THE CANADIAN 



ENTOMOLOGIST. 



YOLUjME XVII. 



LONDON, ONTARIO. 



-A.SSISTEX> B-X" 



Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope, Ont.; E. B. Reed, London, Ont., 



aud C. J. Bowles, Montreal, Que. 



l-RINTEU liV THE FUEE PRESS PRINTING COMl'ANV. 

 1885. 





LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. 



BEAN. THOS. E Galena, III. 



BELL, J- T Belleville, Ont. 



BLANCHARD, F Lowell, Mass. 



BOWLES, G. T Montreal, Que. 



BRODIE, W Toronto, Ont. 



BRUNER, L.AWRENCE West Point, Nebra.ska. 



C.\ULFIELD. F. B Montreal, Que. 



CLARKSON, F New York Cm. 



CLAYPOLE, E. W Akron, Ohio. 



DAVIS, W.\L T ToiMKiNSviLLE, St.'VTEn Island. 



DIMMOCK, GEORGE Cambridge, Mass. 



EDWARDS, HENRY New York City. 



EDWARDS, WM. H Coalburgh, W. Va. 



FERNALD, C. H Orono, Maine. 



FISCHER, PH Buffalo, N. Y. 



FLETCHER, J Ottawa, Ont. 



FRENCH, G. H Carbondale, Ills. 



GEDDES, GAMBLE Toronto, Ont. 



GOODHUE, C. F Webster, N. H. 



GROTE, AUG. R Bremen, Germany. 



HAGEN, DR. H. A Cambridge, Mass. 



HAMILTON, DR. J.. Allegheny, Pa. 



HARRINGTON, W. H Ottawa, Ont. 



HENSHAW, SAMUEL Boston, M.ass. 



HORN, DR. GEO. H Philadelphia, Pa. 



JACK, J. G Chateauguay Basin, Que. 



KEEN, EUGENE L Philadelphl\, Pa. 



KELLICOTT, D. S Buffalo, N. Y. 



KILMAN, A. H Ridgeway, Ont. 



MOFFAT, J. ALSTON Hamilton, Ont. 



PROVANCHER, L Cap Rouge, Que. 



REED, E. BAYNES London, Ont. 



SAUNDERS, WM. (The Editor) ....London, Ont. 



SMITH, JOHN B Washington, D. C. 



T.AYLOR, GEO. W Victoria, British Columbia. 



TOWNSEND, C. H. T Constantine, Mich. 



UNDERWOOD, LUCIEN M Syracuse, N. Y. 



VAN DUZER, E P Lancaster, N. Y. 



WILLISTON, S. W New Haven, Conn. 



WINTLE, ERNEST D Montreal, P. Q. 





Ciy Cniutbian Entomologist. 



VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1885. No. i 



ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 



THE RASPBERRY SAW-FLY. 

 Selandria rubi Harris. 



BY THE EDITOR. 



This destructive insect appeared in great force during the past season 

 in many parts of our Province, doing much damage to the foliage of rasp- 

 berry plants. Although in form and habits the larva of this insect much 

 resembles the currant Avorm, it is not nearly so well known, nor is it usually 

 so promptly recognized. There are several reasons for this. The rasp- 

 berry saw-fly does not appear in such flocks as the currant worm, because 

 the eggs are laid singly and not often near together ; nor is the larva 

 easily detected owing to the fact that in color it so exactly resembles that 

 of the leaf on which it feeds. 



The eggs are oval, yellowish white and semi-transparent, and are buried 

 beneath the skin of the raspberry leaf near the ribs and veins, placed 

 there by means, of the saw-like apparatus situated at the extremity of the 

 body of the female, by which slits are cut in the tissues of the leaf The 

 skin covering the egg is so transparent that the movements of the enclosed 

 larva may be observed several days before it is hatched. It escapes 

 through an irregular hole made on one side of the egg. 



The newly-hatched larva is about one-twelfth of an inch long, with a 

 greenish-white head having a black eye-like spot on each side. The body 

 is nearly white, semi-transparent and thickly covered with transverse rows 

 of white spines. As it grows older the color changes to green, and when 

 full grown it measures about three-quarters of an inch in length and 

 appears as shown on the leaf in figure i. The body then is of a dark 

 green color, and is thickly set with pale green branching spines. In 

 figure I some of the segments of the body are represented, magnified, 

 showing the arrangement of the spines on the back and side. The head 

 is small, of a jjale yellowish green color, with a dark brown dot on each 




THE CANADIAN ENTO]\IOLOGISt. 





-^^^ 



side. The eggs are laid near the tips of the growing canes, and the larvse 

 are usually found feeding on the upper surface of the young leaves. When 



full grown, which is generally from the 

 middle to the end of June, the larva 

 leaves the bush and descends to the 

 ground, where it penetrates beneath the 

 surface and constructs a small oval earthy 

 cocoon mixed with silky and glutinous 

 material. The larva remains unchanged 

 within the cocoon for a considerable 

  period, but finally transforms to a chry- 

 salis from which the perfect insect is 

 produced the following season. 



This is a four-winged fly, shown mag- 

 nified in figure 2, which appears from 

 about the tenth of May to the beginning of June, or soon after the young 

 leaves of the raspberry begin to appear. The wings, which are trans- 

 parent with a glossy surface and metallic hue, measure when expanded 

 about half an inch across ; the veins are black and there is a streak of 

 black along the front margin, extending more than half way towards the 

 tip of the wing. The anterior part of the body is black, the abdomen of 

 a dark reddish hue. Early in the morning when the air is cool these 

 flies, when approached, will fall from the bushes to the ground and remain 

 inactive there long enough to admit of 

 many of them being caught and 

 destroyed, but as the heat of the day 

 increases they become much quicker 

 in their movements, and when dis- 

 turbed take wing readily. 



The larvae may be promptly 

 destroyed by syringing the bushes with 

 water in which powdered hellebore has 

 been mixed in the proportion of an ounce of the powder to a pailful of 

 water, or with Paris green and water in the proportion of a teaspoonful of 

 the poison to a pailful of waiter. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. o 



SPECIES, VARIETIES AND RACES.* 



BY JOHN B. SMITH, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 



At the recent meeting of the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S., 

 Dr. Horn found occasion to say that " nature lias no genera, but species* 

 only " — genera are mere artificial aids to classification, are seldom sharply 

 defined, and are of very unequal value, according as the student is inclined 

 to value characters ; nor are the same characters useful in all the orders, 

 nor indeed in the several families in the same order. 



The important part of Dr. Horn's remarks, for the present purpose, is 

 the assertion that " nature has no genera." That Dr. Horn has an 

 experience in American Coleoptera large enough to render such an obser- 

 vation from him of great weight, no one will dispute, and taking the Lepi- 

 doptera into consideration I am led by my studies to agree with him 

 thoroughly. 



Afterward, at the same meeting, Prof Fernald, than whom we have no 

 better authority on Micro-lepidoptera, stated that he was greatly interested 

 in Dr. Horn's view of genera, but for his part he would be well content to 

 have a satisfactory limit to species. 



What is a species ? The question has oft been asked, and never satis- 

 factorily answered. Dr. LeCunte long since stated in reply to that 

 question, " Alas ! we do not know." Elsewhere he defines it as " an 

 assemblage of individuals which differ from each other by very small or 

 trifling and inconstant characters, of much less value than those in which 

 they differ from other assemblages of individuals ; but who determines the 

 value of these characters ? The experienced student of that department 

 to which the object belongs ; therefore groups of individuals which are 

 recognized as such by those who from natural power and education are 

 best qualified to judge." 



This, therefore, does not quite answer the question, but leaves an ele- 

 ment of opinion in the matter. 



Not long since, Mr. W. H. Edwards, in an article on the species of 

 Papilio, says : ''I hold that every permanent form possessed of marked 

 characters which distinguish it from other forms, and which breeds true to 

 its type, so far as appears or we can know, is to be regarded as a species. 



Read before the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Nov. 29, 1884. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



at least till the contrary is proved. And the proof must be actual, not 

 imaginary, facts, not guess work." 



Mr. Edwards' definition is very good, but it leaves open the question. 

 What is a "marked character" ? That this is a question of opinion will 

 hardly be disputed, and we are thus left as far as ever from a definite reply 

 no our question. I shall not attempt to offer any new definition of a 

 species ; but shall in the present essay confine myself to a few instances 

 tending to show that the breeding true to itself is no test of a species, and 

 further that characters to separate species must be sought in other points 

 than color and maculation. 



In the Coleoptera no family offers better examples than the Cicindelidae, 

 and from this family my instances shall be drawn. 



The variations of Cic. 6-guttata have been recently noted in the 

 Canadian Entomologist. My own series of the species consists of 31 

 specimens, ranging from the immaculate form, blue and green in color, to 

 the patruele form with complete median fascia, humeral and sub-humeral 

 spots. The variation in this species is very wide, and is found every- 

 where, except that the patruele form is not found eastward. 



A more interesting species is scutellaris, of which my series comprises 

 35 specimens. 



In the far west — Kansas, Ind. Terr, and thereabouts — we find the type 

 form of a beautiful metallic red bronze, the scutellar space green, macu- 

 lation indistinct. It is the only form found in the far west, and is perfectly 

 separable from the following. 



In the Eastern States (N. Y., R. I., Md. and Mass., according to my 

 collection) we find a form with similar markings, which are, however, 

 much more distinct, but the ground color is a sordid green. This form is 

 also perfectly distinct from any other, and is recognizable at a glance. 

 With similar markings we find an insect locally in N. J. and Pa., which, 

 however, has the ground color black. It is taken year after year in a 

 small spot near Jersey City, and never shows any approach to the preced- 

 ing or following. It breeds absolutely true to itself ; none of the other 

 forms are taken where it flies. In Northern N, Y., Mass. and Can. we 

 find the same form as to markings, but the ground color brown red with 

 the maculation often connected at margin. 



In the Southern States we find the same form green or blue without 

 markings, and in Georgia and perhaps in Va. we find an insect obviously 

 the same, but entirely black. AVe have therefore a range of color variation 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



from dead black to bright brown red, to bright green and to metallic 

 bronze red. In maculation from no markings at all to a pale margin to 

 elytra, apical and humeral lunule and marginal spots. The interesting 

 point in these variations is that they are local, that they breed absolutely 

 true to themselves, that they are permanent, possessed of marked char- 

 acteristics, and are yet merely races of one species. Of Cic. purpurea I 

 have a series of 46 specimens varying from immaculate bronze red to 

 bright bluish green ; in maculation from an indistinct median streak to a 

 broad deflexed band, broad apical and humeral lunules, and pale outer 

 margin connecting all markings. The variation is wonderful, and it is not 

 so only in color and maculation, but also in size, and to a less extent in 

 form, decem-notata being much more slender than the normal form. These, 

 while much less sharply distinct than in the forms of scutellaris, are yet 

 largely local, and the local forms in many of the instances breed abso- 

 lutely true to themselves. The difference between my specimen from 

 Nevada, which is very large and entirely green, and the common Eastern 

 form, is immense, and as great as there is between any two species of the 

 genus. 



C. formosa is in the West bright metallic red, while in the East it is 

 obscure slate gray, though often with an obvious reddish sheen. These 

 forms breed absolutely true to themselves, and are possessed of marked 

 characters separating them. Yet they are certainly the same. These 

 examples in the Cicindelidae are not isolated, and indeed it may be said 

 that most of the more widely distributed forms show analogous variations ; 

 the variations being important from my point of view by the fact that 

 they are permanent, distinctive, and local. 



Thus far as to variations in color. In sculpture there is also a differ- 

 ence, less local, however, the elytra being foveate or not in one and the 

 same form ^abdomitialis), and sometimes almost smooth and distinctly 

 punctured (Pilatci). 



In sculpture the Carabidae show more variation, and while my own 

 collection does not show it, Mr. Ulke called my attention to his series, 

 showing an astonishing range of variation in the sculpture of elytra of the 

 same form, and these variations were all more or less local. 



Other structural characters vary, and often locally, but need not be 

 especially noted here, the variation in number of the antennal joints in 

 Prionus being cited as curious rather than important to our present 

 purpose. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



What I have endeavored to show here is a great variability in color 

 and maculation ; local constancy of color and maculation, and that the 

 local forms often breed absolutely true to themselves, and come fully 

 within Mr. Edwards' definition of a species. 



In the Lepidoptera we find variations equally great The species of 

 Satyrtis may serve as an example. Taking the two forms named, ?iephele 

 and alope alone, and excluding pegala, which really in my opinion belongs 

 with them, we have here two forms, to each of which in most localities 

 Mr. Edwards' definition of a species will perfectly apply. 



In my paper on the genus Satyrus I have recorded the variations of 

 the species, local and otherwise, and my conclusion on a re-examination 

 of further material is confirmed, showing that in the genus Satyriis macu- 

 lation, so far as any exists, is absolutely valueless for specific separation; 

 and further, though it is possible, of course, to separate the forms, I beheve 

 there is no distinct line of demarcation between most of the " species " 

 even recognized in that paper. 



In Chionobas and Cce7ionympha we have analogous variation, also 

 largely local ; but the material in these genera is not yet sufficiently large 

 to allow a final conclusion. In the Noctuidse very similar variations 

 occur. In the East, Agrotis lubricans is one of our most constant forms 

 and has a handsome reddish suffusion over the primaries. In Kans. and 

 N. M is found a form apparently bearing no relation to it ; but yet when 

 closely examined proving identical with our Eastern forms, except that the 

 red shade is replaced by blackish. This Western form Mr. Grote named 

 beat a. In Texas the examples taken are intermediate between the ex- 

 tremes of Eastern and Western types, and as properly referred to one as 

 the other. 



The variations of Agrotis dedarata Wlk. (campestris Grt., decolor 

 Morr., and vcrticaiis Gu.) further illustrate the same local tendencies. 

 This, in the East, is dark in ground color ; westerly the thorax and basal 

 space become rust red, and in some localities the only form found has a 

 lilac gray ground color. Now it is scarcely conceivable that with the same 

 amount of material to work with, any one could come to a different con- 

 clusion, yet at least two of the forms are good species under Mr. Edwards' 

 definition. Other species show equally striking variations, and yet are 

 undoubtedly alike. 



I have cited but a few instances of variation, where the variations are 




THE CANADIAN KNTOilOLOGlST. 



to an extent constant and local ; many more could be cited, but these are 

 sufficient to show — 



First, that ground color cannot be exclusively relied upon as specific 

 distinction, either in Colcoptera or Lepidoptera. 



Second, that maculation, except where it completel}" changes a pattern, 

 is not in itself a specific character. 



Third, that species which are widely distributed vary, and the variations 

 are often local, and constant. 



In reference to this last proposition, it is a recognized fact that in 

 Coleoptera the most common and widely distributed species show the 

 greatest variations. Pterostichus lucublamhis may be cited as an instance. 

 That the Atlantic coa^t fauna is very widely distributed, many species 

 ranging from Maine to Texas, and westward beyond the Mississippi. That 

 further west the faunal character changes. The Hcteromerous type 

 becomes most prominent ; often apterous and usually slow in motion, and 

 living in crevices, the species do not travel much, and well marked forms 

 are often locally common, but not elsewhere found. In the great canons 

 and valleys of the Rocky Mts. and the Sierras, nearly each has its own 

 peculiar fauna, poor in species, but rich in examples, and owing to the 

 natural barriers to the habits of the predominant types, species become 

 fixed, local, and very constant, showing little or no variation. 



To the Lepidoptera these natural obstacles do not form as complete a 

 barrier, because of their powers of flight ; still we find a tendency to local 

 variation. The Agrotes afford good examples of that. 



Now in an admitted case like the variation of Cic scuiellaris and 

 Satyrus nephelc, by what term shall we designate these forms ? Not as 

 species, for they differ only in characters which are inconstant, yet the 

 characters are locally permanent. Sub-species conveys an indefinite and 

 inaccurate idea \ variety is applied also to forms which occur mingled with 

 the type form, and not exclusively applicable to such local forms as I have 

 cited. 



An analogous case exists with the highest of beings — man. The best 

 authorities agree in saying that notwithstanding the immense structural 

 differences between them, there is yet but one species of Homo. The 

 various forms arc termed races. Why not apply the same terms to such 

 forms as nephele and alope i They are admittedly one species, and yet 

 locally breed perfectly true to themselves, and except in localities where 

 they intergrade, they are easily distinguished. Pegale occupies a similar 




8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



position, and so do some of the western forms. All these, as is also the 

 case in the Cicindelidae cited, are offshoots from the same stock which 

 have varied gradually as they spread over a larger territory, and became 

 gradually local and fi.xed, but yet show their relationship by their identity 

 of structure. 



Satyriis shows no structural differences except a slight one in wing 

 form, separating what I term group alope and group siivestris. All the 

 species of each group show their intimate relationship. 



To Coleopterists I need hardly speak. Dr. Horn takes every oppor- 

 tunity of saying that color and maculation do not alone suffice for specific 

 separation ; only structural characters should be recognized. 



Lepidopterists have not yet come to that conclusion. Not only is 

 structure not regarded in the question of a new species, but characters are 

 used — color differences — which are known to vary in allied species. Take 

 the species of Argynnis, for instance : What are they based upon ? Slight 

 variations in maculation, which an examination of a large series of cybeU^ 

 aphrodite or atlantis, show to be inconstant. 



Yet structural characters are by no means wanting in the Lepidoptera. 

 Of over 200 species of Agrotis examined by me, two-thirds show obvious 

 differences in structure, and the others differ in other obvious characters 

 exclusive of color. 



Of the species of Ma7ncstra thus far examined by me, no two agree 

 entirely in structure ; and indeed throughout the Noctuids good species 

 are very generally separated by distinctive structural peculiarities. That 

 the Diurnals and Bombycidse show similar variations is almost certain, and 

 as soon as students in these groups will cease to rely upon minute differ- 

 ences in color and maculation, but will accept the facts that western species 

 vary quite as ranch and perhaps more than eastern species, then will it be 

 possible so to describe a species that it can be recognized. 



The tendency of all species is to vary in color and maculation, and 

 the variations also tend to become locally permanent ; still these local 

 forms cannot yet be regarded as anything but races— certainly not species, 

 and it is not only confusing, but discouraging, to see a series of Colias, 

 Argynnis or Satyrus all named as species, differing by such trivial char- 

 acters that one dares not remove a label or change the position of an 

 insect for fear that the species could not be again recognized. 



It is thoroughly illogical at all events for a student to accept the theory 

 of evolution, which necessarily precludes the idea of fixedness in species, 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOOGIST. 



and then to make the slightest and most trivial character serve as a basis 

 for a new species, even when it is known that the character is elsewhere 

 in the genus a known variable one. 



In my Satyrus paper I termed " forms " what I here term '• races." 

 The latter is more expressive and more in accordance with the nomen- 

 clature in other departments of zoology. 



CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NORTH TRANS-CONTINENTAL 



SURVEY. 



BY LAWRENCE BRUNER, WEgX POINT, NEBRASKA. 



ORTHOPTERA. 



Herewith is presented for publication a partial list of the Orthoptera 

 collected by Dr. H. A. Hagen and Samuel Henshaw during the summer 

 of 1S82, along the line of the Northern Pacific Railway. The collection, 

 although not an extensive one, contains some new forms, as well as several 

 interesting varieties of well known species. The collection is also of much 

 interest in extending the range of quite a number of species heretofore 

 recorded as occurring only on the eastern slope of the continental divide, 

 or at the extreme eastern edge of the great interior basin, to the western 

 slope. 



Taken as a whole, this collection of Orthoptera is very comiDlete for 

 the regions in which it was made, and shows careful work both in its 

 formation and preservation. It is to be regretted, however, that so few 

 specimens of some of the more interesting forms were taken, a feature 

 which, no doubt, might have been remedied to some extent had their value 

 been known at the proper time. 



There still remain a few species which are to be more carefully studied 

 and compared before they can be properly placed. These, when I have 

 the time to do so, will be worked up, and, in connection with the doubtful 

 ones here enumerated, will form the subject for a future paper, when, it is 

 hoped, I will be able to add such points as have been carelessly over- 

 looked here. 




10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



ACRIDID/E. 



Stenobothi-tis cequalis Scudd. Quite a large series of what appears to 

 be this insect were taken July i6, at Yakima River. The specimens differ 

 from eastern ones in several respects, but not enough to warrant describing 

 them as new. The occiput is a trifle longer than usual, and the middle row 

 of spots on the tegmina extends almost to the tip. There are males and 

 females of both greenish and brownish-gray colors. 



Stenobothrus coloradus Thos. A few examples of the ordinary form 

 on Yakima River, July i6. 



