integro tenue marginato, thorace lateribus rotundatis ciliatis, 

minus dense punctato, elytris fortius punctatis subcostatis, pectore longe villoso, unguiculis dente 
elongato armatis, antennis articulis 3—7 sensim latioribus. Long. 60. 

One female found at Coney Island, near New York. Body oblong slightly ovate, 
convex ; head dark reddish brown, densely punctured, clypeus rounded finely margined ; 
thorax a little paler than the head and one-half wider than it, convex, rounded on 
the sides, which are sparsely ciliate, strongly but not densely punctured. LElytra 
paler yellowish brown, more coarsely punctured than the head and thorax, convex, 
with the sutural costa narrow, and the others slightly visible. Propygidium finely 
punctured, and pubescent at the upper half, then glabrous and more sparsely but 
coarsely punctured: pygidium strongly punctured, rounded. Beneath fuscous, pectus 
clothed with long yellow hair; abdomen pubescent and punctured at the sides; penulti- 
mate segment with a coarsely punctured vague transverse impression; last segment 
coarsely punctured, convex, bisinuate at tip. 

22. L. semicribrata, elongata, testaceo-ferruginea, nitida, capite dense punctato, clypeo emarginato, 
tenue marginato, thorace lateribus rotundatis ante basin latiore, disco parce grosse punctato, spatio levi 
utrinque relicto, elytris rugose punctatis vix costatis, pectore breviter parce villoso, unguiculis dente 
(2) magno armatis. Long. °58. 

One female from Georgia? Nearly of the form of a Cyclocephala, but presenting all 


248 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

the characters of the present genus. Body uniform shining brownish red; head flat, 
densely punctured in front, convex and less densely on the vertex, with the occiput 
smooth; clypeus finely margined, moderately emarginate; antennz pale, 10-jointed. 

Fee a ee Pe 
2 ~ ‘ 

Thorax about one-half wider than the head, nearly twice as wide as long, much . 

rounded on the sides, narrowed in front, and somewhat narrowed towards the base; 
moderately convex, with large scattered punctures along the sides, margins and middle, 
leaving a space each side in front free from punctures. Hlytra hardly wider than the 
thorax, rugosely punctured in front, sparsely punctured behind, with the sutural ridge 
very strong, but the dorsal ones obsolete. Pygidium very sparsely punctulate. Breast 
clothed with very short hair. Abdomen convex, smooth in the middle, punctured 
at the sides, especially the penultimate segment: the latter impressed transversely 
at the middle towards the posterior margin. Tibize not at all hairy; spurs of posterior 
tibiae equal, slender ; ungues armed with a long tooth. 

23. L.lugubris, tota nigro-picea, nitida, subovata convexa, clypeo emarginato, capite antice confertim 
postice convexo et parce punctato, thorace lateribus rotundatis, ante basin sublatiore, parce fortiter 
punctato spatio transverso antico levi, elytris subtiliter punctatis vix obsolete costatis, pygidio parce 
punctulato, pectore breviter villoso, unguiculis (@ ) dente longo armatis. Long. -62. 

Two females from New York. More ovate and less slender than the preceding, 
entirely of a blackish brown, almost black above and shining. Head flat and densely 
punctured in front, convex and sparsely punctured behind, clypeus finely margined, 
emarginate ; thorax twice as wide as the head, fully twice as wide as long, rounded 
on the sides, slightly narrowed at the base, sparsely and coarsely punctured, with a 
transverse smooth space before the middle. Elytra a little wider than the thorax, 
finely punctured ; each puncture supports a very minute hair; the sutural costa is very 
strong, and there are some faint traces of the dorsal ones. Propygidium nearly smooth, 
pygidium finely sparsely punctulate. Breast with short not dense yellowish hair. 
Abdomen convex, smooth in the middle, finely punctured at the sides, but more 
coarsely on the two last segments, penultimate joint margined behind at the middle. 

24. L.cognata, supra fusca, vel nigro-fusca, subtus ferruginea nitida, oblonga, clypeo emarginato, 
capite dense punctato, thorace lateribus rotundatis, postice perparum angustato, fortius subzequaliter 
punctato, elytris punctatis rugosis subcostatis, pygidio parce punctato, pectore flayo-villoso, unguicu- 
lis dente longo armatis. Longo. -60—72. 

? Ancylonycha cognata Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 323. 

Common in the Middle and Southern States. The only satisfactory difference I 
find between this and the next species is in the form of the thorax, which is here 
much more rounded on the sides, and slightly narrowed at the base. The other dif- 
ferences noted by Burmeister, such as the greater concavity of the clypeus, the longer 
hair of the pectus, and the finer punctures of the pygidium I do not find constant; 
but fearing not to possess his species I have placed a query to the reference, 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 249 

The punctures of the thorax are variable, being sometimes strong and scattered, at 
others finer and more numerous, but there is never any distinct smooth dorsal line. 
The punctures of the elytra support very small hairs; the sides of the abdomen are 
punctured, more distinctly on the last two segments; in the male the last one is 
foveate, and the penultimate impressed in the middle, and the anterior segments are 
slightly flattened; the club of the antenne is not longer than the stem. 

25. L. fraterna, nigro-fusca, vel piceo-nigra, oblonga nitida, pedibus castaneis, capite dense punctato, 
clypeo anguste marginato, emarginato, thorace antrorsum angustato, lateribus obliquis late rotundatis, 
fortius ineequaliter punctato, linea dorsali lzevi, elytris punctatis rugosis, subcostatis, pygidio parce 
punctato, pectore griseo-villoso, unguiculis dente longo armatis. Long. -60—-70. 

Phyllophaga fraterna Harris, Ins. Injurious to Vegetation, Ist ed. 29; 2d, 28. 
Ancylonycha fraterna Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 138 (syn. excl.) ; Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 322. 
Middle, Eastern and Southern States, abundant, as far west as Kansas. The sexual 

_ characters are precisely as in the preceding, except that the penultimate ventral seg- 

ment is more deeply impressed; the punctures of the elytra also support very small 

hairs. I have not observed any well marked races in the species, though individual 
differences occur in the size and closeness of the punctures of the thorax. 

26. L. lutescens, rufo-testacea, oblongo-ovata convexa nitida, capite obscuriore confertim punctato, 
clypeo emarginato, thorace fortiter parce punctato, rufescente, antrorsum angustato, lateribus magis 
rotundatis, elytris subtilius punctatis subcostatis, pygidio vix punctulato, pectore longo flavo-villoso, 
unguiculis dente longo armatis. Long. ‘59. 

One male from Georgia. Related by sculpture to the two preceding, but apart 
from color, it differs by the head being not confluently punctured, and by the thorax being 
more convex. The club of the antennz of the male is as long as the stem; the penul- 
timate ventral segment is impressed with a slight oblique elevation each side of the 
impression, the last segment is deeply foveate, and the anterior ones longitudinally 

impressed, the last two segments are punctured, but the pygidium is only very finely 
punctured, and the propygidium is smooth. 

. L. corrosa, castanea, oblonga ice angusti ite nigricante, de e unctato, clypeo 

27. L Sa, castanea, oblonga, antice angustior, capite nigricante, dense confluenter tato, cly 
tenue marginato, emarginato, thorace rude sat dense punctato, linea dorsali subleevi, lateribus serratis 
parce fimbriatis, elytris subtilius punctatis, vix costatis, pectore brevius flavo-villoso, tibiis posticis cal- 
caribus elongatis, unguiculis dente acuto longo armatis. Long. -77. 

Texas ; two maies collected by Mr. A. Schott, of the U. S. and Mexican Boundary 
Survey. Body oblong, narrower in front, shining reddish brown. Head dark piceous, 
very densely, confluently punctured, clypeus emarginate, with a narrow reflexed 
margin. Thorax about one-half wider than the head, scarcely one-half wider than 
long, obliquely narrowed in front, and very slightly so behind ; sides serrate, sparsely 
fimbriate; covered with large punctures, sometimes confluent, with an indistinct 

smooth dorsal line. Elytra more finely punctured, with faint traces of dorsal coste ;, 
64 


250 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

propygidium finely, pygidium strongly sparsely punctured. Breast clothed with 
rather short yellow hair. 

Male with the club of the antenne a little shorter than the stem; the abdomen 
slightly flattened in the middle, the penultimate segment with an obtuse rough trans- 
verse elevation near the tip, the last segment with a triangular excavation deeper at 
the apex; spurs of the posterior tibiz long, slender, acute and nearly equal, the inner 
one fixed, and a little shorter. 

28. L. calceata, obscure castanea, antice angustior, capite dense confluenter punctato, clypeo tenue 
marginato, emarginato, thorace rude subconfluenter punctato, linea dorsali levi, lateribus vix serratis 
parce fimbriatis, elytris rugose punctatis, subcostatis, pectore flavo-villoso, antennis leete flavis, tibiis 
posticis (maris) calcare interno lato brevi, unguiculis dente acuto armatis, Long. ‘75. 

One maie, Texas, Mr. H. Haldeman. Remarkable for the characters of the poste- 
rior tibize and tarsi, though otherwise allied to the preceding. Body oblong, slightly 
narrowed in front, dark reddish brown. Head very densely punctured, clypeus emar- 
ginate, with the margin narrowly reflexed. Thorax more than one-half wider than 
the head, short, coarsely and subconfluently punctured, with various small spaces 
smooth ; punctures smaller and more dense towards the apex, which is broadly foveate 
each side; dorsal line smooth entire; sides hardly serrate, obtusely angulated, slightly 
fimbriate. Scutellum with two groups of punctures. LElytra not shining, rugosely 
punctured, with moderately distinct costs, margin slightly fringed ; pygidium sparsely 
punctured, slightly flattened at the middle. Breast clothed with rather short but 
dense yellow hair. Abdomen punctured; claws armed with an acute moderate sized 
tooth at the middle. 

The male has the club of the antenne as long as the stem; the abdomen broadly 
concave, the penultimate with a deep posterior medial line, and two rough transverse 
elevations near the anterior margin; the last segment is very broadly excavated ; the 
inner spur of the posterior tibize 1s very short, broad, flat, obtuse and concave, the 
outer one is long, flattened, and somewhat acute; the first joint of the posterior tarsi 
is very much thickened and produced externally. 

From the peculiar sexual characters I am inclined to believe that this should be 
separated as a group, but not knowing the female, I cannot indicate any distinctive 
characters applicable to both sexes. 

29. L. marginalis, oblongo-ovata, convexa, testaceo-rufa vel fusco-picea, nitida, pedibus castaneis 
g ’ g 7 ? D » P 
capite densissime punctato, clypeo tenuiter marginato, emarginato, thorace punctis magnis vagis 
ineequaliter sitis, spatio levi utrinque relicto, elytris rugosis punctatis, costa submarginali fere integra, 
pygidio fortiter punctato, pectore flavo-villoso, unguiculis dente magno armatis. Long. -70—-80. 

New York. Nearly of the same form as L. fraterna, but differing by many charac- 
ters. The color is entirely bright reddish-brown, or else blackish-brown with the 
legs and antennz red: the head is sculptured as in L. fraterna: thorax not twice as 
wide as the head, twice as wide as long, narrowed from the base, rounded on the sides, 


* MELOLONTHID® OF THE UNITED STATES, 251 

sparsely covered with large punctures so placed as leave a large smooth space each 
side of the middle. Elytra gradually widened behind, rugose and punctured, with 
the usual faint coste, and a strongly marked submarginal one, extending nearly to 
the base. Propygidium sparsely, towards the tip strongly punctured; pygidium 
strongly punctured; abdomen punctured, more faintly in the middle; pectus clothed 
with moderately long yellow hair. 

The male has the club of the antennz longer than the stem; the abdomen flattened 
in the middle; the penultimate segment with a semicircular curved elevation, and 
middle fovea, and the last segment with a longitudinal broad furrow. The abdomen 
of the female is almost uniformly punctured, the punctures of the last two segments 
being stronger; the pygidium is triangular, and slightly conical at tip, while in the 
male it is broader and convex. 

This species is remarkable for the length of the submarginal elytral costa, which 
in most species is seen only near the apex. 

30. L. obes a, ovata, convexa, castanea nitida, capite dense punctato, clypeo haud confluenter punctato, 

reflexo, late emarginato, thorace sat dense punctato, lateribus valde rotundatis, elytris fortius punctatis 
? 
subcostatis, pectore flavo-villoso, antennis flavis, unguiculis dente mediocri armatis. Long. -72. 

Texas, Mr. H. Haldeman. Shorter and more ovate in form than the others of this 
croup. Head densely, clypeus less densely punctured, the latter moderately margined, 
in front broadly emarginate. Thorax nearly twice as wide as the head, short, convex, 
tolerably densely, but almost finely punctured; sides very much rounded, serrate, 
slightly fimbriate. Scutellum sparsely punctured, middle smooth. Elytra dilated 
behind, strongly punctured, with very faint traces of dorsal costs, pygidium sparsely 
punctured. Breast clothed with yellowish hair. Abdomen punctured at the sides; 
claws with an acute tooth just within the middle. 

Male with the club of the antenne as long as the stem; the abdomen broadly 
flattened at the middle, with the anal fovea broad, extending from the last upon the 
penultimate segment, which has a slight curved transverse elevation ; posterior tibize 
with the inner spur one-half shorter than the outer, fixed, straight; pygidium 
transverse, slightly convex. 

Female with the spurs of the posterior tibiz nearly equal, flattened, but not broad ; 
pygidium triangular, obtusely protuberant near the tip. 

31. L. prunina, atro-purpurea, oblongo-ovata convexa, capite densissime punctato, clypeo anguste mar- 
ginato, emarginato, thorace lateribus serratis subangulatis, postice vix angustato, sat dense fortiter 
punctato, elytris pruinosis, parce punctatis, subcostatis, pygidio nitido fortiter punctato, pectore parum 
piloso, unguiculis dente longo armatis. Long. ‘70. 

Ancylonycha pruinosa|| Mels. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 2, 140. 
One specimen from Cleveland, Ohio, Dr. Kirtland; found in Alabama according to 

Melsheimer. Resembles in appearance L. micans, but differs very greatly in its 


El “ie ot 

2) 
Or 
bo 

LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

characters. The thorax is shining, and the punctures are equally distributed ; the 
sides are somewhat serrate, and behind the middle are nearly parallel; the pygidium 
is coarsely punctured, the propygidium is nearly smooth, with a few punctures as 
usual at the margin. ‘The abdomen (of the female) is convex, punctured and pubes- 
cent at the sides, more deeply on the last two segments ; the last one has a triangular 
flattened impression at the middle; the pectus is thinly clothed with fine short 
yellowish hair; the tibiee are dark brown, and the tarsi paler. Burmeister, not having 
seen this species, places it as identical with L. micans. 

32. L. rugosa, ferrugineo-fusca (vel fusco-nigra) oblonga, convexa nitida, capite densissime punctato, 
clypeo tenue marginato, emarginato, thorace lateribus fere angulatis, postice subangustato, confertim 
sat fortiter punctato, linea dorsali levi, elytris punctatis rugosis subcostatis, pygidio parce punctato, 
pectore breviter villoso, unguiculis dente longo armatis. Long. -°80—-85. 

Ancylonycha rugosa Mels. Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. 2, 140; Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 328. 

Two specimens from Platte River. According to the authors quoted, it is found in 
Virginia and Pennsylvania. The propygidium is finely and sparsely punctured; the 
sides of the abdomen are finely punctured, with the punctures larger on the penulti- 
mate segment. 

In the male the club of the antenne is as long as the stem; the abdomen is 
flattened in the middle; the penultimate segment has a deep transverse impression, 
and each side of it an oblique elevation ; the last segment has a broad reniform im- 
pression, and the pygidium is broad and obtusely rounded. 

In the female the abdomen is convex, the last segment is sparsely punctured, and 

deeply squarely emarginate; the penultimate segment has a posterior deep tranverse 
impression ; and the pygidium is triangular. 

33. L. affinis, fusco-ferruginea, oblonga, convexa, nitida, capite thoraceque obscurioribus, illo confer- 
tissime punctato, clypeo tenue marginato, emarginato, thorace grosse punctato, linea dorsali leevi, late- 
ribus fortiter serratis angulatis, postice subangustato, elytris punctulatis vix costatis, pygidio parce 
punctato, pectore breviter villoso, unguiculis dente magnoarmatis. Long. -73. 

One male, upper Missouri, Dr. F. V. Hayden. Closely related to the preceding, 
but the thorax is shorter, more narrowed in front, and strongly serrate on the sides : 
the elytra are smoother, not rugose, with finer punctures. 

The club of the antennae is shorter than the stem; the last segment of the abdomen 
is broadly foveate and the penultimate segment is broadly impressed, with a straight 
transverse obtuse elevation. 

34. L. Knochii, fusco-ferruginea, capite thoraceque obscurioribus, illo densissime punctato, clypeo 
tenuiter marginato, emarginato, thorace rude confluenter punctato, lateribus angulatis fortiter serratis, 
postice angustato, elytris ‘confertim punctato-rugosis vix costatis, pygidio punctato, pectore breviter 
pubescente, unguiculis dente magno armatis. Long. 90. 

Melolontha Knochii Gyll. Schéuh. Syn. Ins. App. 75. 
Ancylonycha Knochii Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 133; Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 325. 

EEE eer he em 


MELOLONTHIDAH OF THE UNITED STATES. 203 

Middle and Southern States, rare. The pygidium of the female is subtriangular 
but not conoidal; the punctures are more sparse towards the apex; the sides of the 
abdomen are punctured, and the penultimate segment has a strongly transverse im- 
pression at the middle. The male is unknown to me, but the penultimate ventral 
segment is described by Burmeister as having no transverse elevation, but a deep 
impression. 

Group IX. 

The group contains a number of large oblong species having the upper surface 
pubescent. The head is moderate in size, with the clypeus emarginate, not broadly 
margined ; the thorax is broadest at the middle, and more or less narrowed towards 
the base. The antenne are 10-jointed; the breast is clothed with hair. The ungues 
are toothed at the middle, but the tooth is as long as the apical portion, so that the 
form appears almost cleft. The spurs of the posterior tibie are straight, and the 
inner one is fixed in the male; the penultimate ventral segment of the male is trans- 
versely impressed, while the last joint is broadly foveate. 

35. L.ilicis , glauco-fusca, subpruinosa, supra pube brevi subdepzessa cinerea vestita, thorace confluenter 
grosse punctato, medio subcarivato, elytris dense rugulosis et punctulatis, costis dorsalibus nullis, mar- 
gine longe fimbriato, pectore breviter villoso. Long. -88—1:-0. 

Melolontha ilicis Kuoch, Neue Beytr. 75, tab. 1, fig. 28. 

Melolontha porcina Heutz, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 38, 2538, tab. 2, fig. 4. 

Ancylonycha ilicis Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 1, 188 ; goes Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 326.) 

Ancylonycha fimbriata Burm. ibid. 

Common in the Middle and Southern States; according to the maturity of the 
specimen the color varies from blackish fuscous to reddish brown, but the glaucous 
lustre is always distinct in well preserved specimens, and the legs are ferruginous. In 
the male the club of the antennz is as long as the remaining portion; the hair above 
is finer and less dense, but the hair on the breast is a little longer than in the female ; 
the penultimate ventral segment is deeply transversely impressed, and the last joint 
marked with a broad round impression. 

The present species agrees with the figure and description of Knoch, and is also found 
as the type in Dr. Melsheimer’s collection. That described by Burmeister is some- 
thing different, and has not yet fallen under my notice: it differs by the finer and 
more depressed pubescence ; by the hair on the breast being scarcely longer (even in the 
male) than that on the abdomen, and by the pygidium being coarsely punctured with 
a smooth middle space; in the present species the punctures are scattered, gradually 
less numerous towards the tip. 

36. L. ciliata, fusca, (abdominis lateribus solis pruinosa), pube subciect. fulva brevi dense vestita, 
thorace confluenter grosse punctato, subcarinato, elytris dense rugulosis et punctulatis, subcostatis, pilis 
longioribus intermixtis preecipue in vittis tribus positis, margine longe fimbriato, pectore breviter piloso. 

Long. 1:0. 
65 


: SAE ah eae sae 

254 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

One female from Georgia and another Missouri. Of the same size, form and sculp- 
ture as the preceding, but differing not only by the color of the pubscence, but by its 
texture ; the hair is short erect and brownish yellow; it is uniform on the thorax, but 
on the elytra many longer hairs are intermixed, which on looking obliquely back- 
wards, are seen to be arranged chiefly in three vitte, although there are some scattered 
ones especially externally: the margin is fringed as in the preceding with long hair. 
The sides of the abdomen under the elytra are slightly pruinose; the punctures 
of the pygidium are larger and more distant than in L. ilicis. The legs are ferru- 
ginous. 

‘ 

37. L. subtonsa, fusca, supra pube brevi suberecta fulva sequaliter vestita, thorace confluenter dense 
punctato subcarinato, elytris dense rugulosis vix obsolete costatis; pectore longius villoso. Long. -82. 
One male found at New York, and kindly given me by Mr. Guex. This species 
has the form and sculpture of the preceding, but the pubescence is entirely uniform, 
and the margin of the elytra is not fringed with long hair. The pygidium is moder- 
ately coarsely punctured, with the punctures more distant at the middle. The legs 
are dark brown : the hair on the breast is moderately long, and the sexual charac- 
ters are precisely as in L. ilicis. 

38. L. hirticula, fusco-ferruginea, pilis erectis longis flavis, in elytris vittatim positis parce vestita, 
thorace cribratim punctato, elytris rugose punctatis haud costatis, pectore longe villoso. Long. ‘65—:75. 
Melolontha hirticula Knoch, Neue Beytr. 79. 
Melolontha hirsutat Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Phil. 3, 243. 
Phyllophaga hirticula Harris, Ins. Inj. Veget. 2d ed. 28. 
Melolontha hirticula Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 327. 

Very abundant in the Atlantic States. The hairs on the elytra form a vitta near 
the suture, three discoidal ones, and a marginal fringe. The pygidium is glabrous and 
sparsely punctured. ‘The club of the antennze of the male is as long as the stem, the 
middle of the abdomen is flattened, and the inner posterior spur is fixed. 

GROUP X. 

This group contains species having the characters of those of the two last, except 
that the antenne have only nine joints (the seventh being obliterated;) the third, 
fourth and fifth are equal in length, and connate ; the sixth is slightly produced inter- 
nally. The tooth of the ungues varies according to the species. 

One species is sparsely pilose, others have a few hairs on the front, while the 
rest are glabrous: the thorax is never narrowed at the base. 

39. L. hirsuta, piceo-ferruginea, oblonga nitida, capite confertim punctato, clypeo marginato, emarginato, 
thorace fortius minus dense, elytris rugose punctatis, pilis longis flavis erectis minus dense vestita, 
pygidio fortius punctato, piloso ; pectore longe villoso, unguiculis dente longo armatis. Long. <67—-72. 

Melolontha hirsuta Knoch, Neue Beytr. 78. 
Ancylonycha hirsuta Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris (syn. excl.) 188. 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES, 255 

Middle and Southern States. The pygidium is sparsely punctured; the legs and 

antennez are bright ferruginous ; the club of the antenne of the male is a little longer 

than the stem; the middle of the abdomen of the male is broadly depressed, the last 

joint is marked with a broad shallow fovea, and the penultimate has a transverse 

obtuse elevation; in the female the last mentioned joint is strongly transversely 
impressed at the middle, and has anterior to the impression a small elevation. 

40. L. balia, elongata, cylindrica, fusca nitida, elytris castaneis densius punctatis haud costatis, capite 
confertim punctato, hirto, clypeo marginato late emarginato, thorace disperse ingequaliter punctato, 
lateribus rotundatis, pygidio fortius punctato, pectore longe villoso, unguiculis dente longo armatis. 

Long. °66. 

Melolontha balia Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 5, 191. 

Ancylonycha comata Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 337. 

One male from New York, Mr. Guex. This species has nearly the form, sculpture 
and sexual characters of the preceding, but there are no hairs on the upper surface 
except between the eyes. From the next species it differs by its more cylindrical 
form, more sparsely punctured thorax, and by the more strongly margined and less 
emarginate clypeus. 

41. L. vilifrons, castanea, capite thoraceque obscurioribus, illo confertim punctato, pilis erectis hirto, 
clypeo emarginato, tenue marginato, thorace parum convexo, antrorsum angustato, lateribus obtuse sub- 
angulatis, sat punctato, elytris minus convexis subtilius confertim punctatis haud costatis, pectore longe 
flavo-villoso, unguiculis dente longo armatis. Long. -60. 

One male found at Lake Superior. Body oblong, less convex than usual, reddish 
brown, darker on the head and thorax. Head strongly and closely punctured, with 
erect yellowish hairs proceding from the punctures; clypeus finely margined, and 
deeply emarginate. Thorax nearly twice as wide as the head, less than twice as wide 
as its length, obtusely angulated at the middle of the sides, narrowed in front, but 
not behind, strongly but not densely punctured, with the sides partly ciliate, and 
towards the base slightly serrate. Scuteilum with two groups of punctures. LElytra 
finely and closely punctured, slightly rugous, with the sutural ridge narrow, and the 
others (even the submarginal,) entirely wanting; propygidium and pygidium punc- 
tured. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctured, breast clothed with long yellow hair. 
Male with the club of the antennz one third longer than the stem; penultimate ven- 
tral segment slightly impressed, and rugous at the middle; last segment with a chan- 
nel in the middle of the broad impression. 

42. L. hirticeps, testaceo-rufa, subovata convexa, capite thoraceque obscurioribus, illo fortiter densius 
punctato parce hirto, fronte foveata, clypeo emarginato tenue marginato, thorace convexo, lateribus 
rotundatis subrepandis parce ciliatis, inequaliter fortiter parcius punctato, elytris fortius punctatis, 

costa suturali angusta, reliquis nullis, pygidio (feminz) conico, pectore modice villoso, unguiculis dente 
elongato armatis. Long. ‘92. 


256 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

One female, Georgia. Allied by characters to L. villifrons, but the form is more 
convex, the punctures of the thorax are more distant, and those of the elytra less fine. 
Body oblong ovate convex, bright yellowish brown inclining to reddish, darker on the 
head and thorax. Head strongly and thickly punctured, sparsely pilose, with a slight 
fovea at the middle of the front; clypeus emarginate finely margined. ‘Thorax one- 
half wider than the head, convex, rounded on the sides, which are almost entire and 
but sparsely ciliate; disc covered unequally with tolerably large sparse punctures, 
leaving an indistinct smooth anterior space each side. Elytra slightly dilated behind, 
convex, tolerably strongly punctured, with the sutural costa narrow elevated, and the 
others completely wanting. Propygidium distinctly, not densely punctured ; pygidium 
conical, with scattered large punctures, slightly prominent and nearly smooth at tip. 
Abdomen sparsely punctured at the sides and tip; penultimate segment with a trans- 
verse short plica and impression at the middle; last segment hardly emarginate. 
Pectus clothed with moderately long yellow hair; claws with the tooth as long as the 
apical portion. 

43. L.nitida, fusca, oblonga, convexa, pernitida, pedibus antennisque castaneis, capite fortiter punctato, 
canaliculato, clypeo densius punctato, marginato, emarginato, thorace lateribus rotundatis parce sub- 
tilius punctato (fovea utrinque versus latera impresso), elytris minus dense punctatis, subcostatis, pygidio 
parce punctato (feminze conico,) pectore longe villoso, unguiculis dente longo armatis. Long. 82. 

One female from Georgia. Of the size and proportions of L. fusca but more oblong 
and convex, dark brown, very shining. Head strongly punctured, with a medial 
abbreviated furrow; clypeus densely punctured, emarginate, with the margin reflexed. 
Thorax nearly twice as wide as the head, more than twice as wide as long, 
regularly rounded on the sides, which are sparsely ciliate, but not at all serrate; disc 
finely and distantly punctured, (with a fovea, perhaps accidental, towards each side.) 
Scutellum entirely smooth. Elytra not densely but distinctly punctured, with the 
sutural ridge narrow, and the other ridges visible, though not much elevated. Pro- 
pygidium and pygidium sparsely punctured, the latter conical and protuberant 
towards the tip. Abdomen sparsely punctured at the sides and tip, penultimate seg- 
ment with a faint transverse impression at the middle. Breast somewhat densely 
clothed with yellowish hair. Antenne and legs bright castaneous; claws with a 
tooth as long as the apical portion. 

44, li. rufiola, castaneo-rufa, oblonga convexa, nitida, capite fortiter minus dense punctato, clypeo 
emarginato, reflexo, thorace lateribus rotundatis integris parce ciliatis, fortiter parce punctato, elytris 
fortius punctatis, subcostatis, costa laterali evidentiore, pectore parce breviter villoso, unguiculis dente 
longulo armatis. Long. -63. 

One female, Georgia. Body oblong, convex, pale reddish brown. Head strongly 
but not densely punctured, punctures more close in front; clypeus reflexed, slightly but 
distinctly emarginate. Thorax hardly one half wider than the head, short; sides 
rounded not serrate, sparsely ciliate; disc convex, deeply but not very coarsely punc- 


MELOLONTHIDAH OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 

tured, punctures somewhat sparse. Elytra tolerably strongly punctured, slightly 

rugous, with the sutural costa narrow and elevated; the discoidal ones may be traced, 

and the submarginal one is very distinct, and somewhat elevated behind the middle. 

Pygidium of the female conical, not very prominent at tip, smooth, with a few large 

punctures at base. Pectus clothed thinly with short hair. Abdomen sparsely strongly 

punctured at the sides and apex; penultimate segment slightly impressed transversely 
each side; last segment deeply emarginate and ciliate at tip. 

Care must be taken not to confound this species with L. glaberrima above described ; 
the female of the latter has almost precisely the same form, color and sculpture, itis how- 
ever not so convex ; the punctures of the clypeus are as distant as those of the head, 
and the pygidium is closely punctured and not conical; the antennze are 10-jointed, 
though by the consolidation of the articulations this fact is to be recognized by there 
being two nodiform joints next the club; and finally the last point of the maxillary 
palpi are externally impressed. 

45. L. robusta, oblonga, convexa, castaneo-rufa, obsolete pruinosa, capite densius punctato, clypeo mar- 
ginato, vix. obsolete emarginato, thorace sat dense punctato, linea media levi, lateribus serratis, elytris 
fortiter sat dense punctatis subcostatis, pygidio (femine) conico, pectore dense villoso, unguiculis dente 
longo armatis. Long. -92. 

One female, from Kansas near the Rocky Mountains. More robust than the other 
species of this division, but hardly ovate, convex, brownish red; head and breast 
darker. Head strongly and densely punctured, with the clypeus margined, but 
scarcely emarginate. Thorax scarcely one-half wider than the head, short, less densely 
punctured than the head, with a smooth dorsal line not reaching the apex, sides 
rounded in front, somewhat serrate, sparsely ciliate. Hlytra more coarsely punctured 
than the thorax, slightly rugous, very slightly pruinose, sutural costa broad, and the 
others slightly marked. Propygidium naked, punctured ; pygidium conical, shining, 
sparsely but coarsely punctured, apex protuberant, subtruncate. Abdomen paler than 
the upper surface, punctured at the sides and tip ; last segment flattened in the middle 
and broadly emarginate at tip; penultimate not impressed. Breast densely pilose ; 
ungues with a long tooth.. 

Group: XI. 

A group containing a single glabrous species having the antennz 9-jointed, with 
the joints of the stem short and’ serrate, the third fourth and fifth as usual consoli- 
dated, but with distinct inner angles. The clypeus is rounded and broadly reflexed. 
The last joint of the maxillary palpi is cylindrical, the mandibles are only slightly 
prominent. The sixth joint of the abdomen is shorter than in the first groups, though 
not so short as in the following ones. The spur of the posterior tibixe of the male 
is fixed; the tooth of the claws is medial and short ; the pectus is only very thinly 

clothed with hair. 
66 


258 LE CONTE,—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

46. L. integra, cylindrico-oblonga, rufo-testacea, nitida; capite sat dense, clypeo fere parcius punctato, 
rotundato, reflexo, thorace fortiter minus dense punctato, lateribus rotundatis, elytris rugosis fortius 
punctatis subcostatis, pygidio parce punctato, ad apicem subtruncato, pectore parce villoso, unguiculis 
dente parvo armatis. Long. -6d. 

One male, Georgia. Body cylindrical oblong, almost uniform rufo-testaceous, 
shining. Ifead strongly punctured, a little less densely on the clypeus, which is 
rounded and strongly reflexed. Thorax about twice as wide as the head, rounded on 
the sides, strongly but not densely punctured. LEHlytra coarsely and moderately 
densely punctured, with the sutural costa narrow, and the others limited by indistinct 
strie. Propygidium very finely and sparsely punctulate; pygidium sparsely strongly 
punctured, convex, triangular, subtruncate at tip. Breast thinly clothed with short 
hair; abdomen sparsely punctured at the sides. Ungues with a small tooth at the 
middle, tibize not hairy. 

The club of the antennz of the male is a little shorter than the stem ; the abdomen 
is broadly impressed for its whole length; the last segment is slightly elevated in front 
each side, and has behind at the middle some transverse elevated punctures: the 
spurs of the posterior tibie are slender, and the inner one is fixed and one half 
shorter. 

Canneexabe 

This group contains species having the upper surface hairy ; the antenne 10-jointed, 
the clypeus distinctly margined, but slightly or not at all emarginate, and the last 
ventral segment very short ; the sexual characters are very feebly marked ; there are 
no differences in the tibiee, and but very slight ones in the abdomen and antenne. 

47. L.crenulata, fusca, confertim fere equaliter punctata, thorace linea dorsali fere nulla, lateribus 
fortius serratis, longe pubescente, elytris pube breviore dense vestitis pilis longioribus intermixtis, ob- 
solete costatis, pectore longe villoso, unguiculis dente magno armatis. Long. -63—°8. 

Melolontha crenulata Frohlich, Naturf. 26, 94 ; 29, 111, tab. 3, fig. 2. 

Melolontha georgicana Gyllenhal, Schonh. Syn. Ins. Append. 77. 

Phyllophaga georgicana Harris, Ins. Injurious to Vegetation, 2nd ed. 28. 

Ancylonycha crenulata Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 138, (synon. exclusa); Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 327. 
Massachusetts, Georgia, Kansas: the specimens from the last mentioned locality are 

smaller, but do not otherwise differ. The pygidium is densely punctured. 

48. L.albina, fusca dense fere eequaliter punctata, dense albido-pubescens, thorace pilis longioribus inter- 
mixtis, iinea dorsali scutelloque albioribus, pectore longius villoso, elytris costatis, unguiculis dente 

magno armatis. Long. 7. 
Ancylonycha albina Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 328. 

One female found at Natchez, Mississippi; Dr. Schaum. This species has nearly 
the form of the preceding, but the sculpture is finer, and the pubescence is much more 
dense; on the elytra long hairs are intermixed only at the base and sides, while the 
general pubescence of the thorax is similar to that of the elytra, with numerous long 
erect hairs intermixed. 

ee ase ncaa ay: | 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 

49. L. parvidens, ferrugineo-fusca, subpruinosa, zequaliter punctata, pube flava erecta in thorace et ad 
elytrorum basin longiore vestita, pectore longe villoso, unguiculis dente brevi armatis. Long. ‘77. 

One male from Georgia. Closely allied to the preceding ; the thorax is finely punc- 
tured, convex, slightly narrowed towards the base. ‘The elytra are finely punctured, 
with the sutural ridge well defined, not wider than usual; the dorsal coste are very 
faint: the margin is not fringed, and long hairs are seen only towards the base. The 
club of the antenne is as long as the stem, and the abdomen is not impressed. The 
posterior and middle tarsi are imperfect, but the anterior ones are armed only with a 
short acute tooth. 

50. L. rubiginosa, ferrugineo-fusca, subpruinosa, thorace longe minus dense villoso, brevi, subtilius 
punctato, postice haud angustato, elytris subtilius punctatis, breviter pubescentibus, pilis longis parcis 
versus basin intermixtis, margine fimbriato, pectore longe villoso. Long. -65—-76. 

Texas, at New Braunfels, collected by Mr. Lindheimer. Body oblong, slightly 
ovate, convex; above of a brownish red, with a grayish lustre on the elytra. Head 
densely, thorax finely punctured, clothed not very densely with long soft erect yellow 
hair; the thorax is short, and is not narrower at the base than at the middle. The 
elytra are finely punctured, not costate, but with the sutural ridge broader and _ less 
elevated than in the others; the surface is thinly clothed with short yellowish hair, 
with longer hairs intermixed especially towards the base ; the margin is fringed: the 
pygidium is moderately punctured: the breast is covered with tolerably long dense 
hair. 

In the male the club of the antenne is as long as the stem and the abdomen has a 
scarcely perceptible anal impression: the spurs of the posterior tibiee are free in both 
Sexes. 

a. In one male specimen of a more cylindrical form there is a bifurcating oblique 
elevated line each side of the penultimate ventral segment, but in the other specimens 
I cannot perceive any vestige of such ornament. Subsequent collections may show 
the propriety of regarding it as a separate species, for the sutural ridge is more strong- 
ly marked, and somewhat narrower. I would hesitate at present to give it as distinct, 
as no other difference in sculpture can be perceived. 

Group XIII. 

Consists of pruinose species, glabrous above, having 10-jointed antennz, and not 
emarginate penultimate ventral segment. The head is comparatively large and the 
clypeus is strongly margined, hardly sinuate in front. The mandibles project strongly ; 
the last joint of the maxillary palpi is slightly oval, not impressed. The thorax is 
rounded on the sides, not narrowed at the base. The breast is tolerably densely 
clothed with long hairs; the tarsi are long and the ungues are toothed near the base. 

In the males the club of the antenne is nearly as long as the stem; the penultimate 


260 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

ventral segment is transversely protuberant, and rough with elevated punctures, while 
the last segment is slightly impressed transversely. The spurs of the posterior tibice 
are free in both sexes. 

51. L.submucida, oblonga convexa, subcylindrica, piceo-rufa, pruinosa, capite dense punctato, clypeo 
reflexo subemarginato, thorace confertim haud fortiter punctato, elytris fortius punctatis, brevissime 
pubescentibus, costa submarginali distincta, pectore flavo-villoso, unguiculis breviter dentatis. Long. 
“72— 75. 

Found by Mr. Arthur Schott, of the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Commission, on 
the journey from Laredo to Ringgold Barracks. Body oblong cylindrical, convex, 
uniform reddish, with a pruinose lustre. Head large, closely punctured, clypeus 
scarcely sinuate in front, but strongly margined. Thorax more than one-third wider 
than the head, finely and closely punctured, sides rounded subserrate, sparsely ciliate. 
Elytra more strongly punctured, with very short procumbent hairs in each puncture, 
sutural costa broad, submarginal one distinct. Pygidium sparsely punctured, shining. 
Abdomen punctured at the sides. 

52. L. glabricula, oblonga, convexa, testaceo-rufa, subpruinosa, capite dense punctato, clypeo reflexo 
haud emarginato, thorace confertim subtilius punctato, elytris fortius punctatis, glaberrimis, costa sub- - 
marginali obsoleta, pectore flavo-villoso, unguiculis breviter dentatis. Long. -64. 

Kansas, near the Rocky Mountains. Agrees with the preceding in sculpture, but 
is smaller and somewhat more robust, the surface is less pruinose, the punctures of 
the elytra support hairs so much smaller that they are hardly visible, and the sub- 
marginal costa can hardly be seen. The sexual characters are precisely as in the 
preceding. 

More full series may show the propriety of regarding this as a race of the preceding 
species, but at present it seems sufficiently distinct to.entitle it to a separate name. 

Group XIV.. 

I have placed in this group a single species having the appearance of those of the 
next group, but differing by the more robust form, and by the mandibles being visible at 
the tip. The head is small and hairy, the clypeus deeply concave and rounded ; the 
last joint of the maxillary palpi is hardly oval, and not impressed; the mandibles 
are visible and tolerably prominent. The antennz are 10-jointed. The thorax is 
hairy and not narrowed at the base. The last ventral segment is very short, as in 
the two preceding groups, and the penultimate of the male is not impressed. The 
claws are‘armed with a small tooth at the middle. 

53. L. glabripennis, oblonga, minus conyexa, equaliter fortiter punctata, clypeo rotundato, concavo, 
thorace brevi, lateribus subangulatis, elytris haud costatis glabris, capite thorace scutelloque saturatio- 
ribus longe pubescentibus, pectore longissime villoso, pygidio parce punctato et pubescente. Long. -53. 

One male collected on the Rio Grande by Mr..A..Sehott of the United States and 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 

Mexican Boundary survey. The club of the antennz is nearly twice as long as the 
stem; the abdomen is without impression ; the spurs of the posterior tibic are free, 
long, flattened and obtuse. 

Group XV. (D). 

Contains some of the smallest species of the genus; they are of an oblong elongate 
form, with the upper surface, at least of the thorax and base of the elytra, pilose with 
long hairs. The head is small, the clypeus concave, broadly margined, and rounded. 
The tips of the mandibles are not visible in a state of repose; the last joint of the 
maxillary palpi is slightly oval and has an impression on the outer face. The thorax 
is slightly narrowed at the base. The last segment of the abdomen is short, though 
not so very short as in the groups XII, XIII, and XIV. The spurs of the posterior 
tibie of both sexes are free, long flattened and obtuse, though slender. On account 
of the small size of the mandibles the first species of the group was considered as a 
distinct genus Trichesthes by Erichson,. but Lacordaire, considering it as established 
upon insufficient grounds, has properly as I think, suppressed it. Burmeister retains 
it in his work on Lamellicornia, but with an addition of species which renders it 
unrecognizable. 

o4. Li. tristis, testacea, elongato-oblonga, capite thoraceque saturatioribus, dense grosse punctatis, longe 

pilosis, clypeo integro concayo, thorace postice subangustato elytris confertim punctatis, haud costatis, 

breviter pilosis, pilis longis versus basin raris intermixtis, margine longe fimbriato, pectore longe 
dense villoso. Long. -47—-56. 

Melolontha tristis Faby. Syst. El. 2,168. 

Melotontha pitosicollis Knoch, Neue Beytr. 85, tab. 3, fig. 29. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 8, 248. 

Harris, Ins. Mass. Inj. Veg. 2nd ed. 28.. 

Trichesthes pilosicollis Kr. Ins. Deutchl. 3, 658. 

Trichestes tristis Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 141: Burm. Lamell. 2nd, 358. 

Middle and Southern States, abundant. In the male the club of the antenne is 
longer than the stem, the middle of the abdomen is broadly concave, the penultimate 
segment has an acute transverse crest at the middle, and the margins of the last seg- 
ment are slightly elevated. 

55. L. crinita, elongata, testacea, fortiter punctata, clypeo coneaxo rotundato, capite thoraceque rufes- 
centibus, hoe postice angustato, longe villosis, elytris breviter pubescentibus, pilis longis paucis versus 
basin intermixtis, margine fimbriato ; pectore longe dense villoso. Long. -5. 

? Trichestes crinita Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 358. 

Texas, Mr. H. Haldeman. This species agrees with the preceding in sculpture and 
appearance, but the body is longer, cylindrical in the male, slightly ovate in the 
female ; the thorax is more narrowed behind, and the hairs of the elytra are shorter : 
the latter character is noticed by Burmeister but the former is omitted. The sexual 
characters are precisely the same. 

67 


262 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

Unknown or unrecognized species. 

Ancylonycha profunda Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 132. Texas 
Ancylonycha crassissima Blanch. ibid, 133. Texas. 
Ancylonycha longicornis Blanch. ibid. 134. 

Ancylonycha diffinis Blanch. ibid. 138. Texas. 

Ancylonycha ilicis{ Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 326. 

Ancylonycha gibbosa Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 324. 

Ancylonycha Forsteri Burm. ibid. 325. 

Trichestes comansgs Burm. ibid. 358. 

Trichestes prununculina Burm. ibid. 360. 

Trichestes gracilis Burm. ibid. 361. 

GYNNIS Lec. © 

In this genus I have placed a single small elongate species, differing from species 
of Group IV of Lachnosterna by the obliquity of the inner posterior spur of the male 
and by the impression of the last joint of the maxillary palpi. The head is moder- 
ate in size, with strong frontal suture, the clypeus is deep, rounded and strongly mar- 
gined: the antennee are 9-jointed, with the third and fourth joints longer than the 
following: the last joint of the maxillary palpi is oval and has a slight lateral im- 
pression externally: the mandibles are moderately prominent, the labrum is very 
short and broad, directed backwards and very slightly concave, not by any means 
bilobed as in the other genera of Rhizotrogi known to me. The ligula is almost 
truncate in front, and the mentum is broadly concave; the last joint of the labial 
palpi is oval. The legs are slender, the middle tibize with two, the posterior tibize 
with one transverse crest of spines: the tarsi are elongate, and the claws are hardly 
perceptibly toothed near the middle. The inner spur of the posterior tibise of the 
male is fixed, and slightly oblique, so as to form an inferior emargination, the outer 
one is free, slender and acute. The last ventral segment of the abdomen is moderately 
large, slightly impressed. 

1. G. debilis, testacea, elongata, nitida, capite fusco sat punctato, clypeo rotundato, concayo testaceo 
thorace lateribus rotundatis postice subangustato, sat fortiter punctato, elytris fortius punctatis haud 
costatis, costa suturali elevata subrugosa, pectore fortiter punctato, parum pubescente. Long. -43. 

One specimen found at Philadelphia was given me by Mr. Schafhirt. 

The club of the antennae of the male is longer than the stem; the abdomen is 
longitudinally slightly impressed, and the last joint is faintly but broadly foveate, and 
the fovea does not attain the anterior margin; the tibize are described above. 

ListrocHetus Blanchard. 

Corpus oblongum, subcylindricum alatum, supra subglabrum, elytris glauco-pruinosis. Clypeus rotun- 
datus marginatus ; labrum profunde emarginatum ; mandibulz parum prominule. Mentum paulo concayum, 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 26 

[S) 

ligula truncata; palpi maxillares articulo ultimo modice ovali, impresso. Antenne 10-articulate, articulis 
3—5 connatis, 8 et 4 sequalibus; clava triarticulata, maris elongata, feminze parva. Hlytra stria suturali 
profunda. Abdomen articulis 1-—5 connatis, suturis haud medio obliteratis, 6to brevi transverso. Coxe 
posticse angulo externo producto. ‘Tibie anticee tridentate, posteriores uni-coronatee, denteque parum pro- 
minulo superiore preecipue armatee, bicalcaratee, calcaribus posticis sexus utriusque mobilibus, exteriore lon- 
giore: tarsi tibiis longiores, verticillatim setosi, postici articulo primo paulo breviore, nonnunquam tibiis haud 
longiores ; unguiculi (maris precipue) subtus sulcati, biseriatim pectinati, vel compressi, medio dentati, 
subtus plus minusve uniseriatim serrulati. 

By the discovery of new species I have been compelled to modify the description 
of this genus, until at last nothing distinct remains to separate it from Lachnosterna. 
In one species the serration of the ungues disappears almost entirely, only a slight 
trace near the base being left. There is however a peculiar appearance which renders 
the genus easy of recognition, and notwithstanding the remarkable specific and sexual 
characters, would make any further subdivision of the species here placed under it 
eminently unnatural. 

A. Tibize postice sub-bicoronate. 

1. L. mucoreus, longior, convexus, piceo-rufus, capite thoraceque nitidis, illo plano fortiter marginato, 
confertim punctato, antice rotundato haud emarginato, thorace punctato, lateribus obtuse angulatis, 
antice subserratis, angulis posticis obtusis haud rotundatis ; elytris parce punctatis et breviter pilosis, 
glauco-pruinosis ; supra versus latera parce longe pilosus, pectore villoso, calcare postico externo latiore 
et longiore, tarsis posticis tibiis multo longioribus. Long. -‘6—-65. 

Maris antennarum clava funiculo vix breviore ; pygidio convexo, unguibus subtus biseriatim fortius pectinatis; 
antico exteriore prope apicem fere dentato. 

Femine unguibus subtus prope apicem acute dentatis, a basi ad dentem pectinatis, postico interiore pectinato 
haud dentato; pygidio plano. 

Fort Yuma, Colorado River, California; Eagle Pass, Texas, Mr. Schott. The 
outer spur of the posterior tibie is longer and broader than the inner one, both are 
flattened and obtuse. The hairs towards the base of the elytra are very long. 

2. L.texanus, longiusculus, oblongus, convexus, piceo-rufus, capite thoraceque nitidis, illo plano fortiter 
marginato, confertim punctato, antice rotundato subemarginato, thorace minus dense punctato, lateribus 
fortius angulatis subserratis, angulis posticis obtusis haud rotundatis, ad basin longe erecte fimbriato, 
elytris parce punctatis et breviter pilosis, glauco-pruinosis ; supra versus latera parce longe pilosus, 

pectore villoso; calcare externo postico fere duplo lativre et longiore, tarsis posticis tibiis longioribus. 
Long. °5. 
Mas notis sexus sicut in precedente. 

One specimen found in Texas by Mr. Schott. Closely related to L. mucoreus, but 
is a little less elongated, with the sides of the thorax more strongly angulated, and 
subconcave in outline behind the angle, and with a basal fringe of long erect hairs. 
the inner spur of the posterior tibiz is only two-thirds as long as the outer one, and 
is more slender than in the preceding species. 


264 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

3. L. obtusus, piceo-ferrugineus, oblongus, convexus, capite rotundato fortiter marginato, confertim 
punctato, thoraceque nitidis, hoc sat dense punctato, lateribus rotundatis medio subangulatis, angulis 
posticis obtusis rotundatis, marginibus et ad basin longe piloso, elytris glauco-pruinosis vage punctatis, 
versus basin longe pilosis ad marginem parce pilosis; pectore villoso; caleare externo postico fere 
duplo latiore et longiore, tarsis posticis tibiis vix longioribus. Long. -55. 

Mas notis sexus sicut in precedentibus. 

One specimen found by me in Kansas, near Platte River. More robust and less 
cylindrical than the preceding species, with the sides of the thorax less anculated. 
Some of the hairs about the base of the thorax arise from the disc, and the hairs near 
the base of the elytra are longer than in the other species, and the punctures behind 
the middle are almost without hairs. The spurs of the posterior tibie are as in the 
preceding. 

B. Tibiz posticee unicoronate : tarsi postici tibiis haud longiores. 

4. L. falsus, convexus ferrugineus, capite rotundato, antice vix sinuato marginato, fortiter punctato parce 
piloso, thorace punctato, lateribus serratis obtuse angulatis, angulis posticis obtusis subrotundatis, elytris 
glauco-pruinosis, obsolete tricostatis, parcius punctatis, parce pilosis; lateribus et thoracis basi longe 
parce setosus, pectore villoso, calcaribus posticis angustis externo longiore. Long. -+54—-59. 

Mas cylindricus elongatus, clava antennarum funiculo longiore; pygidio magis convexo, abdomine late con- 
cavo, articulis 5to et 6to medio canaliculatis; unguiculis dente medio minuto armatis vix obsolete 
serratis, interno anteriore edentato. ; 

Femina subovata; pygidio paulo convexo, abdomine tumido, medio polito; unguiculis omnibus medio dente 
parvo acuto armatis, obsolete serratis. - 

Platte River, Kansas. This species, though having all the external appearance of 
the others, by its characters approaches so near to Lachnosterna as to suggest a doubt 

whether the two genera should properly remain distinct. 

5. L. fimbripes, subovata, convexa, ferruginea, capite rotundato, antice subsinuato, marginato, fortiter 
punctato, parce piloso, thorace punctato, lateribus obtuse angulatis, angulis posticis obtusis rotundatis, 
elytris subpruinosis parce punctatis vix breviter pilosis; lateribus et thoracis basi parce longe setosus, 
pectore villoso, tibiis tarsisque posticis intus lenge laxe pilosis calcaribus posticis angustis. Long. -48. 

Mas antennarum clava funieulo fere longiore; abdomine medio fere plano, segmentis 5 et 6 leviter cana- 
liculatis ; unguiculis obsolete serratis minime dentatis. 

One specimen, Fort Riley, Kansas, Dr. W. A. Hammond, U.S. A. Somewhat 
more robust than the preceding species. 

6. L. scoparius, elongatus, cylindricus, piceo-rufus, capite rotundato fortiter marginato, antice vix sinuato, 
fortiter punctato, thorace punctato, lateribus subserratis angulatis, angulis posticis obtusis haud rotun- 
datis, elytris parce punctatis et pilosis, glauco-pruinosis: marginibus longe parce pilosis, pectore dense 
villoso, tibiis posticis intus longe, tarsis posticis subtus densissime villosis; calearibus posticis angustis. 
Long. -61. 

Mas antennarum clava funiculo haud longiore; propygidio fere nudo, pygidio maiore valde conyexo; ab- 
dominis segmento 6to subtus producto et acute longe bidentato ; unguiculis fortius pectinatis. 

Sonora, near the Boundary line, Mr. Arthur Schott. From the curious characters 
of the abdomen and posterior tarsi, I was strongly tempted to consider this as a 


MELOLONTHID OF THE UNITED STATES. 265 

separate genus, but the preceding species is intermediate in the last mentioned 
peculiarity, and the former is altogether a sexual mark. ‘The sixth ventral segment 
is large, and projects downwards; it is smooth and flat on its anterior surface, strong- 
ly punctured and hairy on the posterior surface, which is convex, and nearly hori- 
zontal; the line where the two surfaces meet is armed at the middle with two large 
sharp teeth. 

4. DIPLOTAXES. 

This group established by Kirby, but first defined as a sub-group by Lacordaire, 
contains species of small size, forming the transition from the groups with transverse 
not prominent anterior costz, to those with the cox conical. The thorax is almost 
always furnished with an apical membranous margin, a character not known to me 
in any other group except Dichelonyche, which differ by the chelate ungues. Bur- 
meister’s group of Schizonyche should probably enter here, as they differ only by the 
ereater depth of the emargination of the labrum, and the less breadth of the ligula: 
the former is indeed not free from variation in our species of Diplotaxis. It has not 
escaped the attentive eye of Lacordaire that the ventral sutures are distinct in this 
group, not effaced at the middle as in Rhizotrogi; but he mentions that exceptions in 
this respect are found in Empecta: as that genus has no apical margin of membrane 
on the thorax, I am in doubt whether it might not be more naturally placed in 
Rhizotrogi. 

A character not noted by previous authors, which seems to distinguish this group, 
is the entire coalescence, without perceptible suture between the 5th ventral segment 
and the propygidium ; I know of no other group in which this takes place, and taken 
in conjunction with the small pygidium, the disappearance of the sixth ventral segment, 
the distinctness of the ventral sutures, and the prominence of the anterior coxe, it 
would seem to render this as distinctly limited as the other groups here recognized. 

Our genera may be thus distinguished :— 

Ungues antici dente parum prominulo apicali, posteriores fissi > - 2 Orsonyx Lec. 
Ungues omnes conformes : 
Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo ovali - - - - - - - Diplotaxis Kirby 
Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo elongato, cylindrico —- - - - Alobus Lee. 

Orsonyx Lec. 

Corpus oblongum, paulo conyexum, alatum; clypeus margine reflexo, late rotundatus medio subsinuatus, 
sutura frontali distincta. Labrum concayum, modice emarginatum ; mandibule validz prominule ; maxille 
mala exteriore ad apicem bidentata; (palpi desunt). Mentum trapezoideum, ligule late connatum, antice 
se micirculariter depressum ; palpi labiales laterales; antennz breves 10-articulate, clava parva triphylla. 
Thorax ad apicem membranula coriacea marginatus, linea marginali nulla. Tibiee antice tridentate unical- 
carate, posteriores extus bicoronate, ad apicem paulo incrassatee, posticee intus dense pilose; tarsi tibiis vix 
longiores, setosi ; unguiculis anticis dente tenui acuto subapicali parum prominulo armatis, posterioribus fissis, 

parte inferiore latiore acuto subtruncato vix breviore : propygidium fere omnino tectum. 

68 


266 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

O. anxius, oblongus paulo conyexus, ater subnitidus, capite dense punctato, vertice vage bifoveato, 
clypeo rotundato, marginato, antice subemarginato, sutura frontali utrinque profundiore, thorace dense 
punctato, subcanaliculato, lateribus rotundatis ante medium angustato, angulis posticis obtusis subro- 
tundatis, elytris punctatis, subtricostatis, costis uniseriatim punctatis, pygidio grosse punctato, propy- 
gidio antice subtiliter postice grosse punctato. Long. 41. 

One specimen found by Thos. H. Webb, M. D. of the U. S.and Mexican Boundary 
Commission in the valley of the Gila. The under surface is coarsely punctured, and 
it as well as the pygidium is sparsely hairy. 

DipLoraxis Kirby. 

The species in this genus are now quite numerous, and in sculpture, color and 
form resemble each other in many instances very closely; I have, therefore sought 

to establish natural divisions by which they may be classified into small groups. The 
following will serve the purpose. 

A. GENUIN 4. Ungues omnes fissi; (h. e. dente ungue parum breviore) ; spiracula postica haud promi- 
nula ; thorax linea apicali nulla. 

a. Thorax ad angulos plus minusve impressus, angulis anticis precipue acuminatis. 

Caput haud carinatum, corpus pubescens : : 5 : i I. Sp. 1. 
Caput haud carinatum, corpus supra glabrum 2 ie : . II. Sp. 2—. 
Caput carinatum, corpus supra glabrum : : : : . III. Sp.6—7. 
b. Thorax ad angulos haud impressus ; caput haud carinatum. 
Clypeus hemihexagonus, angulisacutis elevatis . . : 2) Vet psis: 
Clypeus varius, angulis rotundatis vel nullis . . V. Sp. 9—24. 
B. SPURL. Spiracula postica prominula. 
Ungues fissi ctuheeke . : : 6 : : hogs - Sp. 25. 
Ungues medio dentati , : 5 : : 6 d , oi) ps0. 
C. SPURL#. Ungues medio dentati; spiracula postica haud prominula. 
Thorax linea apicali nulla : : : Spats 
Thorax ad apicem marginatus : ; : : : . : . Sp. 28—29. 

Ve 
1. D. sordida, nigra, opaca, undique pube erecta brevi fulva vestita, thorace densius pubescente, elytris 
subtilius, thorace capiteque rugose densissime punctatis, hoc hemihexagono, margine reflexo,-antice late 
emarginato, sutura frontali profunda, utrinque excayata, tibiis anticis subtridentatis. Long. -47. 

Melolontha sordida Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 5, 197. 

Diplotaxis carbonaria Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd. 262, 

Pennsylvania and Georgia; rare. The thorax is transversely broadly sulcate near 
the base and apex; the basal angles are not at all rounded, the sides are subangu- 
lated behind the middle, and the anterior angles are subacuminate. Burmeister 
describes the elytra as being costate; in one specimen they are so, in another there 
are faint traces of external strize, and of the three discoidal flattened coste. The 
teeth of the anterior tibize are equidistant, the upper one is feeble, 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 267 

II. 

2. D. subcostata, fusco-ferruginea, nitida, oblonga, convexa, capite hemihexagono, grosse punctato, 
margine reflexo, antice vix emarginato, thorace parcius punctato, lateribus medio valde rotundatis, 
angulis omnibus acutis vage impressis, elytris grossius punctatis, tricostatis, tibiis anticis subtridentatis ; 
sutura frontali profunda utrinque exaraba, vertice late convexo. Long. -39—-45. 

Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 171. 

Georgia; not rare. Varies a little in the outline of the thorax, and in the depth 
of the punctures; it is however always obtusely rounded at the middle, sinuate before 
and behind, with acute angles. 

3. D. liberta, nigro-picea nitida, oblonga, convexa, capite hemihexagono, tenuiter marginato, fortiter 
punctato, antice haud emarginato, thorace fortiter haud dense punctato, parcius in medio, lateribus medio 
rotundatis, angulis anticis subacuminatis, posticis obtusis haud rotundatis, omnibus paulo impressis, 
elytris fortius punctatis, concinne tricostatis, tibiis anticis tridentatis, sutura frontali profunda, vertice 
planiusculo. Long. -45—-5. 

Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 261. 
Melolontha liberta Germ. Ins. Noy. 123. 

Middle and Southern States; D. tristis Kirby, placed by Burmeister as synony- 
mous with this species, is quite distinct, having a thickly punctured thorax, of a 
different form. 

4. D. brevicollis, oblonga, convexa, piceo-ferruginea nitida, capite punctato, hemihexagono, antice late 
emarginato, margine anguste reflexo, sutura frontali profunda, thorace brevi subtilius punctato, lateribus 
oblique rotundatis, angulis anticis subacutis posticis fere rectis, omnibus impressis; elytris subtilius 
punctatis et tricostatis, tibiis anticis obtuse tridentatis. Long. -47. 

One specimen collected by George Gibbs, Esq., at Steilacoom, Washington Ter- 
ritory. 

5. D. tristis, oblonga, minus convexa, nigra subnitida, capite dense punctato hemihexagono, antice 
subemarginato, margine anguste reflexo, sutura frontali profunda, thorace lateribus oblique rotundatis, 
angulis anticis subacutis, posticis obtusis, omnibus paulo impressis, elytris punctatis, tricostatis, tibiis 
anticis obtuse tridentatis. Long. -43—-53. 

Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. 130. 

Middle States and Lake Superior, not rare. 
III. 

6. D. excavata, oblonga, nigro-picea, nitida, capite vix hemihexagono, margine reflexo antice fere rotun- 
dato, grosse, occipite parcius punctato, sutura frontali profunde excavata, fronte transversim carinata, 
medio subimpressa, thorace grosse punctato, antice posticeque versus latera transversim excavato, lateri- 
bus medio rotundatis angulis anticis subacuminatis, elytris rude punctatis, subcostatis, tibiis anticis 
subtridentatis. Long. -35. 

One specimen, Georgia. The punctures of the elytra are large, and sometimes 
confluent, they are mostly arranged in rows, except towards the suture, and the three 
costse are not much more evident than the other intervals. 


268 LE CONTE—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

7. D. frontalis, oblonga, nigro-picea, nitida, capite fere rotundato, margine reflexo, grosse occipite parce 
punctato, sutura frontali profundo, fronte transversim carinata medio subimpressa, thorace parcius 
punctato, lateribus medio rotundatis, angulis anticis acutis, haud acuminatis, elytris rude punctatis sub- 
costatis, tiblis anticis subtridentatis. Long. °35. 

Georgia. Of the same appearance as the last, from which it only differs by the 
thorax being hardly perceptibly impressed at the angles, instead of being deeply ex- 
cavated. Perhaps this may be a sexual character. 

D. punctatorugosa Blanch. having the front transversely elevated, must 
belong to this group. Blanchard, however, describes it as “breviter ovata,” while 
according to Burmeister, who does not mention the form, the anterior tibize are acute- 
ly 3-toothed. 

IV. 

8. D. angularis, elongata cylindrica, ferruginea nitida, capite punctato, hemihexagono, margine reflexo, 
ad apicem late emarginato, angulis acutis prominulis, sutura frontali mediocri, vertice late convexo, 
thorace modice punctato, antrorsum angustato, lateribus pone medium fortius rotundatis angulis obtusis, 
elytris punctatis, tricostatis, tibiis anticis tridentatis. Long. °3. 

Copper Mines of the Gila, Dr. Webb. The female is slightly ovate. The apical 
reflexed margin of the clypeus makes with the lateral margin a reentering angle. 

iE 

9. D. moerens, oblonga, minus convexa, picea vel nigro-picea subnitida, capite confluenter punctato, 
plano, hemihexagono, tenuiter marginato, antice late emarginato, sutura frontali parum impressa, thorace 
confertim punctato, lateribus rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis, elytris fortiter punctatis, punctis fere 
omnibus seriatis, vix tricostatis, tibiis anticis tridentatis. Long. -44. 

Vallecitas, California. Of the size, form and color of D. tristis; the inferior 
portion of the claws is rathershorter than usual, and the labrum is deeply emarginate. 

10. D. punctipennis, oblonga, convexa, ferrugineo-picea nitida, capite fortiter punctato, clypeo rotun- 
dato, latius marginato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace sat dense fortius punctato, lateribus valde rotun- 
datis angulis posticis obtusis, elytris grosse punctatis, punctis fere omnibus seriatis, vix tricostatis, tibiis 
anticis fortiter tridentatis. Long. -44. 

Texas, Mr. Haideman. The spaces which represent the usual costz, and the 
suture are marked with a row of smaller punctures. The inferior part of the ungues 
is shorter than the upper, but not so much so as in D. moerens. 

11. D. texana, oblonga, convexa, fusco-ferruginea nitida, capite dense punctato, clypeo rotundato, anguste 
marginato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace fere dense punctato, lateribus modice rotundatis, angulis 
posticis obtusis, elytris punctatis tricostatis, tibiis anticis tridentatis. Long. -38. 

New Braunfels, Texas, Mr. Lindheimer. The punctures between the coste are 
confused; the costs are marked with a row of smaller punctures; the teeth of the 
anterior tibize are not large, and are more close than usual. The clypeus in one 
specimen is semicircular, but in the other is feebly hemihexagonal. The under part 
of the ungues is hardly shorter than the upper. 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 269 

12. D. Harperi, ferrugineo-picea, oblonga paulo convexa, nitida, capite fortius confertim punctato, cly- 
peo anguste marginato, rotundato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace fortius sat dense, medio minus 
dense punctato, antrorsum subangustato, lateribus latius rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis, elytris 

fortiter punctatis, subtricostatis, costis: fortius uniseriatim punctatis, tibiis anticis obtuse tridentatis. 
Long. 37. 

? Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 171. 

Burm. Lamell. 2, 2d, 263. 

Fort Riley, Kansas, Dr. Wm. A. Hammond; found according to Blanchard in Georgia, 
and Burmeister in S. Carolina. Differs from the next two species by the less rounded 
sides of the thorax, and the more narrowly margined clypeus; the latter is rounded 
in the are of a circle. The punctures of the coste of the elytra are somewhat irregu- 
lar ; the teeth of the anterior tibize are obtuse, and the two lower ones are nearer. 

13. D. frondicola, oblonga convexa, fusco-ferruginea, uitida, {capite dense punctato, clypeo vix 
hemihexagono, anguste marginato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace dense punctato, lateribus rotun- 
datis, angulis posticis obtusis, elytris punctatis, tricostatis, tibiis anticis dentibus tribus magis 
approximatis. Long. -28—-32. 

D. testacea Burm. Lamell. 2. 2d, 263. 
Melolontha frondicola Say, Journ. Acad. 5, 198. 

A common species from New York to Texas, and’ Kansas. The head is always 
slightly hemihexagonal; the under part of the claws is not shorter than the upper 
portion. The punctures between the coste are confused, and the coste are marked 
with a row of smaller punctures. 

The species described by Mr. Blanchard as Say’s is something quite different. 

14, D. dubia, oblonga, convexa, fusco-ferruginea, nitida, capite dense punctato, clypeo rotundato, mar- 
ginato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace dense punctato, lateribus rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis, 
elytris fortiter punctatis, tricostatis, tibiis anticis bidentatis. Long. -32. 

Texas, two specimens, Mr. Haldeman, So similar to the preceding, that it might 
readily be confounded with it. On comparison, however, several differences may be 
found : the thorax is not so short, and the posterior angles are less obtuse ; the clypeus 
is rounded in an arc of a circle, and more strongly margined; the upper tooth of the 
anterior tibie is almost entirely obliterated. 

15. D. truncatula, oblongo-ovata, convexa, picea, capite confertim punctato, hemihexagono, clypeo 
tenuiter marginato, antice truncato, sutura frontali profunda, thorace sat dense punctato, lateribus ob- 
lique zqualiter rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis rotundatis, elytris grossius punctatis, tricostatis, 
tibiis anticis tridentatis. Long. -32. 

One specimen, Kansas. The costs of the elytra are without punctures, or with 
only a very few small ones. The upper tooth of the anterior tibiz is acute and dis- 
tant from the others. 

16. D. consors, oblonga, nigro-picea, convexa nitida, capite confertim punctato, hemihexagono, clypeo 

tenuiter marginato, antice truncato, sutura frontali profunda, thorace minus dense punctato, lateribus 

rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis rotundatis, elytris grossius punctatis tricostatis, tibiis anticis triden- 

tatis. Long. °3. 
69 


270 LE CONTE,—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

One specimen, Texas, Mr. Haldeman. Very similar to D. truncatula, but differs by 
the thorax being not so much narrowed in front, less rounded about the posterior 
angles and less densely punctured. The feet are brownish, the anterior tibie as in 
D. truncatula. 

17. D. carbonata, oblonga, atra subnitida, capite dense punctato, clypeo vix hemihexagono, tenuiter 
marginato, thorace minus dense punctato, lateribus valde rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis rotun- 

datis, elytris punctis fortibus fere omnibus seriatis, subtricostatis, tibiis anticis tridentatis. Long. 
27—3. 

New Mexico and Texas, Messrs. Clark and Webb. The punctures except near the 
sutural line are hardly confused, the interstices are marked with ranges of small punc- 
tures ; the upper tooth of the anterior tibia is obtuse but obvious. 

18. D. atratula, oblonga, atra subnitida, capite dense punctato, clypeo hemihexagono, antice late 
emarginato, modice marginato, thorace fortius punctato, lateribus antice obliquis parum rotundatis ad 
angulos posticos fortius rotundatis, elytris punctis fortibus fere omnibus seraitis, vix tricostatis, tibiis 
anticis fortiter tridentatis. Long. -3. 

Frontera, New Mexico, Mr. Clark. Of the form size and color of D. carbonata, but 
differing in the sides of the thorax being oblique and hardly rounded, except near the 
posterior angles; the punctures of the elytra are not confused near the sutural line, 
and the interstices are not punctured. The legs as usual are brown, and the upper 
tooth of the anterior tibize is strong and acute. 

19. D. morula, elongato-oblonga, atra subnitida, capite confertim punctato, clypeo hemihexagono, anguste 
marginato antice truncato, Sutura frontali profunda, thorace sat dense punctato, lateribus antice obliquis 
postice cum angulis rotundatis, elytris fortius punctatis, tricostatis, tibiis anticis fortius tridentatis. 
Long. °3. 

One specimen, Kansas. Narrower than the preceding species, from which it also 
differs, not only by the posterior angles of the thorax less suddenly rounded, but by 
the punctures between the geminate rows being confused; the coste themselves are 
marked with a few small punctures. The legs are brown, and the upper tooth of the 
anterior tibiee is strongly marked. 

20. D. punctata, nigro-picéa, oblonga, convexa, nitida, capite confertim punctato, marginato, hemihexa- 
gono, antice late truncato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace fortiter minus dense punctato, lateribus 
antice obliquis, pone medium valde rotundatis fere angulatis, angulis posticis perobtusis, elytris fortius 
punctatis, subcostatis, tibiis anticis fortius tridentatis. Long. -32. 

One specimen, Frontera, Rio Grande, Mr. Clark. The punctures of the two inner 
interstices of the elytra are confused, but the cost are not very distinct; the cost 
are marked with a row of fine punctures. 

21. D.cribulosa, oblonga, subovata, ferruginea nitida, parce fulvo-pubescens, capite fortius dense punctato, 
marginato, hemihexagono, antice late truncato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace fortiter minus parce 
punctato, lateribus rotundatis, antice obliquis, angulis posticis obtusis, elytris fortiter punctatis, sub- 
costatis, tiblis anticis subtridentatis. Long. :34. 

iil ie 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 271 

One specimen found with the preceding. This species is by its sculpture related to 
D. punctata, but the thorax is more coarsely punctured, and the costz of the 
elytra are marked with a very strong row of punctures, which with the punctures 
between the geminate rows are furnished with short but stout suberect hairs: the 
punctures of the thorax and those near the frontal suture also emit hairs. The la- 
brum is more deeply emarginate than in the other species, but the under part of the 
claws is as long as the upper, the thorax has a narrow apical membrane, and all the 

other characters are of this genus. 

22. D. subangulata, oblonga, convexa, nigro-picea nitida, capite dense punctato, marginato, fere 
hemihexagono, antice late truncato, thorace haud dense punctato, lateribus rotundatis medio subangu- 
latis angulis posticis valde obtusis, elytris fortiter seriatim punctatis, punctis internis solis confusis, 
costis parum distinctis subtiliter uniseriatim punctatis, tibiis anticis acute tridentatis. Long. -34. 

One specimen, Oregon, Col. McCall. The under part of the claw is a little shorter 
than the upper, and less obviously truncate than usual. 
23. D. bidentata, ovata, convexa, nigro-picea, vix senescens nitida, capite parcius fortiter punctato, 

elypeo rotundato, marginato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace parce fortiter punctato, lateribus oblique 
late rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis, elytris fortius punctatis, tricostatis, tibiis anticis bidentatis. 

Long. °3. 

Georgia, two specimens. Differs from all others known to me by the ovate body, 
the sparsely punctured head, and bidentate tibiz. The punctures between the suture 
and the first dorsal costze are confused, those between the other two costz and the 
first are less so, but still somewhat confused. ‘The punctures of the under surface 
are larger and more abundant than usual: the propygidium is more prominent than 
in the other species and is marked near the apex with a tolerably strong transverse 

raised line. 

The following species cannot be refered to its proper division, from the loss of the 
head. 

24. D. tenuis, elongata, cylindrica testacea, thorace confertim punctato, antice posticeque angustato, 
lateribus rotundatis medio fere angulatis, elytris seriatim punctatis, punctisque paucis internis con- 
fusis, tricostatis, tibiis anticis obtuse subdentatis. Long. -28. 

A dead specimen found at Vallecitas, San Diego County, California. Resembles 
in its proportions D. angularis, and probably belongs to Div. IV., but differs greatly 
in the sculpture of the elytra; the punctures of the first interstice are confused, those 
of the other intervals between the coste, are represented by rows of punctures equal 
in size to those of the regular rows but more distant; the coste are without punc- 
tures. The terminal tooth of the anterior tibize as usual is long, the others are 
almost obsolete : the lower part of the ungues is acute, and hardly shorter than the 
upper; the posterior tibiz have more long hairs than in D. angularis. 


272 LE CONTH.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

B. Spuria. 

25. D. corvina, oblongo-ovalis, convexa, piceo-nigra nitida, capite confertissime punctato, clypeo mar- 
ginato, rotundato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace latitudine plus duplo breviore, fortius sat dense 
punctato, lateribus rotundatis, parcius ciliatis, angulis posticis obtusis rotundatis, elytris seriatim punc- 
tatis, vix tricostatis, punctis internis solis confusis, antennis palpisque piceo-rufis, unguibus fissis. Long. 
‘44, 

One specimen, Fort. Yuma, Colorado River, California. This insect has the appear- 
ance of a large Aphodius. The spaces of the elytra which represent the cost are 
marked each with a row of small punctures. The under surface is very coarsely 
punctured, and the punctures have short yellowish hairs. The pygidium is very 
coarsely and the propygidium densely punctured, the latter is transversely elevated, 
or rather broadly sulcate near the apex. The posterior tibie at the outer apical 
angle are armed with three longer spines. 

26. D. pacata, oblongo-ovata convexa, ferrugineo-picea, nitida, capite confertim punctato, clypeo subrotun- 
dato, marginato, sutura frontali impressa, vertice vage bifoveato, thorace sat dense punctato, antrorsum angus- 
tato, lateribus postice cum angulis valde rotundatis, elytris fortiter seriatim punctatis, punctis internis 
solis confusis : tibiis anticis tridentatis, tarsis anticis anteanis palpisque rufis, unguibus dente ad medium 
armatis. Long. ‘32. 

One specimen found by Dr. Thomas H. Webb, of the United States and Mexican 
Boundary Commission, in the valley of the Gila. The form is that of most Diplo- 
taxis, but the spiracles of the propygidium are prominent as in the last species. The 
mandibles are less prominent than usual, and in fact hardly visible. The propygi- 
dium and pygidium are sculptured as in the preceding; the tooth of the claws is per- 
pendicular, and not large. 

C. Spurie. 

27. D. brevidens, oblonga, convexa, fusco-ferruginea nitida, capite confertim fortius punctato, subrotun- 
dato, clypeo marginato, antice subemarginato, clypeo frontali profunda, thorace fortius punctato, lateribus 
antice obliquis, dein rotundatis, angulis posticis valde obtusis, utrinque ad apicem et ad medium foveato, 
elytris grossius seriatim punctatis, punctis internis solis confusis, tibiis anticis valde tridentatis, ungui- 
ceulis medio fortiter dentatis. Long. .42- 

One specimen found by Dr. Thos. H. Webb in the valley of the Gila. This species 
repeats the form of the fifth division, as the next does the second of the genuine 
Diplotaxes. The mandibles are more prominent than usual, and bent downwards, 
so that the ligula is covered by them. The pygidium and propygidium are very 
coarsely punctured, and the latter has the usual transverse impression near the apex. 
The apical fovese of the thorax are half way between the middle line and the angles, 

the others are near the side, and at the greatest breadth. 

28. D. Haydenii, oblonga-ovata, rufo-ferruginea, nitida, convexa, capite sat dense punctato, clypeo 
fere hemihexagono marginato, sutura frontali profunda, fronte transversim obsolete elevata, thorace 


MELOLONTHID OF THE UNITED STATES. 273 

modice punctato, brevi, ante medium valde angustato, lateribus obliquis, ad medium fere angulatis, 
angulis posticis obtusis, subimpressis, ad apicem marginato, angulis anticis magis acutis, elytris fortius 
punctatis, tricostatis, tibiis anticis tridentatis, dente ultimo oblique truncato, unguiculis medio breviter 
dentatis. Long. -45. 

Yellowstone River, Nebraska, Dr. F. V. Hayden. The mandibles are very pro- 
minent, and bent at the apex so as to cover the ligula. The sides of the thorax, 
from a ventral view hardly converge towards the base. The punctures between the 
smooth lines of the elytra are confused, and somewhat rugous. The pygidium is 
coarsely punctured and sparsely hairy; the propygidium is more densely punctured, 
with the usual transverse impression. 

29. D. innoxia, oblonga, convexa, rufo-ferruginea nitida, capite sat dense punctato, clypeo fere hemi- 
hexagono marginato, sutura frontali profunda, fronte transversim obsolete elevata, thorace modice punc- 
tato, brevi, ante medium valde angustato, lateribus ibi obliquis, dein eequaliter rotundatis, angulis: posticis 
obtusis subimpressis, ad apicem marginato, angulis anticis acutis, elytris fortius punctatis, tricostatis, 
tibiis anticis obtuse tridentatis, dente ultimo subtruncato unguiculis breviter dentatis. Long. -4.' 

One specimen, Kansas. Closely allied to the preceding, and precisely similar to it 
in sculpture: the body is, however, not at all ovate, and the sides of the thorax are 
more regularly and less suddenly rounded. These two species by the strong apical 
marginal line of the thorax form a passage to the Rhizotrogi ; many of which they re- 
semble in the form of the claws. 

Species. not recognized. 
Diplotaxis punctato-rugosa Blanch. Cat. Col. Mus. Paris, 171; Burm, Lamell. 2, 2nd, 263. 
Diplotaxis georgiz Blanch. ibid. 
Diplotaxis frondicolat Blanch. ibid. 
Diplotaxis castanea Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 262; an D. subcostata ? 
Diplotaxis corpulenta Burm. ibid. 263. 

Axosvs Lec. 

Corpus elongato-oblongum, subcylindricum: caput majusculum, clypeo marginato, antice subrotundato, 
sutura frontali bisinuata; labrum transversum late emarginatum; palpi maxillares articulo ultimo tenui 
eylindrico, reliquis coniunctis eequali; mandibule prominulz ad apicem obtuse: mentum quadratum haud 
impressum; antennz breves 10-articulate, clava parva triphylla. Tibiee anticee tridentate: unicalcarate, pos- 
teriores tenues haud coronatz, nec ad apicem incrassatee, posticze intus parce pilose ; tarsi tibiis vix longiores, 
subtus parce pilosi vel setosi, haud spinulose ; ungues omnes dente inferno maximo truncato, ungue ipso haud 
breviore. Thorax membranula apicali nulla. 

A genus which approaches the Rhizotrogi in another direction, viz., by the 
absence of the apical membrane of the thorax ; nevertheless by the abdomen and by 

the labrum it must clearly be associated with Diplotaxis. 

A, fulvus, elongatus, subeylindricus, testaceo-rufus nitidus, capite fuscescente, confertim punctato, clypeo 
vix hemihexagono, anguste marginato, sutura frontali impressa, thorace latitudine plus duplo breviore, 
dense, medio parcius punctato, antrorsum haud angustato, lateribus late rotundatis, angulis posticis ob- 
tusis ; elytris fortiter punctatis, subtricostatis, propygidio subtiliter, pygidio grosse punctato. Long. -36. 

One specimen, New York. The three teeth of the anterior tibie are near together. 
70 


274 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

The head is hardly one-fourth narrower than the thorax, which differs remarkably 
in form from that of any other species in the group, in not being conspicuously 
narrowed in front. The under surface is coarsely punctured, more sparsely at the 
middle of the metosternum ; the punctures support very short hairs. 

5. SERIC A. 

This group is readily known from all the others by the labrum being connate with 
the clypeus, and very frequently indistinct ; in addition, the anterior coxe are conical 
and prominent ; the abdominal segments are hardly connate, the penultimate dorsal and 
ventral are separated by a straight suture, and the stigma is concealed in the anterior 
angle. ; 

The genus Serica M’Leay, the only one found in our territory, belongs to the divi- 
sion of genuine Serice, having the posterior coxe dilated, and the ligula corneous and 
connate with the mentum ; it may be thus separated into two groups: | 

A. Clypeus utrinque acute incisus; corpus haud micans. Sp. 1—4. Camptorhina Kirby. 
B. Clypeus simplex ; corpus sericeo-micans. Sp. 5—15. Serica (proper). 

SericA M’Leay. 
A. 

1. S. vespertina, oblongo-ovata, convexa picea nitida, margine breviter fimbriata, clypeo densius, 
capite thoraceque sat dense punctatis, fronte transversim impresso, elytris sulcatis, sulcis in fundo 
confluenter fortiter punctatis, interstitiis parce punctatis. Long. -35—-42. 

Dej. Cat. ; Leconte, Agassiz’ Lake Superior, 226. . 

Melolontha vespertina Schonh. Syn. Ins. Append. 94; Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 3, 244. 
Omaloplia vespertina Harris, Ins. Inj. Vegetation, 2nd ed. 29. 

Serica vespertina Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 175. 

Camptorhina atricapilla Kirby, Fauna. Bor. Am. 129. 

Middle, Southern, Eastern and Western States, as far as Lake Superior. 

2, S. texana, oblonga convexa, testacea margine breviter fimbriata, clypeo confertim punctato, ad 

apicem truncato, paulo magis producto, capite parce, thorace subtilius sat dense punctato, elytris 
sulcatis, sulcis in fundo punctatis, interstitiis punctis paucis notatis. Long. -32. 

Found at Fort Gates, Texas, by Mr. H. Haldeman. This species is smaller than 
the preceding, and less dilated behind; the clypeus is longer, the lateral incisure of 
the anterior part is not so deep, the thorax is more convex and more finely punctured, 
and the elytra are less punctured. 

3. S. atratula, oblongo-ovata, piceo-nigra, margine vix breyiter fimbriata, clypeo confertim punctato 
antice truncato, fronte transversim impressa, capite parcius, thorace densius punctato, elytris profundius 
sulcatis, sulcis in fundo punctatis, antennis palpisque rufo-flavis. Long. -26. 

One specimen from Texas, Mr. H. Haldeman. Differs from the preceding by the 
more ovate body dilated behind, by the transversely impressed front, the more strongly 
punctured thorax, and more deeply sulcate elytra. The clypeus, as in 8, texana, is 
less deeply incised at the side than in S. vespertina, ; 

1 
u 

Be eY a eee 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 275 

4, 5. serotina, oblonga, subovata, convexa, piceo-rufa, nitida, margine longius fimbriata, clypeo truncato 
dense, capite parce punctato, fronte transversim impressa, thorace convexo subtiliter sat dense punctato, 
linea dorsali postice levi, elytris leviter sulcatis, sulcis in fundo punctatis, antennis flavis. Long. -42. 

One specimen collected at Sacramento, California, by Mr. J. Wittick, and given me 
by Mr. Rathvon. Of the size of S. vespertina, but less dilated behind. The clypeus 
is broader in front than in any of the preceding species, the lateral incisure is slight. 
The thorax is very convex, much rounded on the sides, and more finely punctured 
than in the others; the pectus and coxee are uniformly and densely punctured, while 
in the other species the punctures are denser on the coxe, and gradually become 
sparse at the middle of the pectus. The hairs which fringe the edge of the thorax 
and elytra are longer than in the other species. 

B. 
5. 8. iricolor, ovata convexa, nigra, iridescens, capite thoraceque dense punctatis pilis fulvis erectis 
dense vestitis, elytris sulcatis, punctatis parcius pilosis, antennis testaceis. Long. -29. 
Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 178. : 
Melolontha tricolor Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 3, 245. 
Middle States. By some strange error this species is placed in the Melsheimer 
Catalogue of Described Coleoptera as synonymous with Mel. micans Knoch. 

6. 8S. fimbriata, oblongo-ovata, testacea opaca convexa, subiridescens, capite dense punctato, clypeo ad 
apicem reflexo et late emarginato, thorace minus dense punctato, lateribus magis oblique rotundatis longe 
fimbriatis, elytris striis uniseriatim punctatis, pectore coxisque longe sat dense flavo-villosis. Long. -42. 

San Diego, California. Of the same size, but more robust than S. sericea, and very 
distinct by the more oblique sides of the thorax being fringed with long lateral hairs, 
and by the hairy breast. The strize of the elytra are not irregularly punctured as 
usual, but have only single rows of punctures. It is possible that dark colored speci- 
mens may occur, as mine, although found flying in the evening twilight, do not appear 
to have become fully hardened. 

7. S. tristis, oblongo-ovata, nigro-picea nitida, convexa, obsolete iridescens, clypeo plano, dense punctato, 
antice emarginato, vix reflexo, capite parce, thorace sat dense fortiter punctatis, lateribus oblique 
rotundatis, elytris parce punctatis, striatis, pygidio parce punctato, antennis testaceis, pedibus piceis. 
Long. -32—-35. 

Lec. Agassiz’ Lake Superior, 226. 

North shore of Lake Superior. Resembles in form the next species, but the thorax 
is broader. The body above and beneath is shining with but little iridescent lustre ; 
the clypeus is flatter in front, hardly margined, and the space in front of the trans- 
verse fine line is longer. 

8. S. sericea, piceo-purpurea vel nigro-purpurea, opaca, sericeo-micans, oblongo-ovata, convexa, margine 
parce fimbriata, clypeo dense punctato, antice emarginato et reflexo, thorace lateribus oblique paulo 
rotundatis, sat dense punctato, elytris striatis praecipue in fundo striarum punctatis, pygidio sat dense 

punctato, antennis pedibusque piceis. Long. -37. 


276 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 176. 

Melolontha sericea Iliger’s Oliv. 1, 5, 75 (fide Burm.) ; Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 3, 245. 

Melolontha variabilist Fabr. Syst. El. 2, 182 (var.) 

Middle and Southern States,common. The male is oblong, hardly dilated behind ; 
the fermale is distinctly ovate. 

9. S. curvata, elongata, testacea, convexa, supra opaca, subiridescens, subtus nitida, margine fimbriata, 
clypeo confertim punctato, ad apicem subtruncato et reflexo, thorace subtilius punctato, lateribus valde 
rotundatis, elytris minus profunde striatis, et in striis punctatis, pygidio subtilius punctato, nitido. Long. 
“28. 

Kansas, in the valley of Platte River. Smaller and narrower than the preceding, 
and readily known by the strongly rounded sides of the thorax. 

10. S. mixta, oblonga, testacea subopaca griseo-iridescens, margine longe fimbriata, clypeo dense punctato, 
antice subrotundatim truncato, thorace lateribus antice magis rotundatis, subtilius punctato, elytris parce 
punctatis, striatis, interstitiis alternatim latioribus et magis punctatis, pectore villosulo. Long. -34. 

San Diego, California. Larger and narrower than the next, but smaller than 8S. 
fimbriata, and differing from both by the clypeus being almost rounded in front 
without distinct lateral angles, as well as by the form of the thorax. The breast is 
more hairy than usual, though less so than in S. fimbriata, and the hind coxe. are 
nearly glabrous. 