Stenobothrus curtipmnis Scudd. This trim little species is represented 

 by quite a large number of specimens, among which at least three well 

 marked varieties occur. They were taken at various points along the 

 Yakima River in July. 



Stenobothrus sp. ? A single specimen of a species resembling S. 

 brtmneus. and perhaps that species, but so badly damaged that it is 

 difficult to place it with a certainty. Same locality as the preceding. 



Chloealtis abdonmialis ? Thos. The collection contains a single male 

 which is doubtfully referred to this species. Locality not noted. 



Aulocara elliottii Thos. This species was numerous at Yakima and 



Ellensburg, as well as at many other points in eastern W. T. Among the 



specimens examined I find two well marked varieties which agree with 



Mr. Scudder's description of A. cccrtileipes sufficiently close to be referred 



, to that species, which is a synonym of Stauronotus elliottii Thos. 



Dissosteira Carolina Linn. Three specimens of this wide-spread 

 species were taken at Portland, Oregon. 



Circotettix undulatus Thos. A few at Yakima, July i6. 



Circotettix carlingia?ius Thos. Same locality as the preceding. 



Trimerotropis suffusa Scudd^ A few specimens from some point 'n\ 

 Washington Ter. which I neglected to note when they were examined. 



Trimerotropis vinculata Scudd. W. T. 



Trimerotropis pseudofasciata Scudd. A single male from some point 

 in eastern W. T. This species was found by me on Birch Cr. in central 

 Idaho, where it was quite common during July and August, 1883. 



Trimerotropis coeruleipennis, n. sp. 



Distinct from all other North American species with which I am 

 acquainted in the coloring of the wings. 



Wings without the median dusky band, faint co2rulean blue at the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 11 



base. Tegmina witli the dusky markings not forming definite bands as a 

 rule. 



Vertex between the eyes rather broad, bounded by a sharp wall, with 

 a well detined carina lunning longitudinally through the middle ; frontal 

 costa moderately prominent, contracted a little at its upper end and at the 

 ocellus, widening below ; sulcate throughout, deepest at the ocellus, the 

 bounding walls or carinas sharp, reaching the clypeus. Antennce normal. 

 Pronotum with the anterior lobes a trifle more contracted above than 

 usual, the median carina distinct throughout, considerably elevated on the 

 anterior lobes where the disk is much swelled and tuberculate. Tegmina 

 rather narrow, extending beyond the abdomen one third their length. 

 Posterior femora reaching the tip of the abdomen. 



The general color is a dirty grayish yellow or yellowish brown, pro- 

 fusely flecked with irregular brownish dots. Face and sides of pronotum, 

 with the anterior and middle legs, dirty whitish gray, densely flecked with 

 various shades of brown ; there are a few black dots and dashes along the 

 carinse of the face, pronotum and posterior femora. Antennae annulated 

 with alternate rings of testaceous and obscure brown. Tegmina cinereous 

 brown on the basal two-thirds, transparent on the apical third, flecked 

 with numerous small, quadrate, obscure brown spots, which, in some 

 specimens, are pretty evenly distributed over the wing, while in others 

 they are gathered into three irregular bands, the basal one occupying the 

 basal third, the middle one the centre, and the other the apical third of the 

 wing ; beyond this the priiicipal veins are brown, while there are also a 

 few of the quadrate spots scattered at random. Wings beautiful sky-blue 

 at base, gradually fading toward the middle, where the colored portion 

 terminates. At this point and where the fuliginous band usually occurs, 

 the nerves and nervures are dark, but otherwise there is no indication of a 

 dusky band. Beyond this the wings are perfectly transparent, with nerves 

 and nervures near the apex dusky. The upper portion of the thoracic and 

 basal abdominal segments is tinged with a faint bluish color. Posterior 

 femora with two dusky spots on the upper edge which are continued as 

 black bands on the inner face, where the apex is also black ; posterior 

 tibiae glaucous, with the inner base black, followed below by a rather wide 

 yellowish white annulus, spines black-tipped ; tarsi bright yellowish white. 

 Lower surface dirty whitish. 



Length of body, ^ 20 m.m., ^ 28 m.m.; of antennae, ^ 7.5 m.m.; 




12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



$ 9.5 m.m.; of tegmina, ^22 m.m., $ 31 m.m.; of hind femora, ^ 10 

 m.m.; *? 15 m.m. 



Specimens from Umatilla and Yakima, June 26-July 10. There are 

 also specimens of this insect in the U. S. National Museum at Washing- 

 ton, from Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, and I have seen others that were 

 taken in Utah. 



Psinidia sulcifrons Scudd. A pair of what I take to be this species 

 from a point in eastern W. T. 



Psmidia walltda Scudd. Specimens taken July 18, at Lone Tree, 

 Yakima River, and others at various localities in eastern Washington Terr. 



Camnula pellucida Scudd. The collection contains quite a large 

 series of this destructive locust, obtained at various points in Washington 

 Territory during the month of July. Most of the specimens examined 

 are of a rather darker color than usual in Pacific Coast representatives of 

 this species. 



Arphia tenebrosa Scudd. Quite a large series of specimens from La 

 Chappies, on the Yakima River. These are of the variety described by 

 Stal as A. safiguinaria in his Orthoptera Recentia. 



Hippisciis montanus Thos. A few specimens taken at Camp Umatilla, 

 W. T., June 27. 



Hippiscus lineatus Scudd. Colville, W. T., July 24. 



Hippiscus lincahis (?) Scudd. Var. The collection contains a few 

 specimens of an insect agreeing with this species in all other respects, 

 save the humeral vitta of the tegmina, which are wanting in these. The 

 tegmina are also more equally flecked with small dusky spots than in 

 typical specimens. Taken July 4-16 at various points along the Yakima 

 River. 



Hippiscus Haldcmannii Scudd. ? Several specimens doubtfully 

 referred here, but do not know just where taken. 



Hippiscus corallipes Hald. Several specimens which appear to belong 

 here. 



Pezotettix borckii Stal. The collection contains a single female which 

 I refer to this species, from a point in eastern W. T. 



Pezotettix hispidus, n. sp. 



Without tegmina or wings. Body robust, glabrous, striped with yellow 

 and piceous ; posterior femora reaching beyond the extremity of the 

 abdomen in both sexes. Hispid throughout. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 



Vertex between the eyes moderately broad, depressed, broadly and 

 quite deeply sulcate, the sulcus broadening gently anteriorly where it is 

 open, with a faint longitudinal carina through the centre ; the lateral walls 

 prominent, rather broadly and roundly angled, highest just above the 

 upper canthus of the eyes ; fastigium coarsely punctate. Frontal costa 

 prominent, nearly equal, as broad as the front edge of the fastigial sulcus ; 

 deeply sulcate throughout. Lateral carinas diverging, reaching the lower 

 corners of the face. Lateral ocelli very prominent, larger than the ocellus 

 of the frontal costa, of a bright amber color. Antennae as long as the 

 head and thorax combined, the basal joint large, as wide as long, second 

 joint pyriform. Eyes of moderate size, rather prominent, nearly globular 

 (male), or with the front edge almost straight (female). Pronotum equal 

 in the male, expanding posteriorly in the female ; median carina slight but 

 visible throughout, most prominent in the female, lateral carina obsolete ; 

 front margin straight, posterior margin slightly truncate, posterior lower 

 angle nearly a right angle. Meso- and metanotum not differing on the 

 dorsum from the basal abdominal segments. Abdomen tapering evenly 

 and gradually posteriorly, sharply carinated ; last segment in the female 

 greatly contracted, valves of the ovipositor exserted, reminding one of the 

 structure of these parts in Tettigidea ; male abdomen with the last ventral 

 segment pointed, the apex squarely docked and slightly but roundly notched. 

 Supra-anal plate a little longer than broad, somewhat triangular, the pos- 

 terior margin gently rounded, the apex slightly produced. Anal cerci 

 cylindro-conical, directed upward and a very little backward, the extreme 

 tip slightly contracted to a rather sharp point. Female cerci cuneiform, 

 directed backward. Posterior femora moderately robust, but not greatly 

 thickened at the base, with all thtj carin^e prominent and sharp, extending 

 beyond the abdomen in both sexes. Posterior tibiae normal ; tarsi with 

 the first and third joints equal. 



General color brownish piceous above, yellowish beneath. Face, lower 

 half of the deflected lobes of the pronotum, and under surface of the 

 body, with the anterior and middle legs ochraceous (female) or citrinous 

 (male). Antennae fuscous. A bright yellow line commencing on the 

 lateral margins of the fastigial sulcus and extending backward on each 

 side of the occiput across the pronotum at the outer edges of its disk to 

 the tip of the abdomen, enclosing along the middle a line of the brownish 

 piceous. Below these, on the sides, a broad stripe of the upper surface 

 color, extending from the hind margin of the eyes to the tip of the abdo- 




14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



men, separating the dorsal yellow stripes from the yellowish under surface, 

 enclosing on the meso- and metapleura a bright yellow patch and oblique 

 line. Posterior femora with the disk and upper edge brownish yellow or 

 yellowish fuscous, inner side with lower sulcus bright red ; upper surface 

 with very faint indications of the usual dark bands. Posterior tibiee yel- 

 lowish brown, becoming paler apically, a broad yellowish annulation near 

 the base, spines black tipped. 



Length of body, $ 18.5 m.m., ^ 21 m.m. ; of antennae, ^ 9.25 

 m.m., $ 10 m.m. ; of pronotum, ^ 3 35 m.m., $ 4 m.m.: of hind 

 femoia, ^ 11 m.m., $ 11.5 m.m. 



ColviUe, W. T., July 24. 



This insect lias been placed here provisionally, but will have to be 

 removed to its proper place when the section of the family to which it 

 belongs has been properly worked up in this country. 



Pezotcttix 7tiashmgto?ihis, n. sj). 



Yellowish white beneath, ferruginous abo\e. Tegmina pointed, nearly 

 two-fifths as long as the abdomen. 



Head rather small, short ; seen from the front somewhat quadrate. 

 Vertex between the eyes a little wider (male), or once again as wide 

 (female) as the first antennal joint, much depressed ; deeply sulcate in the 

 male, scarcely so in the female ; sides nearly parallel, broadening slightly 

 anteriorly ; front margin not closed. Frontal costa rather prominent, 

 nearly equal, contracted a trifle at the fastigium, edges rounded, not sul- 

 cate, rather coarsely punctured above the ocellus. Eyes large, rather 

 prominent, rounded posteriorly, straight in front ; equaling in length the 

 portion of the cheeks below them. Face slightly arcuate, somewhat 

 oblique. Pronotum with the sides nearly equal (male), or broadening 

 slightly posteriorly (female) ; median carina distinct on the posterior lobe 

 and the front margin of the anterior lobe in the male, and on the posterior 

 lobe only in the female ; lateral carinse, or rather the lateral angles, mid- 

 dling sharp, nearly equal throughout, cut by the middle and last transverse 

 incisions ; disk punctulate ; the three transverse sulci or incisions deep, 

 the middle and last passing the lateral angles to the sides, posterior one 

 about the middle. Sides of the pronotum somewhat gibbous, appearing 

 as if composed of three well-defined lobes or segments when observed 

 from above, most apparent in the male. Front margin nearly straight, very 

 slightly truncate ,; posterior margin obtusely rounded. Meso- and meta,- 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



thorax rather longer than usual, thereby throwing the base of the posterior 

 femora about (female) or back of the middle of the body (male), and 

 giving it a rather " long-waisted " appearance. Tegmina extending upon 

 the second abdominal segment, ovate-lanceolate, meeting upon the dor- 

 sum. Abdomen carinated, rather slender : the last ventral segment of the 

 male upturned, prow-shaped, with the point produced into a blunt pro- 

 jection ; cerci rather long, the width about one third the length, directed 

 a little backward and inward with the apex rounded and curving slightly 

 forward; supra-anal plate triangular, the apex rounded and minutely 

 notched, with a long, deep central foveola ; marginal apophyses of the 

 preceding segment small, wart-like projections. Posterior femora inflated 

 at the base, rather smooth, extending beyond the apex of the abdomen. 

 Prosternal spine large, conical, transverse, rather long, and directed back- 

 ward. Antennas normal, a trifle longer than the head and pronotum com- 

 bined. 



The general color is testaceo-ferruginous above, yellowish beneath. 

 Face, occiput and disk of the pronotum flecked with numerous minute 

 fuscous dots, which run together in some specimens and form rather large 

 irregular blotches ; a broad piceous band extending from the posterior 

 edge of the eye along the upper margins of the lateral lobes of the pro- 

 notum to the last transverse incision. Meso- and meta-pleura dark brown 

 or black with a stripe of the light color extending from the base of the 

 tegmina to the insertion of the posterior femora. Tegmina dark brown 

 with a few irregular, fuliginous dots along the middle area ; nerves a little 

 lighter. Posterior femora testaceous, with the base and two rather dim 

 bands fuscous, these bands being plainest on the upper edge. There are 

 also a few black dots along the lower edge of the disk and about the 

 apex. Posterior tibiae bright red, with the knee and spines black. An- 

 tennse testaceous, becoming slightly infuscated apically. 



Length of body, male 18.5 m.m., female 22 m.m.; of antennse, male 

 and female 8 m.m.; of tegmina, male 5.5 m.m., female 6 m.m.; of hind 

 femora, male 10.5 m.m., female 12 m.m. 



A large series at Loon Lake, Colville Valley, Washington Terr., July 

 25th. 



Pezotettix enigma Scudd. Yakima River, July 16, and other localities 

 in W. T. 



Bradynotes opimus Scudd. Ten specimens of this clumsy, wingless 

 locust were taken on Yakima River opposite Ellensburg. July 8, 9. 




16 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Bradynotes nio>ita?nis, n. sp. 



Small, comparatively slender, dark reddish brown, with livid yellow 

 and white markings ; tegmina sometimes obsolete, when present as in 

 Pezotettix gracilis. 



Vertex between the eyes very broad, slightly deflected, scarcely sul- 

 cate, with a very faint though perceptible transverse depressed line joining 

 the upper extremities of the eyes, this line bending forward so as to form 

 a gentle arc with the convexity to the front. Frontal costa moderate, 

 nearly equal throughout, expanding a little at the ocellus, where it is very 

 shallowly sulcate. Pronotura simple, expanding equally and rapidly pos- 

 teriorly in the female, nearly equal in the male j front margin straight, 

 -posterior margin slightly but broadly truncate ; median carina of the pro- 

 notum slight, visible throughout, on the anterior lobe as a mere smooth 

 line not elevated in the least, in some specimens represented by a very 

 faint depressed hair line, on the posterior lobe slightly elevated, the sides 

 gently tapering ; lateral caringe obsolete, except in some specimens where 

 they are visible on the extreme front edge of the anterior lobe as blunt 

 shoulders. Anterior lobe coarsely and somewhat distantly, and the pos- 

 terior minutely and thickly punctate, rugulose. Abdomen carinate, taper- 

 ing gently and evenly backward. Tegmina situated low on the sides, 

 small, straight, narrow, three times as long as broad, the apex rounded. 

 Posterior femora short, somewhat tumid, nearly (female), or just reaching 

 the tip of the abdomen (male). Last ventral segment of the male abdo- 

 men upturned, prow-shaped, entire ; cerci elongate conical, with the tips 

 directed backward and gently downward, reaching a trifle beyond the tip 

 of the supra-anal plate. This latter very similar to that of B. obesus, but 

 proportionally broader apically. Female cerci mere rudiments, while in 

 B. ohesus and B. opimus they nearly equal those of the male. 



The general color is dark reddish brown with livid yellow and white 

 markings above, flavous beneath. Face griseous yellow, becoming darker 

 above, the vertex and occiput brownish fuscous ; a very narrow but sharply 

 defined yellow line commencing near the upper posterior angle of the 

 eye, separating the occiput from the gen^e and extending backward on to 

 the pronotum, where the lateral caringe would be if present ; in some 

 specimens a third line of a similar nature is present, beginning at the ver- 

 tex and extending backward along the middle of the occiput. Sides of 

 pronotum yellowish white, with a broad brownish piceous band extending 

 from near the middle of the anterior lobe obliquely upward to the posterior 




TILE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17 



transverse incision ; posterior lobe with the dorsal surface much lighter 

 colored than the anterior lobe. Abdomen with a bright yellowish white 

 line following the dorsal carina its entire length, this line bordered below 

 by a black line followed by a medium broad band of the general color 

 above : below this last band the sides of the abdomen are dull blackish or 

 fuliginous. All these lateral lines and stripes fade away apically. Posterior 

 femora brownish testaceous above, with the upper carinse and inner and 

 outer upper half of the apex black ; there are very faint traces of the 

 usual dusky bands present on the upper surface. Tibiae yellow, spines 

 black-tipped, tarsi yellowish with a lurid tinge. 



In the living insect the colors are much brighter and contrast very 

 strongly. The yellowish hair lines and dorsal line of the abdomen are 

 glossy white, while the front and lower surface are of a bright lemon yel- 

 low. The brown is a bright hazel. 



Length of body, male 17 m.m., female 22 m.m. ; of pronotum, male 

 3.85 m.m., female 4 m,m.: of antennse, male 6 m.m., female 6.75 m.m.; 

 of tegmina (when present), male 2.25 m.m., female 2 m.m, ; of hind 

 femora, male 8.5 m.m., female 10 m.m. 



Habitat. — Colville, Loon Lake, Washington Terr., July 23-25 (Dr. H. 

 A. Hagen) ; also near Helena, Montana, among the trailing junipers on 

 north mountain slopes at moderate elevations (L. Bruner). There were 

 a few pairs in the present collection taken as cited above. 



MeIa7ioplus atianis Riley. The collection contains quite a number of 

 specimens that must be referred to this wide-spread and everywhere abund- 

 ant species, although they vary considerably from typical specimens taken 

 at the east. At various points in Washington Territory. 



Melanoplus cinereus Scudd. Lone Tree, Yakima River, July 18. 



Melanoplus infantilis Scudd. The collection contains a single female 

 of this small species, which was taken at some point in eastern W. T. 



Melanoplus ctirtus Scudd. A pair of short-winged Melanopli which 

 are referred to this species without hesitation. This species is very closely 

 related to M. rectus, an insect found in the mountains of New England. 



Melanoplus ■feviur-rubrum DeGeer. The collection contains but a 

 single male specimen of this species, Avhich comes near J/, interior Scudd. 



Melanoplus minor Scudd. There are two males of this well-marked 

 species, which has, at various times, been referred to Caloptenus Occi- 

 dent alis Thomas, but which is quite distinct from that species. They were 

 taken in eastern W. T. 




18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Melanoplus Packardii Scudd. There are quite a number of this species 

 in the collection, taken at Umatilla, Oreg., and also near Ellensburg. 

 These specimens are interesting since they all have the hind tibiae red 

 instead of bluish, as in the typical specimens from Nebraska and neigh- 

 boring States. 



Melanoplus extremus Walker (?). The collection also contains a few 

 specimens of a Melanoplus which is referred with some doubt to this 

 species of Walker's. The insect in question is somewhat closely related 

 to M. atlanis Riley, but differs from this species in its larger size, more 

 robust form, comparatively shorter tegmina and wings, the much longer 

 and more upturned last ventral segment of the male abdomen, and m the 

 longer and broader cerci of the male. The general color is a dirty yellow- 

 ish with markings of dull brown and black, arranged much as in M _ 

 atlanis. The female can be distinguished from that of atlanis in its more 

 robust form and the much heavier and more rounded prosternal spine. 

 Hind tibias dull yellow, with a very faint brownish tinge in some specimens. 



There are also specimens of this insect in the collection of the U. S. 

 National Museum from Ft. McLeod, British America, and Helena, Ft. 

 Ellis and the Madison Valley, Montana, and also Salmon City, Idaho. 



Melanoplus fe?noratus Burm. A few specimens from W. T. 



Melanoplus sp. The collection also contains a few specimens 



of what appears to be still another species somewhat closely related to 

 M. atlanis and M. scriptus Walk , but which were not critically examined 

 when the specimens were before me. These were also taken in W. T. 



There are also quite a large number of specimens of the genus Tettix 

 which I have not tried to determine, of which there are at least two species. 

 I expect, however, to work up this section of the Acrididse after I have 

 more material at my command than at present. 



GRVLLIDiE. 



Gryllus luctuosus Serv. ? The specimens in the collection which are 

 referred to this species with some hesitation, are all females, and have the 

 ovipositor very long, i6 m.m. Taken at Spokane, W. T., and Umatilla, 

 Oreg. 



Gryllus jiei:;lectus Scudd. There are five fentiales of another species 

 which are referred here. They have the ovipositor lo m.m. in length. 