11. 8S. alternata, oblongo-ovata convexa, purpureo-picea, iridescens, clypeo dense punctato, antice latius 
subemarginato, et reflexo, thorace punctato. lateribus oblique magis rotundatis, parce fimbriatis, elytris 
punctatis, striatis interstitiis alternis conspicue latioribus, et magis punctatis, lateribus fimbriatis, pectore 
parce villosulo. Long. -28—:34. 

San Diego, California. Of the color size and form of S. sericea, but the thorax 
is broader, more rounded on the sides and more strongly fringed: the elytra are less 
deeply striate, with the punctures more equally scattered over the interstices. 

12. 8. anthracina, brevius ovata, convexa, atra opaca, paulo iridescens, clypeo confertim punctato, 
antice vix emarginato, reflexo, thorace punctato, lateribus oblique magis rotundatis parce fimbriatis, 

elytris punctatis, subtiliter striatis, interstitiis planis, pygidio fortius punctato, coxis posticis dense punc- 
tatis. Long. -36. 

Oregon, Dr. Townsend, and others. ; 

13. 8. frontalis, breviter ovata, picea, subnitida, paulo iridescens, clypeo confertim punctato, marginato, 
antice subemarginato, fronte inter antennas linea elevata in vertice subangulata notata, thorace punctato, 
lateribus oblique magis rotundatis, parce fimbriatis, elytris parce punctatis fortius striatis, pygidio sub- 
tiliter: punctato, coxis: posticis parce fortiter punctatis. Long. -27. 

One specimen, Oregon, Col. M’Call. Closely related to the preceding, but seems 
to differ in the slight transverse angulated frontal line, and the sparsely punctured 

posterior coxze ; the elytra are more deeply striate but less punctured, and the pygidi- 
um is more finely punctured. 

14. S. rebusta, breviter ovata, nigra, nitida, subiridescens, clypeo confertim punctato, marginato, antice sub- 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 277 

emarginato, thorace sat dense punctato, lateribus valde rotundatis, elytris parcius punctatis, striatis, 
pygidio subtilius punctato, coxis posticis parce fortiter punctatis. Long. 3. 

Sacramento, California, collected by Mr. Wittick, and given me by Mr. S.5S. 
Rathvon. This species differs from the two preceding by the greater roundness of 
the sides of the thorax, which is slightly wider at the middle than at the base. The 
hairs of the sides are shorter and fewer in number; those of the sides of the elytra are 

about as usual. 

‘15. 8. trociformis, ovata, convexa nigra subnitida, paulo iridescens, clypeo fortiter punctato, marginato, 

antice subemarginato, thorace lateribus obliquis paulo rotundatis, fortius sat dense punctato, elytris saepe 
fulvis, profunde striatis et in fundo striarum punctatis, pygidio parce fortius punctato, coxis posticis 
fortiter haud dense punctatis, antennis tibiis tarsisque plus minusve rufescentibus. Long, 25. 

Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 179. 

Omaloplia trogiformis Uhler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 7, 415. 

? Melolontha aphodiina Bilberg, Mem. Acad. St. Petersh. 7, 386, fig. 7. (fide Burm.) 

Middle and Southern States, not common. The difference in color would tempt 

many to separate the variety with fulvous elytra, but, although intermediate speci- 

mens do not occur, no difference in form or sculpture exists. 

6. MACRODACTYLI. 

Among the divisions with prominent conical anterior cox, this is distinguished 
by the upper lip being small and beneath the prolonged clypeus, the mentum chan- 
neled, narrow, the segments of the abdomen not connate, the fifth always longer than 
the others, and finally by the ungues being mostly equal and diverging, and not 
capable of being folded along the joint. The genera are numerous, and entirely 
confined to America ; only one is found within our limits. 

Macropactyius Latr. 

1. M. subspinosus, (testaceus? vel) nigro-fuscus, undique dense pollinoso-squamulosus, thorace convexo 
latitudine parum longiore, pilis brevissimis suberectis parce vestito, elytris fundo testaceis, ano setoso, 
antennis pedibusque testaceis, tarsis nigro-annulatis. Long -4. 

Latreille, Cuvier’s Regne Animal, 4, 562 ; ed. Amer. 3,427; Enc. Meth. 10, 372; Laporte, Hist. Nat. 
2,147; Harris, Ins. Inj. Veget. ed. 2nd 30; Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 57. (synon. exclusa.) 

Melolontha subspinosa Fabr. Syst. El., 2, 181: Oliv. 5, 70, tab. 7, fig. 73: Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect., 
2, 110. 

New York. The abdomen of the female is black and entirely free from bristles ; 
that of the male is testaceous, and at the middle of each segment are long bristles, 
without order, and more numerous than in M. elongatus. Like the other species it is 
very destructive to roses. 

2. M. setulosus, testaceus (vel nigro-fuseus?) undique dense pollinoso-squamulosus, capite thoraceque 
nigris, hoc convexo latitudine parum longiore, pilis erectis sat dense vestito, elytris (fundo testaceis) 
pilis longis erectis versus basin parce vestitis, pygidio et ano longe piloso, antennis pedibusque testaceis, 

tarsig nigro-annulatis. Long. -4. 
71 


278 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

One specimen from Georgia. Differs from the preceding by the longer erect hairs of 
the thorax and by the long hairs of the pygidium and base of the elytra. The color 
beneath is entirely testaceus, but specimens will probably occur of a darker color. 
The abdomen is convex like that of a female, but there are coarse long bristles 
scattered on each segment about the middle. 

3. M. angustatus, testaceus vel niger, undique pube appressa squamulosa pollinosa dense vestitus, 
capite thoraceque nigris, hoc subconvexo maris Jatitudine sesqui longiore, elytris fundo testaceis, ano 
setoso, antennis pedibusque testaceis, tarsis nigro-annulatis. Long. -35. 

Melolontha elongata|| Herbst, Col. 3, 145, tab. 26, fig. 3. 

Melolontha angustata Beauv. Ins. 30, tab. 5, fig. 6. 

Macrodactylus polyphagus Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 57. 

Southern States, Kansas, and as far south-west as Chihuahua. This species is more 
slender in its form and is readily known from the others by the longer thorax and 
total absence of erect hairs. Herbst in the description insists so strongly on the 
“ flachliegenden Harchen,” that I have considered the species as known to him. The 
characters given by Burmeister are relative, except that he states the anus to be tes- 
taceous. It is so in all the specimens before me, but sometimes too the whole abdo- 
men is of the same color. The abdomen of the female is large and- convex, with a 
few bristles at the middle of the four anterior joints; that of the male is more com- 
pressed, with numerous spine-like bristles arranged in rows each side of the middle. 

7. DICHELONYCH &. 

A small group, confined to the American continent, and of which the well known 
genus from which it derives its name is the sole representative within our territory. 
As a group, it is distinguished from foreign groups among the Melolonthide with 
prominent conical anterior coxe, free labrum and abdominal segments, by the ligula 
being connate with the mentum, the labrum large, vertical and deeply emarginate, 
and by the sternum not being protuberant. ‘The thorax as in Diplotaxes has a nar- 
row apical membranous margin. With regard to the position of the group, Lacordaire 
forms with it the passage from the Sericoides to the Macrodactylides ; from the latter 
of which it differs according to his classification by the fifth ventral segment not being 
larger than the others. I find, however, in Macrodactylus that the difference in size 
of the segments is byno means obvious, and I am inclined, therefore, with Burmeister 
to rank the present as a sub-group of Macrodactylide, verging indeed by the freely 
moving and prehensile claws to the Hoplide. 

DicHeLonycHa Kirby. 

Our species which have become tolerably numerous may be thus grouped. 

Thorax haud vel vix canaliculatus - = - = - - I. Sp. 1—9, 
Thorax valde canaliculatus = 3 x 5 2 = ~ II. 9—13. 

OS ee. 1a ee 
7 ae: eee ne 


MELOLONTHIDA! OF THE UNITED STATES. © 279 

The males are more slender in form than the females, and are distinguished by 
the club of the antenne being as long as the funiculus. 

I. 

1. D. elongata, elongata, subtus testacea, capite thoraceque nigricantibus testaceo limbatis, illo fortius 
confluenter, hoe dense punctato cinereo-pubescente subcanaliculato, hexagono, lateribus angulatis, antice 
posticeque paulo concavis, angulis posticis acutis valde prominulis, elytris aeneo-testaceis virescentibus, 
fortiter punctatis, breviter pubescentibus, vix trilineatis. Long. :33. 

Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 74. 

Melolontha elongata Fabr. Syst. El. 2, 174, 

Melolontha elongatula Schéuherr, Syn. Ins. 3, 210. 

Melolontha hexagona Germ. Ins. Sp. Nov. 124. 

? Dichelonycha virescens Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. 4, 134. 

Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, Michigan and Lake Superior. Very 
abundant whenever found. Varies in color, the head and thorax being sometimes 
almost rufous ; the elytra are uniformly bronzed, the suture and a narrow margin only 
being pale. The lateral angles of the thorax are rounded, and the scutel is pubescent. 
The legs are yellow; the tarsi and posterior tibiz are more or less tinged with black- 
ish. I have placed a query to the synonym of Kirby, as his var. C. (which he sup- 
poses may be different from the type) evidently belongs to the next species, which 
from want of attention to the form of the thorax (a character that has been omitted 

by previous authors) may be readily confounded with the present. 

2. D.subvittata, elongata, testacea vel fusco-testacea, capite fortius confluenter punctato, piceo antice 
testaceo, thorace pubescente piceo, testaceo-limbato, sat dense punctato, hexagono, lateribus fere acute 
angulatis, antice posticeque parum concavis, angulis posticis subacutis prominulis, elytris zeneo-testaceis 
vitta lata sublaterali virescente, densius rugose punctatis breviter pubescentibus, vix trilineatis, pedibus 
totis flavis. Long. -4—--46. 

Dichelonycha virescens var. O.{ Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. 4, 135. 
Lake Superior, abundant. The scutel is densely pubescent. The green vitta of 
the elytra is broad and curves around the tip; it is sometimes interrupted. The 

form is a little stouter than that of D. elongata. 

3. D. testa cea, minus elongata, testacea, capite confluenter punctato, thorace pubescente, sat dense sub- 
tilius punctato, antice angustiore, lateribus rotundatis subangulatis, postice vix sinuatis, angulis posticis 
subacutis, elytris breviter pubescentibus zeneo-tinctis, fortiter punctatis, subtrilineatis. Long. -4. 

Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. 4, 135. 

Eagle Harbor, Lake Superior, only two females were found. Differs from the pre- 
ceding by the broader form and almost regularly rounded sides, as well as by the finer 
punctures of the thorax. From the following species it differs by the same characters 
and also by the pubescence of the thorax being as fine as that of the elytra. 

4, D. linearis, elongata, testacea, capite thoraceque seepe piceis, illo modice marginato confluenter, hoc 

densissime punctato, pilis grossis ochreis dense vestito, lateribus angulatis postice oblique sinuatis, elytris 


280 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

zeneo-testaceis, fusco-zenco vel zeneo-viridibus, confertim rugdse punctatis margine testaceo, tibiis posticis 
ad apicem, tarsisque nigricantibus. Long. -34—-41. 

Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 74. 

Melolontha linearis Gyllenhal, Schénherr, Synon. Ins. 3, 103. 

© Dichelonycha Backii Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am.’{ Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd. 

Middle States and Lake Superior. When the hair of the thorax has been removed, 
as is sometimes the case, this species may be known by the very dense, but not fine 
punctures of the thorax, the base of which is wider than the apex, and the-sides angu- 
lated at the middle. There appears to be a variation in the form of the basal angles, 
sometimes they are subacute and moderately prominent, sometimes rectangular, and 
sometimes obtuse ; they are never very acute and prominent as in D. elongata. It is 
possible that by comparing specimens from different localities several closely allied 
species here confounded together may be separated. 

One female from Maryland has the posterior angles more prominent, and the elytra 
of a dull brownish bronze color. The thorax appears more coarsely punctured, but 
it is unsafe to propose a new species upon this single specimen. 

5. D. ful gida, picea, elongata, capite thoraceque piceis vel piceo-rufis, illo tenuiter marginato confluenter, 
hoc fortius medio minus dense punctato, pilis grossis aeneo-flavis dense vestito, lateribus subangulatis, 
postice oblique subsinuatis, angulis posticis subrectis, elytris fortiter punctatis, vix trilineatis, breviter 
pubescentibus, viridizeneis, vix lineatis, margine testaceis, antennis pedibusque flavis, tibiis tarsisque 
infuseatis. Long. :37. 

Steilacoom, Washington Territory, Dr. Suckley. Allied closely to the preceding, 
but the thorax is less densely and more strongly punctured, less suddenly angulated 
on the sides, and less narrowed behind, and the reflexed margin of the clypeus is very 

narrow. 

6. D. Backii, nigro-picea, elongata, capite confluenter punctato, fortius marginato, thorace fortiter sat 
dense punctato, spatio utrinque sublevi (dense fortius pubescente ?) lateribus rotundatis subangulatis, 
angulis posticis obtusis, elytris late viridieencis, margine testaceo, rugose punctatis sublineatis, antennis 
pedibusque nigro piceis, his rufo-tinctis. Long. -33—-39. 

Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. 4, 134, tab. 2, fig. 6. 

North side of Lake Superior. Burmeister places this as synonymous with D. linearis ; 
my specimens are however clearly different, not only by the dark colored antenne, 
but by the more strongly margined clypeus, and by the more coarsely and less densely 
punctured thorax; on each side of the disc anteriorly, near the lateral fovea is an 
indistinct space which is less punctured; the sides are less angulated, and not at all 
sinuate behind. The specimens were found floating in the lake, and had lost nearly 
all the pubescence; from the appearance of what remains on the side of the thorax, 
I believe that the hair was coarse and probably dense as in D. linearis. Kirby does 
not mention this character, but it may have been lost in the alcohol in which the 
specimens were preserved; the hair of the under surface, being better protected, has 

been preserved in both his specimens and mine. 


MELOLONTHID OF THE UNITED STATES. 281 

7. D. fuscula, elongata, rufo-testacea vel nigra, supra zequaliter fortius pallide pubescens, capite fortius con- 
fluenter punctato, margine antico vix rotundato, thorace minus dense punctato, lateribus subangu- 

latis, rotundatis, antrorsum paulo angustiore, angulis posticis obtusis, elytrisnigro-piceis, enescentibus, 
margine testaceo, dense rugose punctatis, antennis rufis. Long. ‘3—37. 

Middle and Southern States. The legs vary with the body from yellowish red to 

nearly black, but are uniform in color; the pectus in paler specimens is somewhat 

fuscous. 

8. D. truncata, elongata, nigro-picea, zequaliter dense fortius pallide pubescens, capite confluenter 
punctato, margine reflexo testaceo, antice recte truncato, angulis haud rotundatis, thorace dense punc- 
tulato et parce punctato, lateribus rotundatis obtuse angulatis, angulis posticis obtusis, elytris vires- 
centibus margine testaceo, confertim fortius rugose punctatis, abdomine szepe testaceo, antennis pedi- 
busque flavo-testaceis. Long. -25. 

Platte River, Kansas Territory. Easily known by the truncate clypeus with 
almost prominent angles. ; 

9. D. rotundata, elongato-ovalis, picea, subzenea, clypeo hemihexagono, fortiter punctato, anguste mar- 
ginato, thorace latitudine duplo breviore, convexo disperse punctato, obsolete canaliculato, ante medium 
angustato, latcribus antice obliquis, postice cum basi fortiter rotundatis, angulis posticis omnino nullis, 
elytris fortius punctatis tenuiter pubescentibus, lineis parum distinctis. Long. -31. 

One very dilapidated dead specimen found at Vallecitas, San Diego County, Cali- 
fornia. The oblique sides of the truncate clypeus, forming half of a hexagon, and 
the posteriorly very much rounded sides of the thorax will readily distinguish it. 

IL. 

10. D. valida, elongata, nigro-picea ,supra parcius, thorace fortius albo-pubescens, capite confluenter 
punctato, vertice angulatim vage impresso, occipite sublevi, thorace insequaliter grosse punctato hexa- 
gono, lateribus ante medium rotundatim fortiter angulatis, angulis posticis valde obtusis, canaliculato, 
versus latera paulo inzequali, elytris confertim rugose punctatis, fusco-eneis virescentibus, margine, ore 
antennis pedibusque piceo-testaceis, tarsis obscurioribus. Long, °55. 

A female found by Mr. Joshua Child at San Francisco, California, was given me 
by Mr. S. 8. Rathvon. It is very distinct by its large size and other characters. As 
in the next species the greatest breadth of the thorax is in front of the middle. 

11. D. albicollis, elongata, picea vel piceo-testacea, supra fortius albo-pubescens, capite confluenter 
punctato, clypeo testaceo, thorace longius pubescente fortius subinzequaliter punctato, hexagono, lateri- 
bus ante medium rotundatim fortius angulatis, angulis posticis valde obtusis, canaliculato, versus latera 
inzequali, elytris virescentibus margine testaceo, confertim rugose punctatis, lineis utrinque elevatis 
tribus subglabris, ore antennis pedibusque testaceis. Long. -44—-5. 

Burm. Lamell. 2, 2nd, 74. 
Middle States and Lake Superior. Not common. The pubescence of the scutellum 

is very dense and white. 
12. D. sulcata, elongata, nigro-picea, fortius albo-pubescens, capite confluenter punctato, vertice angu- 

latim vage impresso, occipite medio sublevi, clypeo margine testaceo, thorace ezlato, profunde canali- 
72 


989 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

culato, partibus impressis grosse punctatis et pubescentibus, elevatis lavibus glabris, lateribus ante 
medium rotundatim valde angulatis, angulis posticis valde obtusis, elytris dense rugose punctatis sub- 
lineatis, fusco-gzeneis, margine, ore antennis pedibusque flavo-testaceis, tarsis, tibiarumque margine 
interno nigricante. Long. :43. 

Sante Fe, New Mexico, Mr. Fendler. The impressions of the thorax, which are 
coarsely punctured and pubescent, are a deep dorsal groove, another interrupted 
groove each side, and some impressions about the sides. The scutelis densely pubes- 
cent as in the preceding. 

13. D. pusilla, elongata nigro-picea, fortius minus dense albo-pubescens, margine et pygidio et subtus 
longius parce pilosa, capite dense punctulato et parce punctato, clypeo margine testaceo antice recte 
truncato, angulis vix rotundatis, thorace hexagono angulis omnibus obtusis, parce ineequaliter punctato, 

canaliculato, elytris fusco-zeneis lineis tribus subglabris; antennis nigris, pedibus piceo-testaceis. 
Long. «27. 

San Diego, California. So distinct from all the others as to need no further des- 
-eription. The size is about that of D. truncata, which it resembles in having the 
clypeus truncate, but the angles though rectangular are less marked. 

8. LASIOPODES. 

In this group I have comprised two genera, containing species of small size, living 
upon flowers. Although differing remarkably in appearance and characters, not less 
from each other than from all other genera of the tribe known to me, I have been 
induced to associate them together on account of the following characters, which they 
have in common. 

The anterior coxse are large, conical and protuberant ; the abdomen is very small, 
-and the sutures between the anterior segments are nearly effaced; the last segment 
is conical, free, and larger than usual. The parapleurse are narrow. ‘The claws are 
diverging, with a very short bisetose onychium; the posterior tibia: are armed with 
two spurs, but the anterior tibiz have no spur. 

Lastopus Lec. 

Clypeus rotundatus, valde concavus, ad apicem subemarginatus ; mentum parvum lineare; pedes postici 
incrassati ; ungues simplices elongati. 

Body oval, elongate convex, fringed at the sides and beneath, and on the legs with 
very long hairs. Head small, eyes large, hardly emarginate, clypeus rounded, deeply 
concave, slightly emarginate at tip, separated from the head by a deep transverse 
concave line. Mouth small, labrum and mandibles invisible ; mentum small, narrow, 
not larger than the base of the maxilla. Palpi slender. Antennz 9-jointed ; first 
and second joints thick, hairy ; four following small ; club three jointed, small. Thorax 
rounded on the sides, convex, narrower in front. EHlytra elongate, convex, partly 
covering the pygidium. Legs strong, hairy; anterior tibize subtridentate; middle 
tibize conical, with a crown of spines externally at the middle, and two terminal 

EN en | ee 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 283 

spurs; posterior thighs very large, posterior tibie like the middle ones, but much 
thicker. Tarsi twice as long as the tibia, slender, with verticillate hairs at the articu- 
lations ; last joint with two long terminal hairs above; ungues long, slender, diverging 
onychium hardly visible, bisetose. 

I have given to this genus an unpublished name proposed by Dejean for Aclopus 
Erichson, to which genus this seems to bear a remarkable resemblance in form. The 
labrum and mandibles are however entirely invisible. I regret that I cannot give 
the position of the abdominal stigmata, but conclude that they must be very much as 
in the next genus. 

1. L. ferrugineus, valde elongatus ovalis, nitidus ferrugineus, capite punctato, clypeo parce punctato, 
thorace minus dense inzequaliter punctato, ad basin levi, antice subcanaliculato, lateribus longe fimbriatis, 
elytris parce punctatis, punctis subseriatis extrorsum confusis, breviter parce pilosis, margine fimbriatis ; 
subtus et pedibus parce longe pilosis. Long. -19. 

Ringgold Barracks, Texas. We owe this most interesting addition to our fauna to 
the scientific industry of Mr. H. Haldeman. The genus will be readily recognized 
by the narrow oval body, fringed with long hairs, and by the long hairs of the legs, 
and the thickness of the posterior femora and tibize. 

Oncervus Lec. 

Clypeus duplex ; mentum trapezoideum barbatum ; pedes postici incrassati ; ungues fissi. 

The only species of this genus known to me is the smallest of the tribe that I have 
seen, and presents such a curious assemblage of characters that I am at a loss which 
to select. The form might be compared to a Hoplia, oblong and more narrowed in 
front ; the. body is shining, sparsely hairy, especially beneath. The head is narrow 
with convex prominent eyes, the clypeus prolonged, flattened, parallel on the sides, 
rounded slightly at the apex and incised each side, with a deep transverse concave 
suture between the incisions; the frontal suture is straight and deep, running between 
the antenne. which are short; the first and second joints are thick and hairy; then 
follow four small joints, and then a small three-jointed club concave outwards; the 
mentum is large, flat, trapezoidal, wider in front, with long scattered hairs; the bases 
of the maxille are long, slender and prominent each side of the mentum ; the maxil- 
lary palpi are slender, penultimate joint small, last joint elongate, slightly oval; labial 
with the last joint longer than the preceding, slightly oval. Thorax wider than the 

_ head, rounded on the sides, and gradually narrowed in front, Llytra a little wider 

than the base of the thorax, oblong, slightly flattened on the disc, with the sutural 
stria fine. Pygidium slightly exposed. Legs strong, hairy, anterior tibize subbiden- 
tate; middle tibize conical, moderately thick, with a crown of short spines at the 

_middle externally, and two apical spurs. Posterior thighs very large, tibie thick 

conical, with a crown of spines externally about one-third from the tip, and two apical 


284 LE CONTE.—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

spurs. ‘Tarsi slender, longer than the tibize, with verticellate hairs; ungues diverging, 
armed with a tooth so long that they appear cleft; onychium short bisetose. | 

1. O. floralis, niger, nitidus, capite rude, thorace parce punctatis, hoe margine longe piloso, elytris 
piceo-testaceis, fortiter disperse punctatis, breviter pallide pilosis, subtus longius parce pilosus. Long. 
-13—-16. 

Found at Vallecitas, San Diego Co., California in April, on flowers of a composite 
plant. I can find no sexual characters in the specimens collected. By examination 
I find the abdominal stigmata situated in the dorsal inflexed portion of the ventral 
segments; the last pair I cannot detect, since the margins of the ventral segments are 
thin and reflexed above the dorsal surface, so as to produce a concave surface, in which 
the posterior pairs are concealed. 

9. HOPLLAL. 

© 

This division is known among those having prominent conical anterior cox by 
the ventral segments being connate, the sixth indistinct or even invisible; by the 
large parapleure ; the tibize without terminal spurs or at most with a single very small 
one, and by the ungues being chelate (7. e. capable of being folded against the last 
joint of the tarsi,) not divergent, unequal and without any onychium. 

In this division, though not in any American form, is found a modification of ligula 
not seen or only exceptionally in any of the preceding tribes; the ligula is membra- 
nous, and not connate with the mentum : by this character, found in Pachycnemis 
and allied genera, the passage to the following group is most naturally made. 

The only genus found in our country, and in fact the only one found outside of 
Southern Africa, is 

Horta Illiger. 

A. Unguis minor anticus et medius duplo vel plus duplo brevior. 

1. H. laticollis, oblonga, latiuscula, picea opaca, supra zequaliter parcius, subtus et pygidio densius 
pallide squamulosa, et parce brevissime pubescens, thorace latitudine breviore, lateribus obliquis rotun- 
datis fimbriatis, parce breviter pubescente, elytris sordide testaceis subcostatis, unguibus anterioribus 
fissis, minoribus plus duplo brevioribus, postico integro. Long. -30—-33. 

New Mexico and Kansas; the anterior tibie, as in the others of this group, have 
two large teeth and a small one above, which is sometimes indistinct. The antennz 
as in the other species are 9-jointed. The scales of the elytra are narrower than 
those of the under surface. ) 

2. H. Oregona, oblonga, latiuscula, nigra, breviter pubescens, subtus et pygidio argenteo-squamosa, 
supra parcius albo-squamosa, thorace latitudine breviore, lateribus obliquis rotundatis fimbriatis, elytris 
thorace vix latioribus obscure ferrugineis, bistriatis, unguibus anterioribus . . . , postico integro. 
Long. -27. ‘ 

One specimen collected in Oregon, by Dr. J. K. Townsend. Differs from the pre- 

at ii 


MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 289 

ceding by the silvery scales of the under surface and pygidium, and by the stronger 

pubescence. The thorax is not as wide. 

3. H. convexula, oblonga, picea, subtus et pygidio parce pubescens, et subargenteo-squamosa, supra 
parce breviter pubescens, pallide squamosa, thorace latitudine paulo breviore magis convexo, lateribus 
magis rotundatis, elytris haud costatis ; unguibus anterioribus fissis, medio interno plus duplo breviore, 
postico integro. Long. -24. 

One specimen, Sacramento, Mr. Wittick. Resembles the next species in the very 
small size of the middle inner claw, but differs by the more convex rounded thorax 
and by the pubescence, which is no longer on the thorax than on the elytra. 

4. H.pubicollis, oblonga, nigra, subtus et pygidio parce pubescens, subargenteo-squamosa, supra 
pallide squamosa, capite thoraceque longius pubescentibus, hoc latitudine paulo breviore, lateribus 
obliquis rotundatis fimbriatis, elytris piceis vix breviter pubescentibus haud costatis, unguibus ante- 
rioribus fissis, interno medio plus duplo breviore, postico integro. Long. -28. 

Of California, Mr. J. Child. Of the same form as the preceding, but differing by 
the elytra being free from lines or elevations, and by the longer hair of the thorax. 

5. H. callipyge, oblonga, nigra, subtus et pygidio parce pubescens, dense argenteo-squamosa, supra 
pube erecta in thorace longiore sat dense vestita, pallide squamulosa, nigro-punctata, thorace convexius- 
culo, latitudine parum breviore, lateribus fimbriatis obliquis rotundatis, elytris castaneis, costa dorsali 
parum notata, postice paulo retusis ; unguibus anterioribus fissis, minoribus vix duplo brevioribus, pos- 
tico integro. Long. -30—34. 

California, Mr. J. Wittick. Of the same form as the preceding, but distinguished 
by the pubescent elytra being slightly retuse behind, and concave towards the suture, 
and by the splendid silvery lustre of the pygidium and under surface. In one speci- 
men the scales of the thorax are more condensed along the middle and sides. 

6. H. debilis, elongato-oblonga nigra, squamis angustis albis undique minus dense conspersa, parce 
cinereo-pubescens, thorace pilis longioribus erectis vestito, latitudine vix breviore, lateribus rotundatis 
haud obliquis, unguiculis anterioribus fissis, postico integro. Long. °25. - 

One specimen found in Pennsylvania was kindly sent me by Dr. Melsheimer. Of 
the size and appearance of H. convexula, but more elongate, with the sides of the 
thorax less rounded. The thorax is hardly distinctly narrowed in front, except in 
consequence of the gradual curvature of the sides, which thus do not appear oblique, 
nor at all angulated. The elytra are at base wider than the base of the thorax, and 
somewhat retuse near the apex. The middle claws are wanting, the outer one of the 
anterior tarsi is one third shorter than the inner one. 

7. H. modes ta, oblonga, nigra, vel testacea, capite thoraceque fuscis, subtus et pygidio parce pubescens, 
argenteo-squamosa, capite thoraceque pube erecta vestitis, hoc pallide squamuloso, planiusculo, lateribus 
obliquis parum rotundatis, elytris pilis fusco-pallidis depressis lanceolatis minus dense vestitis, obsolete 
costatis, spe testaceis : unguibus anterioribus fissis, minoribus duplo brevioribus, postico fisso. Long. 
24—°31. 

!Hald. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1, 304. 

Hoplia singularis Burm. Lamell. 2, 192. 


286 LE CONTE—SYNOPSIS OF THE 

2 Hoplia monticola Proc. Acad, Nat. Se. 2. 141. 

Middle and Southern States; varies much im size and color and also slightly in 
sculpture, the lines on the elytra being sometimes very faint, and at others quite 
strong; the flattened thorax with oblique but slightly rounded sides, the silvery 
scales of the under surface, and the hair-like scales of the elytra readily distinguished 
it from all others. 

B. Unguis minor’anticus et medius paulo, vix sesqui brevior. 

8. H. tristis, oblonga, nigra, nitida, undique cinereo-pubescens, thorace longius pubescente, latitudine 
paulo breviore, lateribus obliquis rotundatis, pone medium paulo compressis, elytris subcostatis, pygidio 
et subtus lanceolato-albo-squamulosa, tibiis anticis subtridentatis, unguibus anterioribus fissis, postico 
integro. Long. ‘31. 

Mels. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 2, 141: Burm. Lamell: 2, 2nd, 486. q 
One specimen from New York. Differs from all the rest by the total absence of 

scales on the upper surface. The form is rather more similar to the next than to H. 

mucorea with which Burmeister compares it. The anterior tibiz have a small tooth 

above the two large ones. 

9. H. trifasciata, oblonga, fusca, subtus, thorace et pygidio squamis subargenteis dense tecta, capite 
thoraceque pube erecta vestitis, hoc antrorsum angustato latitudine breviore, lateribus subangulatis, elytris 
castaneis, parce breviter pubescentibus, squamulis pallidis, inzequaliter vestitis, fasciis transversis tribus 
parum distinctis formantibus, tibiis anticis subtridentatis, unguibus anterioribus fissis, postico integro. 
Long. -38—-44. 

Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. 3, 200. 

2Hoplia primaria Burm. Lamell. 2, 192. 

Hoplia helvola Melsheimer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phil. 2, 142. 

Newfoundland, Lake Superior, New York, Georgia, Illinois. Varies somewhat in 
characters, the elytra being sometimes almost free from, svales, at others almost 
uniformly clothed with them. Such a specimen would appear to be described by 
Burmeister, and such a one is now before me; the upper tooth of the anterior tibiz is 
almost obliterated in it, and might readily be overlooked, as seems to have been done 
by Burmeister when he described them as bidentate. I have seen no black specimens 

like the male described by Say. 

10. H. limbata, longuiscula, atra, subtus et pygidio late argenteo-squamosa, supra breviter pubescens, 
griseo parce squamosa, thorace pilis paucis longioribus intermixtis, latitudine haud breviore, utrinque 
angustato, lateribus fortius angulatis, late dense albo-squamosis, subargenteis, lineaque postica dorsali alba 
signato, elytris thorace latioribus, basi, margine externo pone basin, suturaque ad medium et ad apicem 
dilatata albosquamosis, subargenteis, tibiis anticis bidentatis, unguibus omnibus fissis. Long. -34. 

Two specimens found at Evansville, Indiana. The dilatation of the white suture 
at the middle forms an oblique fascia reaching two-thirds way to the suture ; the pos- 
terior dilatation is a spot connected both with the suture and tip. The thorax is 
hardly narrower at tip than at base. The legs are black, with the thighs sparsely 
sprinkled with silvery scales. . 


MELOLONTHID® OF THE UNITED STATES. 287 

11. H. mucorea, elongata, nigra, subtus et pygidio sordide albo-squamosa, supra virescente-ochreo-squa- 
mosa, capite vix squamoso thoraceque haud dense longe pilosis, hoc latitudine haud breviore, antice 
aneustiore, lateribus fortius angulatis, convexiusculo, elytris thorace haud latioribus, tibiis anticis biden- 
tatis, unguibus anterioribus fissis, postico.... . Long. :28. 

Burmeister, Lamell. 2, 193; ibid. 2, 2nd, 486, (synon. exclusa). 

Melolontha mucorea Germ. Ins. Nov. 129. 

Southern States. Readily known by the more elongate and parallel form. The 
posterior tarsi are broken, so that I do not know whether the claw is simple or bifid. 
I have excluded H. helvola, as asynonym, since the description mentions linear 
scales on the elytra; it seems to me rather to be the variety of H. trifasciatawith 

almost uniformly colored elytra, and this view accords with the measurements given. 

H. monticola, Mels. Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. 2, 141, I have failed to identify. The dimen- 
sions given are 32 lines by 13, which are the proportions of H. mucorea. From notes sent me by Dr. 
Melsheimer, it would seem to differ from both that species and H. modesta. The color is brownish testa- 
ceous, the head and thorax are darker, the latter clothed with short rufous hairs and sprinkled towards the 
sides with whitish scales, ‘the sides are somewhat dilated beyond the middle, slightly incurved posteriorly, sub- 
rectilinear from its widest portion to the tip; elytra hardly wider at the base than the base of thorax’, more 
than twice as long as the thorax, clothed with short rufous hairs, two obsolete longitudinal raised lines near 
the middle, pygidium clothed like the elytra, venter covered with small whitish scaly hairs. ‘ Anterior 
tibie bidentate ; inner middle claw less than one half the size of the outer one: posterior claw entire.’ 
Pennsylvania, in Adams County. 

Should the last character be erroneous, it might be referred to the light colored 
specimens mentioned under H. modesta. 

10. GLAPHYRI. 

A group placed by Erichson among the laparostict Scarabaeidae, but in which, as 
Burmeister has shewn, the position of the abdominal stigmata ceases to be of value 
as a primary character. As a group of Melolonthidex, this may be readily recognized 
by the labrum being at the end of the clypeus, and in the same plane ; by the projecting 
mandibles, the wide parapleurze, and the not connate six-jointed abdomen. The 
ungues are slender, equal and diverging. . The only genus found in the United States 
is Lichnanthe, which differs from Amphicoma chiefly by the deeply emarginate 
labrum. 

LiconantuEe Burm. 
1. L. vulpina, nigra, thorace, scutello, pygidio pectoreque fulvo longissime pilosis, elytris aeneo-testaceis 
punctatis, breviter nigro-pubescentibus, postice valde dehiscentibus. Long. -52—-67. 
Burmeister, Lamell. 2, 27. 
Amphicoma vulpina Hentz, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 5, tab. 18, fig. 3. 

Massachusetts and New Hampshire; Dr. T. W. Harris. The female is much less 
hairy, and has the clyb of the antennze shorter and obtuse. The elytra diverge very 
strongly along the suture, and are obtusely rounded at tip. 


288 SYNOPSIS OF THE MELOLONTHIDA OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. L. lupina, obscure viridi-zenea, punctata, thorace elytrisque 2eneo-piceis breviter pubescentibus, tho- 
racis lateribus pectoreque longe haud dense cinereo-pilosis, elytris pallidioribus haud dehiscentibus, subtus 
cinereo-pilosa. Long. -386—-48. 

Sea shore near New York; notcommon. Found also in Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey. Much smaller than the preceding, and very distinct by the absence of the 
long yellow hair, and by the elytra meeting along the suture. The abdomen and the 
club of the antennz are as in the preceding. 

It is stated by Doubleday that he has seen specimens of this genus from Oregon ; 
it is difficult to believe that either of the species here described have so extensive a 
range. 


ore. 
hd he 

[ 289 J 

ART. XITX.-—Descriptions of Exotic Genera and species of the family UNIONIDA. 

By Isaac Lea, LL. D, 

Unio Harnesranus. Pl. 21, fig. 1. 

Testa alata, levi, subrotundata, subinflata, valdé inzequilaterali, valvulis crassis; natibus prominentibus, 
angularis; epidermide luteo-fusca; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, crenulatis elevatisque ; lateralibus 
longis, crassis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. 

Shell winged, smooth, subrotund, somewhat inflated and very inequilateral; valves 
thick; beaks rather prominent and angular; epidermis yellowish brown; cardinal 
teeth thick, crenulate and elevated; lateral teeth long, thick and somewhat curved ; 

nacre white and iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 92. 
Hab.—Siam. S. R. House, M. D. 
My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. 2°3, Length 4:5, Breadth 5-6 inches. 

Shell winged behind, smooth, subrotund, rather inflated and very inequilateral, 
rounded. before and behind ; substance of the shell thick, thinner behind ; beaks rather 
prominent, angular, and marked on the anterior portion with a line of small folds; 
ligament long, thick and concealed ; epidermis yellowish brown, and apparently with- 
out rays; umbonial slope without any elevation: marks of growth very distant ; car- 
dinal teeth thick, crenulate, conical and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, 
thick, lamellar and somewhat curved, the bifid end short, and the area between this 
and the cardinal tooth smooth and arched; anterior cicatrices distinct and deeply 
impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatrices in a long row from the 
centre of the cavity of the beak; palleal cicatrix deeply impressed ; cavity of the shell 
rather deep ; cavity of the beaks shallow and angular; nacre white and iridescent. 

Remarks.—There are two specimens only of this fine species among the shells from 
Mr. Haines, procured through Dr. House from Siam. I dedicate it to Mr. Haines 
with great pleasure. In outline it is close to U. superbus, (nobis,) but is more rotund. 
It is more shallow in the cavity, much thicker in the anterior portion, and in the 
teeth they differ much. The cardinal teeth of U. swperbus are long and lamellar, 
while in Hainesianus they are short, thick and conical. The nacre is not so pearly in 
the latter. In outline and form of the teeth it approaches Unio Paranensis, (nobis,) 
also, but the lateral teeth are not so he and the upper section of the double tooth 


290 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

falls much shorter than the lower section. The beaks of both specimens are eroded, 
but there are marks observable along the anterior slope, which display a single row 
of an unusual form, but too indistinct to describe clearly. 

Unio Myersianus. PI. 22, fig. 2. 

Testa bialata, levi, triangulari, subcompressa, inequilaterali, posticé angulaté; valvulis crassis; natibus 
prominulis ; epidermide tenebroso-fusea ; dentibus cardinalibus longis crenulatisque ; lateralibus pra- 
longis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margaritaé colore salmonis tincta. ; 

Shell with two wings, smooth, triangular, rather compressed, inequilateral, angular 
behind ; valves thick ; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis dark brown; cardinal 
teeth long and crenulate; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and somewhat curved; 
nacre salmon colored. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 92. 

Hab.—Siam. 5S. R. House, M. D. 

My cabinet, cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York, and Dr. Ingalls, Greenwich, N. Y. 

Diam. 1-6, Length 3:6, | Breadth 5:6 inches. 

Shell with two wings, connate before and behind, smooth, triangular, rather com- 
pressed, inequilateral, angular behind and rounded before; substance of the shell 
thick ; beaks a little prominent; ligament long, large and concealed; epidermis dark 
brown, with two obscure lines passing from the beak to the posterior basal’ margin ; 
umbonial slope obtusely angular; marks of growth distant and indistinct; cardinal 
teeth disposed to be double in both valves, but more so in the right, crenulate: lateral 
teeth very long, lamellar, somewhat curved and joined to the cardinal tooth : anterior 
cicatrices all three very distinct; posterior cicatrices very indistinctly marked, con- 
fluent; dorsal cicatrices deeply marked in the centre of the cavity of the beak; pal- 
leal cicatrix deeply impressed ; cavity of the shell somewhat deep: cavity of the beaks 
rather shallow and subangular; nacre salmon colored and iridescent. 

Remarks.—There is a very close resemblance between this and Housei, herein 
described, and they may possibly prove to be merely strong varieties when complete 
suites are obtained. There are some sixteen specimens of the two before me, and they 
can be separated by the crenulated cardinal teeth of Myersianus, which species is also 
larger and more ponderous. The oldest specimens have the teeth flatter and more 
crenulate. In some of the specimens the cicatrix of the superior anterior tractor 
muscle is separate from the other anterior cicatrix, and deeply impressed. Unfor- 
tunately not one of the specimens has a perfect wing before or behind, but there re- 
mains evidence of their being somewhat elevated. ‘This is one of the fine shells 
procured by Mr. Haines from Bangkok, through the kindness of Mr. John K. Myers, 
of New York, after whom I name it. : 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDAL. | 291 

Unio Hovuszr. PI.-23, fig 3. 

Testa bialata, levi, triangulari, compressa, valdé inzequilaterali, posticé obtusé angulata; valvulis sub- 
erassis ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide fusca ; dentibus cardinalibus lamellatis ; lateralibus prelongis, 
lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta. 

Shell with two wings, smooth, triangular, compressed, very inequilateral, obtusely 
angular behind ; valves rather thick ; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis brownish ; 
cardinal teeth lamellar ; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and somewhat curved ; nacre 
salmon colored. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 92. 

Hab.—Siam. §S. R. House, M. D. 

My cabinet, cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York, and Dr. Ingalls, Greenwich, N.Y. 
Diam. 1:3, Length 3:8, Breadth 4:2 inches. 

Shell with two wings, connate before and behind, smooth, triangular, compressed, 
very inequilateral, rounded before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell 
rather thick; beaks rather prominent, with a few very small undulations; ligament 
rather long and concealed; epidermis greenish brown with two lines in the posterior 
slope, obscurely rayed, smooth and shining; umbonial slope obtusely angular; marks 
of growth distant and indistinct; cardinal teeth long, lamellar, oblique and double in 
both valves, but more defined in the right; lateral teeth long, very lamellar, slightly 
curved and joined to the cardinal tooth; anterior cicatrices distinct, the larger one 
having a deep sinus on the superior part ; posterior cicatrices very indistinctly marked, 
confluent; dorsal cicatrices well marked in the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the 
shell very shallow; cavity of the beaks very shallow and obtusely angular; nacre 
delicately salmon colored and iridescent. 

Remarks.—This belongs to a natural group of symphynote species of which U. 
delphinus may be considered the type. It is, however, not so wide, nor has it so high 
a wing posteriorly. It differs also in the teeth, the cardinal teeth being more lamel- 
lar and divided into two or more parts, while those in the delphinus are flattened and 
erenulate or granose. The lamellar teeth of delphinus are nearly straight, or entirely 
so, while those of Howsei are more or less curved. The specimens were all more or 
less injured, and particularly in the wings. 

I owe this, with many other species from Siam, to the kindness of Mr. W. A. 
Haines, who obtained them from Dr. House, now a resident of the city of Bangkok, 
and to the latter gentleman I dedicate this fine species with pleasure. 

Unio turevs.* PI. 24, fig. 4. 
Testa leevi, elliptica, indata, subeequilaterali, posticé obtusé angulataé; valvulis crassis; natibus subpromi- 
nentibus ; epidermide luted, polit&; dentibus cardinalibus crassis brevisque; lateralibus brevis, sub- 

crassis subrectisque, margarita alba et iridescente. 

* This was printed, by typographical error, in the Proceedings, Vol. 8, p. 93, lutens instead of luteus. 


292 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, nearly equilateral, obtusely angular behind ; valve 
thick; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis yellow, polished; cardinal teeth thick 
and short ; lateral teeth short, rather thick and nearly straight ; nacre white, irides- 
cent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 98. 
Hab.—Newville, Burmah. Mrs. Vinton. 
Cabinet of Mr. W. A. Haines, New York. 
Diam. -7, Length 1, Breadth 1:4 inch. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, nearly equilateral, obtusely angular behind and 
rounded before ; substance of the shell thick, thinner behind ; beaks somewhat promi- 
nent, nearly medial; ligament rather short; epidermis olive yellow, smooth and 
polished; umbonial slope subangular; cardinal teeth large, thick and short ; lateral 
teeth short, rather thick and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior 
cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; 
cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded ; cavity of the beak rather shallow and 
angular ; nacre white and iridescent. 

Remarks.—A single specimen only of this species was received by Mr. Haines. In 
outline it is most like to U. Tavoyensis, Gould, but it differs in being without folds, being 
yellow and not so much inflated towards the beaks. It also resembles U. corrugatus, 
Retz., but is not corrugate, nor is it quite so transverse. It differs also in color. 
The tips of the beaks being eroded in this specimen, I am unable to say if there be 
any undulations there in perfect individuais. 

Unio @ravipus. Pl. 24, fig. 5. 

Testa alata, leevi, triangulari, valdé inflata, valdé ineequilaterali ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus elevatis, tumidis ; 
epidermide lutea, nitid&é; dentibus cardinalibus przlongis, valde lamellatis; lateralibus longis, lamel- 
latis subcurvisque ; margarita ceruleo-alba et iridescente. 

Shell winged, smooth, triangular, very much inflated, very inequilateral ; valves 
thin ; beaks elevated, swollen, epidermis yellowish, shining; cardinal teeth very long 
and very lamellar; lateral teeth long, lamellar and slightly curved; nacre bluish 
white and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 93. 

Hab.—Siam. 8%. R. House, M. D. 

My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. 1:9, Length 2:4, Breadth 3:2 inches. 

Shell winged, smooth, triangular, very much inflated, very inequilateral ; substance 
of the shell thin, thinner behind; beaks elevated, very much inflated and undulate 
at the tip, in a double row with small striz on each side; ligament rather long and 
thin; epidermis yellowish, inclined to olive, shining, with three obscure rays on the 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA. 298 

posterior slope; cardinal teeth very long, lamellar, double in the right and single in 
the left valve; lateral teeth long, lamellar and slightly curved; anterior cicatrices 
confluent; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatrices concealed within the cavity 
of the beaks; cavity of the shell large, deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks very 
deep and rounded ; nacre bluish white and iridescent. 

femarks.—This species has a close resemblance to U. superbus (nobis) from New 
Holland. It may be distinguished from it by the gravidus being more inflated, by its 
yellow epidermis and bluish white nacre. The swperbus is a thicker shell, and the 
teeth are less lamellar and the cardinal teeth are rather shorter. All I have seen are 
delicately salmon colored, while the ten or twelve specimens of gravidus before me 
are allwhite. The greater transverse diameter is much nearer the centre of the shell, 
and the outline approaches more to the rotund. The three rays on the posterior slope 
are very distinct and beautiful in the young specimens. The lunule is in several of 
the specimens remarkably large. The cardinal teeth in right valve are disposed to 
curve upwards. 

Mr. Haines received this species, with many interesting ones, from Dr. House, of 
Bangkok, Siam. 

Unio inornatus. Pl. 24, fig. 6. 

Testa lzevi, elliptica, inflata, subeequilaterali, posticé subangulata ; valvulis subpellucidis tenuibusque ; natibus 
subprominentibus ; epidermide olivacea, substriata ; dentibus cardinalibus longis lamellatisque ; laterali- 
bus longis, rectis lamellatisque ; margarita czruleo-alba et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, nearly equilateral, subangular behind ; valves sub- 
pellucid and thin; beaks a little prominent, epidermis olive, substriate; cardinal 
teeth long and lamellar; lateral teeth long, straight and lamellar ; nacre bluish white 
and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, 98. 
Hab.—Siam. S. R. House, M. D. 
My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 
Diam. °7, Length 1, Breadth 1:8 inch. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, nearly equilateral, subangular behind; substance 
of the shell subpellucid and thin; beaks a little prominent, submedial ; ligament long 
and thin; epidermis olive colored with minute striz and having three obscure rays 
on the posterior slope; umbonial slope rounded; cardinal teeth long, bladed and 
straight; lateral teeth long, straight, bladed and very thin; anterior cicatrices con- 
fluent and but very slightly impressed ; posterior cicatrices scarcely perceptible; dorsal 
cicatrices imperceptible ; cavity of the shell deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks 
very small and subangular ; nacre bluish white and iridescent. 

Remarks.—Among the shells from Siam, submitted to me by Mr. Haines, were nine 

75 


Re a i eed De in Sit Bik 

294 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

specimens of this species. It is not remarkable for any peculiar characters. In outline 
it closely approaches H. ce@ruleus, (nobis,) but it differs in not having a bluish epider- 
mis, in being more transverse, and in not possessing the fine undulations of the beaks 
and the posterior slope. Neither of the specimens are entirely perfect at the tips of 
the beaks, but I cannot perceive any indication of undulations. 

Unio rusticus. Pl. 26, fig. 7. 

Testa tuberculata, ellipticd, inflata, inzequilaterali, posticé subangulata; valvulis subcrassis ; natibus sub- 
prominentibus ; epidermide olivacea, substriata ; dentibus cardinalibus longis lamellatisque ; lateralibus 
longis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. 

Shell tuberculate, elliptical, inflated, inzequilateral, subangular behind; valves 
rather thick ; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis olive color, somewhat striate: 

cardinal teeth long and lamellar; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight ; 

nacre white and iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 98. 
Hab.—Siam. §S. R. House, M. D. 
My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. 1:1, Length 1-4, Breadth 2:3 inches. 

Shell tuberculate, elliptical, inflated, inequilateral, subangular behind and rounded 
before ; substance of the shell rather thick; beaks somewhat prominent, granulate ; 
ligament rather short and somewhat thick ; epidermis olive colored, with three green 
rays on the posterior slope; umbonial slope subangular ; cardinal teeth long and lamel- 
lar, double in the sight and single in the left valve; lateral teeth long, lamellar and 
nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal 
cicatrices placed under the cardinal tooth; cavity of the shell large and rounded ; 
cavity of the beaks deep and subangular; nacre white and iridescent. 

Remarks.—There were about a dozen of this species submitted to my examination 
by Mr. Haines, differing very much from each other. Some of them are tuberculate 
nearly over the whole surface, while others are almost entirely without tubercles. In 
this it agrees with U. corrugatus, Retz, and U. Tavoyensis, Gould. In outline it closely 
approaches U. Javanus, (nobis,) but is a rougher shell and the folds on the posterior 
slope are coarser. In some specimens the tubercles about the beaks resemble those 
of U. Murchisonianus, (nobis.) 

Unio eximius. PI. 25, fig. 8. 

Testa alata, plicata, obovata, compressa, valdé inzequilaterali, posticé rotundata ; valvulis tenuissimis; nati- 
bus prominulis ; epidermide virido-lutea, obsolcté radiata ; dentibus auaanatnte lamellatis teouibusque; . 
lateralibus longis, lamellatis subeurvisque ; margarita czruleo-alba’ et iridescente. 

Shell winged, plicate, obovate, compressed, very inequilateral, rounded behind; 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA‘, 295 

io) 
Tt 

valves very thin; beaks slightly prominent; epidermis greenish yellow, obsoletely 
radiated ; cardinal teeth lamellar and thin ; lateral teeth long, lamellar and slightly 
curved ; nacre bluish white and iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 93. 
Hab._Siam. S. R. House, M. D. 
My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. °5, 7 Length 1-6, Breadth 2 inches. 

Shell winged, with numerous small folds over the beaks and posterior slope, obovate, 
compressed, very inequilateral, rounded and compressed behind ; substance of the shell 
very thin and delicate: beaks slightly prominent and minutely undulate; ligament 
long and very thin; epidermis greenish yellow with three very distinct rays over the 
posterior slope; cardinal teeth lamellar, double in the right and single in the left valve : 
lateral teeth long, lamellar and slightly curved, treble in the left and double in the 
right valve; anterior cicatrices confluent and slightly impressed ; posterior cicatrices 
apparently none; dorsal cicatrices placed in the centre of the beaks; cavity of the shell | 
very shallow ; cavity of the beaks shallow, angular; nacre bluish white and iridescent. 

Remarks.—In outline and general appearance this interesting species resembles the 
young of Unio alatus, Say. It may at once be recognised to be different by the numerous 
small folds—which are visible in the interior as well as the exterior—as well also by 
the peculiar number and place of the lateral and cardinal teeth. It would naturally 
follow, as a plicate shell, U. Micklinianus, (nobis.) The most remarkable feature 
in this species is the possession of three lateral teeth in the left valve. In the eight 
specimens before me the three teeth are recognised. In all of them the upper division 
is smaller than the two lower ones, and the upper one of the two of the right valve is 
also always smaller. The cardinal teeth are remarkable for being double in the right 
_and single in the left valve. Some of the specimeus are enlarged over the umbonial 
slope, immediately behind which there is a slight emargination at base. The enlarge- 
ment is owing probably to sexual difference. 

Unio tumiputus. PI. 25, fig. 9. 

Testa levi, obliqua, inflata, posticé angulata, valdé inzequilaterali; valvulis subcrassis ; natibus prominenti- 
bus ; epidermide tenebroso-olivacea, striata; dentibus cardinalibus longis lamellatisque ; lateralibus 
prelongis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, oblique, inflated, angular behind, very inequilateral ; valves rather 
thick ; beaks prominent ; epidermis dark olive, striate ; cardinal teeth long and lamel- 

lar ; lateral teeth very long and somewhat curved; nacre white and iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 93. 

Hab.—Siam. S. R. House, M. D. 
My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. °8, Length 1-1, Breadth 2 inches. 


296 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

Shell smooth, oblique, inflated, angular behind and rounded before, very inequi- 
lateral; substance of the shell rather thick, thinner behind; beaks prominent, minutely 
folded; ligament rather long and somewhat thick ; epidermis dark olive, striate, with 
three green rays on the posterior slope; umbonial slope subangular; cardinal teeth 
long and lamellar, double in the right and single in the left valve ; lateral teeth very 
long and somewhat curved; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent ; 
dorsal cicatrices placed on the posterior inferior portion of the cardinal tooth; cavity 
of the shell deep and rounded ; cavity of the beaks rather shallow and subtriangular ; 
nacre white and iridescent. . 

Remarks.—One specimen and a single valve were all which came with the shells 
from Dr. House. In outline and general appearance it approaches U. Tigris, Fer., 
from Bagdad. But it is a larger species, not of so fine a polish, and the cardinal teeth 
are longer and more lamellar. In outline it also has some affinity to U. rusticus, 
herein described, but it differs in being more oblique and being without tubercles. 

Unio uumitis. PI. 26, fig. 10. 

Testa plicata, transvers, subinflata, subzquilaterali, subcylindracea, posticé biangulata; valvulis tenuibus, 
pellucidis; natibus prominulis, perplicatis; epidermide virido-lutea, striata ; dentibus cardinalibus 
lamellatis rectisque ; lateralibus longis lamellatisque ; margarita ceeruleo-alba et iridiscente. 

Shell plicate, transverse, somewhat inflated, subcylindrical, nearly equilateral, bi- 
angular behind; valves thin, transparent; beaks somewhat prominent and much 
plicate; epidermis greenish yellow, striate; cardinal teeth lamellar and straight ; 
lateral teeth long and lamellar; nacre bluish white and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 98. 

Hab.—Siam. S. R. House, M. D. 

My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. °4, . Length °d, Breadth 1 inch. 

Shell folded, wide, somewhat inflated, subcylindrical, nearly equilateral, biangular 
behind; substance of the shell thin, transparent; beaks somewhat prominent, sub- 
medial, much folded at the tips; ligament rather short and thin; epidermis greenish 
yellow, the green predominating on the folds, striate; ‘umbonial slope subangular ; 
cardinal teeth lamellar and straight, double in the right and single in the left valve; 
lateral teeth long, lamellar, straight, double in the left and single in the right valve; 
anterior cicatrices confluent; posterior cicatrices confluent, scarcely perceptible; dorsal 
cicatrices invisible; cavity of the shell rather deep; cavity of the beaks shallow and 
subangular; nacre bluish white and very iridescent. 

Remarks.—There are eight specimens of this small species of various ages before 
me, the largest of which is not an inch wide. In its general phase it resembles U. 
crispatus, Gould, but differs in being a smaller species, much thinner and having fewer 

nal? reer ey ee Oe 


a ee 
el 

AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA. 297 

folds. In the crispatus the folds cover the whole surface. In our shell they are 
smaller and extend over the upper part only of the valve, and down the posterior 
slope. In the teeth they are quite different; those of the crispatus being thicker and 
the cardinal teeth being shorter and double in both valves. The folds are small and 
numerous, and may be seen on the inside of the valves in the region of the beaks and 
the posterior slope. ‘The size of hwmilis is about that of U. acutissimus, (nobis,) but is 
not so angular on the posterior margin, and the folds are smaller and more numerous. 
It differs also in color, the acutissimus being more yellow. 

Unio pHASELUS. PI.-26, fig. 11. 

Testa plicata, transversi, inflaté, subemarginata, valdé inequilaterali, posticé obtusé angulata; valvulis 
crassis ; natibus parvis, prominulis, ad apicem undulatus ; epidermide viridi et lutea, polita ; dentibus 
cardinalibus brevis subcrassisque ; lateralibus przelongis, in uteroque valvulo duplicibus subcurvisque ; 

margarita alba et iridescente. 

Shell plicate, transverse, inflated, subemarginate, very inequilateral, obtusely angu- 
lar behind ; valves thick ; beaks small and somewhat prominent, folded on the apex ; 
epidermis green and yellow, polished; cardinal teeth short and somewhat thick ; 
lateral teeth very long, double in both valves and somewhat curved ; nacre white and 

iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 94. 

Hab.—Siam. SS. R. House, M. D. 
My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. °5, Length °d, Breadth 1:1 inch. 

Shell folded, wide, inflated, subemarginate at base, very inequilateral, obtusely 
angular behind ; substance of the shell thick ; beaks small, a little prominent, folded 
on the apex; folds small, few, green, extending over the superior portion and 
on the posterior slope; ligament rather short and thin; epidermis rather a light yel- 
low, highly polished, with a few transverse green lines, some of which are disposed to 
take a zigzag form ; umbonial slope rounded; cardinal teeth short, rather thick and 
disposed to be double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, somewhat curved and 
double in both valves ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal 
cicatrices placed on the under posterior part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the shell 
deep ; cavity of the beak rather shallow and rounded ; nacre white and very iridescent. 

ftemarks.—This species belongs to a group in which may be included gratiosus, 
Phili., erispatus, Gould, humilis and nucleus herein described. In outline it very much 
assimilates to crispatus, but it differs very much in having few folds, in being highly 
polished, less angular at the posterior margin, and more rounded and inflated on the 
posterior slope. ‘The younger specimens have a strong resemblance to humilis, but 

are more polished, have fewer folds and are thicker. On the umbonial slope near the 
76 


298 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

apex, there are three or four granules ina line. There are five specimens before me; 
two adult, both of which I suspect are females, and three about half grown. The 
general form and emargination of the base, give it very much the appearance of a 
horse bean, whence the name. 

Unto sagittarius. Pl. 26, fig. 12. 

Testa levi, valdé transversa, valdé inequilaterali, subinflata, subcylindracea, posticé acuto-angulata ; val- 
vulis subtenuibus ; natibus vix prominentibus ; epidermide virido-olivace4, striata ; dentibus cardinali- 
bus longis, rectis lamellatisque ; lateralibus prelongis subrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, very transverse, very inequilateral, rather inflated, rather cylindrical, 
acutely angular behind; valves rather thin; beaks scarcely prominent ; epidermis 
greenish olive, striate ; cardinal teeth long, straight and lamellar; lateral teeth very 
long and nearly straight; nacre white and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 93. 

Hab.—Siam. S. R. House, M. D. 

- My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. °6, Length ‘8, Breadth 2 inches. 

Shell smeoth, very transverse, very inequilateral, rather inflated, rather cylindrical, 
acutely angular behind ; substance of the shell rather thin ; beaks scarcely prominent, 
nearly terminal: ligament very long and thin; epidermis olive green, darker on the 
posterior portion, striate and without rays; umbonial slope subangular; cardinal 
teeth long, straight, lamellar, double in the right and single in the Jef¢ valve ; lateral 
teeth very long, nearly straight, single in the right and doublein the left valve ; anterior 
cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices placed in the centre 
of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded; cavity of the 
beaks scarcely perceptible ; nacre white and iridescent. 

Remarks.—There were two specimens and an odd valve only of this species among 
the Siamese shells brought by Dr. House. In general form and characteristics, it is 
exceedingly like U. Cailliauduw, Fer., from Kgypt, and might at first sight be taken for 
that species. It is, however, entirely different in the cardinal teeth as to form, size 
and condition. Our shell has lamellar teeth, double in the right and single in the 
left valve, while the Cailliaudu has short, thick teeth, double in both valves. Both 
my specimens of Cailliaudiw have minute rays over the whole disk, while sagittarius 
seems to be entirely without them. It must be remarked, however, that the speci- 
mens are by no means perfect. Neither of them have the beaks perfect enough to 
ascertain if they have been plicate. In outline this species has also some affinity to 
U. Ingallsianus, (nobis,) but it is much more transverse and more cylindrical. 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDAL. 299 

Unio scopinatus. Pl. 26, fig. 13. 

Testa plicata, transvers&, in medio compressa, valdé inzequilaterali, posticé angulata, ad basim emarginata ; 
valvulis subcrassis ; natibus parvis, prominulis, ad apicem undulatis ; epidermide viridi et lutea, minuté 
striata ; dentibus cardinalibus obliquis, compressis ; lateralibus preelongis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus 
subrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. 

Shell plicate, transverse, compressed in the middle, very inequilateral, angular be- 
’ hind, emarginate at base; valves rather thick; beaks small, somewhat prominent, 
undulate at the tip; epidermis green and yellow, minutely striate; cardinal teeth 
oblique, compressed ; lateral teeth very long, double in both valves and nearly straight ; 
nacre white and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 93. 

Hab.—Siam. T. R. Ingalls, M. D.; S. R. House, M. D. 

My cabinet, cabinet of Dr. Ingalls and W. A. Haines, 

Diam. °5, Length -6, Breadth 1-3 inch. 

Shell folded, transverse, compressed in the middle, very inequilateral, angular be- 
hind, emarginate at base; substance of the shell rather thick; beaks small, a little 
prominent, undulate at tip; folds green, beautifully arranged over the whole disk, 
acutely angular over the middle, on the umbonial slope enlarging from the beaks to 
the posterior margin, where they are nearly parallel; ligament short and thin ; epider- 
mis yellow, the raised folds being always green, transversely and minutely striate ; 
umbonial slope subangular; cardinal teeth oblique, short, crenulate, double in both 
valves ; lateral teeth very long, double in both valves, enlarged at the posterior end and 
nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal 
cicatrices placed on the under side of the plate, posterior to the cardinal tooth ; cavity 
of the shell shallow; cavity of the beak rather shallow and subangular; nacre white 
and iridescent. 

Reemarks.—This very beautiful Siamese little species was first sent to me by Dr. Ingalls, 
of Greenwich, N. Y. Several specimens of different sizes have since been put into my 
possession by Mr. Haines, to whom I am indebted for so many new species from this 
part of Asia. On receipt of Dr. Ingalls’ specimens I had some doubts of their being a 
variety only of Dr. Gould’s crispatus, but this doubt was dispelled on receipt of Mr. 
Haines’ specimens. It belongs to that group of which gratiosus, Phili., may be con- 
sidered the type. It certainly is nearest allied to crispatus, but may be distinguished 
by its being smaller, more transverse, having larger folds, and these thickly covering 
the whole disk, except on the last growth of old individuals ; also in being compressed 
over the middle, and emarginate at base and in the duplex form of the lateral teeth. 
The crispatus is disposed to be yellowish in the cavity of the beaks, while scobinatus 
is pearly white. In outline scobinatus approaches phaselus herein described, which is 
rather smaller, and is a polished shell with few folds. They both have the duplex 


300 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

lateral tooth in both valves. Like nwclews herein described the transverse close strize 
are very remarkable, and in both, the folds are beautifully developed on the inside 
In some specimens the strize are nearly obliterated. 

Unio sustriatus. Pl. 26, fig. 14. 

Testa levi, elliptica, subinflata, subequilaterali, posticé angulata, anticé rotundata; valvulis crassius- 
culis; natibus subprominentibus granulatisque ; epidermide olivacea eradiata et rugoso-striata; den- 
tibus cardinalibus longis, rectis lamellatisque; lateralibus longis, rectis lamellatisque; margarita 
argented et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, subinflated, nearly equilateral, angular behind, surrounded 
before ; valves rather thick ; beaks a little prominent and granulated ; epidermis olive 
colored, rayless and rugosely striate ; cardinal teeth long, straight and lamellar ; lateral 
teeth long, straight and lamellar; nacre silvery and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 93. 

Hab.—Siam. S. R. House, M. D. 

My cabinet. Cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 
Diam. -4. Length °5. Breadth 1:1 inch. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, nearly equilateral, angular behind and 
rounded before ; slightly constricted from the beaks to the basal margin ; substance of 
the shell rather thick ; beaks a little prominent, with a few small granules at the top; 
ligament rather long and thin ; epidermis olive colored, rayless, minutely and rugosely 
striate ; posterior slope with two raised lines, and one impressed one nearest to the 
margin ; umbonial slope rounded; cardinal teeth long straight and lamellar, double 
in the right and single in the left valve; lateral teeth long, straight and lamellar, 
double in the left and single in the right valve ; anterior cicatrices confluent ; posterior 
cicatrices scarcely perceptible; dorsal cicatrices imperceptible; cavity of the shell 
rather deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks angular and shallow; nacre silvery 
white and iridescent. 

Remarks.—Two opposed valves of nearly the same size were all which Mr. Haines 
received among his Siamese shells. In form and general character this species is 
nearly allied to U. imornatus herein described. It differs in being a little more 
transverse, and in being thicker and smaller. It resembles in outline U. c@ruleus, 
(nobis,) but has no bluish tint in the epidermis, and is entirely without rays, and is 
smaller. It is a very small species, not larger than a middle sized U. parvus, Barnes. 
It might be mistaken fora young U. Ingallsianus, (nobis,) but that shell is more oblique 
and smoother, and differs in the color of the posterior slope. 

Unio Arricanus. Pl. 27, fig. 16. 

Testa levi, elliptica, subcompressa, subemarginata, valde ineequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata ; valvulis 
subtenuibus ; natibus parvis, prominulis undulatisque ; epidermide luteo-olivacea et polita; dentibus 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONID. 301 

eardinalibus parvis, obliquis, compressis sublamellatisque ; lateralibus prelongis subrectisque ; margarita 
salmonis colore tincta et valdé iridescente. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, subcompressed, subemarginate, very inequilateral, obtusely 
angular behind ; valves rather thin, beaks small, somewhat prominent and undulate ; 
epidermis yellowish olive and polished ; cardinal teeth small, oblique, compressed and 
somewhat lamellar ; lateral teeth very long and nearly straight ; nacre salmon colored 
and very iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 94. 

Hab.—Cape of Good Hope. Mr. EH. Verreaux. 

My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Verreaux, Paris, and W. A. Haines, New York. 
Diam. °6. Length ‘8, Breadth 1:7 inch. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, subcompressed, slightly emarginate at base, very inequi- 
lateral, obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell rather thin, thicker before ; 
beaks small, somewhat prominent, with numerous small undulations at the tips and on 
the posterior slope; lines of growth few, distinct and distant; ligament rather long 
and-slender ; epidermis yellowish olive, very smooth and shining; umbonial slope 
subangular; cardinal teeth small, oblique, compressed, somewhat lamellar, double in 
both valves ; lateral teeth very long, very slightly curved, single in the right and 
double in the left valve; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices distinct ; 
dorsal cicatrices placed on the under posterior part of the cardinal teeth ; cavity of the 
shell rather shallow; cavity of the beak rather shallow and subangular; nacre light 
salmon colored and very iridescent. 

Remarks.—This species was procured by Mr. HE. Verreaux while in South Africa, 
and given to me while in Paris, in 1853. Subsequently Mr. Haines submitted 
specimens to me from the same habitat. The anterior muscular cicatrices present an 
unusual character in the three, being remarkably distinct. The undulations of the 
beaks are beautifully distinct, numerous and regular, and are delicately arranged also 
on the posterior slope as well as over a large portion of the beaks. In outline and 
general! character it is allied to U. Batavus, Lam., and more particularly to that variety 
named U. Carynthiacus by Ziegler. In outline and general form Africanus approaches 
Verreawianus, herein described, but it differs entirely in size and in the surface, being 
smooth and polished, while Verreawianus belongs to the sulcate division, and is 
usually twice the size; they therefore cannot be confounded. It approaches also to 
U. Caffer, Krauss, but differs much from the figure given by him, (Sudafrik Moll., 
p- 18.) It much more resembles a specimen given to me by the late Prof. E. Forbes, 
from South Africa under that name. 

Unio VERREAUIANUS. PI. 27, fig. 16. 
Testa suleata, oblonga, inflata, subemarginata, subsequilaterali, postice obtusé angulaté ; valvulis crassis ; 

natibus parvis, subprominentibus undulatisque ; epidermidé luteo-brunnea, striata ; dentibus cardinalibus 

NTT 


302 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

‘magnis, obliquis, compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus longis, rectis lamellatisque; margarita salmonis 
colore tinct et iridescente. 

Shell sulcate, oblong, inflated, subemarginate, nearly equilateral, obtusely angular 
behind; valves thick; beaks small, a little prominent and undulate ; epidermis yel- 
lowish brown, striate; cardinal teeth large, oblique, compressed and crenulate ; lateral 
teeth long, straight and lamellar; nacre salmon colored and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 94. 

Hab.—Cape of Good Hope. Mr. EH. Verreaux. 

My cabinet, cabinets of Mr. Verreaux, Paris, and W. A. Haines, New York. 
Diam. 1, Length 1.4, Breadth 2:5 inches. 

Shell furrowed, oblong, inflated, slightly emarginate at base, nearly equilateral, 
obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell thick, thinner behind; beaks small, 
a little prominent, with numerous small undulations at tip; furrows transverse, rather 
close, irregular and covering nearly the whole disk ; lines of growth distant and very 
distinct; ligament rather long and somewhat thick; epidermis yellowish in the 
younger specimens, but dark brown in the older ones; umbonial slope subangular ; 
cardinal teeth large, oblique, compressed, crenulate, double in both valves; lateral 
teeth long, straight, lamellar, single in the right and doublein the left valve ; anterior 
cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices distinct; dorsal cicatrices placed on the under 
posterior part of the cardinal teeth ; cavity of the shell deep and rounded; cavity of 
beak rather deep and subangular ; nacre light salmon colored and iridescent. 

Femarks.—I owe the possession of several specimens of this interesting species to 
Mr. Verreaux, naturalist, of Paris, whose researches for many years in South Africa, 
&c., has added so much to various branches of natural history. It belongs to that 
group which I have called swlcate, from the transverse furrows which exist in the 
substance of the exterior of the shell. It is not so sulcate as Scamnatus, Morelet, 
nor is it so much compressed. In outline and general form, it is nearly allied to U. 
confertus, (nobis,) but is not so ventricose as that species, nor is it so angular behind. 
It cannot be confounded with U. Caffer, Krauss, as that species is much smaller, more 
compressed, the form more elliptical, the teeth more tuberculose and the nacre purple. 

I dedicate the species to that persevering traveller, Mr. Edward Verreaux. 

Unio Saurtierrianus. Pl. 27, fig. 17. 

Test minute plicata, elliptica, ineequilaterali, subcylindracea, posticé obtusé angulata, anticé rotundata, ad 
latus subplanulata ; valvulis subcrassis; natibus prominulis, ad apices minuté undulatis; epidermide 
virido-lutea ; dentibus cardinalibus sublongis, compressis geminisque ; lateralibus longis subrectisque ; 
margarita salmonis colore tincta et iridescente. 

Shell minutely folded, elliptical, inequilateral, somewhat cylindrical, obtusely 
angular behind, rounded before and slightly flattened at the sides; valves somewhat 
thick ; beaks a little prominent and minutely undulated at tip; epidermis greenish 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDAL. 305 

yellow ; cardinal teeth rather long, compressed and double; lateral teeth long and 
nearly straight; nacre salmon colored and iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 94. 
Hab.—Sina River, India. Major Le Conte; Ahmednugger, India, S. Shurtleff, M. D. 
My cabinet, cabinets of Major Le Conte, Dr. Shurtleff and Dr. Ingalls. 

Diam. °6, Length °7, Breadth 1-6 inch. 

Shell minutely folded, elliptical, inequilateral, somewhat cylindrical, obtusely 
angular behind, regularly rounded before and slightly flattened at the sides ; substance 
of the shell somewhat thick, thinner behind ; beaks a little prominent, pointed and 
minutely undulate at tip; posterior slope raised into a small carina, and covered with 
very delicate small undulations, and furnished with two indistinct lines from the beak 
to posterior margin ; ligament rather short and thin; epidermis greenish yellow, with 
obscure green rays; umbonial slope rounded; cardinal teeth rather long, compressed 
and double in both valves;.lateral teeth long and nearly straight, single in the right 
and double in the left valve ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; 
dorsal cicatrices placed within the cavity of the beaks and on the under side of the 
posterior portion of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the shell rather deep; cavity of the 
beaks shallow and subangular; nacre slightly salmon colored and iridescent. 

Remarks.—Several specimens of this shell are before me. Two of them are odd, 
young valves. The specimen figured has been in my possession some years, but being 
very closely allied to U. gratiosus, Phili., I feared it might prove a variety only of 
that species. The young specimens and other adults since received, satisfy me that 
they are distinct. The specimens of gratiosus which I have in my cabinent are 
much less transverse and much smaller. They are precisely the same in outline and 
folds with Dr. Philippi’s figure, (Conchylien, v. 1, t. 1, f. 5.) The Shurilefianus is 
more cylindrical and the basal margin is disposed to be emarginate. The folds are 
beautifully disposed over the upper part of the disk up to the tip of the beaks. They 
are remarkably minute, and so divergent and re-entering, as to make zigzag lines. In 
outline and size the Shurtlefianus is very near to cceruleus, (nobis,) also from India, 
but it may easily be distinguished from that species by being devoid of that bluish 
color, by the posterior margin being less angular, by the beaks being more medial and 
the nacre being salmon colored. The teeth are also less lamellar and the folds more 
numerous. It differs from crispatus, Gould, in having coarser folds, in color of nacre, 
as well as in having the teeth more lamellar, and the posterior margin being less acute. 

I have dedicated this species to Dr. Shurtieff, to whose kindness I owe specimens of 
several ages. 

Unio nrruterns. PI. 28, fig. 18. 

Testa suleata, ellipticé, subinflata, inequilaterali, posticé obtusé angulata; valvulis suberassis; natibus 


304 LEA’S DECRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, polita ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis crenulatisque ; lateralibus 
longis curvisque; margarit& czeruleo-alba. 

Shell furrowed, elliptical, rather inflated, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind; 
valves rather thick; beaks a little prominent ; epidermis dark brown and polished; 
cardinal teeth small and crenulate ; lateral teeth long and curved ; nacre bluish white. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 94. 
Hab.—Brazil. B. W. Budd, M. D. 
Cabinet of Dr. Budd, New York. 
Diam Length 1:2, Breadth 2 inches. 

Shell transversely furrowed, elliptical, rather inflated, inequilateral, obtusely angular 
behind and regularly rounded before; substance of the shell rather thick, thicker 
before; beaks a little prominent; ligament thin and rather short; epidermis dark 
chestnut brown, highly polished, apparently without rays; umbonial slope rounded 
and but slightly elevated ; cardinal teeth small, slightly compressed and crenulate ; 
lateral teeth long, rather thin and curved ; the two inferior anterior cicatrices confluent, 
the superior one distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent, dorsal cicatrices placed in the 
cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow; cavity of the beaks very shallow 
and rounded; nacre bluish white. 

Remarks.—A single specimen of this species only was submitted to me by Dr. Budd, 
but it differs so much from any described shell I am acquainted with that I have not 
hesitated to giveit a name. In general aspect it resembles U. ellipticus, (Diplodon 
ellipticum, Spix), but it is not transverse, seems to be without folds and has more 
marked transverse strie; the lateral teeth are more curved and the epidermis is more 
highly polished. The beaks of the specimen above described are eroded, and more 
perfect ones may be found to have undulations at the tips. 

Unto Suurrieworran. Pl. 28, fig. 19. 

Testa sulcata, oblonga, transversa, valdé inzequilaterali, subcompressa, posticé obtuse biangulata, ad latus 
planulata ; valvulis subcrassis; natibus prominulis; epidermide brunneo-nigricante ; dentibus cardi- 
nalibus parvis ; lateralibus longis subcurvisque ; margarita purpurea et iridescente. 

Shell sulcate, oblong, transverse, very inequilateral, rather compressed, obtusely 
biangular behind, flattened on the sides; valves rather thick ; beaks a little prominent ; 
epidermis blackish brown; cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth long and slightly 
curved ; nacre purple and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 94. 

Hab.—Australia. R. J. Shuttleworth, Berne, Switzerland. 

My cabinet, cabinets of Mr. Shuttleworth, W. A. Haines, New York, and H. Cu- 

ming, London. . 

Diam. 1-1, Length 2, Breadth 4 inches. 

Shell sulcate, oblong, transverse, very inequilateral, rather’ compressed, obtusely 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONID/@: 305 

biangular behind, flattened on the sides; substance of the shell rather thick ; beaks a 
little prominent and placed towards the anterior margin ; posterior slope raised into a 
carina; ligament thin, long and nearly straight; epidermis blackish brown, shining 
on the umbonial slope ; furrows deep on the anterior portion, nearly obsolete on the 
umbonial slope; umbonial slope rounded and but slightly raised ; cardinal teeth very 
small, in the left valve single, triangular and elevated into a sharp point, in the right 
valve double, the superior division being very small; lateral teeth very long, lamellar, 
and but slightly curved ; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent ; 
dorsal cicatrices consist of a long row from the smaller anterior cicatrix across the 
interior cavity to the under part of the lateral tooth; cavity of the shell rather shal- 
low ; cavity of the beaks small, subangular ; nacre purple and iridescent. 
Remarks.—But a single specimen of this shell is before me; interesting from the 
fact, as an Australian species, it should so closely resemble an American one, as, at 
first sight, it might be considered to be merely a variety. It has very nearly the 
exact outline of Hopetonensis, (nobis,) from Georgia, and is nearly of the same color 
in the epidermis. It differs in having transverse furrows nearly over the whole disk, 
which in the Georgian are but slightly developed. It has smaller teeth, and in the 
left valve the cardinal tooth is single, in the right scarcely bifid. The color of the 
nacre of the specimen before me is of a darker purple than any of the Georgian species 
which I have seen. ‘The color of the nacre may differ in other specimens, as it does 
in the Hopetonensis, which is sometimes white and sometimes slightly salmon colored. 
The beaks of the specimen of Shuttleworthw before me are eroded, and therefore it is 
impossible to say if they be undulate; but I suspect that in perfect specimens they 
will be found to be so, as on the posterior slope very indistinct undulations may be 
perceived, decussating an obscure furrow running from the beaks to the posterior 
margin. If in other specimens these folds are found more numerous and more pro- 
nounced, then we ought to remove the species from the furrowed to the plicate group. 
The carina is so much elevated that it might almost be considered to belong to the 

alate division. 

Unio Dunxertanus. Pl. 28, fig. 20. 

Testa plicata, transversa, subinflata, valdé inequilaterali, postice obtusé angulata; valvulis subtenuibus ; 
natibus prominulis, costis divaricatis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca politaque; dentibus cardinalibus 
longis compressisque; lateralibus przelongis, lamellatis rectisque; margarita czeruleo-albai et valdé 
iridescente. 

Shell folded, transverse, somewhat inflated, very mequilateral, obtusely angular 
behind; valves rather thin; beaks with diverging ribs; epidermis blackish brown 
and polished ; cardinal teeth long and compressed ; lateral teeth very long, lamellar 
and straight ; nacre bluish white and very iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Vol. 8, p. 94. 
78 


ee Se Ree ae ee Pe 

306 LHA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

Hab.—River Macacou, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Prof. Diinker. New Granada, Mr. E. 
Verreaux. 

My cabinet and cabinets of Prof. Dtinker, Cassel, and Mr. Verreaux, Paris. 

Diam. °7. Length 1-1, Breadth 2:2 inches. 

Shell folded, transverse, somewhat inflated, very inequilateral, obtusely angular 
behind, with dorsal and basal margins nearly parallel; substance of the shell rather 
thin ; beaks a little prominent, with rather large diverging ribs reaching some distance 
on the disk; ligament rather long and thin; epidermis blackish brown, very much 
polished and rather regularly and transversely wrinkled, apparently without rays ; 
umbonial slope rounded; cardinal teeth long, compressed, double in the right and 
single in the left valve; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and straight ; the two inferior 
anterior cicatrices confluent, the superior one distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent ; 
dorsal cicatrices placed in the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep; 
cavity of the beaks very shallow and subangular; nacre bluish white and very 
iridescent. 

Remarks.—I1 owe the possession of this beautiful species to my friend Prof. Dtinker, 
of Cassel, to whom I dedicate it. Subsequently I procured a specimen from Mr. 
Verreaux, of Paris. When Prof. Diinker presented me with the specimen, he was 
under the impression that it was D’Orbigny’s rhuocoica, but that is quite a distinct 
species, being less transverse, of a lighter brown and with smaller and shorter coste at 
the beaks. The costee of Diinkerianus extend, in the two specimens before me, somuch 
longer over the disk, and particularly near the umbonial slope, that it must be entitled 
to be placed among the folded species. 

Unio nucugus. PI. 28, fig. 21. 

Testa plicata, quadrata, inflata, subaequilaterali, posticé angulaté; valvulis crassis; natibus prominentibus, 
perplicatis ; epidermide virido-fusca, minutissimé perstriataé ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis brevibusque ; 
lateralibus crassis brevibusque, in utroque valvulo duplicibus subcurvisque ; margarita ceruleo alba et 
iridescente. 

Shell plicate, quadrate, inflated, nearly equilateral, angular behind; valves thick ; 
beaks prominent, covered with folds; epidermis greenish brown, filled with minute 
striz ; cardinal teeth thick and short; lateral teeth thick, short, double in both valves 
and somewhat curved; nacre bluish white and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 94. 

Hab.—Siam. 8. R. House, M. D. 

My cabinet and cabinet of W. A. Haines, New York. 

Diam. °3, Length -4, Breadth °6 inch. 

Shell folded, quadrate, inflated, nearly equilateral, angular behind; substance of 
the shell thick, but shewing the undulations within; beaks rather prominent, sub- 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA, 307 

medial and covered with folds; ligament very short and rather thick ; epidermis 
greenish brown, the folds being usually green, minutely striate over the whole disk; 
umbonial slope high and angular; cardinal teeth thick, short and much divided: 
lateral teeth thick, short, somewhat curved, double in both valves and enlarged at the 
posterior end; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal 

cicatrices placed on the underside of the posterior portion of the cardinal teeth ; cavity 
~ of the shell rather deep ; cavity of the beaks rather deep and angular; nacre bluish 
white and iridescent. 

Remarks.—This species is very remarkable for its diminutive size. There were only 
two specimens submitted to me by Mr. Haines, and I believe they are all he received. 
They are nearly of the same size ; and if they be of normal dimensions, the species is 
certainly the smallest I am acquainted with. It is nearest to U. crispatus, Gould, in 
general appearance, being covered over with nearly the same kind of folds, which are 
green like crispatus. In outline, however, it differs very much as well as in size, not 
being more than one-third the breadth. The umbonial slope is also much more angular. 
It might be suspected that it had been mistaken for a young crispatus, but on 
comparison with a young crispatus before me, I find it flatter, less robust, with 
smaller folds and more yellow. The minute strie over the disk are close and 
lamellate, and are of a brownish color. The folds over the whole disk are strongly 
marked, are green and disposed to run into angles, while the intermediate spaces are 
yellowish. On the inside the folds are distinctly visible. 

Unio Brownu. PI. 29, fig. 22. 

Testa levi, obovata, valdé compressa, valdé inzequilaterali; valvulis subcrassis; natibus prominulis, costis 
divaricatis ; epidermide tenebroso-viridi, striata; dentibus cardinalibus submagnis, in utroque valvulo 
duplicibus; lateralibus lamellatis, sublongis curvisque ; margarita alba. 

Shell smooth, obovate, very much compressed, very inequilateral ; valves rather 
thick ; beaks but little prominent, ribbed at the apex ; epidermis dark green, striate ; 
cardinal teeth rather large, double in both valves; lateral teeth lamellar, rather long 
and curved; nacre white. 

Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 95. 

Hab.—Mocha? Asia. Capt. George Brown. 

My cabinet. 

Diam. 4, Length °7, Breadth 1:1 inch. 

Shell smooth, obovate, very much compressed, very inequilateral, elevated on the 
posterior slope almost into a wing; substance of the shell rather thick, thinner 
behind; beaks but a little prominent, with rather short divergent ribs at the apex ; 
ligament short and very thin ; epidermis dark green, striate; umbonial slope rounded 
and very slightly raised; cardinal teeth rather large, oblique, compressed, crenulate 


. oS ey er i 
a ve ne 

308 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

and double in both valves; lateral teeth lamellar, rather long, curved, single in the 
right and double in the left valve, thickened towards the posterior end; the two 
inferior anterior cicatrices confluent, the superior one distinct; posterior cicatrices 
confluent ; dorsal cicatrices placed in a row across the cavity of the beaks; cavity of 
the shell very shallow; cavity of the beaks very shallow and subangular ; nacre 
white. 

Remarks.—The specimen above described is probably quite a young one, and I have 
great doubt of its really being a native of Arabia. Among many fine shells brought 
by Captain Brown, from nearly all parts of the world where he carried on his 
commercial affairs, were many rare and fine specimens from the rivers of South 
America. This specimen was marked in one valve “ Mocha ;” in the other, “ Red 
Sea ;” 
brought there by trading vessels from South America, having some of the characters 

so that he most probably purchased it in Arabia; and still it may have been 

of that habitat, particularly the diverging costz on the beaks; which character so 
peculiarly belongs to most of the species of that quarter of the globe. It seems to 
be more nearly allied to U. Paranensis, (nobis,) than to any species Iam acquainted 
with, but it is not so rotund, nor is it so much inflated along the umbonial slope. The 
coste of the beaks are smaller, and the epidermis is green and not brown as in 
Paranensis. It is also somewhat like U. Burroughianus, (nobis,) from South 
America, but is not so transverse as that species, and is not so high on the umbonial 
slope. On the posterior slope there are two distinct rays from the beak to the margin, 
one being yellow and the other dark green. 1 name this in honor of the late Captain 
Brown, of Beverly, Mass., to whose kindness I owe the possession of the specimen. 

Unio WuEATLEYANUS. PI. 29, fig. 23. 

Testa levi, elliptica, inflata, inzequilaterali ; valvulis crassis; natibus prominulis, costis elevatis ; epidermide 
tenebroso-oliva, rugoso-striata; dentibus cardinalibus magnis, crassiusculis, subdivisis; lateralibus 
longis crassisque ; margarita vel alba vel carnea et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, inequilateral; valves thick; beaks a little 
prominent with large ribs; epidermis dark olive and rugosely striate; cardinal teeth 

large and somewhat thick, subdivided ; lateral teeth long and thick; nacre white or 
flesh colored and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 94. 
Hab.—Rio Plata, Mr. D’Orbigny ; Rio Negro, Mr. Wheatley. 
My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Wheatley, New York. 
Diam. 1:2, . Length 1-9, Breadth 2:8 inches. 
Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, inequilateral, elevated on the posterior slope; 

substance of the shell thick, thinner behind ; beaks a little prominent, with divergent 

and re-entering ribs at the apex.; ligament rather short and stout; epidermis dark 
olive, rngosely striate and apparently without rays; umbonial slope obtusely angular : 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA. 309 

cardinal teeth large, somewhat thick, double in both valves, crenulate; lateral teeth 
long, thick and slightly curved; the two inferior anterior cicatrices confluent, the 
superior one being distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatrices placed 
across the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep; cavity 
of the beaks shallow; nacre white or flesh color and iridescent. 