 Portland, Oreg. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 



Gryllus sp. Still another species of Gryllus is represented in 



the collection by two females and one male. These are somewhat larger 

 than the preceding species and have the ovipositor 12.5 m.m. in length. 

 One female taken at Portland, Oregon, June 19, a second at Camp Uma- 

 tilla, June 27, and the third, a male, at Yakima River, July 18. 



Gryllus sp. The collection contains a single specimen of a 



fourth species, a female also. It has the posterior femora quite long and 

 robust, reddish brown, and ovipositor of the same color, length of latter 

 13.75 i^^-ni. Camp Umatilla, June 27. 



(Ecanf/ius — — — sp. I find in this collection some pupag of an 

 CEcanthus, probably (E. niveus. Locality not noted. 



There are also specimens of the following genera of Locustidse that 

 have not been carefully compared : Udeopsilla, 2 sp. ; Dectes, 2 sp. ; 

 Anabrus, i sp.; Stenopelmatus, i sp.; Orchelimuni, i sp.; Xiphidium, i 

 sp.; Ceut/iophilus, i sp.; and a single larva of a Mantid. 



LARVA OF CHRYSOMELA CLIVICOLLIS, Kirby. 



BV G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 



Length .30 of an inch; abdomen nearly globular, flattened beneath; 

 head and thorax narrow. Head pale grayish yellow ; thorax and abdomen 

 pale gray, a dorsal blackish line on the abdomen and a transverse stripe 

 of the same on the thorax. Stigmata black, legs pale, the articulations 

 dark ; two black spots on each side of the head. Body smooth, shining, 

 a few hairs on the anterior part. 



Chrysalis. — Length .40 of an inch ; thorax, wing and leg cases rose 

 pink, as also the under side of abdomen : upper side of abdomen pinkish 

 gray with a dorsal pink line. Stigmata black. Each joint of abdomen 

 has a transverse row of black points on its posterior edge. 



This larva was found feeding on the leaves of Enslenia albida, a vine 

 of the milk-weed family, August 21, 1884. Several times the beetles have 

 been found on a prickly ash bush that grows not far from where this vine 

 has grown in my yard for a number of years, but I could not see that they 

 had eaten the leaves of the bush ; but last summer both the larvae and 

 beetles were found on this vine eating the leaves, establishing the fact of 

 food plant. The larva pupated September 2nd, and the imago appeared 

 September 8th, giving six days as a pupal period. 




20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Dear Sir : In my collecting notes for 1883 I find the following items : 



" June 24. Took upon the ground under a white-wood tree, a male 

 Callosamia promethea, with peculiar marks upon front wings." 



"June 27. Two specimens oi promethea, male and female, both 

 showing the peculiarity of markings noticed in the one captured on 24th 

 inst." 



These were fresh specimens, evidently just hatched, and were found 

 under the same white-wood tree. Examining the bushes and under-brush, 

 I found an empty cocoon, apparently that oi promethea, hanging to a beech 

 shrub. Never having seen angulifera, and knowing there was no name 

 in the Canadian list except promethea for such an insect to come under, I 

 placed it in my collection as a variety of that species. Mr. Moffat pro- 

 nounced it angulifera the moment he saw the specimens, and took home 

 with him a male, sending me a male from Mr. James Angus in return. 

 The latter specimen measures 4 inches, while the male of my own capture 

 expands only 3^, and the female a little over 4^^ inches. As Mr. Moffat 

 announced in the June number, these moths were taken near this village. 

 A friend of mine, Mr. Avery, got one in the same woods this summer. 



A. H. KiLMAN, Ridgeway, Ont. 



Dear Sir : In some collecting done the past season near McLean 

 P. O., in the Northwest Territory, I found Vanessa car did common, and 

 during latter half of June saw a good many individuals of Euptoieta 

 Claudia Cramer. Neither of these butterflies appear in the lists of Capt. 

 Geddes in Can. Ent., Dec, 1883, and March, 1884. This occurrence of 

 claudia is interesting, and to me rather a surprise. The locality men- 

 tioned is on the Can. Pac. Ry., 332 miles west of Winnipeg, and about 

 25 miles south-west of Fort Qu'Appelle. 



Thos. E. Bean. 



Dear Sir : Dr. J. G. Morris writes me that he will have later, a letter 

 from the son of the Rev. J. F. Melsheimer, the oldest son of F. V. Mel- 

 Melsheimer. Rev. J. F. Melsheimer was a minister in Hanover from 

 1814 to 1826. He died in 1829, in Adams Co., Pa., and left three 

 children, all of whom are living. 



H. A. Hagen, Cambridge, Mass. 




VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1885. No. 2 



THE COLLECTION OF PHYTOPTOCECIDIA, OR MITE 

 GALLS, IN THE CAMBRIDGE MUSEUM. 



BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



The very extensive collection of galls from the U. S. presented to the 

 Museum in 1870 by Baron von Osten Sacken, contains all his types. There 

 are 138 different galls of Cynipidae, gall flies 56 species, guest flies 23 

 species, parasites 66 species, and from Dr. Reinhard 38 types of European 

 Cynipid^. Further galls of other insects 121 species (Diptera 70, Hem- 

 iptera 30, etc.) ; the types of B. D. Walsh, galls of Salix, 13 species. To 

 these were later added by the Baron his types of Colorado galls, 12 

 species, and those of California, 15 species. The permanent aim to 

 enlarge this excellent collection has met with success. The prominent 

 additions from Europe are 88 species from Mr. Brischke, in Danzig, 

 Prussia, and 96 types of oak galls from Prof G. Mayr, in Vienna, Aus- 

 tria, and 18 types of mite galls from Dr. Thomas. The additions of N. 

 Am. galls are very numerous ; prominent among them are large additions 

 from California, Washington Terr., and Mexico. 



There were among the galls of the Baron a small number of mite 

 galls ; fortunately, also, the types of the two species described by Mr. 

 Walsh, and a number of fungi. As some deformations of plants 

 by insects are very similar to the deformations by fungi, it was decided 

 best to make also a collection of fungi. For the determination of these 

 and of the mite galls, formerly considered to be fungi, I am deeply in- 

 debted to the untiring kindness of Prof W. J. Farlow, who has also added 

 to the collection a large number of specimens. 



The advancement of the scientific knowledge of the mite galls is com- 

 paratively new and principally due to the numerous and incessant studies 

 and publications of Dr. Fr. Thomas, in Ohrdruf, Gotha. His yearly 

 Reports in Dr. L. Just's " Botanischer Jahresbericht " are indispensable to 

 the student of mite galls. 



The literature of the mite galls of the U. S,, as far as known to me, is 




22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



small. Mr. B. D. Walsh, 1867, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., T. vi., p. 285-287, 

 enumerates 20 species from Illinois, occurring on 14 different genera of 

 woody plants. On Ulmus, 3 species ; Populus, i ; Carya, i ; Sahx, 2 

 (and probably several others) ; Quercus, many Acarideous semi-galls or 

 mere woolly indented deformations of the leaf; Fraxinus, 2 ; Betula, i ; 

 Juglans, 2 ; Crataegus, i ; Prunus, i ; Cerasus, i ; Tilia, i ; Cephalan- 

 thus, I ; Acer, 2 ; Negundo, i. Only the two species on Salix are named 

 and described. 



Mr. H. Shinier, 1869, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, T. ii., p. 319, described 

 from Acer dasycarpiim a gall containing Vasates quadripedes, nov. gen. 

 and sp. Mr. J. A. Ryder, 1879, Amer. Naturalist, T. xiii., p. 704, describes 

 an Erineum on Acer. 



Mr. W. H. Ashmead, 1879, Can. Ent., T. xi., p. 159, describes Thy- 

 phlodronms oiliivorus^ of oranges, as the cause of the rust of the fruit. 



Mr. T. J. Burrill, 1880, Gardener's Monthly, January, and Am. Ent., 

 T. iii., p. 26, describes Typhlodromus pyri, believed to be identical with 

 the same species from Europe, in the pear-leaf blister. 



There are in all known 24 species from the U.S., and 6 of them are 

 described. 



The following list of the species in the collection is arranged alpha- 

 betically after the plants, the species from Europe and those from America 

 separately. The scientific description and the naming of the species will 

 be the work of a monographer, and are not given here, because I believe 

 this collection too small for such a purpose, the more as the mites are not 

 represented. 



/. From Ezirope. All except four by Mr. Brischke are from Dr. Fr. 

 Thomas, to whom belong the notes given with each species. The often 

 quoted paper on Phytoptus was first published in the " Programm der 

 Realschule," etc., zu Ohrdruf, Gotha, 1869, 4th, pg. 29, pi. i. Reprint, 

 with additions to the paper, in Zeitschrift, f d. ges. Naturniss., by Giebel 

 Halle, 1869, T. 33, p. 313-366. Both are quoted as Progr., and as Add. 

 PI. means Pleurocecidia Thoni., Acr. means Acrocecidia Tlioni. 



1. Acer campestre\-,. PI. Ohrdruf, Saxony ; fall, 1879. Gall on leaves, 



Cephaloiieon myriadum Bremi. Progr. p. 9, No. 9; Add. p. 335. 



2. Acer cainpestre L. PI. Ohrdruf, fall, 1879. Cephaloiieon solitarium 



Bremi. Verhandl. d. St. Gallischen natur. GeselL, 1870-1871, p. 3. 



Corrected by Dr. Thomas in oleivorus. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23 



3. Acer campestreX-.. PL (bark-gall on stems). Ohrdruf, 1879. Descr. 



Giebel's Zeitschr. 1879, T. 52, p. 740-745. 



(Achillea millefolhim L. PI. Ohrdruf, fall, 1876. 



Tyleuchus millefolii Tr. Loew. Verhand. Z. B. Gess. Wien., 1878. 



Thomas, Giebel's Zeitschr. 1874, T. 42, p. 523 (separ. p. 12). 



The tuberculous leaf-galls are made by Anguillula, and belong not 



to Phytoptocecidia. I would not omit them, to draw the attention 



of students to this subject.) 



4. Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. PI. Ohrdruf, Sept. 1879 ; Danzig, Prussia, 



Brischke. Giebel's Zeitschr. 1869, T. TyT^, p. 337. Leaf-galls in 

 the angles of the ribs, probably Erhieum axillare Fe'e and Xyloma 

 alneum Persoon. Mr. Brischke's specimen is labelled Syncrista 

 alfii Kirchner. This is published in Lotos, 1863, p. 46. a work 

 not seen by me. 



5. Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. PI. Ohrdruf, 1879. 



Erineum alneum Gaertn. on leaves. 



6. Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. PL Danzig, Prussia, Brischke. 



Bursifex alni Kirchner, Lotos 1863, p. 46. Thomas Progr. p 8, 

 and Add. p. 334, as Cep halo neon pustulatum Bremi. 



7. Carpinus Betulus\-.. PL Ohrdruf, fall, 1879. Frills and curled folds 



of the leaves ; Steenstrup, quoted by Thomas, Addit. p. 324. 



8. Corylus avellanaY.. Acr. Ohrdruf, 1878. Deformation of the buds. 



Thomas, Addit. p. 319 ; Dujardin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1S51. 



9. Fagus sylvatica L. PL Ohrdruf, 1879. 



Legnon circumscriptum Bremi. Thomas, Addit. p. 341. The 

 margins of the leaves rolled up. 

 [Q. Galium silvestre Poll. Acr. Sudeten Mts., 1872, August. Thomas in 

 Giebel's Zeitschr. 1877, T. 49, p. 384. (Vergruenung, Thorn.) 



11. Lonicera xylosteum\^. PL Ohrdruf, June, 1880. Deformation of the 



margins of leaves. Thomas, Nova Acta Lesp. Carol. 1876, T. 38, 

 p. 277, fig. 25, 26. Legnon confusum Bremi. 



12. Orlaya grandifloraYio^m. Acr. Dolmar, near Meiningen, August, 



1875. Thomas in Giebel's Zeitschr. 1877, F- 49; P- 382 (Ver- 

 gruenung, Thom.) 

 \l. Populus tremulal.. PL Ohrdruf, 1879. Thomas, Acta Nova 1. c, 

 p. 270, pL X., f. 17-20. Galls on the basal glands of the leaves; 

 the mite is named by Kirchner, Lotos, 1863, p. 45, Heliazeus 

 Fopuli ; it is a Phytoptus. 




24 THE CA.NADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



14. Prunus domestica L. PI. Ohrdruf, fall, 1879. 



Vulvulifex prutii Amerling. Cephaloneon hyppocrateriforme 

 Bremi. Thomas, Giebel's Zeitschr. 18&9, T. 33, p. 330, and 1872, 

 T, 39, p. 199. Leaf-galls. 



15. Pyrus comnnmis \.. PI. Ohrdruf, fall, 1879. Pox or pustules on the 



leaves. Thomas in Giebel's Zeitsch. 1872, T. 39, p. 473, and 

 Sorauer Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1874, pi. I. 



16. Salix alba L. Pi. Danzig, Prussia, Brischke. Leaf-galls. Bursifex 



salicis Amerling. Thomas, Progr. p. 2. 



17. Sarothainnus scoparius Koch. Acr. Baden-Baden, August, 1877. 



Deformed axillar buds. Thomas in Giebel's Zeitschr, 1877, F. 49, 

 p. 375-377, pi. 6, f 6. The deformation is considered identical 

 with Reaumur Min. 1737, T. iii., p. 423, pi. 35, f 1,2. 



18. Sorbiis aiicuparia L. PL Ohrdruf, 1879. Erineum, on the leaves. 



19. Thyjnus serpylhmi L. Acr. Ohrdruf, August, 1876. Deformation of 



the tips of buds. 



20. TUia Europaea L. PL Danzig, Prussia, Brischke. Botherinius 



Tilice, leaf-galls. 



//. F7-07?i North America. 



21. Acer rubriim L. PL Washington, D. C. O. Sacken. Cephaloneon 



spec, numerous galls on the upper side of the leaves. 



22. Acer rubrum L. PL White Mts., N. H., Sept. 1869. H. Hagen. 



Cephaloneon, on old leaves ; galls in large numbers dispersed on 

 the leaves. 



23. Acer rubrum L. ? PL Lynfield, Mass., June 13, 1867. H. Hagen, 



Cephaloneon ; the upper side of very young leaves closely, almost 

 entirely, covered by the galls. 



24. Acer sacchariimm Wang. PL W. St., O. Sacken; Cambridge, Mass., 



H. Hagen. Erineum, on the ribs, rather elongated. 



25. Acer sacchar mum Wang. PL Shelburne, N. H., August, 1882. Prof. 



Farlow. Erineum roseum Schult. (Farlow) ; small velvety patches 

 on the upper side of the leaves. 



26. Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. PL Shelburne, N. H., August, 1882. Prof. 



Farlow. Erineum luteolum FarL; irregular velvety rusty patches 

 on the under side of the leaves. 



27. Acer spec. PL Illinois, spring, 1869. H. Shinier. Not seen by me; 




Tinfc CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 



Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, T. ii., p. 319. Cephaloneon, perhaps the 

 same as No. 23. The mite is Vasates quadripedes Shimer. 



28. Acer spec. PI. Prof. Barbeck. Not seen by me ; Erineum. Mr. 



John A. Ryder, Amer. Naturahst, 1S79, F. 13, p. 704-705. 'I"he 

 mite is figured. 



29. Acer spec. Ph Bethlehem, N. H., August, 1870. Prof L. Agassiz. 



" Erineum purpurascetis (so called); not supposed to be a fungus, 

 but a disease of the epidermis." Prof Farlow. Large irregular 

 black velvety patches upon the leaves. 



30. Ahius incana Wied. PI. Shelburne, N. H., Aug., 1882. Prof Far- 



low. Erineum alnigerum Kze. (Farlovv) ; small reddish or whit- 

 ish flat woollen patches on the upper side of the leaves. 



31. Alnus serrulata Ait. PI. W. St., O. Sacken. Very small, widely 



scattered Cephaloneon galls on the upper side of the leaves. 



32. Alnus serrulata Ait. Acr. ? W. St., O. Sacken. A hypertrophy of 



the female aments by a fungus. Taphrina alnitorque Tulasne = 

 Ascomyzes Tarquinetii Westendonk (Farlow). Baron O. Sacken 

 believed it to be an Acarideous deformation ; perhaps fungus and 

 Acarus may be combined here. A hemipteron, Cymus Resedce Pz., 

 lives abundantly in the early spring in this deformation. 



33. Amelanchier Canadensis Gray. PI. Woods HoU, August, 1876. H. 



Hagen. Galls similar to a Phrygian cap, the tip rolled down, 

 numerous on the upper side (rarely below) of the leaves ; on the 

 under side the Erineum opening. Mostly many galls on the same 

 leaf 



34. Amelanchier Canadensis Gray. PI. S. Truro, Mass., July 3-7, 1877. 



F. G. Sanborn. Similar to the foregoing, but a number of the galls 

 larger, yellowish, the open tip woolly on the margin. Perhaps the 

 ripe form of the foregoing. 



35. Aristolochia siplio L. Herm. PI. Harvard Arboretum, June 17, 



1882. H. Hagen. Small woollen tuberculous galls on the under- 

 side of leaves ; above small rounded openings, with white woollen 

 margins. I am not entirely sure that it belongs to Acarus. 



36. Artemisia spec. Acr. N. England. Prof Farlow. Deformation 



of the buds ; black globes of densely crowded filaments. 



37. Betula spec. Acr. Massachusetts, 1880, November. Prof Farlow. 



Densely crowded irregular deformations of the buds. 



38. Carya tome?iiosa Nutt. PI. Washington, D. C., June 13, 186 1. O. 




26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS'i'. 



Sacken. Labeled as Pemphigus caryce vence by O. Sacken. The 

 description of A. Fitch, Rep. iii., p. 444, for Carya alba, agrees ; 

 by B. D. Walsh, Pract. Entom., T. i., p. 3, it was declared to 

 belong to Coccus, which is not accepted by Prof. Comstock. Per- 

 haps it belongs to Phytoptus. 



39. Carya tomentosa Nutt. PL U. S., O. Sacken. Deformation and 



folds on the leaves. 



40. Clematis spec. PL Yakima City, Wash. Terr., July 3, 1882. S. 



Henshaw. Small, short whitish tubes, open at the end, crowded 

 in oblong convex patches on the leaves, but also on the stalks of 

 the buds and on the buds, therefore it would belong to PL and 

 Acrocecidia. 



41. Cornus Canadensis L. PL Mount Monadnok, N. H., Sept. 1883. 



Prof. Farlow. Erineum spec. Small blackish spots on the upper 

 side of the leaves. 



42. Crataegus tomentosa L. PL Rock IsL, Illinois, O. Sacken. Sent by 



B. D. Walsh as Acarus crataegi vermiculus Walsh. Leaf-curls. 

 Proc. Ent. Soc. PhiL T. vi., p. 227. 



43. Crataegus crus-galli L. PL Rock IsL, Illinois. O. Sacken. The 



same as the foregoing. 



44. Crataegtis coccinea L. PL Worcester, Mass., Sept. 7, 1879. ^i^^ 



E. Sargent. Spinulose blackish galls on the upper side of the 

 leaves. 



45. Diospyros Virginiana L. PL Washington, D. C, Oct. 26, i860. O. 



Sacken. Erineum, on the upper side of the leaves ; small rounded, 

 slightly elevated patches in great numbers. 



46. Elodes Virginica Nutt. PL Illinois. Prof Farlow. Very fine and 



very numerous black spots on the upper side of the leaves. 



47. Fagus ferruginea K\1. PL Shelburne, N. H., August, 1882. Prof. 



Farlow. Erineum ferrjigineum P. (Farlow). Irregular velvety 

 rusty patches on the under side of the leaves. 



48. Fraxinus spec. PL Massachusetts, 1880. Prof Farlow. Cephal- 



oneon, densely crowded, covering about the whole leaves above. 



49. Gerardia flava 1^. PL Martha's Vineyard, Mass., August, 1872. H. 



Hagen. Deformation of the leaves. 

 CO. Juglans cinerea. PL LT. S. O. Sacken. Erineum anomalum Farl. 

 It is the same mentioned by Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., T. vi., 

 p. 227, "on the leaf stalk of the Black- Walnut gall. Juglandis 




THE CANADIAN KNTOMOLOGIST. 27 



caulis Walsh, M.S., they reside among the brown external pubes- 

 cence." The whole stalks are covered around by a thick brown 

 velvet to the length of one inch. If I did not know the scrupulous 

 accuracy of the Baron in labeling his specimens, I should believe 

 that the specimens in the collection are types of Walsh sent to him, 

 as they are indeed very similar to the preparation used by Walsh. 

 I know nothing similar to this curious gall. 