Remarks.—A. young shell, apparently not one-fourth grown, was sent tome some time 
since by Mr. C. M. Wheatley, who procured it from the Rio Negro, at the distance of 
1200 miles from the mouth of the Amazon. After comparing this young individual 
carefully with all my South American specimens, and with the descriptions of Spix 
and Von Martius, as well as those of D’Orbigny, I am satisfied that it can only be as- 
similated to a specimen which that distinguished traveller and zoologist, Mr. D’Orbigny, 
sent to me with several other specimens as U. lacteolus, (nobis,) (delodontus, Lam.) I 
have always doubted that specimen being the same species with those which it' accom- 
panied, and now connect it with this young specimen under the name of my friend 
Mr. Wheatley. Iam not prepared to say, when we shall find mature specimens from the 
Rio Negro, that it may not prove distinct from the shell from Monte Video. The form 
of the former is more triangular, and it varies in being flesh colored. The species above 
described may be distinguished from delodontus, Lam., by being less transverse, and 
having longer and larger diverging ribs at the beaks, which in both specimens before 
me converge a short distance below the tip of the beak so as to form re-entering 
angles. It differs from Burroughianus, (nobis,) and Paranensis, (nobis,) in being less 
transverse than the former, and being less rotund than the latter. It is also less 
rotund than membranaceus, Maton. 

Unio suAvipicus. Pl. 29, fig. 24. 

Testa levi, oblonga, subcompressa, valdé inaequilaterali, anticé rotundata, posticé truncata ; natibus subpromi- 
nentibus, costis elevatis ; epidermideluteo-oliva, minute striata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis, 
crenulatis in utroque valvulo duplicibusque; lateralibus iongis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita 
czxeruleo-alb’ et iridescente. ; ' 

Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, rounded before and 
truncate behind ; beaks a little prominent, with elevated ribs; epidermis ‘yellowish 
olive, minutely striate ; cardinal teeth small, compressed, crenulate and double in both 
valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre bluish white and 

iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 95. 

Hab.—River Amazon. Mr. E. Verreaux, Paris. 
My cabinet. 
Diam. °4, Length °6, Breadth °8 inch. 
Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, rounded before and 

truncate behind, dorsal and basal lines nearly parallel; swollen before the umbonial 
79 


310 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

slope and flattened on the side; beaks a little prominent, with rather short divergent 
and re-entering ribs at the apex; ligament short and thin; epidermis yellowish olive, 
minutely striate, apparently without rays; umbonial slope subangular ; posterior slope 
raised nearly into a wing ; cardinal teeth small, compressed, crenulate, oblique and 
double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar, single in the right and double in the 
left valve ; anterior cicatrices confluent ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices 
placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and 
rounded; cavity of the beaks rather shallow and angular; nacre bluish white and 
very iridescent. . 

Remarks—Among a number of interesting land and fresh water shells which I 
procured from Mr. E. Verreaux, in Paris, was a single small specimen of this 
species, evidently quite young. I should suppose about one-fourth grown. ‘The above 
diagnosis therefore may be found to be, in many respects incorrect, when mature 
individuals shall be examined. ‘The oblong outline of this shell is remarkably regular. 
The costz of the beaks are smaller on the posterior and anterior slopes and several of 
them form re-entering angles on the posterior slope and on thesides. This species has 
some affinity to Charruanus, D’Orb., but differs in being more oblong, in having 
smaller costee on the beaks, and in having the posterior slope more elevated. 

Unio Nurranuianus. Pl. 30, fig. 25. 

Testa leevi, elliptica, subinflata, inzequilaterali ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide olivacea, 
eradiata, valdé polit& ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, rectis, compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus sub- 
curtis, subrectis lamellatisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, rather inflated, inequilateral; valves thin; beaks slightly 
prominent; epidermis olive, without rays and much polished; cardinal teeth small, 
straight, compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth rather short, nearly straight and 
lamellar; nacre salmon color and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 103. 
Hab.—India. Prof. Thomas Nuttall. 
My cabinet and cabinet of Prof. Nuttall. 
Digmin(:657 Length °8, Breadth 1.5 inch. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, rather inflated, inequilateral, subangular behind, rounded 
before ; substance of the shell rather thin, thicker before ; beaks slightly prominent ; 
epidermis olive, without rays, highly polished and with transverse yellow bands; 
ligament short and very thin; umbonial slope obtusely angular ; posterior slope rather 
flattened ; cardinal teeth small, straight, compressed, crenulate and double in both 
valves ; lateral teeth rather short, nearly straight, lamellar, single in the right and 
double in the left valve, the lower division being much larger and rising towards the 
end into a crest; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal 
cicatrices placed within the cavity of the beaks, and under the plate; pallial cicatrix 


' AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONID. a a 

distinetly impressed; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks 
rather deep and subangular; nacre salmon color and iridescent. 

Remarks.—I owe to the kindness of Prof. Nuttall, two specimens of this pretty 
little species, which he gave me on my last visit to England, in 1853. In outline it 
approaches U. olivaceus, (nobis,) from Calcutta, but is a little more angular on the 
posterior margin. It is by no means so thin in the substance of the shell, and differs 
in the teeth, they being in the Nuttal/ianus thicker and less lamellar. The color is 
very different, the olwaceus being pale blue, while both the specimens before me of 
‘Nuttallianus are salmon colored within and olive without, and with transverse bands. 
There is a group of Uniones in India, which are disposed to be bluish, and the ceruleus, 
(nobis,) may be considered decidedly the type. The Nuttallianus has an epidermis 
of rather a bluish green olive, and the nacreous matter deposited in the interior of the 
beaks of both specimens is decidedly blue. The tips of the beaks being eroded in both 
specimens, it is impossible to say if there be undulations, but the blue hue of the 
nacre in the beaks is very observable there. The outline of U. Keraudreni, Hydoux, is 
nearly the same with this species; but they are evidently distinct. I dedicate 
this pretty little species to my old friend Prof. Nuttall, who has done so much to 
elucidate the natural history and botany of the United States. 

Unto umsBrosus. PI. 30, fig. 26. 

Testa leevi, elliptica, subinflata, inequilaterali ; valvulis subcrassis ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide castane4, 
polita, transversé fasciata ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis, duplicibus subelevatisque ; lateralibus longis, 
lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarit’ vel purpurea vel rosea et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, inequilateral ; valves rather thick ; beaks 

a little prominent; epidermis chestnut brown, polished, transversely banded ; cardinal 

teeth large, double in both valves and rather elevated; lateral teeth long, lamellar 

and somewhat curved, nacre purple or rose color and iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 95. 
Hab.—Medellin River, Mexico. Dr. Burrough. 
My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Anthony. 
Diam. 1, Length 1:7, Breadth 2:9 inches. 
Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, flattened on the sides ; 
substance of the shell rather thick, thinner behind; beaks a little prominent; ligament 
rather short and thick; epidermis chestnut brown, very smooth and polished with 
distant marks of growth and two or three rather broad, transverse, yellowish bands, 
very obscurely rayed; umbonial slope raised and subangular; cardinal teeth large, 
double in both valves, elevated into obtuse points and crenulate; lateral teeth long, 
lamellar, somewhat curved, the inferior division in the left valve is much the larger ; 
anterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal 


312 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

cicatrices placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; pallial cicatrix well 
impressed ; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded; cavity of the beak somewhat 
deep and subangular; nacre purple or rose color and very iridescent. 

Remarks.—W hen I described Unio Tampicoensis, m 1835, (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
Vol. 6, p. 24,) I was in possession of the above described shell also by the kindness 
of the late Dr. Burrough. In the remarks, I then mentioned that in the younger 
specimens the epidermis was of a yellow brown, and that indistinct rays might be 
observed. Having had access to other specimens all of the same size, and particularly 
a fine one from Mr. Anthony, of Cincinnati, who also obtained it from Dr. Burrough’s 
collection, I am satisfied that, although nearly allied to Yampicoensis, it must be 
considered to be distinct. It differs in being not quite so oblique, in the beaks not 
being so prominent, the epidermis not being blackish but of a fine dark brown. It 
also has obsolete rays, while the other seems to have none, and the nacre is disposed 
to be more rose color and purple. All the specimens before me are more or less thus 
colored, while Zampicoensis, is usually white with pinkish lateral teeth. 

There is rather a remarkable feature in the three specimens before me, about the 
centre of the cavity of the interior of the disk, all of which are granulose with small 
irregular pearls. 

Unio Newcompranus. Pl. 30, fig. 27. 

Testa corrugato-suleata, rotundata, subcompress, ineequilaterali; valvulis crasis; natibus elevatis prominen- 
tibusque ; epidermide tenebroso-olivacea, corrugataé; dentibus cardinalibus submagnis, duplicibys sub- 
compressisque ; lateralibus subbrevibus, erassis subcurvisque ; margarita alba. 

Shell corrugately sulcate, rounded, somewhat compressed, inequilateral ; valve thick ; 
beaks elevated and somewhat prominent; epidermis dark olive, corrugate; cardinal 
teeth rather large, double and somewhat compressed; lateral teeth rather short, thick 
and somewhat curved ; nacre white. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 103. 

Hab.—Nicaragua. W. Newcomb, M. D. 

My cabinet and cabinets of Dr. Newcomb, Albany, and C. M. Wheatley, New York. 
Diam. °6, Length 1:1, Breadth 1-3 inch. 

Shell roughly furrowed, rounded, somewhat inflated over the umbones and flattened 
towards the basal margin, inequilateral; substance of the shell thick, thinner behind ; 
beaks elevated, somewhat prominent and subangular; furrows transverse and roughly 
wrinkled, rather close and covering the whole disk ; ligament very short and not very 
thick ; epidermis dark olive and roughly wrinkled; umbonial slope obtusely angular ; 
cardinal teeth rather large, somewhat compressed, double in both valves; lateral teeth 
single in the right and double in the left valve; rather short, thick and somewhat 
curved, in the left valve the inferior division being clavate, the superior very small and 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA. 313 

thin; anterior cicatrices distinct and deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent 
and rather deeply impressed ; dorsal cicatrices numerous and placed within the cavity 
of the beaks; pallial cicatrix distinctly impressed ; cavity of the shell rather shallow 
and regularly rounded; cavity of the beaks rather deep and angular; nacre white. 

Remarks.—Among the Uniones of Lake Nicaragua, this species, taken by Dr. New- 
comb, has not, I believe, heretofore been observed. It is a very remarkable species, as 
well from its outline, as from its singular corrugate and furrowed disk. It differs from 
all the species which I know, in this character. We have some species of Naiades 
with wrinkled epidermis,* but not so much so as this, nor are they accompanied by 
furrows like this. It differs from U. aratus, (nobis,) also from Lake Nicaragua, in 
being round and in having wrinkles as well as furrows. ‘T'wo of the three specimens 
before me are adult, and in these there is apparently, in the left valve, a disposition 
to form a third division of tooth. The largest of the three specimens is probably a 
female, as there is an enlargement at the posterior basal margin, which indicates that 
sex. It causes the outline to present a subtriangular form, which is not the case with 
the other two. 

T owe to Dr. Newcomb the possession of this beautiful little species, as well as many 
other fresh water and land shells, and with pleasure dedicate it to him, who has proved 
so industrious and successful an investigator in this branch of Zoology. 

Unio cAmBopiensis. Pl. 30, fig. 28. 

Testa levi, ellipticé, subinflaté, insequilaterali; valvulis subtenuibus; natibus prominentibus, ad apicem 
undulatis; epidermide castanea, eradiata, politaé ; dentibus cardinalibus longis, rectis lamellatisque ; 
lateralibus sublongis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, rather inflated, inequilateral ; valves rather thin; beaks a 
little prominent, undulated at the tip; epidermis chestnut colored, without rays and 
polished ; cardinal teeth long, straight and lamellar; lateral teeth rather long, lamellar 
and nearly straight ; nacre white and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 108. 
Hab.—Tackrong River at Korat, Cambodia. §. R. House, M. D. 
Cabinet of Mr. W. A. Haines. 
Diam. *4, | Length °5, Breadth 1 inch. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, rather inflated, inequilateral, sub-biangular behind ; 
substance of the shell thin; beaks a little prominent and subinflated, undulated at 
the tip; epidermis chestnut color disposed to rufous, without rays, shining ; ligament 
very short and thin; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope carinate, with 
two raised lines running from the beak to the posterior basal margin, nearly covered 
with minute folds; cardinal teeth long, straight, lamellar, single in the /e/t and double 

* Anadonta crispata, Lam., from Cayenne, and An. tortilis, (nobis,) from Carthagena. 
RO 


314 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

in the right valve, the inferior division passing under the superior one; lateral teeth 
rather long, lamellar, nearly straight, single in the right and double in the left valve ; 
anterior cicatrices confluent ; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatrices placed 
within the cavity of the beaks and on the under side of the cardinal tooth; pallial 
cicatrix slightly impressed ; cavity of the shell deep and rounded ; cavity of the beaks 
deep and subangular ; nacre white inclining to salmon and iridescent. | 

Remarks.—Among the shells from Takrong River, was a single small Unio which 
has the appearance of being nearly, if not quite mature. It has that character of the 
cardinal teeth, being single and double on the reversed sides, so common with the 
species from the East of Asia. The tips of the beaks being eroded, the character of the 
undulations cannot be given, but it is evident from those which may be yet seen on 
the posterior slope of this specimen, that they must be numerous, regular and close. 
In outline and in color it is near to U. crocatus, (nobis,) from Georgia ; but is a much 
smaller species and rather more transverse. 

Unio Cotorapornsis. PI. 31, fig. 29. 

Testa leevi, ellipticd, inflata, valdé inaequilaterali; valvulis crassis; natibus elevatis magnisque ; epidermide 
luteo-castanea, obscuré radiata et polita; dentibus cardinalibus magnis, duplicibus, acuminatis crenu- 

latisque ; lateralibus magnis, przlongis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita purpurea et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, very inequilateral; valves thick ; beaks elevated 
and large; epidermis yellowish chestnut, faintly rayed and polished; cardinal teeth 
large, double, pointed and crenulate; lateral teeth large, very long, lamellar and 
somewhat curved ; nacre purple and iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 1038. 
Hab.—Rio Colorado, Texas. B. W. Budd, M. D. 
My cabinet and cabinet of Dr. Budd. 

Diam. 1°8, Length 3:1, Breadth 4:9 inches. 

Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, very inequilateral, subbiangular behind ; substance 
of the shell thick, thinner behind; beaks elevated and large; epidermis yellowish 
chestnut, faintly and closely rayed and polished on the umbones ; ligament large, long 
and thick; umbonial slope rounded and inflated ; posterior slope raised into a carina ; 
cardinal teeth very large, double in both valves, pointed and crenulate ; lateral teeth 
single in the right and double in the left valve, very large, lamellar and somewhat 
curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, the inferior large and deeply impressed ; posterior 
cicatrices confluent, large ; dorsal cicatrices numerous, deeply impressed and crossing 
the cavity of the beak; pallial cicatrix large and deeply impressed; cavity of the 
shell large ; cavity of the beaks large and rounded; nacre purple and very iridescent. 

femarks.—Dr. Budd, to whose kindness I owe the possession of this shell, has a 
second specimen, and these are the only two I have seen. It is nearly allied to 
purpuratus, Lam., on one side, and to alatus, Say, on the other; it is less inflated 


Or 

AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA, 31 

than the first, and more inflated than the latter, and the posterior slope is nearly 
raised into a wing. It is not obovate like purpuratus. Young and perfect specimens 
will probably be found to be quite alate. The purple color of the specimen before me 
is not quite so dark as the alatus and purpuratus. In my specimen there is in 
each valve an imperfect cicatrix, situated nearly in the centre of the interior of the 
disk, and such may be the case with Dr. Budd’s. If this should be found to be 
developed in the species, it will resemble in this character the trapezoides, (nobis,) the 
only Unio I know to possess the additional muscle (ventral muscle). The beaks of 
the specimen before me are too much eroded to give the character of the tips, but 
they are evidently slightly undulate. 

It differs from Yampicoensis, (nobis,) to which it is allied, by being a larger species, 
being higher in the carina of the posterior slope, in having a brown radiated epidermis 
instead of a blackish rayless one, and in the purple color of the nacre. 

Unio poryAnus. Pl. 32, fig. 30. 

Testa levi, transversi, subcylindraced, ad basim subemarginata, valdé ineequilaterali, ad latere planulata, 
posticé truncata et subbiangulaté; valvulis subcrassis; natibus prominulis, ad apicés simplicibus ; 
epidermide luteolé et minute granulata; dentibus cardinalibus subcompressis, acuminatis crenulatisque ; 
lateralibus preelongis, lamellatis rectisque ; margarita luteola et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, transverse, subcylindrical, basal margin somewhat emarginate, very 
inequilateral, flattened at the side, truncate and subbiangular behind; valves a little 
thickened ; beaks slightly elevated, simple at the tip; epidermis yellowish and very 
minutely granulate ; cardinal teeth somewhat compressed, acuminate and crenulate ; 

lateral teeth very long, lamellar and straight; nacre yellowish and iridescent. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1857. p. 85. 

Hab.—Rio de las Balsas, near Coyucan, Mexico. Prof. Felipe Poey, of Havana. 
My cabinet and cabinet of, Prof. Poey. 

Diam. °6, ; Length 1, Breadth 2:2 inches. 

Shell smooth, transverse, subcylindrical, basal margin somewhat emarginate, very 
inequilateral, flattened at the side, truncate and subbiangular behind and rounded 
before ; substance of the shell somewhat thick, thicker before ; beaks slightly elevated, 
and without any undulations at the ‘tip : ligament long and rather thin; epidermis. 
yellow or yellowish olive, very minutely granulate, striate before ; umbonial slope 
somewhat carinate; marks of growth distant; cardinal teeth somewhat compressed, 
acuminate and crenulate; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and straight; anterior 
cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices nearly distinct ; dorsal cicatrices placed across 
the cavity of the beaks ; pallial cicatrix slightly impressed ; cavity of the shell shallow; 
cavity of the beaks small and subangulay ; nacre yellowish, paler before and iridescent. 

Remarks.—I owe to the kindness of Professor Poey the possession of two specimens 
of this interesting species, and I dedicate it to him. In its outline it is nearly like 


316 LEA’S DECRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

that of Unio cylindricus, Say, but it is a much thinner shell and entirely without 
tubercles, which are so remarkable on the umbonial slope of that species. It is closely 
allied to U. Fopew, (nobis,) but is not so much compressed, is different in color, more 
cyclindrical as well being furnished with granules. The epidermis of Poeyanusis very 
remarkable. It is very thin and firmly attached to the calcareous matter, and 
when examined witha good lens very minute granules may be seen over the surface ; 
at the anterior part the strie are imbricate. The two specimens differ in color. 
The younger, being half grown, is of a straw yellow, while the older one is an olive 
yellow to that point of growth, and straw yellow beyond that to the margin. The 
younger is entirely without rays, while the older has obsolete rays on the posterior 
portion. 

AnopontaA Hortonis. Pl. 52, fig 31. 
Testa levi, oblonga, inflata, valde inzequilaterali, e natibus lineatis; valvulis subcrassis; natibus subprominen- 
tibus ; epidermide tenebroso-olivacea, striata ; margarita ceeruled et valde iridescente. 

Shell smooth, oblong inflated, very inequilateral, with diverging lines from the beaks ; 
valves rather thick ; beaks somewhat prominent ; epidermis dark olive, striate; nacre 
bluish white and very iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1857, p. 85. 

Hab.—Near Cartago, New Granada. Rev. J. I’. Holton. 
My cabinet and cabinets of Mr. Holton, Mr. Wheatley and Lyceum of Nat. Hist., 
New York. 
Diam. °9, Length 1:3, Breadth 2:7 inches. 
Shell smooth, oblong, inflated, very inequilateral, with crimpled lines radiating from 
the beaks, obtusely angular behind ; substance of the shell rather thick ; beaks somewhat 
Prominent; ligament rather long and thin; epidermis dark olive, minutely crimpled 
over the posterior slope and crimpled in lines on the sides from the beaks to the basal 
margin, with three obscure greenish lineson the posterior slope ; umbonial slope slightly 
rounded ; marks of growth distant and not very distinct: anterior cicatrices distinct, 
the adductor being very large, the tractor very small: posterior cicatrices large and 
confluent ; dorsal cicatrices small and placed on the upper side of the cavity of the 
beaks; ‘pallial cicatrix slightly impressed; cavity of the shell deep and rounded; 
cavity of the beaks rather deep and subangular ; nacre bluish white and very iridescent. 
Remarks.—This species, of which I have but a single specimen before me, was 
brought by the Rey. Mr. Holton from the upper Cauca, interior of New Granada, 
where they are found in abundance, in “a pond, like the Illinois Prairie Ponds, an 
acre in extent, with muddy shores, being 6 to 15 feet deep in the centre, without inlet 
or outlet, and not surrounded by marshy ground, the distance from the Cauca River 
being 5 miles. This pond is within half a mile of Cartago.” 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA. of 

The above described species is more like Anodon radiatus, Spix, (Test. Fluv. Bras. 
pl. 23, fig. 1,) than any other South American species. It is about the same size, 
but in outline it differs by being more oblong and less elliptical. It differs also in 
not being rayed. It is very nearly of the same outline with Anodonta fluviatilis of 
our rivers, but it cannot be confounded with that species, as it has the peculiarly formed 
fosset at the posterior end of the ligament, which is so remarkable in the South 
‘American Anodontg. The singular crimpled rays in the epidermis are very remarkable, 
but it may not be a permanent character of the species. It is to be regretted that a 
single specimen only has come under my view. I owe this one to the kindness of the 
Rey. Mr. Holton, who mentions in his travels that they were in abundance near 
Cartago, and to him I dedicate it. 

Family NALADES. 

Subgenus PLAGIODON.* 

Testa zquivalvis, inzequilatera, obliqué trigona, valdé inflata ; dentibus cardinalibus crenulatis, compressis, 
transversis, curtis, in utroqué valvulo duplicibus; dentibus lateralibus nullius; ligamentum vix ex- 
trorsum ; impressio. muscularis anticé composita. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 79. 

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, obliquely trigonal, very much inflated; cardinal 
teeth crenulate, compressed, transverse, short, double in each valve ; no lateral teeth ; 
muscular impression composite before. 

This subgenus is proposed for a fluviatile shell, which is nearer to Monocondylea, 
DOrbigny, than to Margaritana, Schumacher, and may be considered properly, as so 
interposed as a link to connect them. It has the epidermis of Monocondylea, being 
of a dull cloth-like texture, and not polished and smooth, like the Unio generally is. 
The point in which it chiefly differs is the peculiar structure of the teeth. As in 
Monocondylea there is no lateral tooth, the part of the dorsal margin where that 
exists in the Unio forming a plate, is here simply a line, forming a margin over a deep 
cavity, on which line is placed a thin delicate ligament. The cardinal tooth is large, 
but unlike the Margaritana it is transversely compressed, and the upper division is 
longer and begins immediately over the lower one, between it and the beak. In 
Monocondyleca the cardinal teeth consist of one smooth rather large lobe or callus, in 
each valve, passing each other, and fitting into a corresponding depression in the 
opposed valve. If we may judge from a single specimen of Playiodon I should 
conclude that the substance of the valves was never so thick as that of Monocondylea. 
It is much more inflated, the three diameters being nearly the same, that through 
the axis being rather smaller. Being a very light shell, and having so peculiar a 
form, it cannot be very locomotive. From its rotundity, and having the beaks nearly 

* maaypios, transversus and édsc, dens. 

$1 


318 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

terminal, incurved and recurved, it at once reminds one of Jsocardia cor, Lam., or 
rather of Jsocardia Moltkiana, Lam., having a notable angle on the umbonial slope 
and presenting a perfectly cordate form on the anterior view. The posterior cicatrices 
are confluent like Monocondyleea, and but slightly impressed. ‘The inferior anterior 
cicatrices are deeply impressed, and so closely united as scarcely to be distinguishable. 
The superior anterior cicatrix is placed on the inner side of the cardinal tooth, and 
higher up than on that of the Monocondylea. The dorsal cicatrices are placed so far 
into the deep cavity of beaks, as to be but partly and faintly visible. 

The absence of the soft parts of this shell is greatly to be regretted. From the 
clobular form, the epidermis and the teeth, we would be led to expect to find some- 
thing different in the structure of some of its organs, as it is very likely to be in its 
habits, from Monocondylea or Unio. 

Judging from avery imperfect left valve of Monocondylea Guarayana, D’Orb., all 
that I have seen, I should not be surprised if it would prove to belong properly to 
this genus. Certainly the form of tooth is different from that of the other Monocondylea. 
It is, however, very much compressed, and is much thicker in the substance of the 
shell. / 

The epidermis of Plagiodon is of that texture and color, which reminds one of 
some of the estuary genera, Cyrena, Clathrodon, &., but its pearly nacre and form 
of teeth place it among the Naiades without doubt. 

PLAGIODON ISOCARDIOIDES. Pl. 32, fig. 32. 

Testa levi, rotundo-trigona, globosd, ventricosissim4, ad lateris planulatis, valdé inzquilaterali, anticé 
brevissim4, umbonibus tumidis, valvulis subtenuibus ; natibus valdé elevatis, incurvis terminalibusque ; 
epidermide subrugosa, tenebroso-olivacea ; dentibus cardinalibus crenulatis, compressis, transversis, 
curtis in utroqué valvulo duplicibusque ; margarita alba et iridescente. 

Shell smooth, subtriangular, globose, very much inflated, flattened at the sides, very 
inequilateral, truncate before, swollen on the umbones; valves rather thin; beaks 
very much elevated, incurved, terminal; epidermis dull, dark olive; cardinal teeth 
crenulate, compressed, transverse, short, double in each valve; nacre white and 
iridescent. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 79. 
Hab.—Rio Plata. Mr. HK. Verreaux, Paris. 
My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Verreaux. 
Diam. ‘9, Length :9, Breadth 1:1 inch. 

Shell smooth, subtriangular, globose, very much inflated, flattened at the sides, very 
inequilateral, truncate before, subemarginate, swollen on the umbones; substance of 
the shell rather thin, thicker before; beaks very much elevated, incurved and 

recurved ; ligament very small, nearly black, thin and not raised above the plane of 


AND SPECIES OH THE FAMILY UNIONIDA. 319 

the posterior slope; epidermis dull, dark olive and without rays; umbonial slope 
angular ; posterior slope very broad and flattened, with two obscure impressed lines ; 
anterior slope widely cordate and flattened, with a large, slightly impressed furrow ; 
anterior lunule broad with several transverse, impressed parallel lines ; cardinal teeth 
crenulate, compressed, transverse, short, the upper division longer, double in each 
valve; the two anterior inferior cicatrices deeply impressed and confluent, the superior 
one placed on the inner side of the tooth; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal 
ceicatrices placed within the cavity of the beaks, and but partly visible; pallial cicatrix 
very slightly impressed; cavity of the shell very deep and rounded; cavity of the 
beak very deep and subangular; nacre white and very iridescent. 

Remarks.—I procured this very remarkable shell in Paris, from Mr, HE. Verreaux, 
whose researches and collections in South America, Africa, &c., have been so extensive. 
It has the general aspect of a very much inflated Monocondylea Paraguayana, D’Orb., 
but the form of the teeth is totally different, and the shell thinner and more vesicular. 
The anterior slope is almost as cordate as kocardia Moltkiana, Lam., the beaks 
presenting an incurved form somewhat like that shell. The angle on the umbonial 
slope is also somewhat similar and it has a like flattened side. The anterior lanule 
is very wide, and immediately under the point of the beaks there are three transverse 
impressed lines, very unusual in the Naiades, which may not be constant even in this 

species. 

TRIQUETRA CONTORTA. PI. 33, fig. 33. 

Testa nodulosa, transversissima, subcompressa, tortuosa, valdé inequilaterali, posticé acuto-angulata ; anticé 
caudatim producta ; valvulis crassis ; natibus parvis, prominulis, ad quartam anteriorem partem positis ; 
epidermide striata, tenebroso-fusca ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandibus, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo 
duplicibus ; lateralibus preelongis curvisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente. 

Shell verrucose, exceedingly transverse, rather compressed, twisted, very inequi- 
lateral, acutely angular behind ; anterior margin lengthened intoa tail; valves thick ; 
beaks small, slightly prominent and placed one-fourth from the anterior margin ; 
epidermis striate, dark brown; cardinal teeth rather large, crenulate and double in 
both valves; lateral teeth exceedingly long and curved; nacre silvery white and 

iridescent. : 
Triquetra lanceolata, Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 8, p. 79. 

Hab.—China. Mr. Asa Fitch and H. Cuming, Esq. 
My cabinet and cabinet of H. Cuming, Esq., London. 
‘Diam. ‘9. Length 1:3. Breadth 5:8 inches. 
Shell warty, exceedingly transverse, rather compressed, twisted, very inequilateral, 
acutely angular behind ; anterior margin lengthened into a tail-shaped prolongation ; 
substance of the shell thick; beaks small, slightly prominent and placed one-fourth 
of the whole breadth from the anterior margin; epidermis striate, dark brown and 


320 LEA’S DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC GENERA 

without rays; lines of growth numerous and distinct ; ligament very long and slender ; 
umbonial slope slightly angular; cardinal teeth rather large, erect, crenulate and 
double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, rather compressed, curved and 
enlarged at the posterior end; anterior cicatrices deeply impressed and all three 
distinct ; the posterior cicatrices distinct, the inferior one being large and inflected, 
the superior one being small and very much removed from the great one; dorsal 
cicatrices forming a long row across the cavity of the beaks; pallial cicatrix rather 
deeply impressed ; cavity of the shell deep in the left valve and shallow in the right ; 
cavity of the beaks very shallow ; nacre silvery white. 

Remarks.—This very remarkable species of the TZriquetra, of Klein, (Hyria, of 
Lamarck,) was first placed in my hand by Tho. R. Ingalls, M. D., to whose kindness 
I am indebted for many new species from rare and distant habitats. This specimen 
consists only of the right valve, and was among shells received by Mr. Asa Fitch, 
of Salem, New York, in a box from China, with Anodonta magnifica, Dipsas plicatus, 
and other well known Chinese species. 

This is certainly the most remarkable form of any of the genus TJriquetra yet 
observed. Its remarkable transverseness at once removes it from subviridis, Klein, 
(avicularis, Lam.) In outline it approaches Spatha celestis, (nobis.) It is the 
first time that this genus has been observed out’ of South America, where it has 
heretofore been considered to be peculiar. The great posterior cicatrix is of an 
unusual form, being irregularly elongate and but slightly oblique to the tooth above 
it. The minor superior cicatrix is unusually distant from the posterior terminal point 
of the lateral tooth, where it is usually placed in all the family Naiades. In this 
shell itis removed quite half an inch from the point, and placed rather below the 
tooth itself and nearly perpendicular to the end of the great cicatrix, which here is 
obliquely directed towards the anterior instead of the posterior margin. The three 
anterior cicatrices are remarkably distinct, the superior one being placed on the end 
of the cardinal tooth. There is an appearance of a row of cicatrices under the dorsal 
line, anterior to the great cicatriz, which is situated anteriorly to the cardinal tooth. 
The whole interior of the valve is covered with beautiful minute papille. The beak 
is so much eroded that it is impossible to say if the tips in a perfect state be undu- 
late or not. 

In the short diagnosis which I made of this new species of Triquetra, (Proceedings, 
vol. vill. p. 79,) I had but a single valve, which had the appearance of being twisted 
like Arca tortuosa, Lin. This extraordinary form, which had never been suspected 
to exist in any member of the family Naiades, excited great interest with the 
Zoologists who saw it; but it was still a matter of doubt whether the curve, although 
exceedingly regular and presenting no appearance of constraint or injury, might not 
be abnormal, This doubt has now, however, been put entirely at rest, for the curve 


AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA. 321 

of the two specimens now before me, are so precisely the same, that when the odd 
right valve is placed against the left of the other, they fit perfectly, proving that the 
curve is a mathematical law belonging to the species. The specimen now figured 
belongs to H. Cuming, Esq., of London, and is nearly perfect. My single valve was 
recognized by Mr. Cuming at once, on his recent visit to this country, to be the same 
as that in his cabinet, and he promptly and liberally offered to place this unique 
specimen in my hands, for a more perfect description and figure than could be given 
of the single immature valve I already had. Mr. Cuming’s specimen is nearly six 
inches along the dorsal line to the angle of the posterior margin, and this line deflects 
quite two inches in the course of the six inches from a straight line, and it is so 
twisted that the basal margin at the posterior end turns up to be on a plane with the 
dorsal line at the beaks. ‘This remarkable curve causes the long lateral teeth to have 
a curve of double curvature. The greatest distance from the dorsal to the basal 
margin is one inch and three-tenths. The greatest diameter is nine-tenths of an inch, 
which gives it a sub-cylindrical form, and it is not unlike a twisted banana, (Musa 
sapientum.) This perfect specimen presents the superior portion of the valves covered 
with small, regular tubercles, which was not suspected in the original, somewhat 
imperfect single valve, there being on it only a few irregular undulate markings. Mr. 
Cuming’s specimen settles the doubt as to habitat. He received his from Shanghai, 
and therefore Mr. Fitch and Dr. Ingalls, to whom I owe the possession of the single 
valve, were right in assigning it to China. Doubts arose of this from the fact that, 
heretofore, Zriquetra has been considered to be confined to South America. I propose 
the name should be changed from that I originally gave it, (7. lanceolata,) as 
inappropriate to the complete mature shell, to that of contorta, which is very descriptive, 
and can never be mistaken. . 


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ART. XX.— Observations on a yroup of Cretaceous Fossil Shells, found in Vippah 
County, Miss., with descriptions of fifty-six new species. 

By T. A. Conran. 

The Cretaceous strata of Mississippi have long since been observed and partially 
noticed by geologists, and the lamented Professor Tuomey has described a number of 
their fossil contents. I now introduce quite a distinct group of shells, which are 
imbedded in a different matrix compared with the prevalent cretaceous marls, green 
sand and limestones. The discovery of these beautiful organic remains is due to the 
indefatigable exertions of Dr. W. Spillman, of Columbus, who has forwarded a 
collection of specimens more or less perfect, consisting of nearly sixty species, all of 
which appear to be unpublished except Scaphites Conradi. The appearance of these 
shells is like that of eocene species which have merely lost their animal matter, and 
in this respect are very unlike the condition of similar genera in the contiguous rocks 
of the same era. The fossils are imbedded in a sandy marl of a dark gray color, the 
principal constituents of which are fine scales of mica and grains of quartz mixed with 
fragments of small shells; and though some of the very thin species are distorted, the 
stronger retain their original shapes and are generally very perfect. Species of 
CRASSATELLA, NucuLA and Muretrix have the valves united as in life, as well as a 
few of the extremely thin InoczrAmt, though the latter have been more or less distorted 
by pressure. The numerical proportion of species of Cephala and Acephala is nearly 
equal. The external sculpture of all is as sharply defined as in existing species. 
Besides ScApHitEs and Bacutirss, there is only one shell in the collection which 
resembles a species of the green sand or limestone, and itis quite distinct. The rare genus 
Putyintrss is herein for the first time introduced as an American form. The analogous 
species, as well as that of GERVILLIA, occurs in the Baculite limestone of France and 
Normandy, which I believe is referred by D’Orbigny to his Senonien Stage, the same 
in which he includes the Cretaceous fossils of North America. 

It is interesting to find bivalves of so remote an era in sufficient preservation to 
exhibit generic characters as clearly defined as they are in living shells. In this 
condition are the hinges of Grrvyinn1a, Putyinites, Crenomes and Carpium. ‘There 
are also specimens of BacuLites and Scapuites which exhibit the interior divested of 
all extraneous matter, and delight the eye with exquisite curves of the foliated septa, 
whilst the shells glow with brilliant iridescent tints. 


524 CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF 

This beautiful series of cretaceous forms seems to be very limited in geographical 
distribution, so far as our present knowledge extends. It is probably unknown as 
yet beyond the limits of Tippah County, which borders on Tennessee. No account 
has been given of such a group by the State Geologists of Tennessee or Alabama. 

Dr. Spillman informs me, “ The fossils you have now under examination were found 

in the bluffs of Owl creek, three miles north of the town of Ripley,” and he concurs 
in opinion with me that they might properly be named the “ Ripley group.” He also 
remarks that Ammonites placenta occurs in it with the shell preserved, and that in 
connection with the Ripley group, or in the same locality, are “ Hxogyra costata, 
*Gryphea mutabilis, Ostrea plumosa, Natica petrosa, Nautilus Dekayi, dc., with the 
shell more or less preserved, in/an argillo-caleareous marl,” but none of these species are 
contained in his collection sent me from Tippah County. 

Professor Harper, in his report for 1857, describes some of the Teenies of the above 
group near Ripley, and names many of the genera of its contained fossils. 

It would perhaps be convenient to designate these strata Upper Cretaceous, in 
contradistinction to the limestones and marls beneath, which are palzeontologically so 
distinct. 

ACHPHALA. 
PHOLADOMYA, Sowerby. 
PHOLADOMYA TIPPANA. Pl. 34, fig. 9. Acutely subovate, very thin, profoundly 
ventricose, with numerous radii, curved and dichotomous on the anal side. 
An imperfect specimen, with a portion of the shell, has been restored to an ap- 
proximate outline in the figure. The sculpture is in sufficient preservation to charac- 
terise the species. 

PERIPLOMA, Schum. 

PERIPLOMA APPLICATA. Oblong-oval, equilateral, compressed, thin and fragile; 
right valve convex-depressed ; left valve flattened or slightly concave, with an oblique 
anterior carinated line; valves smooth in the middle, roughened with rugose concen- 
tric lines posteriorly ; anterior end truncated or obtusely rounded, nearly direct; basal 
margin contracted in the middle. : 

Length 14 inches. 

~SILIQUARIA, Schum. 

SILIQUARIA BIPLICATA. PI. 34, fig. 17. Thin, convex, with two radiating folds or 
depressions anteriorly ; basal line slightly contracted or incurved ; anterior side short, 

*“Ostrea vesicularis, Lam. , 

(ot aie ee 
. : Fee 


NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 329 

extremity truncated ; posterior margin obtusely rounded, posterior side concentrically 
lineated ; valves somewhat contracted obliquely from beak to base. 

An elegant species, remarkable by the slightly undulated anterior. Substance 
of shell thin and fragile, yet one perfect valve is in Dr. Spillman’s collection. 

Family SOLENIDZE. 
LEGUMEN, Conrad. 

Shell equivalve, very inequilateral, flattened ; hinge with two very slender teeth in 
the right valve under the beak, and one posterior very oblique prominent lamelliform 
tooth. 

This genus is perhaps most nearly related to CuLtTEeLtus, Schum. It can 
readily be distinguished by external characters; its flat valves, straight and more 
produced anterior side, &c. 

LrGuMEN ELLIPTICUS. PI. 34, fig. 19. Oblong, compressed, very inequilateral, very 
thin; valves flattened or contracted obliquely from beak to base, concentrically 
lineated; beak not prominent above the hinge line, apex acute; ends regularly and 
nearly equally rounded; posterior extremity situated much more nearly on a line 
with the hinge than the ventral margin. 

One right valve only is before me. The cardinal teeth are well preserved; two 
slender and very prominent, and one lamelliform, posterior, oblique. 

LEGUMEN APPRESSUS. Hlongated, much compressed; beak not prominent above the 
hinge line ; hinge and base nearly parallel; posterior extremity acutely rounded, and 
nearly on a line with the hinge; valves finely striated with close regular impressed 
lines. 

Smaller and proportionally longer than the preceding. It came to hand too late 
to be figured. 

DOSINIA, Scopolt. 

DosiniA DENSATA. Pl. 34, fig. 13. Subtriangular or suborbicular, inequilateral, 
rather thick in substance; length rather more than the height; concentric striz 
obsolete, except towards the apex; posterior side prominently wrinkled towards the 
margin ; posterior margin obliquely truncated ; beaks not prominent. 

In old specimens the anterior margin is truncated, and rounded in the young, 
which are more orbicular. The cardinal plate is broad, the teeth very prominent 
and the anterior tooth of the left valve very thick inferiorly. 

This is the second species of DosinzA found in the American Cretaceous strata. 
The first occurs in the older division. 

83 


326 CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF 

'MERETRIX, Lam. 

MERETRIX TIPPANA. PI. 34, fig. 18. Subtriangular, obsoletely striated concen- 
trically; anterior side slightly compressed, with an ascending basal margin, extremity 
rather acutely rounded, distant from the apex; base a little prominent in the middle 
subtruncated on either side; posterior end but slightly more obtuse than the anterior 
beaks prominent. 

PAPYRIDEA, Swains. 

PAPYRIDEA BELLA. Suboval, very thin and fragile, ventricose ; radii angular, promi- 
nent, about 30 in number, towards the extremities minutely tuberculated ; ribs obso- 
lete near the buccal end; basal margin somewhat salient opposite the umbo; trun- 
cated posteriorly ; anal end truncated, nearly direct. 

This species is proportionally shorter than the elegantulwm or protextwm. The 
largest specimen in Dr. Spillman’s collection is not so large as those species usually 
are. Received since the plates were finished. 

There are two other species of this genus in the inferior Cretaceous marls. Papyridea 
(Cardiwm) elegantulum, Roemer, and P. (Cardiwm) proteatum, Con. 

CARDIUM, Lin. 

1. Carprum tippanum. PI. 34, fig. 8 6. Cordate, profoundly ventricose, rather thick ; 
umbo and summit prominent; ribs flattened, little prominent, tricarinate, armed with - 
prominent erect spines; in the intercostal space is a row of minute tubercles, except 
on the posterior side, where a prominent intercostal line appears. 

A mere fragment, so well marked, however, that the description and figure will 
characterize the species. 7 

2. CARDIUM RIPLEYENSE. A small cordate species, with minute equal radii, between 
each of which is a series of comparatively long hair-like spines. 

Subgenus LAXVICARDIUM, Swainson. 

3. Carprum SprLiMANI. Pl. 34, fig.3. Oblong or profoundly elevated, inequilateral, 
profoundly ventricose ; umbo and summit elevated; beaks nearly contiguous; surface 
with distant irregular grooves on the anterior side, and 3 to 5 radiating slightly 
impressed furrows on the umbonal slope. 

Length 2g inch. Height 42 inch. 

A large and remarkably elevated species with a very thick hinge and profound 
teeth. The surface is smooth and only ribbed about the umbonal slope, and on the 
posterior side of the umbo where in one specimen are about 18 radii; those behind — 
the umbonal slope fine and indistinct without the aid ofa glass. Named in honor of 
Dr. W. Spillman. 


NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 

[Se) 
bo 
—{ 

OPIS, Defrance. 

1. Opts BicARINATA. A small orbiculato-trapezoidal, ventricose species, smooth ; 
umbonal slope and posterior submargin carinated, postal area concave. 

2. OPIS BELLA. ‘Triangular, convex, polished, with regular and elegant concentric 
lines, or minute flat ribs, separated by linear grooves; posterior side cuneiform. 

About the size of the following species of Tellina, but a little longer and more 
pointed posteriorly. 

TELLINA. 

TELLINA RIPLEYANA. Ovato-triangular, equilateral, compressed, polished ; concen- 
trically lineated towards anterior extremity. Length nearly 4 inch; height nearly 
$ inch. 

This and the two preceding species of Opis were discovered after the plates were 
finished. They will be figured in a future number of this Journal. 

CRASSATELLA, Lam. 

CRASATELLA RIPLEYANA. Pl. 35, fig. 3. Triangular, very inequilateral, thick, 
flexuous or plicate posteriorly ; umbonal slope angulated, subcarinated ; disk covered 
with numerous irregular concentric furrows or coarse prominent lines; posterior side 
cuneiform, extremity obtusely rounded ; margin above obliquely truncated; posterior 
margin opposite the umbo angulated; inferiorly concave; margin densely crenu- 
lated within. 

This, from the number of specimens sent, I judge to be an abundant species, very 
distinct from all others of this country which have hitherto been described. The 
cardinal plate is very broad, and the teeth thick and prominent. Its state of 
preservation is equal to that of any Tertiary bivalve. 

NUCULA, Lam. 

NUCULA PERCRASSA. PI. 35, fig.4. Triangular, very thick, ventricose, inequila- 
teral, densely radiated with minute impressed lines; anterior end subnasute, margin 
obliquely truncated; posterior side cuneiform, extremity slightly salient, rounded, 
situated much above the line of the base; basal margin rounded, sometimes slightly 
contracted anteriorly; within crenulated on the margin; submargin thickened ; 
cicatrices deeply impressed ; cardinal teeth thick, fosset oblique. 