51. A leguminose plant. PI. Santa Cruz, Cal., 1879. Prof. Farlow. The 



leaves are sprinkled above densely by very small black spots. The 

 gall is very similar to those of Elodes Virginica. 



52. Pkimbago spec. PI. Santa Cruz, Cal., 1S79. Prof. Farlow. Galls 



similar to those of Elodes Virginica, but less numerous. 



53. Poteiitilla Pcnnsylvanica L. PI. Saskatchewan, Br. Amer., 1884. 



Prof. Farlow. Erineum, on the leaves \ somewhat doubtful. 



54. Pninus inaritima Wang. PI Waquoit, Mass., June, I871. L. 



Agassiz. Deformation of the leaves. 



55. Pruniis inaritima Wang. PI. Woods Holl., Mass., August, 1876. 



H. Hagen. Long pedunculated black galls on the upper side of 

 the leaves. 



56. Prunus maritiuia Wang. PI. Mass. H. Hagen. Similar to the 



foregoing, but probably a different species. The galls are green, 

 smaller and much shorter pedunculated. 



57. Primus serotinaY\\x\\. PI. Maryland. O. Sacken. Galls similar to 



those on Pr. niaritima from Waquoit, No. 54. 



58. Primus serotina Ehrh. PI. Westpoint, N. Y. O. Sacken. Galls 



similar to those on Pr. inaritima from Mass. No. 56. 



59. Prunus serotina Ehrh. PL Plum Creek, Col., June 27, 1873. O. 



Sacken. Similar to the foregoing, but different by shorter and most 

 densely crowded galls. 



60. Prunus? spec. PI. Massachusetts, 1876. F. G. Sanborn. A very 



large Erineum. 



61. Prunus serotina YX\x\\. PI. Cambridge, Mass., 1874. Mr. Bassett. 



Galls similar to those from Maryland, No. 57. 

 62 Primus, spec. PI. Weenass Valley, Wash. Terr., July 7, 1882. S. 



Henshaw. Small yellow pedunculated galls : very crowded on the 



upper side of the leaves, and around some stalks. 

 63. Pyrus coronaria L. PL Rock IsL, Illinois. O. Sacken. Erineum, 



on the under side of the leaves. I find it not described. 




28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



64. Quercus bicolor Wilden. PL Conn., by Mr. Bassett. O. Sacken. 



Upper side of leaf crowded with very small Cephaloneon ; labeled 

 as Podosoma. 



65. Quercus obtusiloba Mich. PI. Washington, D. C, October. O. 



Sacken. Deformation of leaves on the margin. 



66. Quercus spec. PI. Saltillo Mts., Mexico, Aug., 1879. Dr. Palmer. 



Deformation of leaf on margins. 



67. Quercus spec. PI. Colorado, 1873. W. L. Carpenter. O. Sacken. 



The gall belongs not to the three species described by the Baron 

 in Hayden's Report for 1873, p. 567. The galls were labeled 

 " Russ (sic.) galls," and are somewhat doubtful ; oval, somewhat 

 woolly, on the upper side of the leaves. 



68. R/ius toxicodendron L. PI. Maiden, Mass., Sept. 1879. H. Hagen. 



Erineum, on the leaves. 



69. Salix nigra Mars. Acr. Rock Lsl., Illinois, Walsh. O. Sacken. 



The types of Gal/. Sa/icis Aenigina. Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 

 T. iii., p. 60S, and T. vi., p. 227. Deformation of the buds. 



70. Salix nigra Mars. PI. Rock lsl., Illinois, Walsh. O. Sacken. The 



types of Gall. Sal ids semen Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., T. iii., p. 

 606, and T. vi., p. 227. Probably a Cephaloneon. 



71. Salix nigra Mars. PI. Wash. Terr., opposite Umatilla, June 27, 



1882. S. Henshaw. Small and very crowded Cephaloneon galls 

 upon the leaves. 



72. Sj>iraeaspec.? PI. Cambridge, Mass., spring, 1877. H. Hagen. 



Probably Cephaloneon on the leaves. 



73. Tilia Americana L. PI. U. S. O. Sacken. Very shortly peduncu- 



lated galls on the upper side of the leaves. 



74. Thuja occidentalis L. PI. Mass., July, 1879. P^of Farlow. Cov- 



ered with eggs and skins ; deformation of the leaves. 



75. Vaccinium spec. PI. Colville Valley, Wash. Terr., July 23, 1882. 



S. Henshaw. Small round galls on the leaves. 



There are besides in the collection a number of specimens not yet 

 sufficiently studied, as some cases of Phyllomania or Polyphyllia on pines 

 and other plants, perhaps consequences of Phytoptus. 



To the 5 1 American Phytoptus galls in the Collection of the Museum, 

 must be added the four described, but not seen by me ; by Mr. Shimer, 

 on Acer dasycarpum ; by Mr. Ryder, on Acer ; by Mr. Ashmead, on 

 oranges, and by Mr. Burrill, on pear leaves. Further, two shortly described 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOOGIST. 29 



by Mr. Walsh (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, T. iii., p. 608, after the statements 

 1. c, T. vi., p. 286) on Bdtila nigra and CepJialanthns occide?italis, both 

 probably Cephaloneon. Further, after the Hst of Acarideous galls given 

 by Mr. Walsh (1. c, T. vi., p. 285-2S6), 3 on Ulmus, i Populus, several on 

 Quercus, i Juglans, i Negundo — in all 13 species not seen by me. Of 

 these 68 galls, 56 are Pleurccecidia. 



The 68 Phytoptus galls known from N. America belong to 42 species 

 of plants, to 33 genera, and 23 families. Primus has 7 different galls, 

 Acer 5, Quercus at least 4 ; all other plants have less, mostly one gall. 



It is obvious that this list is only a beginning of the knowledge of the 

 Phytoptus galls in N. America, when we look on the large number of 

 species discovered in Europe since more attention is given to them, prin- 

 cipally by the untiring efforts of Dr. Fr. Thomas. 



ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 



BY J. G. JACK, CHATEAUGUAY BASIN, QUEBEC. 



The following notes on the habits of several insects are from a record 

 of entomological observations kept during the past four years, and although 

 imperfect, they may serve as a hint to others to pursue observations in the 

 directions indicated. 



During the past season few unusual specimens were taken and very 

 few notes made. Diurnal Lepidoptera (with the single exception of P. 

 cardui, which had been rare for some years) were unusually scarce. 

 Fieris rapce is becoming less numerous every year, owing, probably, to its 

 many parasites. Moths were not so abundant as usual, and the only cap- 

 ture worthy of notice was the re-occurrence of Aletia xylina Say (the 

 cotton-worm moth), a single good fresh specimen of which was taken 

 October 26th, in the woods, among leaves near a butternut tree. There 

 had been severe frost the night before, but the moth was quite lively when 

 found. Looking through my note book, I find the following entries 

 regarding this insect : — 



"October ist-i5th, 1881. Yonnd. Aletia xylina Say quite common, 

 especially in open barrels or heaps of decaying apples left in the orchard." 



" Sept. 21, T882. Aletia xylina Say taken at decaying fruit." 




30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



"Oct. 12, 1883. A/etia xy/ina'&di.y taken at decaying apples. Not 

 very common this year." 



The decaying apples mentioned were windfalls that had been partly 

 eaten by other insects before they were gathered, and put into heaps or 

 old barrels to be fed to cattle. When these apples had stood in the sun 

 a few days, the smell of ripe fruit from them became quite strong, and 

 many moths, flies, etc., were attracted. It was here I found Aletia xylina 

 most common, resting quietly on the bitten apples, and easily taken with 

 the hand. They are nearly always in good condition, and although they 

 are not easily " rubbed " and have the power of long sustained flight, I 

 find it hard to agree with Professor Riley's opinion that they fly here every 

 autumn from the Southern cotton fields. I think we will yet find there is 

 a Northern food plant. 



Dec. 30th, 1 88 1. Found more than one hundred pupse of Drasteria 

 erechtea Hub. in a hollow piece of wood. They must have been collected 

 and placed here by some small animal, possibly a wood-mouse. 



Jan. 9, 1882. Found several examples of hybernating V. ttiilberti 

 under stones in a stone fence. I thought it worth noting that two or more 

 were almost always found under the same stone or near together, and a 

 considerable distance might intervene between each lot of specimens. 



July 25, 1882. Several specimens of V. antiopa taken hovering over 

 bushes of choke cherry (P. virgi?iiana), the leaves of which were much 

 infested with aphides. The butterfly would alight on the curled leaves 

 containing the aphides, and extending its tongue, insert it among them, 

 and when engaged drinking the sweets furnished by the aphides, it could 

 readily be taken with the hand. Limenitis arthemis and L. disippus were 

 observed and taken similarly occupied. At a meeting of the Cambridge 

 Ent. Club (Jan. 12th, 1883) I asked the members present if they had 

 observed or known of such habits in these butterflies before, and received 

 a negative reply. Also notice that Fhyciodes tharos and other small red 

 butterflies sometimes persistently follow D. archipptis and other large 

 butterflies of the same color. They alight when the large butterfly does, 

 rising only when the larger insect takes to flight again. Is this for the 

 sake of protection from some enemy ? 



The following note was made at the Experiment Grounds of the 

 " Rural New-Yorker," River Edge, Bergen Co., N. J. : 



" J^ly 7) 1883. Found Promiba yuccasella Riley in flowers of Yucca 

 filamentosa. They are quiet during the day time, but become active in 




THE CANADLVN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31 



the evening. Have not found them anywhere except in or upon flowers 

 of this plant. Also observed a Humble-bee succeed in entering two or 

 three of the flowers, and, clasping the stamens firmly with its legs, it 

 reached the base of them with its tongue and usually went two or three 

 times around. It had much difficulty in getting into the flowers. No 

 other insects were observed about them. Could this bee fertilize Yttcca 

 flowers ? 



June 25, 1884. Found a young pear tree almost entirely defohated 

 by larvje of Vafiessa antiopa. I have never heard of the pear as a food 

 plant of this insect. 



Aug. ::4. I noticed an ichneumon fly (Ophiou) attempting to deposit 

 eggs in or upon a larva of Notodoiita coiicinna. After finding the position 

 of the caterpillar, the Ophion brought its head pretty close to it, and then 

 brought its abdomen and ovipositor up under its thorax and between its 

 legs, apparently using its mandibles as a sort of guide or brace for the 

 ovipositor. The Ophion was seen to probe the thoracic legs of the cater- 

 pillar with its piercer, but for what purpose I could not make out The 

 caterpillar was very much excited. For want of time I was obliged to 

 give up further observation, and killed the specimens. 



Aug. 25, 1884. The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa biibalus Fab.) is 

 very abundant on the branches and trunks of young apple and pear trees, 

 depositing eggs beneath the bark. They are sometimes so numerous as to 

 literally cover the limbs of the trees, and the cutting up of the bark must 

 do considerable injury. 



Sept. 22, 1884. Found a larva oi S. drupiferarum which was infested 

 with parasites, which could be plainly seen just below the skin. An hour 

 after it was taken, I looked at it again, and found nearly all the parasites 

 making holes in the skin, one of them already having its body half through 

 the hole just made. I put the larva in a paper bag and did not look at it 

 again for two days, when I found it still living, but weak, and with circular 

 marks on its back showing where the parasites had made their exit. In 

 the bag I found a bunch of small cocoons, set side by side, on end, like 

 the cells in honeycomb, all being firmly cemented together by a tough 

 brownish substance. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 



DESCRIPTION OF LARVA OF AGROTIS DECLARATA, Wlk. 



BY THE EDITOR. 



Several specimens of the larva of this insect were received on the 8th 

 of July, 1884, from Mr. Acton Bmiows, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, 

 Winnipeg, Manitoba. They were reported as seriously injuring vegetables 

 and field crops in that Province. 



Length, one and one half to one and three quarter inches. 



Head medium in size, yellowish brown, with a polished surface, dotted 

 and stfeaked with dark brown. 



Form nearly cylindrical, tapering a little towards the head. 



Body above dull grayish brown, in some specimens tinged with red- 

 dish ; skin semi-transparent, showing the movements of the internal 

 organs ; cervical shield on second segment similar in color to the head. 

 A pale dorsal line, a subdorsal and a stigmatal line of the same color. 

 Below the stigmata and close to the under surface is a whitish band. On 

 each segment there are a few small shining black dots which are arranged 

 in a single transverse row on third and fourth segments. On the segments 

 behind these there are additional dots forming an imperfect second row, 

 but less regular in their arrangement. On each side of the middle seg- 

 ments, near the spiracles, there is a cluster of two or three of these black 

 dots. No hairs proceed from any of these dots, but there are a few very 

 minute short hairs scattered over the surface of the body, not visible 

 without a magnifying lens. Spiracles oval, black. 



Under surface paler and greenish, with whitish streaks, semi-trans- 

 parent. 



One specimen buried itself under the earth soon after they were 

 received ; shortly it became a chrysalis, and produced the imago August 

 23rd. AH the others died before completing their transformations. The 

 moth was kindly determined by Mr. John B. Smith, of Brooklyn,, N. Y. 



EUMACARIA BRUNNEARIA, Packard. 



BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 



I have recently obtained this elegant Phalenid from its larva, which 

 feeds on the wild red cherry (Frumis Femisylvatiica). July 8, several 

 nearly mature caterpillars were discovered on the twigs of their food- 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33 



plant. They were an inch in length ; color dull red, closely simulating 

 the bark of the branches ; and to more effectually conceal themselves by 

 mimicry, they hold on, when at rest, by their pro-legs only, the body 

 standing out like a short branch, or they hold to a leaf by their fore legs, 

 making their bodies appear like a petiole. 



The hemispherical head is red, with the edges along the fork of the 

 epicranial suture white ; the usual body stripes are represented by very 

 faint, white Jines ; there are also faint whitish spots on the sides of the 

 body. The spiracles are nearly round, situated on small black tubercles. 



The pupte formed under the leaves in the feeding cage, without cocoon. 

 They were rather stout, front rounded and smooth ; the last segment ends 

 in a rather long spine with terminal booklets. The surface of the abdom- 

 inal rings with small alveoli. Pupa, July 12 ; moth, July 25. 



A NEW PAMPHILA. 



BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 



Pa7nphUa ?nyus, n sp. 



Male. — Expanse .95 of an inch. Upper surface dark olivaceous 

 brown, with a slight vinous reflection, about the same shade as cerfies, 

 which it much resembles. The primaries have the discal cell and the area 

 in front of the cell like cernes, heavily washed with yellow of a little darker 

 shade than that species, the same color extending beyond the cell along 

 the costal area three fourths the distance from the base to the outer mar- 

 gin (as the wings are spread) ; below the cell the same shade of yellow 

 extends along the median vein the same distance, the area below this to 

 the margin rather heavily sprinkled with yellow scales, except the space 

 beyond the lower half of the stigma. This varies but little from the yel- 

 low of cernes. In cernes there is a quadrate sinus of the terminal dark 

 brown of the wing dipping into the yellow beyond the cell, coming up to 

 the cross vein. In this species the sinus is of the same width, but extends 

 inward above the median vein, ending in a point half way to the base of 

 the wing. The stigma is black, narrow, oblique, entire, though constricted 

 below the middle, shorter than in cernes, does not reach the submedian 

 below, and the upper end only reaches the second branch of the median, 

 while in cernes it passes beyond this veinule, the lower third bent a little 




34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



towards the base, in width not more than half as wide as in cernes ; below 

 the stigma an oblong patch of blackish scales that are bronzy in certain 

 lights. Secondaries sprinkled with yellow scales, the inner half with yel- 

 lowish hairs that are less olivaceous than in cernes. 



One specimen has on the primaries, marking what is above described 

 as the outer boundary of the yellow, five small yellow spots that are paler 

 than the yellow along the costa, three in a line back from the costa and 

 two in the median interspaces ; and the yellow washing does not quite 

 reach to these spots, there being less yellow also at the base ; varying in 

 amount of yellow, as is sometimes seen in different specimens of cernes. 



Under side of primaries much as above, the yellow orange-tinted, the 

 row of slightly paler spots at the end of the yellow showing more dis- 

 tinctly than above, the apical half of terminal space sprinkled with yel- 

 low, the posterior half of wing blackish, the sinus beyond the cell heavily 

 sprinkled over. Secondaries dark brown with the vinous reflection, 

 sprinkled with pale yellow scales, a narrow discal band of small confluent 

 whitish spots marking the outer third, much as in the species of Ambly- 

 scirtes, not very distinct. 



Female. — This lacks the stigma of the male, is marked above much as 

 the female of cernes., but is a darker and brighter yellow, the whole area 

 in front of the cell and to the ante-apical spots nearly clear yellow, the 

 rest of the basal two thirds sprinkled with yellow much as in the male. 

 On the under side the obscure band on the secondaries is a little more 

 distinct than in the male. 



Body concolorous with the wings above, the thorax with olivaceous 

 hairs, the abdomen sprinkled with yellow ; beneath yellowish white, about 

 the shade of cernes. 



Described from four males and one female taken by H. K. Morrison 

 in Florida. 



NOTES ON APATELODES ANGELICA, Grote. 



BY J. ALSTON MOFFAT, HAMILTON, ONT. 



Beincf on a visit to Ridge way in July, 1882, when out one day 

 with Mr. Kilman on a hunt, as I beat a high branch for beetles, a 

 large moth new to me dropped into my umbrella. Having secured it in 

 my poison bottle and remarked that I must now find its mate, another 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35 



Stroke, and sure enough. I got it. I took a third at that time sitting on 

 the trunk of a tree, which I left with Mr. Kihnan. The following season 

 he took one or two, and last spring he found some chrysalids under moss, 

 from which he raised a pair. On visiting Prof. Kellicott, of Buffalo, Mr. 

 Kilman left with him an example, that he might obtain its name. Mr. 

 Kilman now writes to me that Prof. Kellicott has identified it as the 

 Apatelodes angelica of Grote's Check List, with hyalinoptindata Pack, as 

 a synonym, which latter name would have been more appropriate. Prof. 

 Kellicott conveys the information that it is described and figured in the 

 Proc. of the Ent. Soc. of Phil., iii., 322, plate iv., fig. i. It is quite a fine 

 moth. Of my pair the female measures 1"/% inches in expanse at the apex, 

 and 2yi at the sub-apical angle ; the sub-apical is excavate. Edges of 

 wings toothed, color of front wings lavender, with two light brown bands 

 across them, the outer one continued on the hind wing ; outside the latter 

 are a row of brown dots on the nervules of the front wings. Near the 

 apex are two transparent spots square in form, the one nearest the costa 

 more than double the size of the one behind it. Color of hind wings 

 light brownish-gray, with a heavy marginal band approaching the color of 

 the front wing ; an elevated longitudinal brown stripe in the middle of the 

 thorax. 



The male is but i^ at the apex, and ii\ at the apical angle, in expanse 

 of wing ; it is the same in color as the female, but less distinct in its 

 markings. 



The attitude of the one I found sitting on the trunk of the tree re- 

 minded me very much of Paonias exccecatiis when at rest. It stood high 

 upon its legs, with its wings slightly spread and its abdomen elevated 

 above their level. 



I should mention that Mr. Johnston, of Hamilton, took a specimen in 

 the season of 1881. 



HIBERNATION OF COLEOPTERA. 



BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA. 



The condition in which Coleoptera pass the winter is a subject on 

 Avhich there are in American literature but few recorded observations. That 

 no species hibernates in the egg stage is highly probable, though in all the 




36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Others it occurs — some wintering in the perfect state alone, some in the 

 larva and the imago condition, and others as larva and pupa. 



Man}' of the species appear to make some preparation, retiring to 

 situations that will more or less protect them from intense cold ; others 

 seem to have power to survive without any practical protection, as Lixiis 

 concaviis and Aiegilla inaculata, to be mentioned further on. 



The majority are apparently subject to conditions that correspond to 

 what is observed in warm blooded animals in a state of complete tor- 

 pidity, namely : the absence of all detectable respiration ; a temperature 

 equal to that of the surrounding atmosphere till near the freezing point, 

 and the power to survive a long entire deprivation of air, and even sub- 

 mersion in carbonic acid gas. There is no well substantiated case, that I 

 have seen, of any of the above class reviving after a few hours submerg- 

 ence in water, except in that of certain swallows washed from their winter 

 quarters in the low banks of streams by freshets ; and while some of these 

 appear to have resumed the functions of life partially, none have been 

 resuscitated completely. 