This species appears to be abundant and in excellent preservation; one specimen 
has the valves united. The interior is silvery; the pallial impression very distinct, 
and. an irregular line of five small cicatrices runs over the upper part of the valves in 
the direction of the shell’s length. The form of this NucuLAis very unlike any other 
American species. 


328 CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF 

CIBOTA, Browne.—BYSSOARCA, Swainson. 

CrsorA LINTEA. PI. 34, fig. 11. Rhomboidal, very inequilateral ; sides flattened or 
slightly contracted, radii minute, close, reticulated, except on anal side, where the 
radii are wider and smooth; hinge and basal margins parallel, the latter slightly 
contracted; anal margin very obliquely truncated. 

This genus has been named NaAvicuta by Blainville, and Byssoarca by Swainson. 

CUCULLAA, Lam. 

CUCULLHA CAPAX. PI. 35, fig. 2. Obliquely triangular, inequilateral, profoundly 
capacious, elevated ; posterior slope flattened, very broad, forming nearly a right angle 
with the terminal umbonal slope which is abruptly rounded ; valves slightly contracted ; 
umbo profoundly prominent, beaks distant; surface reticulated with fine lines, the 
radii in pairs, most conspicuous posteriorly, largest on the left valve. 

2. CucULLHA TIPPANA. PI. 35 fig. 1. Short trapezoidal, inequivalved, inequila- 
teral, ventricose ; radiating lines numerous, reticulated, most conspicuous on the left 
valve; umbo prominent; beaks rather distant; cardinal area profound, with three 
angular impressed lines; umbonal slope acutely rounded. 

In the specimen figured, the margin of the larger valve is thick, abruptly grooved 
within, in which groove the margin of the opposite valve is inserted. Allied to C. 
Shumardi, Meek. 

DREISSENA, Van Beneden. 

DREISSENA TIPPANA. PI. 34, fig. 14. Falcate, with distinct lines of growth; front 
excavated, the margin acutely angular; the dorsal and posterior margin form a 
regular curve ; base rounded ; beaks acute. 

This shell somwhat resembles Dreissena polymorpha. The hinge is not accessible 
in the only specimen in the collection. The valves are united and are remarkably 
perfect. The form is not unlike that of Mytilus falcatus, D’Orbigny. 

PINNA, Lin. 

PINNA LAQUEATA. A fragment—ventricose, with eleven prominent, slender ribs} 
interstices concave. 

GERVILLIA, Defrance. 

GERVILLIA ENSIFoRMIS. PI. 34, fig. 10. Ensiform or falcate, profoundly compressed, 
iridescent ; hinge with about twenty-seven radiating prominent teeth; cavity very 
shallow, with an irregular surface, the upper margin angular; within pearly and 
iridescent. 

Two valves of this species are in Dr. Spillman’s collection, which are both broken 


NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 329 

off as represented in the figures, but the remainder perfectly preserved, and the 
hinge is as entire as that of a recent bivalve. It differs from G. solenoides, in having 
an anterior wing with a truncated margin; in being much more compressed, and in 
having an uninterrupted series of prominent cardinal teeth, &c. 

CTENOIDES, Klein.—LIMA, Brug. 

CTENOIDES ACUTILINEATA. PI. 34, fig. 2. Oblong, oblique, very thin ; posterior side 
radiated with acute, prominent lines, thirteen to fifteen in number; anterior side with 
minute, close, radiating lines ; surface concentrically wrinkled ; posterior margin sub- 
rectilinear. 

This somewhat resembles L. Wacoensis, Roemer, in outline, but it is less ventricose, 
and has radiating lines, whilst the other is costate. 

Klein founded this genus on the shell known as Lima glacialis, and the L. scabra is 
the type of his genus Raputa. 

INOCERAMUS, Parkinson. 

1. INOcCERAMUS ARGENTEUS. PI. 34, fig. 16. Obliquely suboval, very thin, smooth, 
inflated anteriorly; umbo prominent; summit elevated ; lines of growth towards the 
posterior margin assume the form of squamose striz ; anterior side very short; mar- 

gin obtusely rounded. 

2. INOCERAMUS COSTELLATUS. PI. 34, fig.12. Obliquely subovate, ventricose ; radii 
slightly prominent, rounded, close, disappearing posteriorly, obsolete towards the 
anterior margin; concentric acute lines ornament the surface; anterior side very 
short, obtuse; umbo and beak of larger valve very prominent. 

This species is marked exteriorly like a PHoLapomya, but is inequivalve, with the 
hinge of an InoczrAmus. ‘The specimen is distorted. 

Species of this genus were figured by Klein in 1770, under the generic names of 
SponpIoLitHos, Muscuites and PHoLADIS. 

OSTREA, Lin. 

OsTREA PECULIARIS. PI. 34, fig. 7. Oblong or elliptical, thin, ventricose along the 
middle and depressed on the sides; surface with radiating wrinkles ; margins towards 
the apex denticulated. 

A thin and abundant species remarkable by the tuberculated or denticulated mar- 
gins and elongated trilobe shape. 

2. OSTREA CONFRAGOSA. PI. 34, fig. 4. Very irregular; rather thin ; lower valve 
profoundly ventricose, with deep irregular cavities or depressions. 
The lower valve only is known,.and is very unlike any other Cretaceous species in 

the United States. 
84 


330 CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF 

4, OSTREA DENTICULIFERA. Pl. 34, figs. 1 and 8. Irregular, moderately thick, 
indented, but not plicated; upper valve flattened ; hinge area wide, with a transverse 
ridge at, the base of the fosset; lower valve moderately capacious ; upper margins 
denticulated ; muscular impressions large. 

EXOGYRA, Say. 

EXOGYRA INTERRUPTA, PI. 34, fig. 15. Adhering, thin ; lower valve with inter- 
rupted radiating costae; upper valve entire, with a thickened margin. 

A small species. The lower valves in all the specimens adhere to other shells and 
nearly conceal the exterior character. 

PULVINITKES, Defrance. 

PULVINITES ARGENTEA. PI. 34, fig. 5. Transversely subovate, compressed ; per- 
forated valve slightly concave; foramen oval, from its upper margin a channel 
extends to the apex; substance of shell silvery, thin; cardinal plate broad, with 
about thirteen radii or teeth ; the lower valve presents within the appearance of two 
muscular impressions, the one above the other, the former striated. 

The present species of this rare genus is allied to P. Adansonw, but differs from 
the figures of that species in having a broader hinge plate, and much less curvature 
of the posterior margin. It closely resembles an AnomiA exteriorly. P. Adansonii 
characterises the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Hurope. 

ANOMIA, Lin. 

ANOMIA SELL&ForMIS. Pl. 34, fig. 6. Suborbicular, with a short fold anteriorly 
towards the hinge line; posterior side with a profound plication. 

Length # inch. 

There is but one valve of this species in Dr. Spillman’s collection, and _per- 
haps other specimens may exhibit a considerable variation from the saddle-shape 
character. 

GASTEROPODA. 

STROMBUS, Lin. 

Srrompus DENsATUS. PI. 35, fig. 14. Lip expanded, very thick; coste disap- 
pearing on the middle of the volution; labrum suddenly thickened, with a groove 
behind the raised margin; a calcareous deposit sometimes coats the whole shell, rising 
into an oblique, thick, prominent ridge, the upper margin of which is on a line with 
the apex. 

APORRHAIS, Petiver. 

APORRHAIS DECEMLIRATA. PI. 30, fig. 11. Spire elevated, acute; volutions ‘nine, 
convex, longitudinally costate, and finely striated transversely ; ribs distant, promi- 


NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. aot 

nent, angular, acute, short on the back of the body volution, but extending in front 
to a carinated line which borders the labrum ; transverse striz distinct at base ; labrum 
extended into the rostrum above the middle, where it is angulated and subcarinated 
and channelled within. : 

. The beak is broken as well as the rostrum of the outer lip, but otherwise the only 
specimen in the collection is very well preserved. 

HARPAGO, Klein.—PTEROCERA, Lam. 

HARPAGO TIPPANUS. PI. 35, fig. 25. A fragment, with smooth subangulated volu- 
tions, a carinated line revolving at the base of each; rostrum of the labrum pro- 
foundly extended, trilobate, the central and upper lobe profoundly carinated in the 
middle; substance of the shell thin. 

The labrum has evidently been extended above the apex, but only a slight trace 
of it remains near the upper part of the spire. The specimen is evidently a young 
or immature shell. 

RIMELLA ? Agass. 

RIMELLA CURVILIRATUS. PI. 35, fig. 9. Fusiform, ribbed longitudinally; ribs 
somewhat curved, slightly sinuous, about twenty-three in number on the body volu- 
tion; interstices transversely striated ; beak produced ? 

CONUS, Lin. 

Conus CANALIS. PI. 35, fig. 22. Spire prominent, volutions profoundly angular 
in consequence of a deep channel revolving at the suture. 

A very remarkable species, in its profoundly channelled suture presenting a strong 
contrast to more modern fossil or recent cones. 

DRILLIA, Gray. 

1. Driniia NovemcostaTA. PI. 35, fig. 13. Subfusiform, spire elevated ; volutions 
scalariform, having distant, wide, prominent, rounded slightly oblique costa, termi- 
nating above at a crenulated line which borders the suture ; body volution with short, 
_ very prominent, tuberculiform, thick ribs; revolving lines obsolete above, prominent 
and alternated inferiorly. 

2. DrILuiA? TIPPANA. PI. 36, fig. 5. Subfusiform, with thick, rounded, smooth, 
longitudinal ribs on the body volution, each tuberculiform at the summit; ribs of the 
spire tuberculiform at base, or interrupted in the middle; base with thick, prominent 
revolving lines. 


B32 CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF 

TURRIS, Rumphiuws—PLEUROTOMA, Lam. 

TURRIS RIPLEYANA. PI. 35, fig. 21 and 29? Elongated, slender; spire subequal 
in length to body volution and beak; volutions ribbed longitudinally; ribs slight 
and somewhat curved above, where they are interrupted by a deep revolving furrow, 
which causes the appearance of a prominent line bordering the suture ; surface of shell 
with revolving lines distinct on the body whorl and beak. 

FUSUS, Klein. 

FUSUS NOVEMLIRATUS. PI. 35, fig. 18. Elongated ; spire elevated, acute; volutions 
seven ; longitudinally costate and transversely striated, ribs thick, prominent, rounded ; 
suture margined by crenulated line; body volutions having about nine distant, very 
large rounded costz which become obsolete about the middle of the volution ; inferiorly 
marked with longitudinal lines or furrows ; beak slender, elongated, sinuous. 

Subgenus AFER. 

FUSUS BELLALIRATUS. PI. 30, fig. 17. Fusiform, spire prominent, acute; volutions 
of spire seven, subscalariform ; tuberculated inferiorly and ornamented with revolving 
lines ; body volution ribbed longitudinally, and having prominent transverse, robust 
lines, which on the ribs assume a tubercular aspect ; beak elongated. 

This shell is referred to a subgeneric division of which Fusus afer, Lam., may be 
regarded as the type. 

PYRIFUSUS, Conrad. 
Pyriform ; columella broad, thick, flattened; body volution transversely oval. 

PYRIFUSUS SUBDENSATUS. PI1.35, fig. 12. Subpyriform ; spire short, subscalariform, 
volutions four ? longitudinally ribbed and spirally lineated, lines minute ; body whorl 
wide, contracted above where there are longitudinal wrinkles and revolving lines ; below 
are prominent ribs becoming obsolete about the middle, and prominent, revolving 
lines over the whole surface below the shoulder. 

FICUS, lew. 

Ficus octotrratus. Pl. 35, fig. 6. Pyriform; spire conical ; costae of body volution 
about eight in number, inclined to be square, distant; beak long and slender. 

RAPA, Klein. 

RAPA SUPRAPLICATA. PI. 35, fig.20. Pyriform ; spire depressed, volutions flattened 
above ; summits ornamented with oblique, curved strie or grooves. 

A very much broken specimen, but the fragment exhibits marked characters. It 
is a very ventricose, smooth species, easily recognised by its flattened volutions and 
curved lines. 


+ aie al Dn 

vo 
(SU) 
(a 

NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 

VOLUTILITHES, Swainson. 

VOLUTILITHES CRETACEA. PI. 35, fig. 16. Fusiform; spire elevated; volutions con- 
tracted beneath the suture; irregular longitudinal ribs on the upper volutions. 

Length of fragment 23 inches. } 

Another less perfect specimen has been a much larger shell. This species bears 
some resemblance to Voluta Lamberti, of the British Miocene. A young specimen 
which is figured in outline has a very acute spire and minute revolving lines. The 
columella being imperfect, the plaits have not been observed. The base is narrow, 
produced and but slightly emarginate. 

CHEMNITZIA, D’ Orbigny. 

1. CHEMNITZIA INTERRUPTA. PI. 35, fig. 15. Spire prominent, scalariform, pro- 
foundly costate longitudinally ; ribs interrupted below the suture by a deep furrow; 
base with rather distant, revolving lines. 

Columella and base imperfect; therefore this and the following shell are only pro- 
visionally referred to CHEMNITZIA. : 

2. CHEMNITZIA DISTANS. PI. 35, fig. 30. Short—subfusiform; spire prominent, 
subscalariform ; volutions four, reticulated ; body volution with longitudinal, distant 
ribs intersected by distant, prominent, revolving lines; columella profoundly curved 
near the middle. 

TRICHOTROPIS, Sowerby. . 
TRICHOTROPIS CANCELLARIA. Pl. 35, fig. 8. Acutely subovate ; volutions five ; spire 
subscalariform ; body whorl ventricose ; longitudinal ribs narrow, prominent, distant ; 
revolving lines prominent, distant, with an occasional minute intermediate line; 

columella profoundly incurved ; labium reflected ; base subumbilicated; shoulder of 
body volution with minute revolving lines, and one larger than the others. 

TURRITELLA, Lam. 

1. TURRITELLA TIPPANA. Pl. 35, fig. 19. Subulate . sides straight; volutions carinated 
with revolving lines, two on each volution larger than the others, remote, one nearly 
equal in size, nearly medial, and three other fine lines; whorls of spire slightly cari-_ 
nated at base. 

2. 'TURRITELLA ALTILIS. Broad at the base, rapidly narrowing, apex very acute ; 
volutions about eighteen, sides straight, coste four, in pairs, two upper pair more 

approximate, and smaller than the inferior pair; three on the lower part of body 

volution ; shell marked with minute revolving lines, the central one between the costz 
largest. i 
Length 3 inches; width of body volution 1 inch. 
86 


334 CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF 

NATICA, Lam. 
Subgenus LUNATIA, Gray. 

.N. LUNATIA RECTILABRUM. PI. 35, fig. 28. Subglobose; spire conical, subscalariform ; 
labrum straight in the middle; umbilicus moderate in diameter, profound. 

The specimen figured is to the eye as perfect as when first entombed in the 
Cretaceous ocean’s bed. 

SOLIDULUS, Fischer. 

SOLIDULUS LINTEUS. Pl. 35, fig. 10. Elliptical, with very numerous close 
revolving lines, most distinct on the inferior half; interstices regularly and elegantly 
striated transversely. | 

A beautiful species, but the specimen much distorted, which I have endeavored in 
the figure to restore to something of its original shape. 
The above genus is identical with Actzon, Montfort, and TorNATELLA, Lam. 

BULLOPSIS, Conrad. 

Subglobose ; spire depressed ; aperture wide; columella biplicate. 
The spire in this shell is sunk like that of Butta. I have seen no other shell 
resembling this. 

BULLOPSIS CRETACEA. Sculpture resembling that of SoLipuLus, consisting of 
minute impressed lines; aperture wide in the middle; plaits prominent. 

1 

Length 4 inch; width 4 inch. 
CEP Fd ASO OWS 

BACULITES, Lam. 

BACULITES TIPPAENSIS. PI. 35, fig. 27. Acutely ovate, smooth, with profoundly 
sinuous lines of growth, which rise on the sides, and curve downwards on the back 
and front; shell splendidly iridescent ; back regularly rounded ; front slightly con- 
tracted, or with depressed lines on the sub-margin. 

This species can be readily distinguished from B. ovata, Say, by its acutely ovate 
outline viewed in a tranverse section. The substance of the shell appears to be 
in perfect preservation, beautifully iridescent, and the lines of growth run profoundly 
oblique downwards to the front, which they cross in nearly straight lines. 7 Specimens 
show the interior free from sand, with the foliated septa as perfect as when the 
animal inhabitant was alive. In most specimens the front is obtusely carinated as 
in the following species : 


NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 335 

Bacuuites Sprimant. Pl. 35, fig. 24. Obtusely ovate; back flattened, front a 
little raised or obtusely carinated; sides with distant, very thick, obtuse, curved, 
remote ridges. 

This is a beautiful species, even more highly iridescent than the preceding. ‘The 
lines of growth are similar in form to those of the former species but more strongly 
defined. The septa are too imperfectly exhibited to be defined by a drawing. The 
substance of shell thin. 

Dedicated to its discoverer Dr. W. Spillman. 

SCAPHITES, Parkinson. 

ScAPHITES IRIS. Pl. 35, fig. 23. Substance of shell very thin, highly irides- 
cent; whole surface ornamented with pyramidal, distant tubercles, the inter- 
vening spaces smooth; back rounded, with two rows of tubercles, another row 
runs along the junction of the lateral with the dorsal margin; sides flattened. 

A fragment of this beautiful species exhibits the extremely thin septa, in perfect 
preservation and free from sand. 

The form of the septa is very unlike that in S. Conradi, to which species I referred 
it in my introductory remarks. 

Pl. 30, fig. 31. Outlines of a species of CyTHERInA, Lam., somewhat enlarged. 
Symmetrical, smooth, subrostrated at each end. C. tuppana. 

Dr. Spillman has forwarded some fine specimens of Older Cretaceous shells from 
the vicinity of Columbus; among them is Nautilus orbiculatus, 'TTuomey. This shell 
is a species of the genus NAutitirEs, of which four species have been found in North 
America, as follows : 

NAUTILITES, Martin, Bronn. 

1. N. Vanuxemt, Con. (Pelagus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. i. N.S. New Jersey. 

2. N. (NAvTitus) orBicuLATUS, Twomey. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1845. Mis- 
Sissippl. , 

3. N. (Nautizus) ALABAMENSIS, Morton. Synopsis. Pl. 18, fig. 3. 

4, N. ANeustatus, Conrad. Dana’s Geol. Exp., p. 728. Oregon. 

No. 1. was supposed to characterise an Hocene deposit, near Long Branch, N. J., - 
but it is more probably Cretaceous. 


336 

CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 

OC NS oe we 

© 
oS 

COHN ATR Oe 

ee es 
ee 

138. 

REFERENCE TO PLATE XXXIV. 

Ostrea denticulifera. 
Ctenoides acutilineata. 
Cardium Spillmani. 
Ostrea confragosa. 
Pulvinites argentea. 
Anomia selleeformis. 

Ostrea peculiaris. 

denticulifera. 
Cardium Tippanum. 

Pholadomya Tippana. 

10. 
11. 
12. 

9 

oO. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 

Gervillia ensiformis. 
Cibota lintea. 
Inoceramus costellatus. 
Dosinia densata. 
Dreissena Tippana. 
Exogyra interrupta. 
Inoceramus argenteus. 
Siliquaria biplicata. 
Meretrix Tippana. 

Legumen ellipticus. 

REFERENCE TO PLATE XXXV. 

Cucullzea Tippana. 

— capax. 
Crassatella Ripleyana: 
Nucula percrassa. 

Drillia Tippana. 

Ficus octoliratus. 
Purpuroidea? Ripleyana. 
Trichotropis ? cancellaria. 
Rimella curvilirata. 
Solidulus linteus. 
Aporrhais decemlirata. 
Pyrifusus subdensatus. 
Drillia novemcostata. 
Strombus densatus. 
Chemnitzia interrupta. 

Volutilithes ercetacea. 

Fig. 17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 

bk 
(Se) 

i 
Or 

wo ow hd wo 
ree as ea 

Cees 

rw wo 
Sul Gog 

Fusus bellaliratus. 

- novemliratus. 
Turritella Tippana. ; 
Rapa supraplicata. 
Turris Ripleyana. 
Conus canalis. 
Scaphites iris. 
Baculites Spillmani. 
Harpago Tippanus. 
Nucula percrassa. 
Baculites Tippaensis. 
Natica rectilabrum. 
Turris Ripleyana ? 
Chemnitzia distans. 

Cytherina Tippana. 


ART. XXIL—On the Caducibranchiate Uurodele Batrachians. 
. By Epw. HAtiowe.t, M. D. 

CHARACTERS OF THE SUB-FAMILIES. 

SALAMANDRIDAL. 

Longitudinal teeth in an undulating series, each in a process of the inner and 
posterior margin of the elongated vomerine bone. Tongue rather deep, attached in 
front and posteriorly, free at the sides; no bony bridge above the orbit; ribs rudi- 
mentary ; parotids very conspicuous ; a double series of pores along the median line 
of the back and tail; a lateral series of porous protuberances on each side; tail round ; 
habits terrestrial. 3 sp. 

SEIRANOTID Ai. 

Palatine teeth in two longitudinal rows in the form of a Y reversed ; tongue well 
developed, oblong, rounded in front, broader and almost truncate posteriorly, /ree im 
its posterior half, less so laterally, attached in front; no parotids; fowr fingers and 
four toes free; tail slender, long, with a ridge above and below, and also laterally, 
more or less compressed toward the top; ribs well developed. 

Remarks.—Differs from Tritonide especially in the form of the tail, conformation 
of the ribs, and tongue, which is bound down posteriorly in Zritonide. 1 sp. 

PLEURODELID A. 

Head depressed, tongue small, subcircular, free posteriorly and at the sides, attached 
in front ; palatine teeth in two longitudinal series, nearly touching anteriorly, diverg- 
ing posteriorly ; a bony arch above the orbit; no distinct parotids; extremities as 
well as fingers and toes slender ; tail compressed; a line of small pores on each side, 
between the axilla and groin; 14 ribs on each side, pointed at the extremity, some- 
times perforating the skin; habits aquatic. 

Remarks.—Related to the Tritons ; differs from them, chiefly in the length of the 
ribs, in the tongue being /ree posteriorly, and smaller comparatively; in the com- 

86 


398 HALLOWELL ON THE 

paratively larger and depressed head, and long and slender fingers and toes. Two 
genera. Plewrodeles and Bradybates. 

PLETHODONTID Ai. 

Two patches of vomerine teeth behind the internal nares, converging toward each 
other, but separated by an interval; two longitudinal rows of thickly set sphenoidal 
teeth, commencing a little behind the palatine, and very closely approximated; tongue _ 
broad, oval, well developed; free at its lateral edges, and posteriorly, attached in 
front; no parotids; body cylindrical, extremities slender ; tail rounded, tapering to a 
point; habits terrestrial. 2 genera. Plethodon, Aneides. «+4 sp. 

BOLITOGLOSSID A. 

Head short, flattened, eyes more or less prominent; tongue of moderate size, mush- 
room shaped, supported by a central pedicle ; two rows of vomerine teeth, one on each 
side, immediately behind the inner margin of the internal nares, and two rows of 
longitudinal sphenoidal teeth, each consisting of a double series, and separated from 
the first by an interspace without teeth, or continuous with them, and from each 
other by a well marked interval posteriorly; body slender, cylindriform ; skin smooth ; 
no parotids, or lateral pores; extremities slender ; toes free, or one more or less 
palmated. Four gen.: Spelerpes, Raf., Peseudotriton, Tsch., (Mycetoglossus, Bib.,) 
Am.. Batrachroseps, (Am. and Kurop.,) Geotriton, Bonap., (Kurop.) 4 sp. (3 Am., 1 
Hurop.) 

AMBYSTOMIDA. 

Head large, convex, palatine teeth in a transverse row across the palate, either 
straight or more or less angular, tongue ovate, moderately free at edges, slightly so in 
front, attached posteriorly ; no sphenoidal teeth; tail more or less compressed. 3 gen. : 
Ambystoma, Xiphosoma, (Am.,) Onychodactylus, (As.) 13 sp. 

TRITONID AL. 

Tongue fleshy, papillose, well developed, attached in front and behind, free at the 
edges ; palatine teeth in two longitudinal series, approximated and almost parallel, 
( Cristatus, Kurop.,) or closely in contact in front, diverging posteriorly, (Diemyctylus, 
Am.,) so as to leave a triangular interspace; no trace of transverse vomerine teeth; 
in some genera a bony bridge above tle orbit, (Huproctus, Diemyctylus) ; no inter- 
maxillary bone as in Salamandra, (Meckel) ; body smooth or granular; head smaller 
than middle portion of body ; tail compressed ; ribsrudimentary. 4 gen.: Huproctus, 
(Kurop.,) Taricha, Gray, (Am.,) Triton, (Kurop.,) Diemyctylus, (Am.) 


Pe Ne rar Tat 

CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 339 

ELLIPSOGLOSSIDA. D. & B.—moueipa, Merrem. 

Tongue oblong, oval, free at the sides only; palate provided with small teeth, 
disposed in two longitudinal rows, in contact posteriorly, separated in front in the 
form of a V, of which the free extremities are directed outward; two flattened 
parotids; fingers and toes 4—5, free, short; tail stout, much compressed. 1 gen., 1 
sp., (As.) 

HEMIDACTYLID Zi. 

Four fingers and four toes; tongue oval, attached in front, and along the middle 
more free posteriorly ; two rows of palatine teeth, beginning each in a line, with the 
internal border of the posterior opening of the nares, extending behind it, and con- 
verging toward-each other, and two rows of sphenoidal teeth, separated from the first 
by an interspace without teeth, and from each other by a wide interval, nearly 
parallel ; fingers and toes united at base by a membrane, that of the fingers scarcely 
visible ; fingers and toes short and stout. 1 gen., 1 sp., (Am.) 

Gen. SALAMANDRA.* Wurfbain, Laurenti. 

Char.—Two parotids or glandular protuberances, pierced with numerous pores, 
very distinct ; a double row of pores upon the back and tail; a lateral series of porous 
protuberances, one on each side; “four fingers and five toes to the extremities, tail 
rounded and conical ;” angular fold; tongue discs oval, or subcircular, free only at its 
edges, “slightly posteriorly, at least when retracted ;” two longitudinal series of teeth 
more or less arched. 

SALAMANDRA MACULOSA, Lawrenti. 

Char.—Body black, skin smooth, with large yellow blotches, irregularly disposed 
upon the head, the back, the sides, the extremities and the tail ; large parotid glands, 
yellow for the most part, pierced with numerous pores very distinct ; about 60 teeth 
in the upper and as many in the lower jaw, and 40 palatine, (giebel.) Length 53 
inches, (Fr.) 

Duméril and Bibron make three distinct varieties of this species, based upon the 
differences in the arrangement of the yellow blotches. T. ix., p. 57. Of twelve 
specimens, however, which we have examined, no two are marked alike. 

Habitat.—France, (Normandy, Picardy, and some provinces of the S. W. of 
France,) Germany, Hungary, Austria, Turkey, Spain, Italy, N. Africa. Found 

*Ety.—Zaarauavdp2, Greek first used by Aristotle ; according to Wurfbain, cayrsc humid, or Szaquaydpay, an animal that 
rests tranquilly in its retreat, Quieta in Spelunca, see Dum, & Bib., t. ix., p. 50, 


340 HALLOWELL ON THE 

under stones, at the bottom of old walls, ditches, avoiding the heat of the sun; comes 
out during the rain or at night ; stupid, timid; feeds on flies, worms, young snails. 
searabei, lumbrici, ovo-viviparous. 

For synonym. see Dum. & Bib., t. ix., p. 52, 03, 54. 14 specimens in Mus. Acad. 
Nat. Sci:; 11 Dr. Wilson, Bonap. collection; 1 Dr. Green ; 2 Garden of Plants. 

2. SALAMANDRA Corsica, Lawrenti. 

~ Char.—Body black, with numerous yellow spots, of different dimension irregularly 
disposed upon the head, the back, sides, tail and extremities; palatine teeth more 
closely approximated than in Maculosa, in a considerable part of their extent running 
nearly parallel, but arched in front, leaving a small intermediate circular space. 
Length 53 inches, (Fr.) 

Habitat.—Corsica, Algeria, Sardinia. Two specimens in Mus. Acad. N. S. Dr. 
Wilson, Bonaparte Collection. 

3. SALAMANDRA ATRA, Lawrente. 

Char.—Entirely black without any spots; much smaller than either of the pre- 
ceding species. Length 42 inches. 

Hatitat.—Alps, near the snow, Austria, Carinthia, Carniola, Styria, Upper Italy. 
Gives birth to but two young at a time. 

Five specimens Mus. Acad. N. 8. Two Dr. Wilson, Bonap. Col. Two Dr. Hal- 
lowell. One Dr. Harlan. 

SEIRANOTA, Barnes. 
M. Bonap. Fauna Italica, 1889. Salamandrina, Fitzinger, 1826. 

Char.—Tongue oblong, entire, rounded in front, broader and almost truncate pos- 
teriorly, free in its posterior half, less so laterally, attached in front. Palate furnished 
with small teeth, disposed in two longitudinal lines, in the first half of their course 
touching in front, then separating in the form of a Y inverted (x), or forked pos- 
teriorly; nosallient parotids ; four fingers and four toes free : eyes lateral ; tail slender, 
rounded at base, long and tapering; below a smooth longitudinal ridge in the middle; 
skin thickly granulated. 

SEIRANOTA PERSPICILLATA, Hitz. 

Char.—Black ; a triangular spot upon the head, of a reddish yellow color; the 
two anterior extremities directed toward the eyes; the belly whitish, with black 
spots; a large black spot upon the throat; under part of extremities and tail of a 
vermillion red color. Length 2 inches and 7 lines. 

Habitat—Italy (Tuscany, Sardinia.) 

Two specimens in Mus. Acad. N.S. Dr. Wilson, Bonap. Col. ° 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 341 

PLEURODELES, Michelles. 

Char.—Head depressed; tongue small, rounded, covered with papille entirely 
posteriorly and upon the sides, attached in front, adherent in the middle; pterygo- 
palatine teeth in two longitudinal series, nearly touching anteriorly, extending a 
considerable distance anteriorly beyond the internal nares, diverging so as to leave a 
wide intermediate space, much broader posteriorly; maxillary teeth small; a bony 
arch above the orbit; parotids porous; extremities slender as well as fingers and toes; 
first toe shorter than fifth; skin granular; tail compressed; longer than body; 14 
pointed ribs on each side, sometimes perforating the skin. 

PLEURODELES WAtTLI, JMichelles. 

Char.—Brown .above, with numerous dark colored spots, and a series of white 
specks, or orange colored small round spots on each side. Length 42 inch. (Fr.) 

Habitat—Tangier, Andalusia, neighborhood of Chiclana, S. Spain. 

One adult specimen in Mus. Acad. Nat. Se. and two young (Bradybates poireti and 
Triton nycthemerus) Dr. Wilson, Bonap. Collection. 

Gen. Remarks.—Pleurodeles is related to the Tritons, but differs from them in its 
large flattened head, its lengthened ribs, its long tail; the nares are more widely 
separated than in the Tritons, the eyes more elliptical, the upper eyelid more de- 
veloped, according to Micheelles. (Isis, 1830, p.191.) The parotids are also wanting 
in the Tritons. P. Watli is found abundantly in cisterns near Cadiz, in the south of 
Spain. We have in the collection of the Academy a single specimen, labelled Triton 
nycthemerus, belonging to the Bonap. Collection, which is without doubt the young 
of Pleurodeles Watli. Gray observes that it is, perhaps, the young of 7. marmoratus or 
Triton cristatus, but the teeth are arranged as in Plewrodeles and not as in Triton, 
and the tongue is alsothat of Plewrodeles, which is quite different from the tongue 
of Triton: 

BRADYBATHS, Zsch. 

Char.—Head round, occiput swollen, but the forehead depressed ; eyes small and 
far apart; feet very short, toes small, but free throughout; body short, broad, the 
the sides, as in Plewrodeles pierced by the ribs; tail shorter than the body, broad at 
the base, roundish, towards the end more angular, differing remarkably from Pleuro- 
deles, inasmuch as the latter has a very long sword-like tail; tongue small, rounded 
like a firmly attached wart; no parotids; at the root of each foot two tolerably large 
swellings. (Tschudi.) 

*arneupoc side, dyasoc, injurious. (Michelles, Isis, tom, xiii.) 

od 

37 


342 HALLOWELL ON THE 

BRADYBATES VENTRICOSUS. 

Char.—Dark brownish yellow, with dark colored spots, and thickly covered with 
fine warts. Length 

Habitat.—Spain. 

Gen. Remarks.—Dumeril and Bibron are inclined to the opinion that this genus 
may be only the young of Pleurodeles, coming from the same localities and possessing 
many of its characters. “ We have inthe Bonaparte Collection, now belonging to 
the Academy of Nat. Sciences, a single specimen marked Bradybates powretr, which is 
evidently a young Pleurodeles, but the tail is longer than the body.” ‘Tschudi says 
“Zahne ganz Plethodon,” but this is probably an error. 

PLETHODON, Tschudi. 
PHATNOMATORHINA, Bibron, fide Bonap. 

Char.—Head of moderate size, depressed, eyes less. prominent than in Spelerpes, 
tongue broad, oval, free at its lateral edges, and posteriorly attached in front; two 
patches of vomerine teeth behind the internal nares, converging toward each other, 
but separated by an interval ; two longitudinal rows of thickly set sphenoidal teeth,* 
commencing a little behind the palatine, and very closely approximated; maxillary 
teeth very small; no parotids; body cylindrical, extremities slender; tail rounded, 
tapering to a point; longer than head, neck and body; four fingers, five toes. Am. 

PLETHODON GLUTINOSUS.—(Grey spotted Salamander.) 

Char.—Above bluish black, with minute white spots; these spots much larger and 
confluent upon the flanks, and sides of neck and cheeks. Length 8 inches 10 lines. 

Habitat.—Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Florida, Virginia, North and South Caro- 
lina, Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana. ; 

Specimens in Mus. Acad., presented by Dr. Wilson, (Bonap. coll.,) Dr. Griffith, Dr. 
Leidy and Dr. Hallowell. 

Habits terrestrial, quite active, found under rocks and stones. 

Syn. 1838. LP. glutinosus, Tschudi, Classif. der Batrach., p. 92, No. 5. 

1818. Salamandra glutinosa, Green, Journal Academy Natural Sciences, vol. i. 
p- 2, pl. 357. 

1838. Salamandra glutinosa, Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, p. 118. 

1827. Salamandra glutinosa, Harlan, Journal Academy Nat, Sci., vol. v., p. 330. 

* Teeth arranged upon the basi-sphenoidal and basi-occipital bones, to the number of 300 and upwards, resembling 
the dental system of the highly organized clupeoid fishes of North America ; a single row of transverse teeth along the 
vomer cover. 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 345 

1838. Salamandra glutinosa, Holbrook, N. American Herpetelogy, Ist ed., vol. 
Ties pe k29, pl. 30: 

1842. Salamandra glutinosa, Holbrook, N. American Herp., 2d ed., vol. v., p. 39, 
jello LAO 

Salamandra granulata, Holbrook, vol. v., p. 54, (var.) 

1840. Salamandra glutinosa, Storer, Rep. Reptil. Mass., p. 252. 

1842. Salamandra glutinosa, Dekay, Natural History of New York, Reptiles, 
p- 81, pl. 17, fig. 142, (very young.) 

1818. Salamandra variolata, Gilliams. 

1827. Salamandra cylindracea, Harlan, Journal Academy Nat. Sci., vol. v., p. 328. 

1835. Salamandra cylindracea, Harlan, Med. and Phys. Researches, p. 94. 

1835. Bonap. Fauna Italica ii., p. 139; Fitzinger, Syn. Rept.; p. 32. 

1827. Salamandra Jeffersoniana, Contributions to Maclurian Lyceum, No. 1, 
p. 4, pl. 1, fig. I. 

1850. Ambystoma Jefersoniana, Baird, Journal Academy Nat. Sci., vol.i., p. 283 ; 
(exclus. Salamandra Jeffersoniana, Schlegel; Ambystoma ingens.) 

1850. Plethodon glutinosum, Gray, Cat. Br. Mus., Amphib., p. 39. 

1854. Plethodon variolosum, Dum. & Bib., Erpet. generale, t. ix., p. 83. 

1854. Oylindrosoma glutinosum, Dum. & Bib., Erpet. generale, t. ix., p. 80. 

Gen. Remarks.—The coloration varies somewhat in different specimens. Of 25, 
now before me, recently captured at Altoona, Pa., about 225 miles from Philadelphia, 
by Dr. Wilson, Dr. Leidy and Mr. Conrad, I find that the young are much more 
thickly spotted than the adults, which above present the confluent appearance of the 
spots upon the sides; the abdomen and under part of the tail are bluish, sometimes 
very minutely spotted with white, that part of the tail usually so; the upper part of 
the head is generally free from spots, but a large one may often be seen upon the 
skin; palms of soles of feet brick-dust red. Some of these specimens have a decidedly 
granulated appearance, and are covered all over upon the back with very minute 
white spots interspersed between the larger ones. The specimens from South Caro- 
lina and Georgia present no differences in the coloration ; but among those of the 
former is a marked variety noticed by Dr. Holbrook, entirely black above without 
spots; chin and throat yellowish; abdomen dark brown, sometimes minutely white 
spotted. 

PLETHODON ERYTHRONOTUS.-—(Red-backed Salamander.) 

Char.—Body cylindrical, with a broad red,* reddish brown or dusky yellow, or 
pink colored vertical band, extending from the occiput to the end of the tail; flanks 
cinereous ; abdomen and under parts of extremities greyish ; chin white with a tinge 

* This reddish band is often marked with brown. 


344 HALLOWELL ON THE 

- of red; tail cyclo-tetragonal at base, shorter than in glutinosus; 15 costal folds; 20 
folds upon the tail. Length 2 inches 8 lines. 

Habitat.—Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, abundant near Philadelphia, 
Cresson, Pa.; a land animal, found under stones and logs of wood. 

29 specimens in Mus, Acad. Nat. Sci., presented by Mr. F. Hill, Dr. Pickering, 
Dr. Bache, (Green collection.) 

PLETHODON NIGER. 

Char.—Black or dark brown above, with numerous black spots; black upon the 
sides, with numerous small white spots thickly agglomerated; abdomen purplish, 
more or less marbled with black and grey; throat, neck and abdomen thickly spotted 
with minute white spots; tail of moderate length, somewhat longer than head, neck 
and body, in some specimens a little shorter, rounded at base, compressed at tip. 
Length 4 inches 4 lines. 

Habitat—Very common in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, (abundant in the neighbor- 
hood of Philadelphia,) Cresson, North Carolina, Ashville, Georgia, Louisiana. 

40 specimens presented by Dr. Bache, (Green collection,) Dr. Hallowell, Dr. Leidy, 
Dr. Uhler, Dr. Wilson. 

PLETHODON AURICULATUM. 

Char.—Head small, with a reddish brown spot, near the ear; body cylindrical with 
a series of minute reddish brown spots on each side ; tail rounded at base, compressed 
posteriorly (in alcohol) ; sphenoidal less thickly agglomerated posteriorly than in 
other species of Plethodon. Length 5 inches. 

Habitat.—Riceboro’, Georgia, South Carolina. 

3 specimens in Mus. Acad., presented by Dr. Jones and Prof. Holbrook. 

ANEIDES, Baird. 

Char.—Head large, swollen at the temples, snout angular, eyes very prominent, 
tongue obcordate, attached in front, and along the middle, sides quite free, free also 
posteriorly, but less so than at the sides, maxillary teeth greatly developed, especially 
those of the lower jaw, which are spear-shaped, sharp pointed, more or less convex 
anteriorly, concave posteriorly, with a ridge in the middle, about three-fourths of a 
line in length; transverse palatine teeth in two small incurvated rows behind the 
internal nares, meeting posteriorly; sphenoidal teeth thickly set in two rows, sharp 
pointed, closely in contact in anterior third, posteriorly a very narrow interspace not 
enlarged behind ; extremities slender ; fingers and toes lightly compressed, free; first 
finger much shorter than fourth, second than third ; first toe much shorter than fifth, 
second than third, third and fourth of equal length ; skin smooth ; costal grooves well 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 540 

marked, twelve or thirteen in number ; tail round, tapering to a point, very slightly 
compressed at tip, about same length as head, neck and body. 

ANEIDES LUGUBRIS. 

Char.—Color dark olive above, yellow below without spots, or other markings; a 
row of small round spots on each side. Length 42 inches. 

Syn. Salamandra lugubris, Hallowell, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, vol. ? 

Habiiat.—San Francisco. 

2 specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., presented by Dr. Townsend, and Dr. Heer- 
mann. 

SPELERPES, Aaf—Cyiinprosoma, Tschudi. 

Char.—Head short, flattened, snout rounded, eyes very prominent, pupil oblong, 
horizontal, tongue of moderate size, bolitoglossal, two rows of palatine teeth, one on 
each side immediately behind the inner margin of the internal nares, and two rows of 
longitudinal sphenoidal teeth, separated from the first by an interspace without teeth, ° 
and from each other by a well marked interval; body slender, cylindriform ; skin 
smooth, extremities and fingers and toes slender; the latter perfectly. free; tail very 
long and tapering, cyclo-tetragonal at base, compressed but not considerably in the 
greater part of its extent. N. Am. 

SPELERPES LONGICAUDA. 

Char.—Body cream colored above, with numerous dark colored irregularly shaped 
spots; under parts yellowish white ; tail very long with transverse black bands upon 
the sides. 

Habitat.— Massachusetts, N. Jersey, Pennsylvania, near Philada., Cresson, Ken- 
tucky, (Mammoth Cave.) 

Five specimens in Mus. Acad. Two Bonap. collection, Dr. Wilson. 

Syn. 1818. Salamandra longicauda, Green, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada., 
vol. i., p. 301. 

1832. Spelerpes lucifuga, Rafinesque, Atlantic Journal, p. 22. 

1835. Salamandra longicauda, Harlan, Medical and Physical Researches, p. 96. 

1838.  Cylindrisoma longicauda, Tschudi, Classif. der Batrachier, p- 93, No. 6. 

1842. Salamandra longicauda, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., p. 61, pl. 19. 

1842. Salamandra longicauda, Dekay, Natural Nistory of New York, p. 78, pl. 
17, No. 41. 

1843. Sawrocerus longicauda, Kitzinger, Synop. Reptil., p. 34. 

1850. Spelerpes longicauda, Baird, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei., vol. 1., p. 287. 
88 


346 HALLOWELL ON THE 

1850.  Spelerpes longicauda, Gray, Cat. Br. Mus., p. 43, gen. 9, No. 1. 
1854. Cylindrosoma longicaudatum, Duméril and Bibron, t. ix. p. 78. 

SPELERPES GUTTO-LINEATA. 

Char.—Body pale straw color above, with a vertical line of black, bifurcating 
behind the occiput ; a lateral black band with a row of small white spots along its 
middle, edged with white; tail longer than head, neck and body; under parts dark 
erey. 

Syn. 1842. Salamandra qgutto-lineata, Holbrook, Gray, vol. v. p. 29 

1854. Cylindrosoma gutto-lineatum, Dum. & Bib., t. ix. p. 79. 

Habitat.—South. Carolina. 

SPELERPES BI-LINEATA.—(Striped-back Salamandra, Dekay.) 

Char.—Head small, body cylindrical, tail longer than body, and slightly compressd 
toward the tip; color above brownish yellow, with numerous small black spots; a 
black lateral line on each side; belly and under parts of tail, extremities, chin and 
throat yellow. : 

Habitat—Massachusetts, Jersey, North Carolina, Pendleton, South Carolina, 
and neighborhood of Philadelphia, where it is abundant. Length 3 inches 10 lines. 

Specimens in Mus. Acad. 

Syn. Salamandra bi-lineata, Green, Journal Academy of Nat. Sci., vol. 1. p. 325. 

Salamandra flavissema, Harlan, Medical and Physical Researches, p. 97. 