Many, if not all Coleoptera in the hiemal state in whatever stage, 

 possess this latter power in an eminent degree, as is veiy evident from 

 observations on the effects of winter inundations, as in the instance fol- 

 lowing. In February, 1884, a section of bottom land over one mile in 

 length and one quarter in width, was entirely overflowed by the Allegheny 

 to an average depth of five feet, and remained totally submerged over 

 seven days. This is famous ground for Cicindelidse and Carabidse. Thou- 

 sands of C. repajida are on the shore from April till November. Carabus 

 vinetus, Platyjius vielanarius, picipennis, extenslcollis and anchonienoides ; 

 Fterostichtis lucublafidus, Sayi and luduosus ; Anisodactyhis discoideus, 

 Balt'wiorensis, &c., &:c., abound. 



To all appearance no terrestrial life could survive such a protracted 

 submergence, which over a considerable portion of this area was even a 

 week longer ; and yet, when the warm days of April came, here was 

 C. repanda as numerous as ever ; later appeared the various species of 

 Carabidae, many with the elytra encrusted with mud ; and all kinds of 

 insects seemed as abundant as in seasons in which no brumal overflow 

 had occurred. 



Lachnosterna fiitilis, Avhich abounds in grassy places along the bank, 

 was in no wise affected ; nor was Saperda concolor, which inhabits the 

 canes of a dwarf willow. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37 



In the active state the species mentioned are readily drowned. In 

 some experiments made to determine this point I found that few survived 

 submersion in water for half an hour, and none for over an hour. 



The degree of cold that can be endured without death is probably 

 variable according to the species, the more tender retiring on the approach 

 of cold weather deep into the earth, or into substances that are poor con- 

 ductors of heat, as leaves, moss and decaying wood. Others that can 

 sustain low temperatures without injury seem rather indifferent about the 

 matter, crawling under any covering that happens to be convenient. 



Some of the European entomologists by experiments seem to have 

 satisfied themselves that the larvae of some Lepidoptera may be congealed 

 into masses of ice and fractured as readily as glass, and yet revive and 

 regain their full activity. Though hard to beHeve, the statement is as 

 worthy of credence as any that depends on human testimony. However, 

 all the observations I have made on Coleoptera and their larvae go to show 

 the contrary, having never succeeded in reviving any in which there was 

 absolute certainty of the tissues being frozen. 



The larvs of Urographis fasciatus and Dendroides Catiadensis, which 

 live within or just beneath the bark of fallen timber, were examined 

 recently with reference to determining this question. They were found in 

 their shallow excavations, the most of them surrounded by glittering cry- 

 stals of ice. Nearly all were flexible and the tissues unfrozen, and mostly 

 revived. A few were frozen solid and broke readily, none of these giving 

 evidence of life. . 



A large number of the larvae of Dedes spinosiis, inhabiting the stems 

 of Ambrosia arternisifolia (rag-weed) at or just below the surface of the 

 ground, were taken out of their quarters. In many instances the stems 

 had been filled with water and the larvae were enclosed in cylinders of 

 ice. The greater number were flexible and mostly regained activity on a 

 rise of temperature ; such, however, as were evidently congealed could 

 not be resuscitated. 



In the torpid condition some species of Coleoptera certainly have the 

 power of sustaining vitality while exposed for a long time to a temperature 

 below, or but little above the o of Fahr. The first week of this month 

 (February) I found a large collection of Megilla macidata in a field, near 

 a tree ; they had congregated on the ground under and around a small 

 piece of shingle that did not cover the half of them, and were massed 

 together on top of one another to a considerable depth — all apparently 




38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



dead. Several were examined when found, and about one third of these 

 proved to be entirely congealed, the remainder being flexible and showing 

 signs of life when enclosed in the hand for a short time. The temperature 

 to which these had been exposed was several degrees below zero, and for a 

 couple of weeks scarcely ever more than i6 degrees above. Such collec- 

 tions of this species are not uncommon. I gathered up the full of a half 

 ounce collecting bottle, leaving fully as many behind. In the warmth of 

 my oflSce, in a couple of days, about one half of those collected became 

 active, though none that I regarded as frozen ever gave evidence of the 

 slightest vitality. 



During the very cold weather of last winter I found five specimens of 

 Lixus concavus embedded near one another in ice in a patch of Rumex 

 on low ground. A couple taken out without thawing appeared to be dead ; 

 sections were made in these in different directions with a sharp knife with- 

 out detecting any frozen tissue, or any frost in the cavities of the bodies. 

 The others were allowed to thaw out gradually and then they were dis- 

 covered to be alive. Their after history is somewhat curious. 



The tenacity of life possessed by this species has often been the sub- 

 ject of remark, and appears, from the following, to be greatly intensified 

 by the mysterious changes that accompany the condition of torpidity. 

 These three were thrown into strong alcohol, and on the third day were 

 taken out and pinned, the time they were in it being over sixty hours. 

 Five days afterwards they were observed to be alive and wriggling, their 

 limbs quite lively ; then they were pinned to the inner end of the cork 

 stopper of a bottle containing cyanide of potassium, and when examined 

 four days afterwards appeared to be as lively as when first pinned. How 

 long afterwards they lived is unknown, as a long interval occurred before 

 the next observation, and then they were truly dead. 



By the foregoing it must not be inferred that I maintain the freezing 

 of the tissues of torpid Coleoptera to be incompatible with the resumption 

 of the functions of life — an opinion that would be, to say the least, pre- 

 sumptuous in the face of the many opposite experiments and observations 

 by distinguished men. 



The subject is one full of mystery and deserves the most careful 

 attention. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



XYLORYCTES SATYRUS AND STRATEGUS ANTAEUS. 



Dear Sir: It must be assumed that Dr. H. A. Hagen was caught 

 napping when he penned the note published in the Can. Entom., Dec, 

 1884, vol. xvi., p. 239-240, for otherwise, with his predilection for the 

 •'literature" of entomology, he would not have failed to note that the 

 capture of Xyloryctes satyrus north of Pennsylvania had been several 

 times recorded. Presumably the reference to that species in the Am. 

 Entom., Nov., 1868, vol. i, p. 60, was to specimens taken on Long 

 Island, N. Y. This species is included in Mr. J. Pettit's " List of Col- 

 eoptera taken at Grimsby, Ont.," (Can. Entom., April, 1870, vol. ii., 

 p. 86), and in Mr. W. H. Harrington's " List of Ottawa Coleoptera," 

 (Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, 1883-4, vol. ii., No. i, p. 80), and further, 

 Mr. John Hamilton (Can. Entom., June, 1884, vol. xvi., p. 107), writes of 

 this species : " This large beetle is widely distributed, being found in 

 Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Kansas to Canada, and southward, and 

 probably occurring wherever the ash and liquidambar grow." My 

 mention, in 1884, of X. satyrus and Strategus antaeiis. in the chapter 

 " Coleoptera," of vol. ii., of Cassino's Standard Natural History, might 

 readily be overlooked, since that work is of a somewhat popular nature. 

 I there wrote, p. 370, "6". antaeus .... is found near the Atlantic 



coast of the United States as far north as Massachusetts X. 



satyrus is found in the same regions as is Strategus antaeus" These state- 

 ments were based upon specimens in my own small collection, which 

 includes ten specimens of X. satyrus, from localities north of Penn- 

 sylvania. These localities are Cambridge, Springfield and Amherst, 

 Mass.j Sufiield, Conn.; and Montauk Point (the extreme eastern end of 

 Long Island), N. Y. I have seen specimens of this species in abundance 

 on the sidewalks of Sag Harbor, eastern Long Island, and will take care 

 that even a Cambridge representative of the species is deposited in the 

 entomological collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, of 

 which Dr. Hagen takes such excellent care. Of Strategus atitaeus, my 

 collection has only a small series, as follows : Several specimens from 

 Springfield, Mass., one from Michigan, and one from Cumberland Gap, 

 Kentucky. George Dimmock. 



Cambridge, Mass., 16 Feb., 1885. 




40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Dear Sir : I was particularly interested by Dr. Horn's remarks on 

 labyrinthica or pnirsa in his notes on Chrysomela in a recent number of 

 the Can. Ent. When on the 23rd of May, 1881, I captured my first 

 specimen on the wing, I regarded it with great satisfaction. The pure 

 white of a fresh specimen contrasted with the glossy greenish black of its 

 peculiar markings, makes it an exceedingly attractive object to the eye 

 when first seen. I secured thirteen that season. Being eager to obtain 

 its name, I sent specimens where I thought it likely to be got ; they in 

 turn applied to others, and then informed me, to my no small disappoint- 

 ment, that it was nm/tiguttis. We find it restricted here exclusively to 

 one locality, and that not extensive. In 1882 I searched carefully for it, 

 and secured nineteen. On one occasion I found one paired with a 

 scalaris, but scalar is is rarely met with there. In 1883 I took over eighty 

 piirsa without any special effort, and did not see half a dozen scalaris 

 that season in that locality. My first capture of pnirsa in 1883 is dated 

 12th June; on the i6th I took nineteen, on the 21st, twenty-one. The 

 last noted is the 9th July, but they were seen after that. Being from home 

 during their season in 1884, I saw nothing of them, but was informed they 

 were quite scarce. I have inferred that it cannot be a very abundant form 

 from the fact that when it was sent to collectors in Buffalo and New York 

 who have extensive collections and much experience in exchange, it was 

 unknown to them. I find it very liable to discolor when drying, the white 

 becoming rusty, which detracts much from the beauty of its appearance. 



J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton, Ont. 



Dear Sir : In reply to the question of Dr. Hagen (Can. Ent., v. 16, 

 p. 239-240) concerning the distribution of Xyloryctes satyrus, it may be 

 of interest to note that the species has been recorded from various parts 

 of Canada by Bell, D'Urban, Hamilton, Harrington, Pettit, Reed, Ritchie 

 and Saunders ; from Mass. by Harris (specimens from Martha's Vineyard 

 and New York are in his collection) ; from Long Island, N. Y., and 

 Illinois, by Walsh ; near Buffalo, N. Y. (Lesch & Reinecke) ; near Cin- 

 cinnati, Ohio (Dury) ; Lower Michigan (Hubbard & Schwarz) ; Daven- 

 port, Iowa (Putnam) ; Kentucky (Siewers) ; Texas, Kansas, Neb., Ariz. 

 (LeConte) ; N. Mex. (Hamilton) ; Eastern, Middle and Western States 

 (Ulke). I have collected it in Western Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 

 and have specimens from Pa., Md., Wise, and Mich. 



Saml. Henshaw, Boston, Mass. 




Clie CanaVtHu Entomologist. 



VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1885. No. 



J 



PREPARATORY STAGES OF ICTHYURA PALLA, French. 

 WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES. 



BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 



Egg. — Globular, a little flattened at base, smooth ; color orange yel- 

 low. Duration of this period, 24 days. 



Young Larva. — Length .08 of an inch. Color pale brownish green. 

 Head and a small cervical shield jet black. Each segment has about six- 

 blackish tubercles from which arise rather long gray hairs, the dorsal 

 tubercles on segments 5 and 1 2 a little more prominent than the others. 

 Duration of this period, 3 days. 



After First Moult. — Length .14 of an inch. Color pale yellowish 

 green. Head black, as also a plate and a small spot on the top of the 

 second segment. To each segment six purplish black slightly tubercular 

 spots; those on the dorsum faint except those on 5 and 12, which are 

 prominent, each pair confluent ; a few hairs from each spot. Thoracic 

 feet black. Duration of this period, 4 days. 



After Second Moult. — Length .25 of an inch. Color green, with a 

 yellowish tint ; head and thoracic feet jet black, the spot on the middle of 

 the second segment and the plate black, but slightly purple tinted ; the 

 rest of the markings dark reddish purple. These consist of a dorsal line, 

 with a very faint line each side ; a more prominent subdorsal line, with a 

 line each side composed of elongate spots, the breaks being at the ends 

 of the segments, each spot a little broader in the middle than at the ends. 

 The upper of these bordering hne of spots contains the posterior dorsal 

 piliferous spots, the anterior of each joint being in the line bordering the 

 dorsal line. The line below the subdorsal contains the row of supra- 

 stigmatal piliferous spots. There is a faint stigmatal line with some mot- 

 tlings below. Segments 5 and 1 2 slightly elevated, the anterior pair of 

 spots closer together and colored ; a spot on each abdominal leg. Dur- 

 ation of this period, 4 days. 



After Third Moult. — Length .40 of an inch. The stripes remain the 

 same as during the preceding period. The ground color of the dorsum 




42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



is bright yellow, reaching to the line containing the outer row of dorsal 

 piliferous spots; below this line to the line below the subdorsal, pale 

 whitish ; below this the color is yellow. Duration of this period, 4 days. 



After Fourth Moult. — Length .55 of an inch. The plan of color and 

 markings unchanged save that the subdorsal color is grayish white, the 

 elevations on joints 5 and 12 more prominent, and in same the dorsal 

 yellow brighter. 



After Fifth Moult. — Length i inch. Similar to the preceding stage, 

 but varying a little in color. Dorsum clear yellow with three dark reddish 

 purple stripes ; below this graj'ish yellow, the two broadest of the three 

 lines mottled, the upper one the most ; below this, including the stigmatal 

 line and the substigmatal space, reddish yellow ; the stigmatal line red, 

 much broken ; venter concolorous with the substigmatal space. Thoracic 

 feet, head and two spots on the neck jet black ; joints 5 and 1 2 have each 

 two prominent velvety black papillae ; a white hair from each piliferous 

 spot, and in addition to this a fine short white pubescence covers the 

 whole body, but not so thickly as to obscure the color. 



Mature Larva. — Length from i.io to 1.20 inches ; width of head .15 

 of an inch, of body .20. Dorsum lemon yellow with three purplish black 

 stripes arranged as in preceding stages. Just above the stigmata is a 

 narrow yellow line ; between this and the yellow of the dorsum the ground 

 color is gray, in some examples tinged with yellow on segments 2 to 5, in 

 others it is a paler yellow ; in the centre of this space is a purplish black 

 line, and on both borders or edges of the space is a mottled stripe of the 

 same hue. The stigmatal, substigmatal and ventral spaces, with the pro- 

 legs, somewhat carneous, the slight fleshy ridge below the stigmata being 

 most so. In the upper part of the stigmatal space is a mottled line, the 

 stigmata black. Head, thoracic feet and spots as at the first of the 

 period. In some examples the stripes are more of a dark purplish red 

 than black. Duration of this period from 4 to 7 days. 



Chrysalis. — Length .55 of an inch ; cylindrical ; depth through thorax 

 and the first abdominal segment .18 of an inch; through joint 3, .20; joint 

 4, .21; joint 5, .2[ j from here tapering gradually to the end, which is 

 rounded, smooth, ending in a stylus with a hook at the end on each side. 

 Surface smooth, shining, a few punctures between the joints, and the upper 

 part of head and thorax a little roughened. Color dark chestnut brown, 

 the eyes and a little shading at the end of the wing cases darker. Wing 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 



cases extending back to posterior part of joint 5, leg and antennae cases 

 not so far. Duration of this period from 10 to 13 days. 



For several years the larvae of this species have been taken from the 

 willows here, when nearly full grown, in September, and the moths 

 obtained from them in the spring, but not till last spring (1884) did I 

 succeed in taking the larvae through all their stages. In 1883 eggs were 

 obtained in large numbers, but they did not hatch, not for lack of being 

 fertilized, because the larva developed inside the eggs to near the time for 

 hatching, as could be seen through the shell. Two or three of them even 

 came out, but in so weak a condition that they did not eat. I think they 

 must have been affected by the disease that seemed to affect all Lepidop- 

 teral life that year. 



These eggs were obtained May 1 1 th, and the imagines were produced 

 from July 7 to 13. There are two broods in a season, the larvae feeding 

 on willows (Salix 7iigra), the last brood hibernating in the pupa state. 

 In feeding they fasten the leaves of the ends of a twig together and feed 

 in this larvarium, usually several feeding together. They do not pupate 

 in this, but in the breeding cage spin close cocoons of brown silk in the 

 corners of the box. 



As a species this stands close to inclusa. There are several points of 

 difference that seem to be permanent. It is of smaller size, out of a large 

 series of reared and captured specimens none of the females being as 

 large as all my females of inclusa, the most of them smaller than the 

 males of that species ; the males being proportionally smaller than the 

 males of inclusa. In color the females are lighter than the inclusa 

 females, the oblique transverse shades more brown tinted and less orange 

 tinted ; the ante-apical orange that in inclusa is a distinct patch across 

 four or five subcostal interspaces separated by the veins, is in palla a 

 mere stain, in no examples a defined patch, and in some scarcely dis- 

 tinguishable. The males average darker than the males of inclusa, both 

 fore and hind wings being more of a brown of the vandyke-brown order, 

 rather than umber, being more the shade of the male of ijidentata. In 

 this sex the ante-apical orange is more distinct than in the female, but in 

 about nine examples out of ten is still a stain instead of a patch, occa- 

 sionally one showing about" two very small spots that are fairly outlined. 



Palla seems to be the species distributed over this portion of the 

 United States. I found larvae in Nebraska in 1882 that produced this 

 species, and have had a number of specimens sent me from Central 




44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Illinois, but have never seen inclusa in this region, though I have looked 

 carefully for the larvae in both willow and poplar for several years. If 

 palla breeds as true to type in all localities where found as it does here, we 

 shall have to regard it as a good species. 



PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE WORD BUTTERFLY. 



BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 



The transformation of a grovelling worm to the glory that attaches to 

 the winged aspirant of the heavens, has won for this insect from remote 

 antiquity the appellation of Spirit or Soul, as typical of the resurrected 

 human body. There is, I think, good reason to believe that the root 

 meaning of the word Butterfly dates back to early Egyptian history, and 

 as a hieroglyphic it is synonymous as representing the qualities of com- 

 pleteness and perfection which characterize the soul. I have supposed 

 that it might serve the interest of this journal to record such historical 

 gleanings bearing upon this subject as have come within my reach. It is 

 said that in Yorkshire in England, the country folk call the night-flying 

 white moths. Souls. This restricted application of the term very forcibly 

 expresses what had been traditionally received by these people, and which 

 they unwittingly have applied to certain white winged species. The Eng- 

 lish word Moth is said to be the Egyptian MUT or MAT. MAT is to 

 pass ; MUT to die ; MATT, unfold, unwind, open, as the chrysalis 

 entered the winged state and passed. The winged thing was a symbol of 

 the Soul ; it appears in the hieroglyphics as the Moth or Butterfly. The 

 common view, we know, originates the word with the yellow Diurnae as 

 illustrated in the butter-colored wings of the genus Colias. The word 

 Butter is supposed to be derived from PUT (Eg.), food ; and TER (Eg ), 

 made, fabricated. The Butterfly may be the type PUT (Eg.), TER, 

 complete, perfect. Thus in death (MUT) the Soul passed, unfolded like 

 the Moth, whose chrysalis showed and was the type of the process, whence 

 the Butterfly. CaUing the Moth a Soul identifies the imagery as Egyptian. 

 In Cornwall, in England, departed souls, moths and fairies are called 

 Piskeys. Piskey is the same word as Psyche, and both are derived from 

 the Egyptian, in which KHE is the soul, and SU is she ; hence the fem- 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 



inine nature of the Greek P-SU-KHE. Without the article, SAKHU is 

 the understanding, the ilhiminator, the eye, and soul of being, that which 

 inspires. 



The ancients evidently were not very good Entomologists, for this 

 original meaning, beautiful as it is, is altogether incompatible with the 

 teachings of the modern science, for in these days we realize that the so- 

 called spiritual life, as represented by the butterfly, is but a span in com- 

 parison with the earthly life, as illustrated by the larva, and that the 

 heavenly aspiration and grace which mark the shorter life are the outcome 

 of a comparative eternity of rioting and waste ; yet, be it said, the silk 

 worm at the eleventh hour makes a good record. 



" Well were it for the world, if all 



Who creep about this earthly ball, 



Though shorter-lived than most he be, 



Were useful in their kind as he." 

 Moreover, who that has ever attempted to capture a Limenitis arthe?nis, 

 but has learned to his cost, that though a thing of beauty, and its posses- 

 sion a joy forever, its habits are deceitful. Well do I remember a chase 

 for this butterfly - the first that I had ever seen on the wing. It was a 

 royal game of tag, with hide-and-go-seek variations. We see-sawed up 

 and down a ravine for nearly an hour. When first discovered it was 

 regaling itself in the sunlight, upon a leaf about half way down the oppo- 

 site bank, all the while jerking its wings, after a fashion, as if beckoning 

 me over. By the time I had worked my way down over the rocks and 

 through the briers, it was spreading its wings on the bank I had just left, 

 and when I returned it was away again' to its favorite leaf on the other 

 side. Tired and heated, I gave up the chase, when the arthetfiis, in a 

 most provoking way, lit upon a shrub beneath my very nose. This 

 coquettish insect apparently realized my discomfiture, and after repeated 

 approaches and withdrawals, it rose on wing, and with 



*' The light coquettes in sylplis aloft repair 

 And sport and flutter in the fields of air." 