1842. Salamandra brlineata, Holbrook, N. American Herpetology, vol. v. p. 55. 

- Specimens in Mus. Acad., Nat. Sci., 4, Green collection, Dr. Bache. 

A number of the larvee of this species were caught near the falls of Schuylkill, 
August 7th, 1856, by Dr. Leidy, and presented the following appearances: a broad 
yellow band along the back, beak spotted, sides greyish brown with a longitudinal 
row on each side, of minute subround yellow spots; under parts white without spots; | 
eyes latero-superior, large and prominent. These specimens are from 9 lines to 24 
inches in length. August 15th, a specimen fully grown; tail quite long; no gills; 
captured under a stone very near the water. 

SPELERPES CIRRIGERA. 

Char.—“ Head short, snout rounded, two barbels to the upper jaw, between the’ 
nostrils and lip ; body above pale yellow, mottled with black points, and a dusky 
lateral line ; tail compressed, longer than the body.”—Holbrook. Length 3 inches 24 
lines. 

Syn. Salamandra cirrigera, Green, Journal Academy Nat. Sci., vol. iv. p. 253. 

Salamandra cirrigera, Harlan, Medical and Physical Researches, p. 99. 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 

Oo 
= 
=I 

Habitat.—Louisiana and Mississippi. 
We have never seen this animal. 

SPELERPES HALDEMANNI. 

Char.—Head flattened above, snout rounded ; body and tail yellow above, slightly 
olive at the flanks, marked with dusky spots and blotches, disposed somewhat in thin 
irregular longitudinal series.”—Holbrook. Length 4 inches. 

Syn. 1842. Salamandra Haldemanni, Holbrook, N. American Herpetology, vol. 
VWogineek 

Habitat.—Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. 

We have never seen this species, but Dr. Holbrook states that he has received 
specimens from each of the above mentioned States. 

PSEUDOTRITON, Tschudi.mMycetociossus,* Bibron. 

Sp. Char.—Palatine and sphenoidal teeth in a continuous series, (4 rows, Owen,) 
longitudinal series closely approximated in their anterior third, then diverging, leaving 
an interspace in the shape of a V inverted, the extremities much prolonged; tongue 
of moderate size, subround, bolttoglossal ; first toe much shorter than fifth, third 
and fourth of nearly equal length; body rather long, cylindrical; tail of moderate 
length. ; 

PESUDOTRITON RUBER.—(The Red Salamander.) 

Char.—Head short, snout rounded; eyes prominent; above red with numerous 
subround small black spots, smaller upon head and tail; abdomen and under parts of 
tail in some specimens immaculate ; in others covered as well as throat with very 
minute black points; flanks red spotted, spots much smaller than upon the back. 
Length 54 inches. 

Habitat.—From Massachusetts to Florida, but not west of Alleghany mountains; 
quite abundant in neighborhood of Philadelphia. A specimen from Cresson, Pa., 235 
miles west of Philadelphia. Specimens in Charleston College from Abbeville, South 
Carolina. 

Syn.—Pseudotriton montanus, Baird, Journal Academy Natural Sciences, vol. i. 
p. 293. | 

Specimens in Mus. Academy Natural Sciences, presented by Dr. Wilson, Dr. Bache, 
Dr. Hallowell and Dr. Uhler. 

PSEUDOTRITON SALMONEA. 
Char.—Head large, flat, snout obtuse, truncate, with a salmon colored line on each 

* uuxye Mushroom, and yaarrx tonoue. 


348 HALLOWELL ON THE 

to the orbits; body and tail yellowish brown above ; salmon color with a tinge of 

yellow at the sides; internal nares very large; body long, cylindrical; tail rounded 

at base, compressed laterally, longer than body. Length 6} inches. 
Habitat.—Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. 1 specimen. 

BATRACHOSEPS, Ch. Bonap.—(Fauna Italica.) 

Char.— Tongue boltoglossal, supported upon along and narrow pedicle ; two bunches 
of palatine teeth, each commencing just behind the posterior opening of the nostrils 
and on a line with its internal border. Two rows of sphenoidal teeth separated from 
the first by an interspace without teeth ; head very short, eyes prominent, skin smooth, 
body and tail elongate, slender, roundish, plaited on the sides, limbs slender, far apart ; 
toes 4—4, short, slender, free. 

Remarks.—This genus differs from Salamandrina, which has also 4 fingers and 4 
toes, in the arrangement of the teeth and shape of head and form of tongue, and from 
Hemidactylium, which has also 4 fingers and 4 toes, in the shape of the head and es- 
pecially in the mode of attachment and shape of the tongue. 

BATRACHOSEPS ATTENUATUS. 

Char.—< Blackish brown; back and upper part redder, with a black dorsal line 
and diagonal cross lines; body and tail elongate, slender, round; feet very small, 
thin; toes free.”.—Gray. Length 3 inches 7 lines; tail 2 inches I line. 

Habitat.—San Francisco. One specimen in Mus. Acad., Bonap. collection, pre- 
sented by Dr. Wilson. 

BATRACHOSEPS QUADRIDIGITATUS. 

Char.—Pale straw color, with a few minute dark brown spots or vertebral lines ; 
flanks marked with an irregular series of dark brown spots; abdomen bluish silvery 
white ; head large, tail very long.—Holbrook. Length 3 inches 4 lines. 

Habitat.—South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. 

Habits terrestrial ; found under decayed or fallen trees ; comes out only after rains 
or in the dusk of the evening; feeds on insects.—Dr. Holbrook. 2 specimens in Mus. 
Acad., presented by Dr. Jones. 

GEOTRITON,* Ch. Bonaparte. 

Char.——Tongue bolitoglossal ; two patches of palatine teeth, one behind each of the 
internal nares, the convexity presenting forward; several rows of sphenoidal teeth, 
separated from the palatine by a considerable interval, (about a line,) and from each 

yw land, and rpitoy triton 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 349 

other, leaving a wide interspace; eyes prominent; no parotids; the fingers and toes 
palmated at base ; skin smooth ; tail of moderate length. 

GEOTRITON™ FUSCUS. 

Char.—“ Brown with reddish lines almost effaced ; ash color below, with small 
white points ; tail a little shorter than the body, large at its base and almost round; 
fingers short, slightly palmated and depressed.”—-D. & B. Length 32 inches. 

Habitat——Appenines, Sardinia, Tuscany, Spain, Southern Italy. 4 specimens Mus. 

Acad., Dr. Wilson, Bonap. collection. 

AMBYSTOMA, Tschudi. 

Char.—Head large, thick, convex, palatine teeth in a transverse row, passing 
entirely across the palate, behind the internal nares, nearly straight, (4agrinum,) irregu- 
lar, interrupted, forming three distinct patches, (/asciatwi et laterale,) obliquely triangu- 
lar, the apex forward, (nebuloswm,) more nearly straight, (ingens,) barred and more or 
less interrupted, arched in the middle posteriorly, in three distinct groups, (punctatum 
venenosum, Bart.,) tongue ovate, moderately free at its edges, slightly so in front, 
attached posteriorly ; internal nares small in some species, larger in others; no 
sphenoidal teeth ; tail more or less compresed, slightly in venenosum and fasciatum, 
very much in tigrinum, ingens, nebulosum and laterale, most in tigrinum and ingens ; 
fingers and toes free, more or less depressed ; skin smooth. 

1. AMBYSTOMA PUNCTATUM. 

Char.—* Body and tail above bluish black, with a row of round or oval yellow spots 
on each side; under surface bluish black, tinged with purple.’—Holbrook. 

Length 52 inches. 

Habitat—Massachusetts, Vermont, Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, 
(Abbeville.) 

Specimens in Mus. Acad. N. S. presented by Dr. Wilson, Bonap. col., Dr. Hol- 
brook, Dr. Bache. 

Syn. 1731. Catesby. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and Bahama 
Islands, tom. 1. tab. 10, fig. 2. Spotted Eft; Stellio aquaticus ;) Minor Americanus. 

1767. Petiver. Gazophylacium Nature et Artis. Decas vii. et viii., tab. 79, fig, 
14. Carolina Salamander, Cat. 535, upper view; Decas x. fig. 2, under view. 

1766. Systema Nature, Linn., edit. 13; Reformata Holmiz, 48, LZ. punctata. 

1788. Lacerta punctata, Linn.; Edit. decima tertia, Gmelin, Lepsius, p. 1076, 
No. 45. 

1788. L. punctatum, Lacepede. Hist. Nat. des Quad. ovipares et serpens, 4to t. i. 
p. 491. 

a9 


350 HALLOWELL ON THE 

1789. Idem, Damberton. Encyclop. Met., p. 63, pl. 12, No. 1. 

1801. Idem, Latreille. Hist. Nat. Rept. ar 18, p. 252. Salamandra punctata, 
Bonat. Erp. 63; Encyclop. Mit. t. xii. fig..1; Merrem. Tentamem, 185. 

1802. Salamandra venenosa, Daud. Hist. des Reptiles, t. vii. p. 229. 

1802. Shaw, Gen. Zoology, tom. i1., p. 304, Lacerta maculata. Blackish water 
newt. Salamandra venenosa, Barton, Am. Phil. Trans., t. iv. t. 1. 

1803. Salamandra subviolacea, Barton, Am. Phil. Trans. t. vi. p. 112, pl. 4, fig. 16. 
(A good figure.) 

1830. Salamandra punctata, (¢. Partitibus) nullis, Wagler. Syst. Amphib., p. 208. 
Sec. 27. 

1825. Salamandra subviolacea, Harlan, Med. and Phys. Research, p. 93. 

1838. Ambystoma subviolaceum, Tschudi, Classif. du Batrach., p. 92, No. 3, (ex- 
clus. Sal. fasciata, and Sal. variolata, Gill., Ambystoma fasciatum et Plethodon glu- 
imosus. 

1842. Dekay, Natural History of New York, page 74, Salamandra subviolacea, 
violet colored Salamander, pl. 12, fig. 36, (exclus. syn. Sal. symmetrica, Dekay, 
Dumeril and Bibron, and Sal. maculata,Green. Jour. Acad. N.S. vol. i. p. 2, 360, 
* 350, (a bleached specimen of Pseudotriton ruber.) 

1842. Sal. venenosa, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp. t. i. p. 67, pl. 22, (2 ed.) Ist ed. 
1837, t. 11. p. 105, pl. 24. 

1850. Ambystoma punctaia, Baird, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. vol. i. p. 283. 

1850. Ambystoma Caroline,* Gray, Cat. Br. Museum, p. 35. 

1854. Ambystoma argus, Duméril and Bibron, t. ix. p. 103. 

2. AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM.—(The Tiger Ambystoma.) 

Char.—Body elongated, bluish black, with numerous lemon colored spots irregu- 
larly disposed; tail longer than the body, greatly compressed, and spotted like the 
body; internal nares of moderate size ; palatine teeth in a straight, or nearly straight 
transverse row. Length 6 in. and 7 lines. 

Habitat.—Northern United States from New Jersey to Massachusetts, South Car- 
olina, (Goose Creek ;) a specimen in Museum of Charleston College. Specimens in 
Museum Academy Nat. Sci. Presented by Dr. Holbrook and Mr. Ashmead. 

Syn. 1826, 1827. Salamandra tigrina, Harlan, Journal Academy Nat. Sci., vol. 
v. p. 828. 

1825. Salamandra tigrina, Green, Jour. Acad. N.5., vol. v. p. 116. (A very good 
description.) 

* In the tenth of Linnzus, 1758, mention is made of Lacerta punctata from Asia. Gray refers to Lacerta Caroline, 
Linn., tenth edit., but we cannot find it. 

ont eee 


CADUCIBRANCHIATH URODELE BATRACHIANS. 

(Se) 
Ot 
al 

1835. Salamandra tigrina, Harlan, Med. and Phys. Research., p. 93. 

1842. Triton tigrinus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp. p. 79, pl. 26. 

1842. Triton tigrinus, Dekay, Natural History of New York, p. 83, pl. 16, fig. 32. 
(A good figure.) 

1850. Ambystoma tigrina, Baird, Jour. Acad. N. S. vol. i. p. 284. 

1850. Ambystoma tigrinum, Gray, Catalogue Amphib. Br. Mus. Batrach. gradi- 
entia, p. 35, No. 2. 

3. AMBYSTOMA PORPHYRITICUM. 

Char.—General form more slender than that of the Ambystomata; head small, 
convex above, rounded in front, eyes latero-superior, prominent; tongue ovoid, 
firmly attached in front and posteriorly, more free at the sides; internal openings of 
the nares moderately large; teeth in a transverse uninterrupted row, arched in front, 
concave posteriorly; no longitudinal rows of teeth; skin perfectly smooth, of a 
uniform brownish color above, lighter below; fingers and toes free, rather slender, 
depressed, fourth toe longer than the third ; tail much compressed, shorter than head, 
neck and body. . Length 3 inches and 10 lines. 

Habitat.—W abash and Western Pennsylvania according to Prof. Holbrook. Habits 
aquatic. 

One specimen presented by Dr. McMurtrie, another from Columbus, Ohio, by Mr. 
Lesceureaux. 

Syn. Salmandra porphyritica, Green, Maclurian Lyceum. 

Salamandra porphyritica, Harlan, Medical and Physical Researches, p. 98. 

Triton porphyriticus, Holbrook, vol. v. p. 80. 

4. AmBySTOMA opAcUM.—(Blotched Salamander.) 

Char.—Body and tail above palish ash color, with broad transverse bluish black 
blotches on the back and bars upon the tail; throat and abdomen indigo blue, tinged 
with purple; tail length of body, moderately compressed. Length 3 inches 4 lines. 

Habitat.—Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Georgia. 

Specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., presented by Dr. Wilson, Dr. Bache, Mr. 
Ashmead, Dr. Leidy. 

Syn. 1826. Salamandra Gravenhorstii, Leuckart, Fitzinger, new class, Rept., 
Wien, 4to., p. 66. 

1818. Salamandra fasciata, Green, Tailed Batrachians, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 
i., part 2d, p. 350. 

1825. Salamandra fasciata, Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. v. p. 329. 

1829. Salamandra opaca, Gravehorst, Del. Mus. Vratislav, pl. x. p. 75. 

1830. Salamandra fasciata, Wagler, Amphib., p. 208. 


352 HALLOWELL ON THE 

1835. Salamandra fasciata, Harlan, Medical and Physical Researches, p. 94. 

1842. Salamandra fasciata, Holbrook, North American ee OS vol. v. 

p: 71, pl. 23. 

3, Salamandra fasciata, Dekay, Natural Be. of New York, p. 17, pl. 17, 
fig. 40. 

1850. Ambystoma opaca, Baird, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. i. p. 283. ‘ 

5. AMBYSTOMA TALPOIDEUM. 

Char.— Head very large, body short, thick, clumsy ; tail short, thick, compressed, 
color above dusky, almost black; beneath dusky with a tinge of purple.”—Holbrook. 
Length 3 inches I line. 

Habitat—Sea Island, on borders of South Carolina. 

6. AMBYSTOMA LATERALE. 

Char.—Jet black above, and below with numerous thickly agglomerated, white 
spots about the size of pins’ heads upon the cheeks, sides of neck, body, tail and upon 
extremities ; fingers and toesslender; teeth as in fasciatum. Length 3 inches 1 line. 

Habitat— Borders of Lake Superior. 

7. AMBYSTOMA NEBULOSUM, nob. 

Char.—Color brownish olive, (in spirits,) with numerous yellow spots, small upon 
the head, larger upon the body, largest upon the tail, where they are more or less 
confluent ; under parts yellow; teeth in the form of an obtuse triangle; the apex 
forward, a little beyond a line drawn across the anterior margin of the internal nares, 
the posterior extremities passing behind them; internal nares remarkably large; 
fingers and toes very much depressed ; first and fourth fingers of nearly equal length, 
second finger a little shorter than the third, fourth and fifth toes of equal length. 
Length 5 inches 7 lines. (Fr.) . 

Habitat.—San Francisco, Mountain, New Mexico, abundant. 

One specimen in Museum of Academy. 

Syn. Ambystoma nebulosum, Sitgreaves’ Report of Exploration of Zuni river. 

Gen. Remarks.—Spots much more abundant than instigrimwm, and less regularly 
shaped; toes of tagrinum less depressed ; palatine teeth in latter in a straight line. 

8. AMBYSTOMA MAVORTIUM. 

Char.—Dull black or brown, (in spirits,) yellow blotched above and below; back 
with about nine, tail with thirteen transverse yellowish bands; body thick; feet 
short, broad; tail much compressed, longer than body and head; skull broader than 
long. Length 8 inches. 


le 

CADUCIBRANCHIATEH URODELE BATRACHIANS. 393 

Syn.—Ambystoma mavortia, Baird, Journal Academy Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia, vol. i. p. 292. 1850. 
Habitat—New Mexico. 

9. AMBYSTOMA INGENS. 

Char.—Head large, depressed, neck slightly contracted, color light brown or olive, 
with numerous dark colored blotches (in spirits); internal nares small, transverse 
palatine teeth, presenting a very obtuse angle in front, much less acute than in 
nebulosum ; tail very greatly compressed, longer than head, neck and body ; extremi- 
ties very stout; fingers and toes much depressed; body robust; (the largest by far 
of our Ambystomata.) Length 10 to 12 inches and more. 

Habitat New Orleans. 

One specimen in Mus. Acad. from Green’s collection, vee Bache.) 

Syn. Xiphonura Jeffersoniana, Tschudi. 

Gen. Remarks.—This species and tagrinum would come under the genus Xiphonura, 
Tschudi, but several other of our Ambystomata have compressed tails, viz. : laterale, 
talpoideum, nebulosum ; and as the substitution of Xiphonura for Ambystoma leads to 
confusion, we shall not adopt it, but prefer grouping them into Ambystomata with tails 
much compressed, of which mgens may be considered the type, and those with tails 
more or less rounded as venenosum and fasciatam ; Xiphonura Jeffersoniana, Tschudi, 
is very probably Amby pare. mgens, but Salamandra Jeffersoniana, Green, is Plethodon 
glutinosus. 

10. AMBYSTOMA LURIDUM. 

Char.—Teeth more acutely angular than in tagrinum; internal nares much larger ; 
tongue quite broad; color dark brown with yellow spots irregularly disposed, the 
yellow predominating upon the body, throat and chin, being the ground color, the 
chin and under jaw almost exclusively yellow ; tail much flattened, shorter and more 
robust than in Mavortiwm; body robust; extremities very stout; fingers and toes 
moderately depressed ; fourth finger longer than first, third and fourth toes of nearly 
equal length; seventeen dorsal vertebra ; pelvis attached to seventeenth ; twenty-four 
caudal; no bony ridges upon posterior parts of cranium as in Peseudotriton ruber. 
Length 7 inches. : 

Habitat.—Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois and Kansas, 

3 specimens in Mus. Acad., presented by Prof. Baird, Mr. Lewis Germain and Dr. 
Hammond, U.S. A. 

Gen. hemarks.—There are four yellow spotted species, which are nearly allied, but 
differ in the arrangement of the teeth, which will at once characterize each, viz. : 
tigrinum in a straight transverse row ; /wridwm obtusely angular; episcopus much 

less obtusely angular, and finally nehuloswm where the angle is acute. 
90 


(Se) 
Ct 
oo 

HALLOWELL ON THE 

11. AmBystomMA EpPiscopus, Baird. 

Char.—Head rather large, longer than broad, snout obtusely angular, eyes prominent; 
tongue strongly adherent posteriorly, more free in front at the sides; internal nares 
rather large ; transverse teeth passing across the palate, a short distance behind the 
internal nares, forming an angle more obtuse than in nebulosum, and distinctly divided 
into three portions, the two posterior being in a line with the anterior margin of the 
internal nares; these are much smaller than in nebuloswm; body short, tail much 
compressed, shorter than head, neck and body; extremities slender, toes much de- 
pressed. . 

Color.—Under parts yellow, above brownish yellow, with numerous dark colored 
spots and blotches, and a few yellow spots more distinct ; the spots are more numer- 
ous, smaller and more distinct upon the head ; a darkish band along the sides; dark 
colored blotches more distinct upon sides of tail. Length 3 inches 8 lines. 

Habitat.—Kemper County, Mississippi. 

12. AMBYSTOMA PROSERPINE. 

Char.—Head rather large; snout obtuse, eyes prominent; internal nares small ; 
teeth ; tongue firmly attached posteriorly, more free in front and upon the 
sides $ body short and rather stout tout ; tail compressed ; extremities well developed ; 
fingers and toes much flattened; color yellow beneath; ground color above yellow, 
with large brownish blotches upon the head, body and sides of tail ; extremities yellow. 
Length 3 inches 11 lines. 

Alabitat.—— 

13. AMBYSTOMA MACRODACTYLUM, Bavrd. 

Char.—Quite small, the smallest perhaps of our known Ambystomata, resembling 
much Plethodon erythronotus in its general appearance; head small; internal nares 
small; teeth in a transverse interrupted series, passing entirely across the palate 
behind the internal nares, divided into four distinct patches; the two middle ones 
forming an obtuse angle, the apex not extending as far anteriorly as the anterior 
border of the internal nares; tongue adherent posteriorly, more free in front and at 
the sides; fingers and toes quite slender ; first and fourth finger about equal length ; 
third finger a little longer than second, third and fourth toes of equal length; tail 
shorter than head, neck and body, and moderately compressed ; color brownish black 
above with a reddish stripe along the middle of the back and tail, resembling erythro- 
notus ; numerous very minute whitish points along the sides; brownish black beneath. 
Length 2 inches 23 lines. 

Hatitat.—Astoria, Columbia River. 

2 specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., presented by Dr. Townsend. 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 359 

14. AmpystomA CALIFORNIENSE, Gray. 

Above blackish, with numerous yellow subround spots a line or more in diameter, 
more or less thickly agglomerated ; under parts yellowish; internal nares small; 
palatine teeth forming an obtuse triangle, commencing behind the nares, on a line 
with their external margin. Length 2 inches 4 lines to 42 inches, tail 12 inches. 

Habitat.—California and Rocky Mountains. ; 

One specimen from Rocky Mountains in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., presented by Dr. 
Hammond, U.S. A. 

A specimen in Museum of College of South Carolina, presented by Prof. 
Forbes. 

Syn.—Ambystoma Californiense, Gray, Proceedings Zoological Society, London, 
189s... 1h. 

15. AMBYSTOMA FUSCUM, nob. 

Sp. Char.—Head large, convex; eyes large, prominent; snout rounded ; nostrils 
small, two and a half lines apart ; internal nares rather large; teeth nearly transverse, 
in four distinct patches, extending across the palate, behind the internal nares ; fingers 
depressed, the first and fourth of nearly equal length, the fourth larger than the 
third ; fourth toe the longest ; toes slightly webbed at base; tail ensiform; of nearly 
same length as head, neck and body; color uniformly dark brown above, with ex- 
tremely minute white points upon the body and tail, more sparse Bee the former ; 
chin yellow clouded with brown beneath. 

Hatitat.—Indiana, near Hanover College. 

Dimensions—Length of head 8 lines; of greatest breadth 6; length of body 1 inch 
11 lines; of tail 2 inches 7 lines; of arm 2 lines; of forearm 3; of hand to extremity 
of longest finger 33 lines ; of thigh 3 lines ; of leg 34; of foot to extremity of longest toe 
5 lines. Total length 5 inches 2 lines. One specimen presented by Prof. King, of 
Hanover College. 

16. AMBYSTOMA MACULATUM, nob. 

Sp. Char.—Head large; body stout; tail ensiform; fingers and toes depressed ; pos- 
terior nares of moderate size; teeth arched in four patches, the two middle convex 
anteriorly, nearly in contact; color brownish above ; tail maculated with black, under 
parts yellow. Total length 7 inches ; tail 3% inches. . 

Habitat—New Mexico. 

One specimen in Mus. Acad., presented by Dr. McClellan. 


356 HALLOWELL ON THE 

ONYCHODACTYLUS,* Tschudi. 

Char.—Tongue rounded, entirely free only at the edges; palate furnished with 
teeth, forming a continued undulating series resembling the letter M, with rounded 
angles; skin smooth, porous, but not tuberculous; a parotid slightly projecting on 
each side, separated, as it were, into two parts by a deep line proceeding from the 
commissure of the mouth; tail rounded, very long, but compressed in its terminal 
fourth ; fingers free, terminated . usually by a black spot, resembling exactly above 
the shape of a nail.’—D. & B. 

ONYCHODACTYLUS SCHLEGELU, ch. 

Color deep brownish gray, less intense beneath; sometimes marbled with yellow, 
or totally gray in the adult; a large brownish or reddish-yellow stripe extends along 
the back, irregularly. variegated on its edges by brown spots; continues upon the tail, 
but on the head, divides and breaks into fine marblings composed of the two principal 
tints. | 

Syn. Salamandra unguculata, Schlegel, Faun. Jap., p. 123, pl. 5. 

Hawitat.—Japan. 

EUPROCTUS, Gené.—Mnueaprerna, Save. 

Char.—Tongue rounded, free behind and upon the sides, adherent in front only; 
head quite large with a smooth rounded snout; no parotids; palatine teeth in two 
longitudinal rows, parallel in the first half of their course, diverging posteriorly ; skin 
rough and covered with small warts ; tail pointed, rounded at base, compressed in 
four-fifths of the length, which is greater than that of the body; fingers free, elonga- 
ted, rounded ; anal region in adult prolonged, coniform ; a bony arch above the orbit, 
formed by the union of the processes proceeding from the posterior, frontal and tym- 
panic bones. 

KUPROCTUS RUSCONT. 

Char.—Body warty, smooth in the young, of a brownish olive, with black marks 
above; of a yellowish grey or ferruginous below, with points or irregular blotches of a 
blackish blue color; upper parts sprinkled with numerous white elevated blotches. 
Length 2 inches 9 lines. | 

Habitat.—Pyrenees, Italy, Spain, Sardinia and Corsica. 

2 specimens in Mus. Acad., Bonap. collection, presented by Dr. Wilson, and two by 
the Garden of Plants. . 

* Ovug nail ; daaruass finger. + Not a constant character. 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 307 

KUPROCTUS POIRETI. 

Char.—Body brown above, with blackish spots; rust color beneath; tail longer 
than the body with a yellow longitudinal line above running its whole length. Total 
length 5 inches; tail 2 inches 5 lines. 

Habitat.—Algiers. One specimen in Mus. Acad., presented by the Garden of 
Plants. ? 

TRITOMEGAS, Dum. and Bid. 

Char.—* Body very large, warty, depressed, bordered with a thick festooned mem- 
branous fold; head flat, oval, larger than the trunk ; tongue slightly distinct, adherent, 
forming the floor of the mouth; palatine teeth numerous, serrated, disposed in a con- 
tinuous and parallel arcade, behind those of the jaw; nostrils near together upon the 
anterior edge of the snout; eyes small, separated, with lids very short or absent ; 
tail short, compressed, with a crest.”—Dum. and Bib. 

TRITOMEGAS SIEBOLDII. 

Habitat.—Japan, high mountains of the Island of Niphon, between 34° and 36° N. 
latitude, 4000 to 5000 feet above the level of the sea. Habits aquatic ; feeds on fishes 
and frogs, swallows ordinarily twenty or more small fishes at once, then remains eight 
or ten days without food.—D. and B. Length 3 feet. 

Gen. Remarks.——The Japanese and Chinese physicians, according to Schlegel, use 
the flesh of this animal made into soup, as a preservative against contagious affections, 
in phthisis, and other diseases of the chest, and to promote digestion. Fauna Japon., 
p- 139. 

TARICHA, Gray. 

Char.—Head flat, longer than broad; snout angular ; eyes very prominent; skin 
above densely granulated; tongue of moderate size, rather small, oval, papillose, 
attached in front and behind, more free at edges; maxillary teeth small; internal 
nares of moderate size; no palatine teeth ; sphenoidal teeth small, arranged in two 
very slender rows, commencing in aline with the internal nares, and about equi- 
distant from them; not in contact, diverging as they extend posteriorly, leaving a 
wide interspace behind; body rather stout, extremities well developed ; fingers and 
toes short and depressed, free; first toe a knob, shorter than fifth, third toe a little 
longer than fourth ; tail rounded at base; compressed in two-thirds of its extent ; 
longer than head, neck and body; no parotids. 

'TARICHA TOROSUS. 

Char.—Dark brown, covered with numerous granulations or tubercles, more sparsely’ 
91 


308 HALLOWELL ON THE 

upon the throat and under part of extremities ; granulations very fine upon abdomen ; 
under parts yellowish. Length 6 inches. 

Specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Habitat—San Francisco. 

TRITON, Laurenti. 1768.' Fitzinger, 1843. 

Char.—Tongue fleshy, papillose, round or oval, free only upon the edges; palatine 
teeth forming two longitudinal series, approximating or almost parallel, or closely in 
contact in front, diverging posteriorly, leaving a triangular interspace ; no transverse 
palatine teeth: body smooth or granular; head smaller than the middle portion of 
the body, which is slightly flattened beneath; tail constantly compressed when the 
animal inhabits fresh water, with vertical cutaneous margins, at least in the males, 
especially at the epoch of fecundation. 

Habitat.—Kurope, Asia, Africa. 

TRITON ALPESTRIS. 

Char.—Body of an ash color, more or less deep above ; a series of small subcircular 
black spots along the sides and margin of jaws; extremities spotted with black ; 
abdomen and throat orange colored, of a cherry red color during life, without spots ; 
tail about as long as body, compressed, upper and lower edges acute yellowish, 
marked with brown spots (a variety of cristatus, according to Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 
Rep., p. 116.) Length 2 inches 7 lines. 

Habitat Hungary, Austria, Italy. 

23 specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., (Bonap. col.) presented by Dr. Wilson, one 
specimen presented by Garden of Plants. 

TRITON CRISTATUS, Lawrenit. 

Char.—“ Skin granulated, of a brownish green, often very deep upon the back and 
sides; with large black spots, and small white salient spots, especially upon the sides; 
under part of the body of an orange yellow, with black irregular spots; inferior 
portion of the tail most often of a golden yellow, without spots; throat brown, with 
some yellow marks, without large black spots, but small brown lines, and minutely 
punctated with white. The male carries upon the back, especially at the period of 
fecundation, a large brown membranous denticulated crest, which commences upon 
the anterior part of the body, and is continued along the spine as far as the pelvis, 
where it disappears; the tail, which is much compressed and large in the middle, 
presents also, above and even beneath, a crest, the superior one of which is also 

- slightly denticulated or festooned ; the crest of the female is not so much developed, 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 359 

and the underpart of the tail presents constantly a line or vitta of a yellow color, 
more or less marked.”—Dum. et Bib. 

Duméril and Bibron, who have had frequent opportunities of observing these 
animals alive, describe three varieties—l. Very large, of the size of Salamandra 
maculosa; blackish above, yellow spots under the jaw in the male, and under part of 
tail in the female yellow, without spots. Var. 2. A little more than half the size of 
the first. Brownish above, or greyish in the males, yellow color of abdomen less deep; 
these varieties perhaps the affect of age. Var. 3. Triton carnifex; females of small 
size; no dorsal crest, replaced for the most part by a yellow line prolonged upon the 
tail. What distinguishes most, however, this variety is the pale yellow or whitish 
color of the abdomen, with large black rounded spots; but rarely spotted in the 
middle region. Length 4% inches long, (Fr.) 

Habitat—Common in Europe, (abundant in N. of France,) found in the coldest 
regions, (N. Africa, Schlegel.) 

77 specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., Bonap. col., presented by Dr. Wilson; one 

specimen without name or locality. 

TRITON MARMORATUS, JLatreille. 

Char.—Body rough or warty, sometimes of a light green, or more or less deep with 
marbled black spots, more or less confluent, or with spots of a brownish red upon a 
ground of deeper brown; for the most part a yellow line, or band, or of a beautiful 
carmine red, extending the whole length of the back from the nucha as far as the 
middle portion of the tail; the under part of the body varies, sometimes it is black or 
of 2 venous red, with white points, more or less sparse, and grouped together; some- 
times it is very pale.’—Dum. et Bib. 

Duméril and Bibron, who have especially observed this Triton, living and of dif 
ferent ages, describe three varieties: 1. A line of a beautiful red, almost carmine, 
extends all along the middle line of the back and tail, changing sometimes into orange 
yellow ; throat and abdomen reddish venous brown, with small white points ; under 
part of the tail of the same red color. 2. Brown above, with avery pale yellow dorsal 
line; no spots upon the under part of the abdomen; under part of the tail red or 
orange yellow. 3. One fourth the size of the first, perhaps the young; light grey 
above, with a dorsal yellow line; rounded spots and black markings upon the sides; 
sides of a uniform brown color; under part of the body reddish, without any spot, 
or very distinct white spots. “ Most authors,” observe Duméril and Bibron, “regard 
Triton marmoratus as a variety of Triton cristatus.” 

Habitat Whole of France, especially the southern portion. 

Remarks.—We have in the Bonaparte collection a single specimen marked Triton 


ae a kates) Bt pais eh aca a hoe re 

360 HALLOWELL ON THE 

marmoratus, which corresponds precisely with the figure of the same in the Fauna 
Italica, of which it is, most probably, the original, which differs from the above des- 
cription.: It is extremely rugose, of a uniform dark ash color; the markings upon 
the sides very indistinct; an orange line under the tail; abdomen light orange, with 
numerous irregularly shaped black spots of different sizes; more or less confluent. 
It resembles very much some of the specimens of Triton cristatus, but there are no 
round black spots upon the sides; and the dorsal line is absent. According to Kauf, 
Triton marmoratus is found 6 inches in length, and exists also in the south of Spain. 
According to A. Dugis, the tail is round in the winter, flattened at the nuptial 
season. According to Duméril and Bibron, Triton nycthymerus is Triton carnifex, 
the young of Triton marmoratus, but the specimen in the collection of the Academy, 
marked Triton nycthymerus, is very different from carnifec and marmoratus. The 
tongue is small and free behind, asin Pleurodeles. Triton nycthymerus is found in the 
Tyrol and Picardy. Schlegel remarks that Zriton marmoratus is sometimes perfectly 
smooth, without the slightest trace of tubercles. It is found, also, according to him 
at Tunis. 

Two fine specimens in Mus. Acad. N. S., presented by the Garden of Plants, corres- 
ponding in every respect with the description of Duméril and Bibron. 

TRITON PALMATUS. 

Char.—“ Skin slightly granular, of a yellowish brown above, with two salient 
dorsal lines, parallel to the salient line of the spine; the under part of the body of a 
beautiful deep orange color, more yellow towards the sides; the posterior extremities 
of the male, in the commencement of spring, of a darkish brown, with the five toes 
almost entirely palmated; the females of a lighter color, with the tail almost round, 
especially after having been a long time out of the water.’—Dum. et Bib. 

Length 2 in. and 8 lines. 

Habitat—F rance, England Germany. The most common Triton in the neighbor- 
hood of Paris ; common also in the neighborhood of Montpelier.—Dugis.* T'wo speci- 
mens presented by the Garden of Plants, 55 specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., 
(cleven of them marked Vienna, Bonap. Collection,) presented by Dr, Wilson. 

TRITON PUNCTATUS, Latreille. 

Char.—“ Skin smooth, of an ash colored greenish brown, or yellowish above, with 
black, rounded, distinct spots disposed very regularly and by lines; five black lines, 
more or less distinct, uniting upon the anterior part of the head, of which one appears 
to traverse the eye, advancing upon the sides of the neck ; the under part of the body 

* Found throughout France. The female lays its eggs one by one, in the leaf of an aquatic plant, which it folds in 
wo with its hind feet. In captivity and withont plants if Jets them roll freely into the water.—Dugis. 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 561 

of a more or less deep yellow, and even orange, with large rounded black spots, 
disposed in a somewhat regular manner, in two or three lines on each side.”—Dum. 
et Bib. 

Duméril & Bibron describe three varieties of the males and as many of the females 
of this species: 1, with a very distinct crest, with the toes sometimes palmated or 
semi-palmated, then becoming simple or not lobed; teniatus, Wolf, Gravenhorst, 
Schneider ; punctatus, Latreille, Merrem ; palmipes, Daudin in Latreille. 2, crest scarcely 
distinct, with the toes simple; punctatus, Daudin. 3, males in which the crest of the 
back and tail are more apparent, as well as the membranes bordering the toes. Of 
the females, the first variety are brown above, with two longitudinal lines of a deeper 
color upon the back, and spotted with black beneath ; beneath small black spots in 
the intervals between the large rounded spots, likewise upon the borders of the lower 
jaw; tail yellow beneath. Length 2 inches 6 lines. 

Habitat.—Very common in the neighborhood of Paris, and other parts of the north 
of France; aquatic, oviparous. 

62 specimens in Mus. Acad., Bonap. collection, presented by Dr. Wilson, labelled 
Triton lobatus ; two or three of them labelled Nillson appear to be cristatus. 

According to Dugis the exigwis is a young palmatus, and abdominalis, Latreille, the 
young of the female of punctatus. 

TRITON VITTATUS, Gray. 

Sp. Char.—“ Body smooth, of a greyish white color, with large black points or. 
spots arranged in longitudinal lines; a large yellow or reddish band, bordered with 
black, above and below, extending upon the flanks, from the axillee and two-thirds 
or more of the side of the tail; under part of the belly yellow or red, marked with 
black points more or less abundant.’—D, & B. t.ix. p. 144. 

Habitat.—France and England. 

One specimen in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., presented by the Garden of Plants, another 
larger, with the lateral stripe on both sides broad and well developed, by Dr. Bache, 
forming part of the Green collection. Length of largest specimen 3 inches 10 lines ; 
of tail 1 inch 9 lines. 

Gen. Remarks.—According to Duméril and Bibron this is a doubtful species, being 
intermediate in its characters between 7. alpestris and 7. punctatus. It is the Lisso- 
triton palmipes of Bell, (British Reptiles,) the Molge and Ommatotriton vitiatus of 
Gray. 

TRITON PYRENazUS, Dum. & Bib. 

Char.—Body warty or very rough, with salient points, brown upon the head and 

sides, with a large yellow colored or safron dorsal ray, continued almost from the 
92 


362 HALLOWELL ON THE 

nucha to the end of the tail, but denticulated irregularly with brown upon the edges, 
and marked with isolated salient black points, few in number, upon the dorsal region. 
The under part of the body, from between the angles of the jaw, the neck, the belly 
and under part of tail, as well as the under part of the members, of a yellow or saffron 
colored tint, with regularly defined margins. 

Habitat.—Pyrenees. 

TRITON SUBCRISTATUS, Schlegel, 

Char.—Body warty, head large, flat and obtuse ; lateral tubercles at the commence- 
ment of the neck; upper part of the body of a more or less deep brown, with a small 
dorsal crest, as it were, effaced; under part of the body red, with irregular very deep 
black spots ; the under part of the extremities of the same red color, with some small 
spots or black points. (Gen. Cynops, T'schudi.)—D. & B. 

Habitat. Japan. 

Gen. Remarks—Dumeéril and Bibron say that Tschudi has separated this animal 
from the Tiritons, giving it a name indicative of no character, supposing that the 
tongue was adherent throughout, but in the account of this genus in the German of 
Tschudi, the only mention I find made of the tongue is that it is “ sehr klein,” very 
small. The generic characters are based upon the differences in the osteology of the 
skull, which, he says, is quite different from that of Triton. Not having the specimens, 
we cannot determine this point. Gray mentions the tongue as adherent, scarcely free 
on the edges.—Cat. Br. Mus., p. 24. 

Duméril and Bibron consider it as allied to Huproctus, Bonaparte and Gené. Du- 
méril and Bibron, besides the above, describe five species from the Pyrenees, collected 
by Bibron, viz. : rugosus, cinereus, repandus, punctulatus and Bibroni, which according 
to A. Dugis and M. Gervais, as stated by them, are varieties of Huproctus ruscont. 
For description of them, see their work, p. 150—154, t. ix. 

DIEMYCTYLUS, Raf. 

Char.—Tongue small, ovoid, adherent in front and superiorly, somewhat less at the 
sides; no transverse palatine teeth ; two longitudinal series of palatine teeth in contact 
in front, diverging posteriorly ; posterior nares quite large ; two longitudinal ridges 
upon the cranium in contact in front, diverging posteriorly ; a bony bridge above the 
orbit, as in Cynops and Huproctus ; spinous processes of vertebrae quadrangular, com- 
pressed, laterally well developed; three foramina on the sides of the head, not com- 
municating with the mouth; first and fifth toes rudimentary. 

Gen. Remarks.—Diemyctylus, as observed by Prof. Baird, appears to be closely 
related to Cynops, Tschudi, Molye pyrrohogastra, Boié. Isis, 1826, p. 215, Triton suberis- 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 363 

tatus, Dum. & Bib., vol ix. p. 140. In Cynops there are altogether 40 vertebrze and 
16 dorsal,* the pelvis attached to the 15th and 16th. The ribs are larger and stouter 
than in the European Salamanders ; the spinous processes very strong and broad, 

arranged like a comb; vertebree of the tail much compressed, with strong processes 
below. See Tschudi, Batrachier, p. 60. 

DIEMYCTYLUS VIRIDESCENS, Raf. 

Ohar.—Olive colored above, with ordinarily from three to eight small circular spots, 
bordered with black, upon each side of the dorsal line; abdomen olive, dotted with 
black ; tail more or less compressed, longer than head, neck and body; no parotids. 
_ Length 3 inches 9 lines. 

Habitat.—Florida, Alabama, Carolina, Virginia, Maine, Pennsylvania, (Carlisle, 
Cresson,) Georgia, New York, (Lake Champlain,) Massachusetts, Ohio, (Cleaveland. ) 

28 specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., presented by Dr. Wilson, Dr. Bache, Mr. 
Ashmead, Dr. Blanding and Dr. Harlan. 

DIEMYCTYLUS MINIATUS, Raf. 

Sp. Char.—Skin granulated, of an orange color, deeper above; on each side of the 
back a row of small, subrotund, crimson spots, bordered with black ; tail compressed, 
of same length as body. Total length 2 inches 8 lines. 

Syn. Salamadra symmetricus, Holbrook, North American Herpetology, vol. v. 
p- 07, Pl. xvii. 

Habitat.—Pennsyivania and Delaware. 

Gen. Remarks.—This animal, as Dr. Holbrook remarks, appears to be distinct from 
viridescens and Triton dorsalis, Holbrook, the latter living in the water, the other 
being an inhabitant of the land. 

Triton dorsalis,t (Notopthalmus miniatus, Raf.,) and Diemyctylus viridescens, 
(2. symmetrica,) appear to be the same, the difference in their form and color 
being attributable, in all probability, to differences of habitat and sexual pecu- 
liarities. We have some specimens without any spots, others with only one, and 
others with from three to eight on each side; the spots in all the specimens are small, 
round, and bordered with a margin of black, and the body and abdomen more or less 
minutely dotted with black. In some specimens, however, the upper surface is 
orange, without spots. There may be described the following varieties—Ilst. Orange- 
colored above, lighter upon the head, with three or four small, round spots, bordered 
with black, on each side; underparts orange, sparsely dotted with black; a few black 

* 14 according to Schlegel and 16 in Triton cristatus. 

+ From the longitudinal stripe alone the middle line of the back. 


364 HALLOWELL ON THE 

dots upon the tail, (Zriton symmetricus, Holb.) It is to be observed, however, that 
these spots are not always symmetrically disposed, but in the specimen before me, 
the first on the right side is about two lines in advance of the same on the left, and 
the number of spots is not always the same on each side; sometimes two spots on the 
right side, four on the left, much smaller than the others and granulated. 

2d. var. Same distinction of spots, skin almost smooth, abdomen more thickly dotted 
with black; under parts orange, (millepunctatus, Storer, punctatissimus, Wood,) or 
with a row of small circular spots, five in number, on each side, not very regularly 
disposed ; probably an advanced age of No. 1. 

4th. Tail more or less crested above and below; four or five or eight circular spots 
bordered with black on each side, the two first on each side of the occiput, as in some 
of the other varieties; body above and below very minutely dotted with black ; sides © 
of tail black spotted; spots large upon the root, nearly as large as those of Triton 
eristatus. Inu some of them the circular spots are quite indistinct, or united to each 
other forming longitudinal bands; in others there are no circular spots whatever, the 
back being covered with brownish irregular lines; a longitudinal band of black run- 
ning from the throat along the side of the head, neck and abdomen, and continued 
along the tail; two black longitudinal lines on each side of the salient dorsal line, 
and a longitudinal line on each side; the sides of the body, as well as the tail, are 
spotted with black, the spots much larger upon the tail; under parts yellow, very 
minutely punctated with black, (m¢llepunctatus, Storer.) We are informed by Prof. 
Leidy, the vermillion colored specimens were found invariably upon land, and the 
olive colored ones always in the water, or in marshy places, so that it would appear 
that these, as stated by Prof. Holbrook, are really distinct species. It is to be regretted, 
however, that we do not know more of the habits and mode of life of each. 