SHORT NOTES ON COLEOPTERA. 



BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA. 



Hololepta fossularis Say. The habitatio of this insect is usually under 

 locust bark in the first stages of decay, a fact so well known that collectors 




46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST* 



would look for it in no other place. But last summer I found a number 

 of them under the bark of Ulmus fulva (slippery elm), the odor of which 

 in the same state of decomposition is as rank as that of Robinia. With 

 them were several H. lucida. The individuals of these two species so 

 approximate as in some examples to be scarcely separable ; and indeed 

 there is a reasonable doubt whether any of them are instinctively conscious 

 of being specifically different. 



Ips fasciatus Oliv. This well known species is very variable in size, 

 color and sculpture. Several of these color variations have been described 

 as species, as : 4-guttatus Fab., 4-sigTiatus Say, bipustulatus Mels., 6-pus- 

 tulatus Reitter. Quadriguttatus Fab. is the European form, and though 

 described subsequently to fasciatus Oliv., is still retained in the European 

 catalogues, as the form fasciatus does not occur there, as I am informed. 



The form fasciatus is the most common here, and is that into which 

 all the others are resolved ; in it the elytra are black with an irregular 

 broad basal, and a sub-apical fascia, yellow ; individuals are met with 

 totally black without any spot ; others have only a small basal and sub- 

 apical spot yellow (more often reddish) ; others add to these a humeral 

 lunule ; others have various other spots, and by the gradual dilation and 

 coalescing of these through a series of specimens, the full form fasciatus 

 is reached, which can be readily verified by any one who takes the trouble. 



The point I wish to present is the seasonal character of the melanism. 

 I have never met with these black and spotted forms at any other time 

 than in early spring, usually during April, at the sap of trees, especially 

 birch and maple. As the season advances these entirely disappear, and 

 the fasciate form alone remains, continuing till autumn. Some of these 

 probably hibernate (though this is not established by observation), and 

 appear in the spring among the recently developed melanotic variations. 

 Whether the fasciate form decreases northwardly and increases south- 

 wardly has not been ascertained, but two specimens from Mt. Washington 

 and two from Montana are of the form 4-guttatus. As the species in the 

 north extends across the continent, northern collectors might easily deter- 

 mine the matter. This insect is often found in the green ears of maize ; 

 but only in such as have been injured by birds or animals, which scarcely 

 entitles it to be classed among the injurious. 



Gaufotes abdominalis Bland. This graceful Longicorn occurs from 

 Massachusetts to Western Virginia, but in restricted localities, which 

 accounts for its being met with by so few collectors. It usually affects 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 



wild places along streams that flow between rugged hills and mountains. 

 Here it appears early in May on the blossoms of the wild plum, and a 

 little later in more abundance on various species of Cornus (C. circinata, 

 C. paniadata and C. alternifolia), popularly known as swamp dog-wood, 

 though the species mentioned do not usually grow on wet ground. It is 

 also fond of laurel blossoms ( Kalinia latifolia and K. august if olia). I 

 have never observed it later than the first week in June. It is exceedingly 

 wary and active, not being easily taken by beating. After a sudden noon- 

 day shower I took over twenty specimens, by hand, from a low Cornus 

 bush, into the cymes of which they had crawled for protection. 



It greatly resembles G. cyauipeuuis, and like it, varies in color from 

 bright green to copper and golden ; but is always to be known by its 

 rufous abdomen. The structural differences, notwithstanding the close 

 similarity, are so great that eventually the two species may be placed in 

 different genera. See Bulletin of Brooklyn Ent. Soc. v. 7, p. 107. 



Sapei-da discoidea Fab. According to all the observations on record 

 that I have seen, the larva of this beetle lives under the bark of diseased 

 or deadened hickory and walnut, and before transforming penetrates the 

 solid wood and there undergoes its changes. My own observations are 

 not in accord with this. I once took from the thick bark of a hickory log 

 in some cordwood, four mature individuals, the larvae of which had fed 

 partly on the bark and partly on the wood, and when approaching maturity 

 had entered the bark and there disclosed. The past year, I found in May 

 more than twenty of the full fed larvje, pupae, and beetles yet immature, 

 in the bark of a large standing hickory that had been deadened about two 

 years previously; they were all on the north side of the tree and none 

 over fifteen inches from the ground. After feeding on the outer layers of 

 wood till they had nearly attained their full growth, the larvas had bored, 

 instead of the wood, into the thick bark, closing their burrows in the 

 usual way, and there transforming like the species of Urographis do in 

 oak bark. 



Where the larva selects the wood it may be legitimately inferred that 

 the bark is not thick enough for its purposes. But how does it know 

 whether the bark is thick or thin ? This instinctive versatility in adapting 

 itself to circumstances is only another of the mysterious things that meet 

 the investigator of Nature at almost every step. 



Dloedus pundatus Lee. is abundant here from April to September. It 

 inhabits decaying oak (mostly of the red and chestnut species) that is 




48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



almost changed to humus. It is found in all its stages at the same time, 

 and seems to have no other business than to hasten the destruction of its 

 habitation. I have never met with a specimen elsewhere. Heretofore its 

 habitatio has been given as under the bark of yellow pine. 



Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. I have obtained this insect twice from 

 hickory twigs placed in a box. The color of these is black, like 6'. 4- 

 spinosus I have others that are reddish-brown, said to be from peach 

 trees. I have carefully looked for it several times in diseased trees of the 

 last mentioned species, and also in pear trees affected by blight, but 

 always with negative results. 



Macrobasis unicolor Kirby is found here in countless numbers from 

 the middle of July till the middle of August, on a leguminous plant 

 (Baptisia australis) growing abundantly on the river shore, the foliage 

 of which it eats with great avidity and entirely destroys. In Economic 

 Entomology it is classed among the insects injurious to vegetation, accord- 

 ing to Riley in the Missouri Reports, devouring potato vines, beans, the 

 foliage of the apple and the honey locust; and on Mount Washington 

 was found by Mr. F. Gardiner, jr., on Pyriis americana. Here it has not 

 been observed to have such tastes, nor to eat any other than the plant 

 mentioned, though potatoes, beans, &c., are cultivated very extensively 

 close by. 



From the observations of Mr. Riley as given in his paper, " On the 

 Larval Characters and Habits of the Blister-beetles," &c., it is probable 

 the young of this beetle live on the eggs of Caloptenus femuf-rubrum, 

 which is also very abundant on the river shore. The gray race is the 

 only one occurring here, and fortunate is it for the farmers along the river 

 that the insect prefers a useless weed to his beans and potatoes. I have 

 experimented with them, and find they possess vesicatory properties equal 

 to the imported C. vesicatoria, a fact, however, that is not new. 



In the larval state of Coleoptera many live in decaying bark and 

 wood, some confined to a single species, or the species of a genus and 

 perhaps its allies. Hickory and beech are more palatable to a greater 

 number than any other wood. The following seem to be omnivorous : — 



Cucujus clavipes feeds on locust, maple, sycamore, wild cherry, hickory, 

 white oak, elm ; Clinidium sculpt He on spruce, hemlock, tamarack, black 

 oak, hickory, chestnut, ash, gum, poplar, birch ; Synchroa punctata on 

 all species of oak, hickory, apple, cherry, mulberry, osage orange, chest- 

 nut ; Dendroides canadensis on nearly everything. 




THE CANADLVN ESfTOMOLOGIST. 



49 



LIST OF STAPHYLINID^ TAKEN AT BELLEVILLE, ONT. 



BY PROF. J. T. BELL, SC. D. 



Falaarria dissecta. 



o 



M venustula. 

 Homalota — lo species not yet 

 determined. 



Aleochara lata. 



II brachypterus. 

 II bimaculata. 



Oxypoda sagulata. 

 Myllaena diibia. 

 Cilea silphoides. 

 Erchomus ventrical us. 

 Tachinus pallipes. 

 II fimbriatus. 



Tachyporus brunneus. 

 II elegans. 



Conosoma crassum. 



Bolitobius cinticollis. 



II dimidiatus. 



II anticus. 

 Bryoporus rufescens. 



Mycetoporus lepidus. 



II americanus. 



II flavicoUis. 



Heterothops fumigatus. 

 Creophilus maxillosus. 

 Leistotrophiis cingulatus. 



Staphylinus vulpinus. 



M fossator. 



II badipes. 



It cinnamopterus. 



M violaceus. 



Ocypus ater. 



Philonthus cyanipennis. 

 (I feneus. 



M palliatus. 



11 micans. 



Xantholinus cephalus. 

 II obsidianus. 



M obscurus. 



Leptacinus flavipes. 

 Diochus Schaumii. 

 Lathrobium grande. 



II punctulatum. 



fi simile. 



II nigrmn. 



II tenue. 



II collare. 



II othioides. 



II debile. 



Cryptobium bicolor. 

 Stilicus biarmatus. 

 Lithocharis obsoleta. 



Sunius binotatus. 



II longiusculus. 

 Psederus littorarius. 

 Dianous ccerulescens. 

 Stenus jmio. 



II 8 species undetermined. 



Eujesthetus americanus. 

 Bledius semiferrugineus. 



II emarginatus. 

 Oxytelus rugosus. 

 Trogophloeus 4-punctatus. 

 Olophrum obtectum. 




50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Omalium rufipes. Pycnoglypta lurida. 



Protinus atomarius. n convexa. 



Micropeplus tesserula. And about 6 species not yet identified. 



A NEW TENTHREDINID. 



BY L. PROVANCHER, CAP ROUGE, QUEBEC. 



Genus Synairema, Hartig. 



This genus was detached from Tenthredo by Hartig in 1837, for an 

 insect described in 1793 by Panzer, under the name of Tenthredo rttbi, 

 found in Germany, Sweden, France, Tyrol, &c. In 1849, Bremi described 

 a new species found in Helvetia, which he named 6". alpina. It has not 

 yet been recorded as met with in America. 



Synairema differs only from Tenthredo by its lanceolate cell, which is 

 largely contracted in the middle, while in the last it is separated by a 

 straight nervule. 



Synairema Americana., nov. sp. 



^ . — Length .46 inch. Black ; face below the antennae, inner orbital 

 lines reaching the occiput and thence curving inwards, mandibles, clypeus, 

 palpi, gense, scape underside, a spot on each side of the median lobe of 

 mesothorax, a spot on tegular, scutel, a point before and another one 

 behind, apex of basal plates, pleura and pectus in parts, white. Antennae 

 long, slender, black with a white spot on the scape underneath. Wings 

 hyaline, nervures and stigma brown black. Tegs white, including coxge 

 and trochanters, the two anterior pairs with a black line exteriorly on their 

 femora, tibiae and tarsi ; the posterior pair black, with coxae, except a 

 black spot outside, trochanters and basal third of femora, white ; the 

 spines of their tibiae, except the tips, and a ring at the base of the first 

 joint of the tarsus, also white. "Abdomen elongated, black, shining, 

 venter more or less whitish on the sides. Valves of the terebra black, 

 shortly exserted. 



Captured one female at Cap Rouge. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 



LIST OF DIPTERA TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF PHILA- 

 DELPHIA FROM 1882 TO 1884, INCLUSIVE. 



BY E. L. KEEN, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



The object of giving this Hst in its present imperfect form is to call 

 the attention of our Entomologists to this greatly neglected order of 

 insects, and as most of the families are still in an unworked condition, to 

 call especial attention to them ; of course, the named species represent 

 only about one fourth of all the species taken by me during my three 

 years collecting, and were mostly taken in Fairmount Park, and a few at 

 Delanco, N. J- 



If a few of our many Entomologists would turn their attention to the 

 Diptera, they would be sure to find an interesting and very wide field, in 

 fact there would be room enough for nearly a dozen systematic workers 

 in this order. 



At present the Diptera are receiving great attention from Dr. S. W. 

 Williston, who has already greatly advanced the study of the order, and 

 if we had a few more such workers, the Diptera would soon rise to as 

 honorable a rank as is held by Coleoptera, etc. 



Cccidomyidce. 

 Took a few species, but none are determined. 



Mycetoph ilidce. 

 Species undetermined. 



Simulidce. 

 Simulium venustum (?) Say. 



Bibio7iidce. 

 Bibio albipennis, Say. Bibio articulatus, Say, 



n femoratus, Wied. Scatopse atrata. Say. 



And several undetermined species. 



Culicidce. 

 Culex ciliatus, Fabr. Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Say. 



If taeniorhynchus, Wied. 

 Several other species were taken, but are undetermined. 



Chironomidce. 

 There are a large number of species of this family, but they are not 

 worked up. 




52 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Psychodidce. 

 Took six species of tliis family on the bark of trees last summer ; 

 there are only two recorded in Osten Sacken's Catalogue. 



Tip III idee. 



Geranomyia canadensis, Westw. 



11 rostrata, Say. 



Rhypholophus nubilis, O. S. 

 Erioptera straminea, O. S. 



If venusta, O. S. 

 Chionea valga, Har. 

 Symplecta punctipennis, Meig. 

 Epiphragma fascipennis, Say. 

 Limnophila montana, O. S. 

 Eriocera fuliginosa, O. S. 

 II spinosa, O. S. 



Bittacomorpha clavipes, Fabr. 

 Tipula abdominalis, Say. 



II bella, Loew. 



II costalis, Say. 



II cunctans, Say. 



II fasciata, Loew. 



II fuliginosa, Say. 



II hebes, Loew. 



II infuscata, Loew. 



II tricolor, Fabr. 

 Pachyrhina collaris, Say. 



Amalopis inconstans, O. S. 



Besides the above there are quite a number of undetermined species. 



Rhyphidce. 

 Rhyphus alternatus, Say. Rhyphus punctatus, Meig. 



Stratioinyidce. 

 Metoponia fuscitarsis. Say. ' Sargus decor us, Say. 

 Beris viridis. Say. n elegans, Loew. 



Clitellaria subulata, Loew. Chloromyia viridis. Say. 



Stratiomyia marginalis, Loew. Stratiomyia norma, Wied. 



Also a number of imdetermined species. 



Tabatiidce. 



Chrysops vittatus, Wied. 

 Therioplectes lasiopthalmus, Macq. 

 Tabanus atratus, Fabr. 

 II costalis, Wied. 



Chrysops callidus, O. S. 

 celer, O. S, 

 excitans. Walk, 

 riavidus, Wied. 

 frigidus, O. S. 

 fugax, O. S. 

 niger, Macq. 

 obsoletus, Wied. 

 plangens, Wied. 

 univittatus, Macq. 



lineola, Fabr. 

 nigrovittatus, Macq. 

 stygius. Say. 

 sulcifrons, Macq. 

 trimaculatus, Palisot-Beau. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



OO 



Lcptidce. 

 Chrysopila ornata, Say. Chrysopila thoracica, Fabr. 



II propinqua, Walk. Leptis punctipennis. Say. 



II quadra ta, Say. 



Took cpiite a number of uncleteraiined species of this family. 



Asilidce. 

 Leptogastcr llavipes, Loew. Laphria sericea, Say. 



Stichopogon trifasciatus, Say. 

 Holcocephala abdominalis, Say. 



II calva, Loew. 



Deromyia discolor, Loew. 



■I umbrinus, Loew. 

 Atomosia glabrata, Say. 

 n pueila, Wied. 

 Cerotainia macrocera, Say. 

 Dasyllis tiavicollis, Say. 

 II thoracica, Fabr. 

 M tergissa. Say. 

 Pogonosoma dorsata. Say. 



Midas clavatus, Drury. 



Exoprosopa fascipemiis, Say. 

 Anthrax alternata, Say. 

 II fulvohirta, Wied. 

 II lateralis, Say. 

 II sinuosa, Wied. 

 Argyramoeba limatulus, Say. 

 ii Gidipus, Fabr. 

 II Simson, Fabr. 



T/ierevidce. 

 Have quite a number of species, but none are determined. 



Scenopiiiidce. 

 Scenopinus fenestralis, Linn. 



E) lip idee. 

 Species of this family are quite plentiful around Philada., but I have 

 none named. 



Mallophora laphroides, Wied. 



11 orcina, Wied. 



Promachus Bastardii, Macq. 

 II quadratus, Wied. 



Erax aestuans, Linn. 

 11 Bastardi, Macq. 

 II lateralis, Macq. 

 11 furax, Will. 

 Proctacanthus brevipennis, Wied. 



11 Philadelphicus, Macq. 



Asiius Novse Scotiaj, Macq. 

 II sericeus, Say. 



Midaidce. 



Bombylidce. 



Bombylius fratellus, Wied. 



II pulchellus, Loew. 



II validus, Loew. 



II varius, Fabr. 



Sparnopolius fulvus, Wied. 

 Geron calvus, Loew. 

 Systropus macer, Loew. 




54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



DoHchopodidce. 

 A large number of species are found here of this large family ; only a 

 few of mine are determined. 



Dohchopus batiUifer, Loew. Scellus exustus, Walk. 

 II bifractus, Loew. Psilopus patibulatus, Say. 



II eudactylus, Loew. n sipho, Say. 



Diaphorus spectabilis, Loew. 



SyrpJiidce. 

 (See Vol. xvi., No. 8, pp. 145-147.) 



Conopidee. 

 Conops tibialis, Say. Stylogaster neglecta, Will. 



Have quite a number of undetermined species. 



Pipunculidce. 

 Took two or three species of this family, which are not as yet deter- 

 mined. 



TacJiinidce. 



Took about 50 species of this large family, of which the following are 

 determined : — 



Trichopoda pennipes, Fabr. Hystricia vivida, Harr. 

 Exorista flavicauda (?) Riley. Belvoisia bifasciata, Fabr. 

 Of Dexidce, Sarcophagidce, Muscidce, Anthotnyidce, I took a very large 

 amount, but for the most part the species are unnamed. 



Cordyluridce. 

 Cordylura bimaculata, Loew. Scatophaga stercoraria, Linn. 

 II setosa, Loew. 



Helomyzidce. 

 Helomyza quinquepunctata, Say. 



Sciomyzidce. 

 Tetanocera arcuata, Loew. Tetanocera saratogensis, Fitch. 

 11 pictipes, Loew. Sepedon armipes, Loew. 



11 plebeja, Loew. n fuscipennis, Loew. 



Fsilidce. 

 Loxocera cylindrica, Say. 



Micropezidx. 

 Calobata antennipennis, Say. 



Ortalidce. 

 Pyrgota undata, Wied. Callopistria annulipes, Macq. 



Rivellia viridulans, R. Desv. Seoptera colon, Loew. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55 



Camptoneura picta, Fabr. Chaetopsis aenea, Wied. 



Stictocephala van, Say. 



Trypctidce. 

 Straussia longipennis, Wied. Euaresta bella, Loew. 

 Oedaspis polita, Loew. n festiva, Loew. 



Eurosta solidaginis, Fitch. 



Lo7ichceidce. 

 Palloptera superba, Loew. 



Sapromyzidce. 

 Sapromyza compedita, Loew. Sapromyza philadelphica, Macq. 



Di op si dee. 

 Sphyracephala brevicornis, Say. 



Ephydridx. 

 Paralimna appendiculata, Loew. 



Ochthera mantis, Deg. Also. several other species. 



Ephydra atrovirens, Loew. 



Oscinidce. 

 A few species around decayed fruits. 



NORTH AMERICAN PYRALID^. 



BY PROF. C. H. FERNALD, STATE COLLEGE, ORONO, ME. 



Cramhtis zeellus, n. s. 



Expanse of wings, from i8 to 24 m. m. 



Palpi, head and thorax, pale leaden gray. The labial palpi extend 

 forward as far as the length of the head and thorax. The maxillary palpi 

 are as long as the head. 



Fore wings dull leaden gray, mixed with ashy and wliitish, especially 

 on the outer part, and crossed beyond the middle by two angulated dull 

 ochre yellow lines, overlaid more or less with dark brown. The first line 

 crosses the end of the cell where it is angulated. The second crosses the 

 wing about half way between this last and the end. The terminal line is 

 dark brown, and a dark brownish cloud extends obliquely in from the 

 apex to the second line, but does not reach the costa. A narrow ochre 

 yellow line, somewhat curved, extends from the middle of the base of the 

 wing to the second line near the anal angle, and a similar line, though less 




56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



plainly marked, runs parallel, between this line and the hinder margin. 

 The terminal space is more or less gray. The outer margin is regularly 

 excavated below the apex. Fringes pale metallic lead color. Hind wings 

 pale fuscous with lighter fringes. Under side of the body, and all the 

 wings pale fuscous. 



Habitat— Me., Penn., W. Va., Ill, Mo. 



Bred from corn by Prof S. A. Forbes. 



I am under obligations to Lord Walsingham for comparing specimens 

 of this and other species with the collections in London. 



Cramhus Juihtellns, n. s. 

 Expanse of wings, 26 m. m. 



Head, thorax and fore wings, chalky white. The palpi are somewhat 

 fuscous on the outside, but white on the rest of their surface. Antennae 

 fuscous. 



The fore wings are crossed by a twice angulated, brown, median line, 

 much darker and heavier on the angles. I'his line starts from a point a 

 little beyond the middle of the costa and runs out beyond the end of the 

 cell where the first acute angle is formed. From this angle the line runs 

 obliquely across the wing to the middle of the hinder margin forming the 

 second angle just below the cell, beyond which the line is nearly obsolete. 

 A double, yellowish line starts from the costa a little beyond the outer 

 fourth, and curving downward runs nearly parallel with the outer margin, 

 to the hinder margin a little within the anal angle. The terminal space is 

 yellowish and this color fuses with the line so that it does not appear 

 double except at the costa, and there is a row of seven black points along 

 the outer margin. The space between the median and subterminal lines 

 has six longitudinal, geminate brown dashes on the veins. The surface 

 of the wing inside of the angles of the median line is covered with silver 

 colored scales, and there are three dark brown dashes, one near the base 

 above the hinder margin, the second outside of this and a little above, and 

 the third extends along towards the second angle of the median line ; and 

 the costa is more or less sordid. Ciha white with a silvery base which is 

 broken by the white opposite the second and third black spots below the 

 apex. 



The hind wings are sordid white, with a narrow terminal border 

 slightly darker. Cilia pure white. Under side of the liind wings lighter 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 



than above, under side of fore wings sordid white, with the subterminal 

 line and terminal black points reproduced. 



Received from Texas by Rev. Geo. D. Hulst, for whom I take great 

 pleasure in naming this species. 



Eurycreon perplexalis, n. s. 



Expanse of wings, 22 m. m. 



Palpi and head mouse-colored. The base of the palpi beneath and a 

 superciliary line, white. Thorax and fore wings pale mouse-colored, the 

 latter overlaid more or less with whitish scales. The space between the 

 reniform and oblique orbicular is whitish. The inner line is obsolete ; the 

 outer line starts at right angles from the costa, has a re-entrant angle out- 

 side of the upper part of the reniform spot, thence it is outwardly rounded 

 and dentate with five teeth, down to vein two, where it sends a long blunt 

 angle in towards the base of the wing, then turns and forms a similar but 

 shorter outward angle, then runs to the hinder margin at right angles with 

 it. This line is bordered on the outside with a narrow whitish shade, most 

 prominent on the costa and before the hinder margin. The terminal line 

 is dark and composed of confluent semi-lunate spots. The fringes are 

 paler than the wings. 



Hind wings pale gray, darker terminally, with the faintest indication 

 of an extra median line. Fringes paler with a basal darker line. Under 

 side of all the wings pale yellowish fuscous, with the markings of the 

 upper surface faintly indicated. 



Received from Texas by Rev. Geo. D, Hulst. 



Botis inornatalis, n. s. 



Expanse of wings, 13 m. m. 



The head and palpi are pale snuff brown, the latter extend forward as 

 far as the length of the head in front of it, and they are whitish under- 

 neath at the base, and the superciliary line is white. 



The thorax and fore wings are of a light vinous red or reddish pink 

 color, very near the color of JSoiis sigiiataiis, but without markings of any 

 kind. Fringes paler than the wings at the base, but whitish on the outer 

 part. 



Hind wings pale fuscous, lighter at the base, and stained with vinous 

 red along the outer margin. The abdomen is concolorous with the hind 

 wings. 




)8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Under side of the fore wings silky, fuscous and stained with vinous 

 along the outer part of the costa. Under side of the hind wings lighter 

 than above. Under side of the body, middle and hind legs, white and 

 silky. The fore legs are pale fuscous. 



This beautiful little species was collected in Florida and sent to me by 

 Rev. Geo. D. Hulst. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



XYLORYCTES SATYRUS. 



Dear Sir : In answer to Dr. H. A. Hagen's query in the Entomolo^ 

 GIST for Dec, 1884, I have to say that some four years ago a boy brought 

 me a living specimen, a fine male, of Xylorydes satyrus, which he had 

 taken in Bleecker's Woodsj just outside of the city Hmits. 



James T. Bell, Sc. D. 



Belleville, Ont, Feb. 17th, 1885. 



Dear Sir : Dr. Hagen asks in Dec. No. (Vol. xvi., p. 239) whether 

 this beetle occurs further north than Pa. I find it recorded by Zesch and 

 Reincke in their list of species captured within fifteen miles of Buffalo ; 

 by Howard and Schwarz in list of Coleoptera of lower peninsula of 

 Michigan, presumably from Detroit ; by Pettit, as captured at Grimsby, 

 Ont., and by Prof. Bell, as taken near Belleville, Ont. It also occurs 

 here — and this is probably the most northerly record for it — but is appar- 

 ently rare. The only specimen I possess is a ^ which was brought to me 

 alive by a friend, but I have several times met with the elytra and other 

 fragments of dead specimens in or under decayed logs. It is of course 

 noticeable as being our largest representative of the Scarabffiidae, which in 

 these colder regions only muster about forty species. 



W. Hague Harrington. 



Ottawa, 25th Feb., 1885. 



Dear Sir : I am able to add to the kind answers to my query by 

 Messrs. G. Dimmock and S. Henshaw, two more. Prof. Chas. V. Riley 

 writes me that August i8th, 187 1, he found larvse, pupae and fresh beetles 

 of X. satyrus quite common at Ridge wood, N. J., under old leaves in the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59 



woods, especially in moist hollows; August, 1S78, he found the beetles 

 quite common, and in fact injuring the roots of ash trees in Babylon, 

 L. I. Miss Emily L. Morton, Newburgh, N. J., states the frequent occur- 

 rence of X. satyrus on Long Island at various places, but has never seen 

 a specimen of it taken in her own collecting grounds, New Windsor, N. 

 Y., or vicinity. I have never made any lists of the distribution of insects 

 except, of course, for some orders which belong to my special studies ; 

 but I have many times missed such a reference list for Coleoptera. I have 

 been now informed that such a list is in the way of preparation. Even if 

 I had time enough to undertake such a large work, 1 would have been 

 prevented from doing it for a certain reason. If local lists should be taken 

 as a basis for such a reference list of N. Am., it would be necessary to 

 assume that the determinations of the species are unquestionable. That 

 this is not the case in some lists of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, I have 

 been shown by s]>ecialists. Therefore if such a reference list should be 

 of value, it must be worked by specialists who are able to control care- 

 fully the determinations. As in my large correspondence I am often asked 

 to give information of the occurrence of species in certain localities, my 

 way to answer these queries is to consult the collections in my care. So 

 for beetles, the N. A. collection formed out of the collections of Mel- 

 sheimer, Ziegler, Lewis, A. Agassiz, and all other beetles, formerly belong- 

 ing to the Museum. Further, die collections of Dr. LeConte, Lt. Casey, 

 and of the Peabody Academy, the two latter ones now belonging to the 

 Museum ; and finally of the general collection. If the result is not suffi- 

 cient, I would like to apply to the knowledge of specialists, and the prompt 

 answers now given will mostly settle the question. I should add that 

 at least for Lepidoptera, I did begin the arrangement of the collection in 

 a way to form a reference list, in placing a specimen of every State and 

 of other important localities in the boxes, to have, a graphical view of the 

 distribution of each species. I have retained for this purpose specimens 

 often in a very bad condition. But this plan, by which sometimes a whole 

 box was needed for one species, outgrew the given limits of space. Never- 

 theless, for Odonata and some other families belonging to my specialty, I 

 still retain this arrangement, which has given for some species of large 

 distribution two closely filled boxes, and even more. When such species 

 are studied and finally outworked, it will be of course possible to diminish 

 the number of specimens. It would be an error to believe that I could 

 do all this myself. My intention is to bring all specimens present in the 




60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



collection together in such a manner that the monographer or the student 

 can find now or in later times the material which he needs for his study. 

 To draw the attention of students to parts of the collection which are 

 arranged as far as my knowledge goes, I did begin to publish during the 

 last year lists of the contents of the collection, and will go on with such 

 publications if they should prove to be useful. Through the addition of 

 the collection of the Peabody Academy, the Museum possesses a very 

 large number of types for Heterocera and Micro-Lepidoptera of N. Am., 

 and a very large number of types of Europe. I have during many years 

 given especial care to bring together a collection of types of the European 

 fauna for comparison with the fauna of N. America. 



Concerning my list of the Phytoptoceridia, I was most agreeably sur- 

 prised by a letter of Prof. S. A. Forbes, and by a copy of the 12th Re- 

 port, in which Mr. H. Garman has given an excellent paper on the Phy- 

 topti and other injurious plant mites. The copy of this Report which he 

 has formerly forwarded to me has never reached my hands. As this 

 paper is not quoted in Justis Jahresharict, it is new to me, and I am glad 

 that the list is now directly advanced by such a prominent paper. 



H. A. Hagen. 



EUPTOIETA CLAUDIA. 



Dear Sir : In reply to the letter of Mr. Thos. E. Bean, in the Jan'y 

 number of the Entomologist, I took several specimens of Euptoieta 

 Claudia last season in the Calgarry and Goose Lake region, and Pyrameis 

 cardtii was so plentiful from Toronto to Br. Columbia that I hardly con- 

 sidered it worth while to publish it on the list. E. clatidia is added to my 

 list in the Dec. number. I took the larvse of cardui on both thistles and 

 nettles all along the route. Yours truly, 



Gamble Geddes. 



Government House, Toronto, 25th Feb., 1885. 



\E. clatidia was also among the insects collected by Miss F. M. 

 Pierce, of Moose Mountain, N. W. T, last year, and forwarded for our 

 Society's collection. — Ed. C. E.] 




VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1885. No. 4 



DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES 



OF PARNASSIUS SMINTHEUS, Doubl., AND OF 



P. CLODIUS, Men. 



BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 



P. Smintheus. 



Mr. W. L. Courtis, in 1883, sent me many eggs of this species, laid 

 by females confined with Sedum. All the butterflies were of the variety 

 Hcrmodur, H. Edw., the females being very black. I related Mr. 

 Courtis's observations in Papilio III., p. 158. The eggs were forwarded 

 to Dr. H. S. Jewett, Dayton, Ohio, in default of ice here, and were placed 

 in an ice box in that town, and so remained till late in Jan., '84. I 

 received them 28th. Two days after, several of the eggs were found to 

 have hatched, the day being warm, 55° Far. at noon. I gave the larvae 

 leaves of our wild Sedum, and also of some cultivated sorts that I had 

 brought together for the purpose. Three days later the wild leaves were 

 noticed eaten or nibbled a little, the other sorts not all. In former years, 

 at least twice, I had had these larvae out of egg, and they refused our 

 Sedum and starved. In the present case, little holes were eaten on the 

 upper side of leaf, half way through the fleshy part. Several larvae died 

 speedily, but a few did well. On 5th Feb'y, two were visibly stouter than 

 the rest. On 6th, I happened on some larvae feeding, this time at the 

 edges of the leaves. On 8th, the two largest began to swell at second 

 segment ; on loth, one of these died in the effort to moult, the time from 

 the egg being 11 days. On 12th, the other larva passed ist moult, at 13 

 days. On 15th, a third passed same moult ; next day another, and I was 

 fortunate in seeing the process. Before this moult I endeavored to make 

 the larvae disclose the tentacles on second segment, and did so in some 

 cases by pressing on the dorsum of segments after 2 with flat side of a 

 pin. Teasing with the point of the pin effected nothing. The tentacles 

 were stubby and very short, a mere lump of brownish-yellow color, with- 

 out prongs. It was rather a tentacle, than tentacles. On i8th, another 

 passed ist moult. By pressing on dorsum, the tentacles after first moult 




62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



were brought out, two short stubby horns, bifurcated low down, color 

 greenish-yellow, with a tint of brown. 



On 22nd, the first larva which passed first moult was swollen for 

 second ; remained in that condition a long time, and finally passed second 

 moult 27th. On 6th March, another was swollen for same moult. There 

 were then but half a dozen left out of perhaps three score larvae from the 

 egg. Day after day they died, and by nth every one had died. So that 

 only one passed 2nd moult. This is but a melancholy showing, but it 

 was much to get descriptions of three larval stages, and greatly enlarged 

 drawings by Mrs. Peart of the first two stages. I learned something by 

 the experience, and with another opportunity, I may perhaps reach pupa 

 and imago. I got from Dr. Staudinger a beautifully prepared blown skin 

 of Parn. Apollo, and from that could see that the larva of Smmtheus at 

 maturity would be closely like it. It was like it at the second stage, that 

 is, with the first moult the larva had put on the characters of maturity 

 very nearly. 



I will give herewith the description of the stages observed, as it may 

 be long before any thing more is known of this species, or of the pre- 

 paratory stages of any of our Parnassians. 



Egg. — Flattened, depressed at summit about the micropyle, the sides 

 curved ; the surface encrusted in hexagonal pattern, at each angle of every 

 figure a minute cell ; color chalk-white. Figured and described in But. 

 N. A , vol. I. The shape is like that of a Lycaena. 



Young Larva. — Length .08 inch; cylindrical, tapering both on dor- 

 sum and sides from 3 or 4 to last segment, each segment well rounded ; 

 much covered with long, stiff, black hairs, or bristles ; on dorsum are four 

 rows of these, each hair springing from a little tubercle ; on 2, 3, 4 these 

 are arranged in a cross row, on the middle of the segment, on 2 they are 

 equidistant, but on 3 and 4 there is a wider space between the 2nd and 

 3rd tubercle than the others ; also on 2 is another cross row of 4 near the 

 front, the pair on either side mid-dorsal line nearer together than the posterior 

 tubercles on same segment; segments 4 to 13 inclusive have these hairs 

 disposed in two rows, one being on the front part, the other on posterior 

 part, and more widely separated ; so that on these segments there are 

 formed two dorsal longitudinal rows, and two sub-dorsal ; the hairs on 

 anterior segments are curved and directed forwards, from 5 to 10 are 

 nearly erect, but still turned forwards ; on the last segments turned back ; 

 high on the side is a row of large, flattened tubercles from 2 to 11, and 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63 



from each spring four hairs, separated at their bases, turned forwards and 

 downwards ; on 2, 3, 4 is a demi-row, mid-lateral, of similar but smaller 

 and flattened tubercles, each bearing three hairs ; lower down, and just 

 below spiracles, on 4 to 13, are 2 hairs to each segment, from little tuber- 

 cles not in line, but placed obliquely, so that the posterior tubercle is 

 always a little above the other ; along base, over feet and from 2 to 12, are 

 2 fine and short hairs to each, near together, turned down ; some larvae 

 have all the large tubercles black, others have them light gray ; the hairs 

 are all light but black at base ; under side and prolegs greenish-brown, the 

 feet black ; head obovoid, long, broader than high, depressed at top, the 

 vertices rounded ; black, the surface rough, with many fine black hairs ; 

 the larva from the first is able to project its tentacles, very short, pale 

 brown-yellow, and so far as observed not bifurcated. Duration of this 

 stage from 11 to 15 days. 



After First Moult. — Length at 24 hours, .18 inch; shape as in first 

 stage ; color velvet-black, the lower part of side and under side greenish- 

 brown ; the processes on body are much as at first stage, but instead of 

 single hairs from minute tubercles over dorsum, there are now four rows 

 of small glossy black flattened tubercles, placed just as were the others 

 mentioned, namely, two straight cross rows on 2, one row on 3, 4 each, in 

 all these four in the row ; in the following segments two cross rows each, 

 two tubercles to the row, on front and rear, the former near together, or 

 dorsal, the latter more separated and sub-dorsal ; each of these tubercles 

 bears four short hairs, separated at their bases ; the upper lateral tubercles 

 are large, rounded, flattened, running from 2 to 12, and bear from six to 

 eight hairs ; the demi-row on side of 2-4 is nearly in line with the tuber- 

 cles below spiracles from 5 to 13, and this may be considered as a con- 

 tinuous lateral row, the lower lateral ; on 2-4 there is a single tubercle to 

 each, size of the dorsals, but the succeeding segments have two each, 

 smaller, close together, the posterior one of the pair always a little higher 

 than the other ; the first three have five hairs each, the rest four, except 

 on 13, where the tubercles are very small, and bear one or two hairs only ; 

 the hairs vary in length on each tubercle over the body, and in addition 

 there are scattered hairs from the surface everywhere ; on the dorsum of 2 

 the interior tubercles coalesce and are enlarged, and the hairs therefrom 

 bend forward over the head ; from 2 to 12 inclusive, in line with the upper 

 lateral tubercles, on the posterior part of each segment, is a deep yellow 

 oval or rounded spot ; and on dorsum, between and in line with the sub- 




64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



dorsal tubercles, from 5 to 12, is a small and paler yellow oval spot; so 

 that in all there are four longitudinal rows of these spots, the outer pair 

 large, the inner small ; legs black, pro-legs greenish-brown ; head shaped 

 as before, black, rough, with many scattered short hairs. Duration of this 

 stage 15 days, in the only example which reached 2nd moult. 



After Second Moult. — Length at 24 hours, .24 inch; in all respects as 

 at second stage, except that the spots which were then yellow are now 

 white. Before the third was completed the larva died. 



The inflated skin of Parnassius Apollo spoken of above will 

 serve to show what the mature larva of Sinmthejis would be like. The 

 Apollo is black, covered thickly with short stiff black hairs. Where in the 

 larva of Smintheiis at ist moult, is a row of yellow spots, m Apollo there 

 is a row of large red ones, extending from 2 to 11, with smaller ones on 

 12 and 13. Instead of a dorsal row of smaller spots as in Stnintheus. in 

 Apollo the small spots are in line with the large ones, one on the front of 

 each segment, and between 2 and 3, 3 and 4, is a small spot in addition. 

 It is possible that the spots of Smmthcics may again change color (having 

 once changed from yellow to white, at 2nd moult) but I apprehend the 

 white spots will remain till maturity. 



The larva of Parnassius at every stage is unlike that of a Papilio, the 

 only resemblance being in the presence in both of the scent organs, and 

 the young larva seems to me more like that of certain Erycinidae, for 

 example, Lemonias Nais, as figured in But. N. A., V. 2. The egg is like 

 Lemonias and Lycaena, and as is well known, the. chrysalis is like that of 

 a Hesperid, or some of the Heterocera, and very unlike the typical 

 Papilionidae. The more I see of the Parnassians, the more satisfied am I 

 that their place is not with the Papilionidae, but at the other end of the 

 series, and near the Erycinidae, where they should rank as a Family. I 

 believe that the egg, larva in its stages, and the chrysalis is a better guide 

 to the relationship of butterflies than the characters of the imago. 



P. CLODIUS, Men. 



Egg. — Nearly plano-convex, the top being arched, the base flat, the 

 edge about base rounded ; at the summit a depression about the micro- 

 pyle ; when magnified to one inch diameter, the shape is very like that of 

 a wooden button ; color diluted coffee-brown ; the upper surface covered 

 by a crust, which is pitted with little round cells. (This egg much 




tHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (36 



resembles in shape and ornamentation that of Chrysophanus T/ioe, where- 

 as the egg of Sinmtheus is hke a Lycaena, as L. Pseudargiolus). 



Young Larva. — Length at a few hours from egg, .08 inch ; shape and 

 markings of Smintheus at same stage ; tapering on dorsum and sides from 

 3 or 4 to 13 ; the segments well rounded ; color black, legs black, under 

 side and pro-legs dark greenish-brown ; on dorsum and sides black hairs, 

 which spring from tubercles just as in Smintheus, the arrangement being 

 of same description ; head ob- ovoid, depressed at top, the vertices 

 rounded ; surface rough ; color black ; much covered with short black 

 hairs. 



The larvce refused to eat Sedum, and soon died. In 1878, Mr. Mead 

 brought from Nevada a large number of these eggs, obtained by confining 

 the females on Sedum. 1 kept them in a cool room till last of Jan., '79, 

 when they were placed in a warm one. A few larvae hatched 31st Jan. 



A NEW ARCTIAN. 



BY HENRY EDWARDS, NEW YORK. 



Nemeophila Selwynii, n. sp. 



Head, thorax and abdomen, dull sooty black. Palpi, collar and tip of 

 abdomen pale dull orange. Tegulse, sides of abdomen and upper side of 

 the tip of antennse sordid white. Wings dull sooty black. At base of 

 primaries a very distinct and clearly marked short white streak, and an 

 oblique band (also cream white) from behind the middle of the costa to 

 near the internal angle. This band, which is excavated at its junction 

 with the cell, gradually narrows to a point as it reaches the outer margin. 