We have received to-day, through Dr. Wilson, Prof. Leidy and Mr. Conrad, who 
have been spending several weeks at Cresson, at the top of the Alleghanies, about 
225 miles west of Philadelphia, at a height of 2300 feet, a considerable number of 
specimens of .Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., (iS. symmetrica, Holb.,) and Diemyctylus 
viridescens, Raf., (Triton dorsalis, Holb.) The former present nothing remarkable, 
and have been sufficiently well described. The latter present the following appear- 
ances: These 13 specimens of Diemyctylus viridescens resemble each other very 
closely. They are of an olive color above, deeper in some specimens than in others, 
with a vertical yellow line extending from the occiput some distance upon the tail; 
on each side is a row of vermillion spots bordered with black, varying in number, but 
usually five or six on each side; sometimes.a few smaller ones may be observed 
irregularly disposed. The yellow vertical line is often bordered with black, some- 
times in the form of spots, at others assuming the form of a yellow band upon the 


CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 365 

tail, bordered with black; sometimes two rows of spots on one side, the left, with a 
single upper row on the right, and one below, very symmetrically disposed, in the small 
specimens. 

ELLIPSOGLOSSA, Dum. et Bib. 
PSEUDOSALAMANDRA and Hynostus, I'schudt. 

Char.—Tongue oblong, entire, a little more narrow and rounded in front, larger 
towards the front, oval in form, plicated longitudinally, free at the sides only; palate 
armed with small teeth, disposed in two longitudinal rows, in contact posteriorly, 
separated in front, in the form of a V, of which the free extremities are turned out- 
ward ; two flattened parotids upon the sides of the head and neck; flanks rounded ; 
four fingers in front; five toes, all free, short and without nails or corneous extremities ; 
tail short, very much compressed, especially at its extremity.—Dum. et Bib. 

ELLIPSOGLOSSA NASVIA. 

Char —Body much elongated ; trunk and neck slender, rounded ; tail very much 
compressed, one-fifth shorter than the body; color bluish slate grey, with small 

spots of a lighter color, and marked upon the sides; skin smooth above and below. 
Length 

Habitat.—Japan. 

KLLIPSOGLOSSA NEBULOSA. 

Char.—* Trunk short and thick; color yellowish brown, more or less deep, with 
very fine marblings; tail much compressed, with generally a yellowish line above 
and below.’—D. & B. Length 

Habits aquatic; swims with great facility, so much so as to be taken for a fish.— 
D. & B. 

Habitat.—Japan. 

HEMIDACTYLIUM,* T'schudt.—Desmopactyius, Dum. ct Bab. 

Char.—F our fingers and four toes; tongue oval, attached in front and along the 
middle, more free posteriorly; two rows of palatine teeth, beginning each on a line 
with the internal border of the posterior opening of the nares, extending behind it, 
and converging toward each other, and two rows of sphenoidal teeth, separated from 
the first by an interspace without teeth, and from each other by a wide interspace, 
nearly parallel; fingers and toes united at base by a membrane, that of the fingers 
and toes short and stout, salamandrine in form, the outer and inner ones very small ; 

* wave one-half; daxruags finger 

93 


366 CADUCIBRANCHIATE URODELE BATRACHIANS. 

body short, round, head small, truncate, convex superiorly; tail round at base, 
compresssed towards the tip, longer than head, neck and body; costal furrows 
deep. 

HEMIDACTYLIUM SCUTATUM. 

Char.—Skin of the back divided as it were into compartments, resembling plates 
or scuta, (costal folds); deep brown above, pale yellow behind, with irregular black 
spots upon the throat, sides and tail. Length 

Syn.—Salamandra melanosticta, Gibbes; Desmodactylus melanostictus, Dum. et 
Bib., Erpet. Gen., t. ix. p. 119. 

Hahitat— Abbeville, South Carolina. (Prof. L. R. Gibbes.) 

One specimen in Mus. Acad., presented by Dr. Holbrook, from Chicago, where it 
appears to be common. Habits terrestrial. The specimens found by Dr. Gibbes were 
under decayed wood, and the form of the tail in the specimens before us would indi- 
cate a habitat in land rather than water, being more or less rounded in the greater 
part of its extent. 


Toul 
wo 
on 
=I 

— 

ART. XXIIL—On Trigonophrys rugiceps. 
By How. HaAttoweEny, M. D. 

Gen. TRIGONOPHRYS, nob. 

Ohar.—Head very large, depressed; upper eyelid triangular; tongue large, sub- 
circular, notched in front and posteriorly, more deeply behind, attached anteriorly, 
free laterally, and in its posterior half; upper maxillary teeth large, conical, recurved, 
sharp pointed ; two groups of vomerine teeth on a line with the anterior margin of 
the posterior nares, nearer to these than to each other; posterior nares large, sub- 
circular; eustachian foramina of moderate size; no vocal vesicles either internal or 
external; tympanum indistinct; four fingers completely free; toes palmate at their 
base only ; first cuneiform bone presenting a prominence externally, with a well 
defined projecting edge; transverse processes of the sacral vertebre not dilated. 

TRIGONOPHRYS RUGICEPS. 
Plate 36. 

Sp. Char.—Vomerine teeth in two small patches at the inner edge of the internal 
nares ; dental apophyses very distinct ; toes pointed, palmate at the base only; fourth 
toe much longer than the others ; head presenting numerous asperities upon its upper 
surface; body pustulated above and upon the sides; abdomen smooth; two glands, 
triangular in shape, upon the upper surface of each thigh, and two larger ones upon 
the breast ; color olive or violet above with numerous large dark colored ovoid spots 
margined with white; the interspaces in the young and middle aged of a beautiful 
rose color ; extremities olive colored above, with large and broad bands of black, 
margined with white, the interspaces more or less tinged with rosy red; abdomen 
white, black spotted. 

Description.—The head is very large, broader than long, flattened or very slightly 
convex above, depressed, the inclination in front not very abrupt; the nostrils, which 
are two crescentic openings, are situated about midway between the margin of the 
upper jaw and the inferior border of the orbit, nearer to the former, four lines apart; 
eighty-two teeth may be counted in the upper jaw, the anterior and middle ones 
Jonger than the posterior, concave posteriorly ; their convexity presenting forward, 
very much enveloped at the base ; two movable bucklers beneath the skin, posterior 


368 HALLOWELL ON 

to the occiput, suboval in shape, their upper surface, as well as that of the head and 
its sides, rough, from the numerous asperities with which it is covered ; body more 
or less covered with rounded tubercles above ; thighs granulate posteriorly ; two well 
marked glands, triangular in shape, upon the upper surface of each thigh near the 
groin; two others, much larger, are seen upon the breast, between the anterior ex- 
tremities; abdomen, throat and under surface of extremities smooth; tubercles 
beneath the fingers and toes ; those at base of thumbs and upon palms much larger ; 
projection of the cuneiform bone much developed, with a well defined edge. 

Coloration.—The ground color above is violet or olive; the body and sides pre- 
senting numerous large dark colored ovoid spots, with a very narrow margin of white ; 
the interspaces between these spots, in the young and middle aged specimens, are of 
a beautiful rose color ; extremities olive colored above, with large and broad bands of 
black, margined with white ; the interspaces more or less tinged with rosy red; 
under parts white, mingled with yellow; chin and throat with numerous black 
spots; abdomen also black spotted, but much less thickly than the chin and throat, 
sometimes without spots. 

Dimensions of the largest specimen.—Length of head 1 inch 4 tines; greatest 
breadth 2 inches 34 lines; breadth of bucklers 1 inch 72 lines; length of body 3 
inches; breadth 3 inches 2 lines; length of anterior extremities 24 inches; of arm 
Linch 2 lines; of forearm 1 inch; of palm and longest finger 11 lines; of thigh 1 
inch 4 lines; of leg 1 inch 1 line; of sole and longest toe 2 inches; of posterior 
extremity 4 inches. 

Anatomy.—The structure of the skull in this genus resembles that of Ceratophrys, 
but it is comparatively longer, and the teeth are much more highly developed. The 
orbitar foramina are widely apart in Ceratophrys. The skull in Trigonephrys is 
covered all over with well marked rugosities, the temporal fossee are much larger in 
the latter; the skull itself is triangular in shape, depressed in front, hollowed between 
the orbits, consisting of a solid bony case, with traces of sutures only in front of the 
latter ; the orbitar foramina are subcircular in shape, measuring 42 lines transversely, 
and are three lines apart; the occipital foramina are large and oval; upwards of 
fifty recurved conical teeth may be counted in the upper jaw, the anterior much 
the larger; the openings of the internal nares are oblong and quite large; two small 
’ bunches of palatine teeth are situated at their inner extremities on a line with their 
anterior margin; the nostrils are small, three lines apart, about four lines from the 
anterior extremities of the cranium. ‘There are eight vertebra, exclusive of the 
atlas and sacrum; the spinal processes of the first are much more developed than 
those which follow; the transverse processes are seven in number, of these the 

second and the third are the longest, the former measuring five lines in length; the 


TRIGONOPHRYS RUGICEPS. 369 

transverse processes of the sacral vertebree measure three lines in length and are 
thicker at their external extremity ; the os coccygis is depressed, nine lines in length; 
the iliac bones and those of the extremities present nothing remarkable; the sternum 
does not differ materially from that of Ceratophrys. The difference in the structure 
of the skeleton in this anima] and Rana pipiens, or common bull-frog, is very striking ; 
indeed, it could hardly be greater in two genera belonging to the same family. The 
orbitar foramina are more than double the size; the nasal openings very large; the 
scapula remarkable for their great breadth, and the ribs are of nearly equal length. 
Viscera.—The skin is very loosely attached to the thin and semi-transparent fascia 
covering the muscles, its inner surface presenting numerous inosculating small vessels 
distributed over its surface; immediately beneath this fascia two muscles shew them- 
selves on each side, broad at their base and fanlike, the anterior inserted into the upper 
surface of the humerus near its proximal extremity, the inferior into the symphisis pubis. 
On cutting into the peritoneum ; the /iver consists of three lobes occupying the right and 
a portion of the left side of ‘the abdominal cavity, the right lobe trefoil in shape, the 
middle somewhat pyriform, and the left more or less quadrangular in shape, its anterior 
margin presenting a waved outline; the gall bladder is quite distinct ; the heart lies 
immediately above the liver, enclosed in its pericardium, and consists of a ventrical 
and two auricles, the left comparatively empty, the right much distended with clots 
of coagulated blood; the ventricle measures six lines in length by five in breadth ; 
the esophagus communicates with the stomach by a large opening; the latter is a large 
membranous sac, two inches five lines in length, by an inch and a half in breadth at 
its greater extremity ; it occupies, when extended, nearly the whole of the left portion 
of the abdominal cavity; on cutting into it, it was found to contain numerous Coleop- 
tera, (Trox,) a portion of vegetable matter and the half digested skeleton of a hyla. 
The intestine measures 14% inches (Fr.) in length from the pyloric orifice to the 
commencement of the cloaca, the diameter of which, as usual, is larger than that of 
the intestine, and measures in length about 53 inches. The ovaries are of a black 
color, and contain a great many eggs of a yellow color, of the size of a pin’s head ; 
the Jungs lie posterior to the other viscera, and, when somewhat distended, reach 
nearly the whole length of the abdominal cavity ; the cells, as usual in the frogs, are 
quite large, and divided by membranous septa ; the fatty bodies are much developed, 
and present numerous subdivisions, thirteen on the right and seven on the left side ; 
there is a very small triangular spleen ; the hidneys are one inch in length by three 
in breadth. Ina specimen of Ceratophrys, about half the size of Vrigonophrys, the 
liver presented three lobes deeply cleft, but the right lobe was destitute of the trefoil 
arrangement of the former, the anterior margin being nearly straight, the lobe itself 
triangular in shape; the specimen having been immersed in strong alcohol, the 
4 


370 HALLOWELL ON TRIGONOPHRYS RUGICEPS, 

viscera are shrunken, but making allowance for this and its smaller size, the stomach 
appears considerably less, being not more than an inch and a half in length, and the 
intestine is much shorter, measuring but four inches three lines in length ; the fatty 
bodies are much foliated, the kidneys measuring eight lines, the testes four in length. 

Gen. Remarks.—The general shape of the head in this genus, resembles very much 
that of Ceratophrys, along side of which it should be placed in anatural arrangement, 
but it differs from Ceratophrys in the form of the eye-lids, which do not terminate 
in the latter, and the form of the body has no resemblance to that of Trigonophrys. 
The teeth also are different. 

In Megalophrys, a genus inhabiting Java, and comprising but one species, (JZ. mon- 
tana,) the first cuneiform bone presents no external prominence, which in Trigon- 
ophrys is remarkably large. We, therefore, although not having in our collection 
any of the allied genera, with the exception of Ceratophrys, venture to propose for this 
singular and beautifully colored frog a new name. ‘The maxillary teeth form one of 
its most striking characters, being larger than those of any species of frog with which 
we are acquainted, those of the largest bull frog being considerably smaller, as well as 
those of the large Surinam frogs in our collection. In Cystignathus ocellatus, however, 
the vomerine teeth are much more developed. 


Account of new fish from Florida, Georgia, 

Acer macrophyllum, 
Acerates cordifolia, 
Alcteon, 
Actinia marginata, 
neglecta, 
fEsculus Californica, 
Afer, (s. g.) 
Agarista calliopsidea, 
Agrostis canina, 
Aira flexuosa, 
Alchimella alpina, 
vulgaris, 
Alcionidium pellucidum, 
Allium falcifolium, 
Alopecurus alpinus, 
Ambystoma, 
Californiense, 
episcopus, 
fuscum, 
ingens, 
laterale, 
luridum, 
maculatum, 

macrodactylum., 

maritimum, 
nebulosum, 
opacum, 
porphyriticum, 
proserpine, 
punctatum, 
talpoideum, 
ticrinum, 
Ambystomide, 
Amnodon Snyder, 
Anatifa dentata, 

AT 
84 
96 
334 
140 
140 
85 
332 
91 
200 
201 
190 
190 
142 | 
102 
200 
349 
355 
354 | 
355 | 
353 | 
352 
353 
305 | 
3)4 | 
352 
352 | 
351 | 
351 

354 

349 © 
352 | 
350 
338 
171 
151 | 

INDEX. 

Anatifa striata, 
Aneides, 
lugubris, 

Anisocarpus madaroides, 
Anodon radiatus, 
Anodonta Holtonis, 
Anomia sellzformis 
Anoplanthus fasciculatus, 
Anthericum pomeridianum, 
Antirrhinum Cou lterranum, 
Apedodus, 

priscus, 
Apocynum Androsemifolium, 

Canadense, 
Aporrhais decemlirata, 
Aquilegia formosa, 
Ara auricollis, 

auritorques, 
severa, 

Arabis alpina, 
Archangelica hirsuta, 
Arctostaphvlos glauca, 

| Arenaria arctica, 

Douglassit, 
Grenlandica, 

| Argemone Mexicana, 

muricata, 
Arnica angustifolia, 
Asclepias longicornu, 

macrophylla, 

obtusifolia, 
Aster Durandii, 

falcata, 

Asteracanthus rubens, 

| Astrangia astrzformis, 

Dane, 

151 
344 
345 
92 
317 
316 
330 
99 
103 
43 
164 
165 
96 
Al 
330 
80 
153 
153 
153 
186 
89 
94 
188 
83 
1¢8 
37 
37 
193 
96 
4] 
96 
91 
91 
151 
139 
139 


372 

Atomic heat, and crystalline form, their rela- 
tions 
Aubertia humilis, 
Aulacomnion turgidum, 
Azalea Californica, 
grandiflora, 

Baculites ovata, 
Spillmani, 
Tippaensis, 

Balanus balanoides, 

Bartsia alpina, 

Bartonia levicaulis, 

Batrachoceps, 

attenuatus, 
quadridigitatus, 

Bellerophron Montfortianus, 

percarinatus, 
Uri, 

Berberis aquifolium, 

Betula nana, 

Boleosoma Barrattt, 

Bolitoglosside, 

Boletus strobilaceus, 

Bowerbankia densa, 

gracilis, 

Boykinia occidentalis, 

Bradybates, 

Powreti, 
ventricosus, 

Brodiewa congesta, 
grandiflora, 

Bromus Kalmiz, 

Brotogeris aurifrons, 

chrysoptera, 

Brunella vulgaris, 

Bryttus fasciatus, 

gloriosus, 

Bryum lucidum, 

Muhlenbergi?, 

Burrielia gracilis, 

Byssoarca, 

California plants, 
Calliurus Floridanus, 
Campanula Jatifolia, 

[Naps 
| Campanula prenanthoides, 93 
105 | uniflora, 194 
100 | Campanularia dumosa, 138 
202 | volubilis, 138 
94 Camelops Kansanus, 166 
37 Calamagrostis Canadensis, 104, 200 
Mexicana, 104 
334 | stricta, 200 
335 | Caligus ? 150 
334 | Calliprora lutea, 102 
151 | Callichroa platiglossa, 92 
195 Calliachrysis Fremontii, 92 
88 tenella, 92 
348 | Callochortus elegans, 10) 
oe venustus 101 
Calycadenia truncata, 92 
a | Caprella? 150 
: | Carcinus meenas, 149 
abl Cardamine paucifolia, 80 
197 | pratensis, 186 
_ Cardium Spillmani, 326 
ae | tenuissimum, 326 
207 | ‘Tippanum, 326 
~~ | Carex rigida, 199 
ae | Cassiope tetragona, 194 
89 Castilleja candens, 43 
341 Catabrosa aquatica, 200 
341 | Ceanothus cuneatus, 85 
349 papillosus, eb 
ae | prostratus, 85 
102 | rigidus, 85 
901 sordeanus, 85 
156 | Cellularia fastigiata, 42 
155 | Cellulose, varieties of, 60 
100 | Cephalanthus occidentalis, 90 
51 | Cepon distortus, 150 
59 | Cerasus demissa, 87 
202 Cerastium Alpinum, 189 
202 | Fischerianum, 189 
92 uniflorum, 189 
397 | Cetraria ciliaris, 104 
| Islandica, 203 
79 | placoridia, 104 
53 | Chamcebatia foliosa, 87 
193 | Chemnitzia distans, 333 


INDEX. 

Chemniizia interrupta, 333 
Chenactes heterocarpha, 92 
Chlamydococcus pluvialis, o9 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum, 103 
Chonetes armata, 23, 28 
cornuta, 23 
Fischeriana, 24 
Flemingii, 26 
eranulifera, 24 
Koninckiana, 30 

Littonil, 24 

Loganil, 30 
mesoloba, 26 
sarcinulata, Zon 28 

setigera, 23 
Shumardiana, 23, 24. 
Maclurea, 28 

- Martini, 29 

nana, 28 
variolata, 28 
Verneuiliana, 26 

Tuomyi, 28, 29 

Chryseis Californica, 80 
Chrysotis autumnaiis, 153 
viridigenalis, 153 

Cibota lintea, 328 
Cirrhatulus fragilis, 147 
Clava multicornis, 135 
Cladonia furcata, 204. 
rangifera, 204. 
pyxidata, 204 

Clarkia rhomboidea, 88 
Clymene torquatus, 146 
urceolatus, 145 
Cochlearia anglica, 188 
fenestrata, 188 

officinalis, 188 

Collinsia bartisizfolia, 98 
bicolor, 98 
parviflora, 97 

tinctoria, 98 

Collomia gilioides, 97 
erandiflora, oi 
Contributions to South American Herpetology, 33 
Conus canales, 331 
Corethrogyne tomentella, 40 

Cornus Nuttallu, 89 

Cornus sessilis, 
Crangon septemspinosus, 
Crassatella Ripleyana, 
Cretaceous fossils, 

Crystalline form, its relation to atomic heat, 105 

Cryptogamic flora of Georgia, 

Ctenoides acutilineata, 
Cuculea capax, 
Tippana, 
Cuscuta subinclusa, 
Cyclobothium alba, 
pulchella, 
Cynoglossum grande, 
Cytherina Tippana, 
Cystopterus fragilis, 

Description of fossil fish, 
Dewya arguta, 
Diapensia lapponica, 
Dichelostemma congestum, 
Diclytra formosa, 
Dicranum elongatum, 
falcatum ? 
Muhlenbergu, 
Richardsonii, 
scoparium, 
Starkui aff., 
virens, 
Diemyctylus, 
miniatus, 
viridescens, 
Dodecatheon dentatum, 
ellipticum, 
integrifolium, 
meadia, 
pauciflora, 
Dosinia densata, 
Draba alpina, 
glacialis, 
hirta, 
incana, 
lapponica, 
nivalis, 
rupestris, 
Dreissena polymorphe, 
Tippana, 
Drillia novemcestata, 

J5 


ae 
~ 
~I 
— 

Drillia Tippana, 
Dryas integrifolia, 
octopetala, 
Dryopteris, (Lastrea,) 
dilatata, 
intermedia, 

Echeandia tenuifolia, 
Echinus granulatus, 
Edestus, 
vorax, 
Elaphoides fasciatus, 
fuscus, 
Ellipsoglossa, 
nevia, 
Elaps divaricatus, 
tenere, 
zonatus, 
Ellipsoglosside, 
Elisia chrysanthemifohia, 
microcalyx, 
Elymus arenarius, 
Empetrum nigrum, 
Epilobium angustifolium, 
latifolium, 
Equisetum arvense, 
Eriogonum dichotomum, 
fasciculatum, 
geniculatum, 
nudum, 
plumatella, 

Prattenianum, 

vimineum, 
Erigeron Douglassii, 
Eriodyction glutinosum, 
Eriophorum capitatum, 
polystachion, 
vaginatum, 
Erodium cicutarium, 
Erysimum Arkansanium, 
asperum, 
elatum, 
Erythrea Muhlenbergii, 
tricantha, 
Escharina lineata, 
pediostoma, 
variabilis, 

INDEX. 

dol | 

190 
188 
104 
104 
104 

103 
151 
159 
159 

35 

42, 96 

141 
14] 
142 

Eucoryne, 

elegans, 
Eudosmia Gairdneri, 
Eunanus Douglassii, 

Tolmeil, 

Eunice sanguinea, 
Euphorbia ocellata, 
Euproctus, 

Rusconi, 

poireti 
Evernia vulpina, 
Exogyra interrupta, 

Festuca duriuscula ? 
ovina, 
Richardsonii ? 
Ficus octoliratus, 
Fish, fossil, 
new, from Florida and Georgia, 

Flustra lineata, 

Foot prints of articulata, 
batrachia, 
birds, 
saurlan, 

Fossils, carboniferous series, 

chonetes, 
cretaceous, 
producti, 

Western States and Territories, 

Frittillaria lanceolata, 
parviflora, 
Frasera albicaulis, 
nitida, 
Fumaria formosa, 
Fusus afer, 
, bellaliratus, 
inhabiles, 
novemliratus, 

Gebia affinis, 
Gelasimus minax, 
pugillator, 
Geotriton, 
fuscus, 
Gervillia ensiformis, 
solenoides, 
Gilia (chrysantha) capitata, 
elongata, 

136 
136 
88 
98 
98 
147 
46 
306 
306 
307 
194 
330 

104 
200 
200 
332 
159 
47 
140 
176 
175 
174 
174. 
11 
23—32 
323 
5—22 
I—23 
101 
102 
96 

96 

80 
332 
332 
76 
332 

150 
149 
149 
348 
348 
328 
329 

97 

42 


Gilia (chrysantha) filipes ? 

grandiflora, 
tricolor, 
Gleoporus, 
Glycera Americana, 
Glyceria Artica, 

Gnaphalium sylvaticum, 
Grantia botryoides, 

ciliata, 
Greenland plants, 

tables of, 

Guepinia spathularia, 
Guttierhiza microphylla, 
Gymnadenia longispica, 

Harpago Tippanus, 
Harpeecarpus madaroides, 
Heliomeris simplex, 
Hemidactylida, 
Hemidactylium, 
scutatum, 
Heringia, 
Hesperis Pallasii, 
Hesperoscordon lacteum, 
Heterodon rarifolium, 
Hieracium molle, 
vulgatum ? 
Hippa talpoidea, 
Holoptichus, 
Americanus, 
nobilissimus, 
Hordeum pusillum, 
Hosackia bicolor, 
brachycarpa, 
decumbens, 
grandiflora, 
Heermannii, 
lathyroides, 
Purshiana, 
subpinnata, 
Hyas coarctata, 
Hydractina echinata, 
Hygrophorus cinnabarinus, 
Hypericum Scouleri, 
Hypnum cordifolium, 
viparium, 
sarmentosum, 

182, 183, 

INDEX. 

97 | Hypnum Schreber, 
97 stramineum, 
97 uncinatum, 

209 | Hypolyssus, 

147 | Hyria, 

a Idotea irrorata, 

193 : 

135 triloba, 

135 Inoceramus argenteus, 

costellatus, 

179 : 

Irpex cinnamomeus, 

184 : 

obliquus, 

20 pallens, 
2b porinoides, 

ul rufus, 

| serpens, 

331 strigoso-zonatus, 
92 | Isocardia Moltkiana, 
ok 

339 | Juncus Arcticus, 

365 trifidus, 

366 Jungermannia divaricata, 

205 squarrossa, 

186 Juniperus Virginiana, 

102 
94 | Levicardium, 

193 | Larrea Mexicana, 

193 glutinosa, 

149 | Lathyrus decaphyllus, 

162 venosus, 

163 | Laomedia dichotomum, 

163 gelatinosum, 

104 | Layia Fremontii, 

86 | Ledum, 

86 | Legumen, 

39 ellipticus, 

86 | Leimanthemum Nuttallii, 
39 | Lentinus Schweinitzil, 
38 | Lenzites abietina, 

86 Berkeleii, 

86 separia, 

149 trabea, 

135 | Lepidonote armadillo, 

206 | Lepralia pediostoma, 
85 | Leptosyne Douglassii, 

203 Stillmanii, 

203 | Leucophrys clavata, 

203 cochleariformis, 

at 

CS 
ab 

203 
203 
203 
205 
320 

150 
150 
321 
32 
216 
217 
215 
215 
215 
216 
214 
319 

198 
198 
203 
203 
101 

326 
38 
38 
85 
85 
138 
138 

92 
tate 
325 
325 
103 
206 
214 
214 
214 
214 
148 
141 

91, 92 
91 

144 
144 


Ligia i 150 
Lilium superbum, 102 
Lima glacialis, 329 
scabra, 329 
Wacoensis, 329 
Limnanthes alba, 84 
Douglassiz, 84 
Limnoria terebrans, 150 
Loiseluria procumbens, 194 
Lotus pinnatus., 38, 86 
Loxonema Halli, it 
Lumbriconereis splendida, 147 
Lumbriculus tenuis, 148 
Lunantia rectilabrum, 334 
Lupa dicantha, 149 
maculata, ~ 149 
Lupinus albicaulis, 86 
concinnus, 86 
Douglass, 86 
falcifer, 86 
labiatus, 86 
latifolius, 86 
nanus, 86 
rivularis, 86 
Luzula arcuata, 193 
campestris, 104 
hypoborea, 198 
spicata, 198 
Lychnis apetala, 189 
Alpina, 189 
pauciflora, 189 
Lycopodium annotinum, 201 
Alpinum, 201 
selago, 201 
Lynosyris ceruminosa, 40 
teretefolia, 41 
Macrorhynchus heterophilus, 93 
retrorsus, 93 
troximoides, 93 
Macrocheilus inhabilis, 76 
Madaria corymbosa, 92 
Malacothrix tenuifolia, 93 
Malvastrum marrubioides, 38 
Marasmius hematocephalus, 306 
Marine invertebrata of Rhode Island and 
New Jersey, 135 

D716 INDEX. 

Meckelia ingens, 
Membranipora pilosa, 
Mentzelia levicaulis, 
Meretrix Tippana, 
Mertinsia maritima, 
Merulius Brassicefolius, 
corium, 
crispatus, 
fugax, 
Himantioides, 
incernatus, 
lachrymans, 
molluscus, 
pallens, 
porinoides, 
rufus, 
serpens, 
strigoso-zonatus, 
tremulosus, 
vastator, 
Mimulus cardinalis, 
exilis, 
luteus, 
moschatus, 
Prattenii, 
Schouleri, 
Molgide, 
Monardella candicans, 
Sheltoni, 
Monocondylea Paraguayana, 
Monolopia Bahiefolia, 
Heermannii, 
lanceolata, 
Musculites, 
Mycetoglossus, 
Mytilus falcatus, 

Natica rectilabrum, 
ventrica, 

Nautilus Alabamensis, 
angustatus, 
orbiculatus, 
Vanuxemi, 

Navicula, 

Navarretia pubescens, 

squarrosa, 

207, 

143 
141 
88 
326 
195 
215 
215 
215 
215 
215 
206 
215 
214 
215 
215 
215 
215 
214 
214 
214 
98 
43 
98 
98 
98 
98 
339 
98 
99 
319 
93 
93 
93 
329 
347 
328 

334 
76 
335 
335 
335 
335 
328 
oF 
97 


INDEX. 

Narragansetta, 144 | Paxillus Curtisii, 

coralii, 144 panuoides, 
Navarretia odoratissima, 100 | Pechnaria auricoma, 
Nemertes socialis, 143 | Pedicellina Americana, 
Nemophila insignis, 96 | Pedicularis arctica, 

maculata, 96 hirsuta, 
Nereis denticulata, 148 Kanei, 
Notice of Chonetes of the Western States, 23 lunata, 

Fossils of the carboniferous series, 71 
Producti of the Western States, 9) 

Nucula percrassa, 327 
Ocypode arenaria, 149 
Odontia fimbriata, oe 
(Hnothera_ biennis, 87 
biloba, 87 
decumbens, 87 

Lindleyii, 39 

purpurea, 88 
-rubicunda, 87 
Onychodactylus, 356 
Schlegelii, 56 

Ophelia simplex, 148 
Opis bicarinata, i 327 
bella, 327 
Oranthus vetustus, 161 
Orchestia gryllus, 150 
Orobanche fasciculata, 99 
Orthocarpus lacerus, 98 
purpurascens, 98 

Osmorhiza orachypoda, 89 
Ostrea confragosa, 330 
denticulifera, 330 
peculiaris, 329 
Oxyria digyna, 190 
Pagurus longicarpus, 149 
pollicaris, 149 
Paleeornis Gironieri, 156 
viridicollis, 156 

Panopeus Herbsti, 149 
Wurdmanii, 149 

Panus angustatus, 206 
sty pticus, 206 
Papaver nudicaule, 186 
Papyridia bella, 326 
elegantulum, 326 
protextum, 326 

Paxillus, 214 

Peltigera canina, 
Pentstemon heterophyilus, 
Pentremites florealis, 
pyriformis, 
sulcatus, 
Periploma applicata, 
Petalodus Alleghaniensis, 
Peucedanum utriculatum, 
Phalangium croceum, 
Phippsias algida, 
Phlox divaricata, 
Pholadis, 
Pholodomya Tippana, 
Phorodendron juniperinum, 
Phyllodoce taxifolia, 
Pickeringia montana, 
Pimelodus marmoratus, 

Pinna laqueata, 
Pinnotheres maculatum, 
ostreum, 
Plagiodon, 
isocardioides, 
Planaria frequens, 

Plante Kaneanz Greenlandica, 

Plants, new from California, 
Plantanthera hypoborea, 
Platycarcinus ocellatus, 
Sayi, 
Plectritis congesta, 
Plethodon, 
auriculatum, 
glutinosus, 
erythronotus, 
niger, 
Plethodontidx, 
Pleurodeles, 

Watli 
Pleurodelide, 
Pleurotomaria carbonaria, 

Grayvillensis, 

Poa Alpina, 

96 


378 

Poa Arctica, 

Pogogyne parviflora, 
Polygala cuculata, 
Polygonum viviparum, 
Polyphemus occidentalis, 

Polypodium phegopteris, 

vulgare, 
Polyporus abietinus, 
adustus, 
affinis, 
alutaceus, 
amorphus, 
aneirinus, 
annosus, 
arcularius, 
badius, 
benzoinus, 
betulinus, 
brumalis, 
brunneus, 
byrsinus, 
calceus, 
callosus, 
Carye, 
cervino-nitens, 
chioneus, 
ciliatus, 
cinereus, 
cinnabarinus, 
cinnamomeus, 
coesius, 
colliculosus, 
compressus, 
conchatus, 
conchifer, 
congoblatus, 
connatus, 
contiguus, 
crispus, 
crocatus, 
crociporus, 
cupreus, 
Curtisii, 
cuticularis, 
decipiens, 
dentiporus, 
destructor, 
dichrous, 
dryadeus, 

208, 210, 211 

INDEX. 

200 | Polyporus dryophilus, 

100 
81 
196 
150 
201 
104 
209 
209 
10, 224 
208 
209 
214 

207 
207 
210 
208 
207 
214 
224 
213 
2138 
213 
224 
208 
207 
212 
210 
207 
208 
213 
210 
210 
210 
208 
207 
211 
209 
214 
209 
214 
208 
210 
210 
213 
208 
209 
210 

farinellus, 
ferruginosus, 
fimbriporus, 
floridanus, 
fomentarius, 
fuligineus, 
fuliginosus, 
fumosus, 
fusco-albus, 
fusco-gilvus, 
gilvus, 
graveolus, 
hypococcinus, 
igniarius, 
incarnatus, 
internus, 
Juglandis, 
labarynthicus, 
lacteus, 
leptocephalus, 
lobatus, 
lucidus, 
marginatus, 
medulla panis, 
Menandianus, 
mollis, 
molluscus, 
Nieskyensis, 
nidulans, 
nigromarginatus, 

nigropurpurascens, 

nigropurpureus, 
nitidus, 
occidentalis, 
obducens, — 
pallescens, 
papyraceus, 
parvulus, 
perennis, 
pergameneus, 
Pilotze, 
Pini-Canadensis, 
populinus, 
poroides, 
pulchellus, 
radiatus, 
radicatus, 
radula, 

213 

\ 

210, 

208, 

211 
214 
211 
208 
224 
207 
207 
207 
208 
208 
210 
210 
208 
211 
211 
212 
214 
211 
208 
208 
207 
211 
208 
210 
209 
209 
208 
213 
209 
211 
209 
212 
212 
212 
224 
213 
209 
213 
210 
209 
207 
211 
211 
210 
210 
212 
210 
207 
2138 


Polyporus recticulatus, 
rhodellus, 
Rhododendri, 
rufescens, 
rufus, 
rutilans, 
salicinus, 
sanguineus, 
sanguinolentus, 
Sassafras, 
Schweinitzii, 
scruposus, 
scutellatus, 
sinuosus, 
spissus, 
spongiosus, 
spumeus, 
Stephensii, 

- stereoides, 
stypticus, 
subspadiceus, 
Sulivantia, 
superficialis, 
tabulzformis, 
tenuis, 
terrestis, 
tuberculosus, 
ulmarius, 
umbrinus, 
undatus, 
undulatus, 
unitus, 
vaporarius, 
varius, 
velutinus, 
versicolor, 
virgineus, 
Vitellinus, 
viticola, 
vitreus, 
vulgaris, 
xanthus, 
xantholoma, 
xylostromeus, 

Polytrichium Juniperinum, 

Pomotis elongatus, 

marginatus, 

INDEX. 

213, 214 
212 

212 
207, 216 
211 

210 

211 
210, 214 
213 

212 

207 
209, 210, 211 
210 

212 
911, 212 
211 

208 

212 

209 

208 
211 

209 
211, 212 
207 

213 

213 

213 

209 

212 

211 

208 

212 
213, 217 
207 
209, 224 
210 
209, 210 
212 

211 

213 

213 
211, 212 
212, 213 
214, 215 
202 

47 

48 

Pomotis speciosus, 
Pontonema, 
marinum, 
vaccillatum, 
Prioniturus discurus, 
flavicans, 
platurus, 
Procyon priscus, 
Productus Altonensis, 
Boliviensis, 
Bucheanus, 
/ Carbonarius, 
clavus, 
cora, 
costatus, " 
elegans, 
fimbriatus, 
Flemingii, 
flexistria, 
genuinus, 
granulosus, 
Hildrethianus, 
Leuchtenbergensis, 
marginalis, 
Margaritaceus, 
Murchisonianus, 
muricatus, 
Phillipsit, 
Portlockianus, 
Prattenianus, 
proboscideus, 
punctatus, 
Rogersii, 
scabriusculus, 
semireticulatus, 
splendens, 
subaculeatus, 
undatus, 
undiferus, 
Villiersii, 
Wabashensis, 
Pseudotriton, 
ruber, 
salmonea, 
Psittacide, new species of, 
Psittacula lineola, 
passerina, 

1. Fe 

6,14 


380 

Psoralea orbicularis, 
Pterocera, 
Puilidium ciliare, 
Pulvinites Adansonii, 
Pulvinites argentea, 
Pycnanthemum Californicum, 
Pycnogonum, 
Pyrifusus, 

subdensatus, 

Racomitrum lanuginosum, 

Ranunculus aquatilis, 
elacialis, 
nivalis, 

Rapa supraplicata, 

Rhododendron Lapponicum, 

Rimella? curvilirata, 

Rosa blanda, 

gymnocarpa, 

Sabella oculifera, 
Salamandra, 
atra, 
corsica, 
perspicilata, 
Salamandnida, 
Salix arctica, 

desertorum, 
herbacea, 

lobata, 
uva-ursl, 
Sambucus velutina, 

Sandstone fossils of Connecticut, 

Sanicula bipinnatifida, 

Sarcocyphus Erhartil, 

Saxifraga aizoides, 
alzooon, 
coespitosa, 
cernua, 
cordifolia, 
Eschscholtzii, 
flagellaris, 
foliosa, 
nivalis, 
opposilifolia, 
peltata, 
rivularis, 

INDEX. 

Soxifraga tricuspidata, 
Virginiensis, 
Sceaphites Conradi, 
iris, 
Scirpus czspitosus, 
Schizophyllum commune, 
ramosum, 

| Schcenolirion album, 

Scutellaria angustifolia, 
tuberosa, 
Sedum rhodiola, 
Seiranota, 
perspicillata, 
Seiranotide, 
Senbertia laxa, 
Seriocarpus Californicus, 
Sertularia cupressina, 
Sesarma Cinera, 
recticulata, 
Sicarius extinctus 
Sidaleea Hartwegi, 
Sigaleon Mathilde, 
Silene acaulis, 
Californica, 
Grego, 
multicaule, 
regia, 
rotundifolia, 
Virginica, 
Siliquaria biplicata, 
Siphonostomum affine, 
Solidago Californica, 
Solidulus linteus, 
Spelerpes, 
bi-lineata, 
cirrigera, 
gutto-lineata, 
Haldemanni, 
longicauda, 
Spermestes fuscans, 
" nigriceps, 
Sphagnum acutifolium, 
recurvum, 
squarrosum, 
Spireza Douglassii, 
multiflora, 
opuluolia, 

192 
88 
223, 335 
335 
199 
207, 224 
224 
103 
100 
100 
191 
340 
340 
337 
192 
90 
138 
149 
149 
161 
84 
148 
189 
83, 84 
83 
84 
83 
83 
83 
324 
148 
91 
234 
345 
346 
346 
346 
347 
345 
60 
60 
202 
202 
202 
87 
87 
87 


Spiranthus bracteosa, 
Spirifer Fisherianus, 

Forbesil, 

Leidyi, 

spinosus, 

tricornis, 
Splachnum vasculosum, 

Wormskioldi, 

Spondiolithus, 
Spraguea umbellata, 
Sguilla empusa, 
Stachys Prattenti, 

pilose, 
Stanleya integrifolia, 
Stellaria humifusa, 

longipes, 
Stenodactylus fuscus, 
Stenacanthus, 

_ nitidus, 

Strobilomyces, 
Strombus densatus, 
Symphoricarpus racemosus, 
Synopsis Fungorum, 

Table of Chonetes of the Western States, &c., 32 
of compound bodies, 
of elementary bodies, 

of Greenland plants, 

Taraxacum palustre, 
Taricha, 

torosus, 
Tellina Ripleyana, 
Terebella ornata, 
Thymus serpyllum, 
Tornatella, 
Torquea, 

eximia, 
Trametes malicola, 
Trichostemma lanceolatum, 

oblongum, 

Trichotropis ? cancellaria, 
Trientalis latifolia, 
Trifolium fimbriatum, 
Trigonophrys, 

nigiceps, 

182, 183, 184 
of Producti of the Western States, &c., 22 

INDEX. 

101 ‘Trillium sessile, 

72 | Triqu 

etra contorta, 

73 lanceolata, 
72 | Trisetum subspicatum, 
71, 72 | Tritomegas, 
8 Sieboldii, 
202 | Triton, 
202 alpestris, 
329 cristatus, 

84 marmoratus, 
150 nycthymerus, 
100 palmatus, 

100 punctatus, 

38 Pyrenzus, 

188 subcristatus, 
138 vittatus, 

33 | Tritonide, 
164 | Turris Ripleyana, 
164 | Turritella Tippana, 

333 | Unio 

113, 114 
111, 114 

193 
357 
357 
327 
146 
196 
334 
146 
146 
209 
44, 100 
100 
333 
96 
86 
367 
367 

Wii 

acutissimus, 
Africanus, 
alatus, 

aratus, 
Batavus, 
Browne, 
Burroughianus, 
cceruleus, 
caffer, 
charruanus, 
Cailliaudii, 
Coloradoensis, 
Cambodiensis, 
confertus, 
corrugatus, 
crispatus, 
crocatus, 
cylindricus, 
delodontus, 
delphinus, 
Dunkerianus, 
effulgens, 
ellipticus, 
eximius, 
gratiosus, 
gravidus, 

381 

103 
319, 321 
319, 321 

201 

357 

357 

358 

358 

358 

359 
341, 360 

360 

360 

361 

362 

361 

338 

332 

333 

297 

300 

295, 314 

313 

301 

307 

308, 309 
294, 300, 303 
301, 302 

310 

298 

314 

313 

302 

292, 294 
296, 297, 299, 303, 307 
314 

316 

309 

291 

205 

303 

304 

294 

297, 299, 303 
292 


382 INDEX. 

ad 

Unio Hainesianus, 289 Unio Shurtlefianus, 302 
Hopetonensis, 305 sauvidicus, 309 
Housei, 290, 291 substriatus, 300 
humilis, 296, 297 superbus, 289, 293 
inornatus, 293, 300 Tampicoensis, B12 e315 
Javanus, 294 Tavoyensis, 292, 294 
Ingallsianus, _ 298, 300 Tigris, 296 
Keraudreni, 311 tumidulus, 295 
lacteolus, 309 umbrosus, 300, 311 
luteus, 29] Verreauianus, 301 
membranaceus, 309 Wheatleyanus, 308 
Murchinsonianus, 294 | Ursus amplidens, 168 

slanus 290 de is ve ; 
dee > | Vaccinium uliginosum, 194 
Newcombianus, 312 a, 3 
Pe - | Vaikeria pustulosa, 143 
Nicklinianus, 295 7 cee Ga 
nucleus, 297, 300, 306 exetnun SE ah tee 
: Vesicaria Arctica, 186 
Nuttallianus, SL Ome meee 
ee Viola Beckwithil, 82 
olivaceus, 311 ; 
: Voluta Lambert, 333 
Paranensis, 289, 308 Ke 
Volutilithes cretacea, 333 
parvus, 300 Wee Bae 
phaseolus, 299.299 ee 
- | Woodsia Ilvensis, 201 
Poeyanus, 315 ie i a0 
Popeii, 316 oodwardia Chamissonil, 
purpuratus, 314 | Ximenesia encelloides, 92 
rhuocoica, 306 
rusticus, 294, 296 | Zameris tricolor, 34 
sagittarius, 293 viridiflavus, 34 
scobinatus, 299 | Zauschneria Californica, 87 

Shuttleworthii, 304 | Zygophyllum tridentatum, 38 



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