 The fringe is white on the apical half of the margin, black elsewhere, and 

 there is a small orange dash at the base of the costa. Secondaries wholly 

 sooty black, fringe white, a little below the apex. Beneath the wings have 

 a slate-colored shade, the markings of the upper surface repeated, the 

 costa of primaries stained with orange at the base and at the edge of the 

 white oblique band, while that of the secondaries has two whitish triangu- 

 lar blotches. 



Expanse of wings, 35 m.m. Length of body, 13 m.m. 



From 7 examples, ^ % , taken by Prof Macoun at Nipigon, Ont. 



Though the species of the genus Nemeophila are subject to consider- 

 able variation, I can but believe that in the form before us we have to do 




fii; TItE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



with a distinct and permanent species, the whole of the examples captured 

 agreeing exactly with each other. It differs from N. petrosa Walk., N. 

 geomet7-ica Gr., and N. Geddesii Newm., in the shape and position of the 

 bands on primaries, while in all the specimens examined there is on the 

 secondaries an entire absence of white marks. 



I have dedicated this interesting insect to Dr. Alfred R. C. Selwyn, 

 LL. D., F. R. S., F. R. S. C, the distinguished Director of the Geol. and 

 N. Hist. Survey of Canada, whom I have known for many years, both in 

 Australia and America, as a close and careful student, and who has already 

 taken important steps which cannot fail to promote a love for Entomology 

 throughout the Dominion, and to produce the most valuable scientific 

 results.* 



A LIST OF COLEOPTERA COLLECTED IN LOUISIANA, ON 

 OR SOUTH OF PARALLEL 30°. 



BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH. 



The following species were collected, from 29th March to 21st June, 

 1884, along the thirtieth parallel in two neighborhoods, New Orleans and 

 environs, and a district on Bayou la Fourche extending from a litde above 

 Napoleonville a few miles south along the bayou. The latter is in 

 Assumption Parish, and at the time of my visit was partially overflowed 

 from the great crevasse of March, 1884. Though many of the species 

 here given are well known to occur in the South Louisiana fauna, I give 

 them all just as I collected them, with the view of noting their relative 

 abundance or rarity, dates of occurrence, localities, etc., all of which 

 together may contribute to make our knowledge of the fauna more com- 

 plete. But it must be remembered that this is merely a record of how the 

 species occurred to me during my stay, in which I collected only a small 

 part of what might have been taken, could I have given my entire atten- 

 tion thereto. Nearly all those of the N. O. neighborhood were taken 

 between the city and Lake Pontchartrain. 



Some observations and notes on a number of the species in this list 

 have been published in Psyche {" Notes on Some Coleoptera Taken in 



* The exact locality and date of capture of this Arctian are thus given by Prof. 

 Macoun : " In open grassy woods along an old road between the Hudson Bay Store 

 and the C. P. R. track, three miles east of Red Rock Station, and one mile west of 

 Nipigon Bridge, June 26th, 1884." 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 



South Louisiana," Psyche, vol. iv., p. 219-222). For the identification of 

 the species (except those marked with an asterisk) I am indebted to Dr. 

 G. H. Horn, who kindly examined them for me. 



CICINDELIU^. 



Tctracha Carolina (Linn.) One full grown larva dug from its hole, loth 

 April. Milnburg Road.* 



Cicindela repanda Dej. One specimen seen (not taken) in an unpaved 

 side street in New Orleans, first part of April. Same species 

 seen also at the mouth of the Red River in Louisiana, 22nd 

 June, and taken at Vicksburg, Miss., 23rd June. 

 11 tortuosa Dej. One specimen taken on a low, sandy mud-flat of 

 the Mississippi just below the mouth of the Red River in 

 Louisiana, 22nd June. In company with repanda. This is the 

 only species in the list which was not taken (or seen) on or 

 south of parallel 30°. 



CARABID^. 



Scarites substriatus Hald. Of occasional occurrence under logs in moist 

 places, N. O. 

 .1 siibterraneus Fabr. Same with preceding, N. O. 

 Brachynus lateralis Dej. A number taken under old wood on the edge 

 of a wet forest, B. la F. 

 11 tormentariiis Lee. In colonies, often in company with 

 Galerita, under logs (old railroad ties) and pieces of wood in 

 low, moist places, on the edge of the swamp especially, f 

  1 fiimans (Fab.) A number taken under logs in drier places 

 than preceding. N. O. 

 Fanagceus cruJgerus Say. One specimen under a log on the edge of a 



muddy, wet forest, 4th May. B. la F. 

 Galerita Janus Fabr. This and the next species in same places with 

 Brachynus tornientarius ; often found in company with that 

 species. I Also overtaken running through passages made in a 



* There are dummy roads running through the swamp from New Orleans to Miln- 

 burg, Spanish Fort and West End, three resorts on Lake Pontchartrain, 



t Where no locality is given, the species will be understood to have been taken both 

 in vicinity of New Orleans and on Bayou la Fourche. 



% Where no date is given, unless otherwise stated, the species was more or less 

 common during the time of my stay. 




68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



dry, rotten stump, probably by ants. Once attracted to lamp in 

 the evening. 



bicolor Drury. With preceding. 

 Casnonia ludoviciana Salle. Three specimens taken from the inside of 

 my canoe while out in the flooded forest; two of these, 13th 

 June. Probably came from foliage. B. la F. 

 Leptotrachcliis dor sails (Fabr.) Two specimens taken separately on the 

 heads of a wayside herb, 15th May, B. la F. They emitted a 

 scent peculiar to many Carabs when disturbed. 

 Lebia viridis Say. One, B. la F. 

 II analis Dej. One, B. la F. 

 Apenes sinuata (Say). One, B. la F. 



Callida decora (Fabr.) Several taken on foliage of elder hunting for 

 prey, 23rd May. One at lamp in the evening, 15th May. Two 

 others seen on the ground in the sun, first part of May. B. la F. 

 Platynus decerns (Say). One under old wood. N. O. 

 Loxandrus rectus (Say). 

 Pterostichus chalcites (Say). Several taken under old wood and clods of 



dirt, also running ; uncultivated land and plantations. 

 Diplochila laticoliis (Lee.) Several under old wood. 

 Dicaeliis pnrpiiratus Bon. Several under wood or logs. B. la F. 



II clongatns Dej. One, same as preceding. B. |a F. 

 Chlaetiius fuscicoriiis Dej. Under logs and drift-wood. 



11 hit icollis ?>diy. With preceding. Also once attracted to lamp in 



the evening. 

 II nemoralis Say. With preceding, but occasionally in drier places 

 and away from woods. Not many taken. 

 Aiiisodactyhis dulcicollis (Laf.) 

 Selenophorus palliatus (Fabr.) One, B. la F. 

 Stenolophus ochropeztcs Say. One, B. la F. 



II dissimilis Dej. Attracted to lamp in the evening. B. la F. 



DYTISCID^. 



Cybister fimbriolatus Say. Several taken from a pool of water, 17 th 

 April, N. O. A pair (same species ?) seen in coitu swimming on 

 the edge of an overflowed forest on Bayou la Fourche, 23rd May. 



Thermonectes basilaris (Harr.) One specimen in pail of water drawn 

 from a cistern, 3rd May. B. la F. 




I 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69 



GYRINID^. 



Dineuttis emarginatus Say. 



STAPHYLINID^. 



Staphylimis cinnamopterus Grav. One or two under old wood. B. la F. 

 Palaminus parens (Lee.) One under wood, N. O. 



EROTYLID/E. 



Languria mozardi Latr. Several from plants. 



II angustata (Beauv.) One on foliage (of elder?), 23rd May. B. 

 la F. 



NITIDULIDiE. 



Carpophilus dimidiatus Fabr. Two, B. la F. 



COCCINELLIDiE. 



*Megilia maculata (DeG.) 



'^Hippodamia converge/is Gue'r. B. la F. 



Coccinella affinis Rand., and var. '^venusta Mels. Two specimens of the 



species, three of the variety, on foliage. B. la F. 

 "^Cycloneda sanguinea (Linn.) 



LUCANID^. 



"^Passalus cornutus Fabr. B. la F. 



SCARABAEIDiT'. 



Canthoii perplexus Lee. One, B. la F. 

 11 hudsonias (Forst.) One, N. O. 

 Diplotaxis harperi Blanch. One, B. la F. 

 Anomala widu/ata Mels. One or two, B. la F. 

 Dysc'metus trachypygus Burm. Two, one from each neighborhood. 

 Ligyrus gibbosus (DeG.) One specimen in a cell in the earth in a sugar- 

 cane row, about the first of May. B. la F. 

 II rugiceps Lee. One specimen in a cell in a cane row same as pre- 

 ceding, 2nd May. B. la F. Ligyrus did no injury to young cane 

 about Napoleonville this season that came to my knowledge. 

 Euphoria meia?icholica (Gory). Quite abundant in flowers of thistles, also 

 in some other flowers. 



BUPRESTID^. 



Dicer ca obscura (Fab.) Several specimens taken in the heat of the day 

 on heads of wormwood and the common ragweed, 20th to 22nd 

 May. B. la F. 




>» 



iO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



ELATERID^. 



Draste7-ius dorsalis (Say). Several under old wood. B. la F. 

 Monocrcpidius lividtis (Deg.) One taken on the head of a stalk of worm- 

 wood, 2 1 St May. B. la F. 



LAMPYRIDiE. 



Lucidota atra (Fabr.) B. la F. 



Pyropyga mimita Lee. One on foliage. B. la F. 



Photuris pensylvanica (DeG.) 



TELEPHORID/E. 



'^Chanliogiiathns marginatus (Fabr.) Abundant on patches of a low, 

 yellow-flowering herb ; also on daisies and some other 

 flowers. In coitn, 30th March to 17th April. 



CERAMBYCID*. 



Elaphidioii imicronatum (Fab.) One specimen, 21st May. B. la F. 



II incertum Newm. Two taken on pine boarding, 5th and 9th 



June; and one attracted to lamp in the evening, 21st May. 

 B. la F. 

 Xylotrechus colonus (Fab.) One attracted to lamp in the evening, loth 



June. B. ia F. 

 Neoclytus erythrocephahis (Fab.) One specimen taken in the heat of the 

 day on the finely-cut foliage of the common ragweed, i8th May. 

 B. la F. 

 '^Desmocerus palliatus (Forst.) On shrubs of elder bordering ditches on 

 plantations, 21st to 27th April. In coitu 22nd to 27th 

 April. B. la F. 

 Bdlaniira scalaris (Say). Several taken on elder and the common rag- 

 weed, 20th to 22nd May. /;'/ coitu same dates. B. la F. 

 Typocerus zebi-atus (Fab.) One, B. la F. 



leptura abdonmialis Hald. Three specimens taken in the flooded forest 



on a pine or cypress stump, over a mile back of the levee, 6th 



June. One of them flew from the stump and alighted upon the 



foliage of a young tree, where it was captured. B. la F. 



Acanthoderes quadrigibbus (Say). Several specimens taken on an un- 



painted, weather-beaten fence made of big, rough-hewn 



pickets, also one on a flour barrel and another on pine 



boarding, i6th to 25th May, B. la F. 



Mecas inornata Say. Taken in considerable numbers exclusively upon 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71 



the leaves of the " wild artichoke," 25th May to 7th June. /;/ coitu 

 2nd to 6th June. B. la F. 



BRUCHID/E. 



Caryoborus arthriticus (Fab.) Four dead and dried specimens found in 

 September among some seeds of the scrub palmetto gathered 

 near New Orleans in the first part of April, and with them 

 were the hollow seed-shells from which they had emerged. 



CHRYSOMELID/E. 



Lema 6-putictata (Oliv.) One taken upon the leaves of some weeds along 

 a low levee bank, 23rd May. B. la F. 



"^Chlamys plicata (Fabr.) ? One larva, a case-bearer, on foliage. B. la F. 



Monachus saponatus (Fab.) Several. B. la F. 



Cryptoccphalus leucomelas Suffr. One specimen on a weed, 17th April. 

 Spanish Fort. 



Myochrous denticollis (Say). Two, B. la F. 



Colaspis brunnea Fab. One perfect and one injured imago. B. la F. 



''^Flagiodera scripta (Fabr.) In abundance on sprouts of cottonwood or 

 poplar, both larvae and imagines, and pairs ifi coitu, on the 

 young and tender leaves, 4th May. B. la F. 



Cerotoina caminea (Fab.) Several. B. la F. 



^Diabrotica 12-punctata (Oliv.) 



Galeruca Integra (Lee.) One. B. la F. 



Disonycha pefisylvanica (Illig.) One from each neighborhood. 



Lactica ocreata Say. Several, B. la F. , 



Systena elojigata (Fab.) One, B. la F. 



Chelimorpha cassidea (Fab.) One specimen taken on a wild plant, 17th 

 April. Spanish Fort. 



Coptocycla aurichalcea (Fab.) One on a leaf of elder, 28th April. B. la F. 



Noda convexa Say. Several, B. la F. 



TENEBRIONID^. 



Nyctobates pensylvanica (DeG.) Two or three under dead bark, 27th 



April. B. la F. 

 Opatrinus notiis (Say). Plentiful under old wood in dry places. 

 Triboliiim inadens (Charp.) One, N. O. 

 Alphitobiiis piceus (Oliv.) Several under old wood, N. O. 

 Strongylium tenuicolle (Say). One, B. la F. 




72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



MELANDRYIDiE. 



Penthe obliqiiata (Fabr.) Three under a log, 27th April. B. la F. 



MORDELLIDiE, 



Rhipiphorus pediyiatus (Fabr.) One on leaves of a wayside herb, nth 

 May. B. la F. 



MELOID^. 



^'Epicauta vittata (Fab.) One running on the ground, ist May. B. la F. 



OTIORHYNCHIDiE. 



Tatiymecus c07ifertus Gyll. Two, B. la F. 



Eudiagogus rosenschoeldi Fahrs. Two, one taken crawling on the ground 

 by a road-side, nth May, B. la F.; the other from N. O. 



CURCULIONID/E. 



Listronotus tuberosns Lee. Quite a number of this species taken clinging 

 on the under side of railroad ties lying on the ground not in 

 use, or pieces of wood in dry places, in company with the 

 three following, first part of April. Milnburg Road. 

 M callosus Lee. With preceding, plentiful. 

 II 7iebidosus Lee. With two preceding, quite numerous. 

 II frontalis Lee. A number with the three preceding. 

 Macrops delumbis (Gyll.) One or two with Listronotus. 

 Eudocimus manncrheiinii Boh. One pair in coitu taken in the flooded 

 forest on a pine or cypress stump, over a mile back of the 

 levee, 6th June. They were lying under a chip in a crevice 

 on the top of the newly-cut stump. B. la F. 

 Lixus ttrnmialis Lee. Two taken on stems of weeds, 27 th April and 



25th May. B. la F. 

 Lissorhoptrus simplex (Say). Several attracted to lamp in the evening, 



14th and 23rd May. _ B. la F. 

 Conotraclielus cribricollis (Say). One, B. la F. 



Chalcodermus aeneus Boh. Abundant on stems of elder along ditches on 

 plantations, also taken on some young sprouts of cotton- 

 wood or poplar. B. la F. 

 Baris nitida Lee. One, B. la F. 



^Unknown Rhyncophor. Larvae taken, i8th April, from tamarind seeds 

 found strewn over the planks of the " levee " at New Orleans, 

 where the Central American and Mexican steamers come in. 

 One seed contained six or eight small, white larvae, nearly 

 spherical, At same time some of the larvae were found in 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73 



Other seeds, almost minute. Probably brouglit from some 

 tropical American port. 



BRENTHID/E. 



Eiipsalis iniiiuta (Drury). Three ^ specimens taken under chips, or in 

 crevices, on a new pine or cypress stump over a mile out in the 

 flooded forest, 6th June. B. la F. 



CALANDRID/E. 



*R/iodobaenus 13-punctatus (Ulig.) Quite plentiful on a wayside herb 

 growing along the bayou on the grassy bank of the levee, 

 and on the leaves and stems of the common ragweed, nth 

 May to 6th June. B. la F. 

 Sphenophorics pertinax Oliv. Under logs and pieces of wood in damp 

 places burrowing in the mud, on which account they are 

 generally covered with a crust of that material. Not un- 

 common near New Orleans (Milnburg and West End 

 Roads) ; only one taken on Bayou la Fourche. 

 fi placidus Say. In same places with preceding, but much 



less common. Only two taken, N. O. 

 * Calandra oryzae Linn. In rice ; and from an ear of Indian corn, every 

 kernel of which was eaten out hollow and contained each a 

 perfect weevil, i6th June. B. la F. 



ANTHRIBID^. 



Araeocerus fascicuhitus (Deg.) One, B. la F: 



A WELL MERITED DISTINCTION. 



The Entomological Society of France, at its meeting, March iith, 

 elected George H. Horn, M. D., Philadelphia, an honorary member, on 

 account of his writings and scientific attainments in Entomology. This 

 is a very great compliment, when it is considered that the Constitution of 

 this Society — one of the most learned in Europe — limits the number of its 

 honorary members to twelve, six native and six foreign. 




74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CHIONOBAS FROM 



BRITISH AMERICA. 



BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 



CHIONOBAS MACOUNII. 



MALE. — Expands 2.2 to 2.4 inches. 



Upper side brown-orange, color of C. Californica Boisd.; occasional 

 examples are dark, a dead-leaf-brown over whole surface ; hind margins 

 edged by a blackish border, of nearly equal width throughout, and ex- 

 tending to apex of primaries ; but sometimes this border is widest on 

 primaries ; costa of primaries dark brown ; in some examples this shade 

 scarcely if at all crosses costal nervure, in others it encroaches on the cell 

 more or less, and occasionally covers the whole cell ; but in nearly all 

 examples under view the cell is concolored with rest of wing ; the obHque 

 discal brown band, which is a conspicuous feature in the males of the 

 alhed species, does not appear in the present one, so far as the examples 

 show ; the coloration of the upper surface resembles that of the female of 

 Californica ; on secondaries, the costal margin is edged with brown, and 

 just outside the end of cell is an expansion of this, which forms a large 

 elongated patch, convex on interior side — not at all like the sub-triangular 

 and small patch seen in Californica and Idiina ; primaries have a black 

 ocellus, rounded or oval, with white pupil on upper discoidal interspace, 

 and a second on second median interspace, the last one usually blind, but 

 sometimes pupillated ; generally the lower ocellus is smallest, but occasion- 

 ally is equal to the upper ; one example under view has two additional 

 black spots, as large as the ocellus on secondaries, one on the interspace 

 next above each ocellus ; another has mere points on these interspaces ; 

 secondaries have a small ocellus, either blind or with white pupil, in 

 second median interspace ; fringes of both wings alternately yellow-white 

 and brown-black. 



Under side of primaries paler, frequently yellowish ; costal edge gray- 

 white, specked and streaked transversely with dark brown, next before 

 and at apex gray prevailing ; the hind margin brown ; the cell more or 

 less specked with brown, and just beyond the middle from base crossed 

 by a narrow brown stripe. 



Secondaries usually gray-white over costal margin and to middle of 

 cell, yellowish over remainder of wing, but sometimes the entire surface is 




tHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7o 



decidedly yellow, of a pale or whitish shade ; streaked finely with dark 

 brown most densely from base to outer edge of the discal band, beyond 

 which the streaks permit the groimd color to show more distinctly than 

 elsewhere ; in the darker examples the hind margin is washed with brown 

 which shades gradually into the lighter area ; the disk crossed by a broad 

 irregular band, edged on either side by black 3 the outer border of this 

 band begins on costa just above the angle and its general course is sinu- 

 ous, with a slight angular incision on the sub-costal nervure, and a 

 rounded one on lower median interspace, the extreme curve lying just 

 outside the nervule ; the outline of basal side of the band is a double 

 curve, being at first convex towards base of wing, and on sub-costal, then 

 a deep sinus on median, after which to inner margin wavy ; the posterior 

 half of the band is about half the width of the other part ; on both wings 

 the ocelli are repeated, and usually the lower on primaries is pupillated ; 

 in a line with the ocellus on secondaries is a series of white points across 

 the wing, one on each interspace, but these are often wanting. 



Body blackish-brown above, thorax black beneath, gi ay-brown over 

 abdomen ; legs black, the tibiae and tarsi brown ; palpi black ; antennae 

 reddish-brown finely ringed with red ; club yellow-brown, tipped ferru- 

 ginous. 



Var. a. — The entire upper side of primaries dark brown except a 

 space beyond the disk which includes the ocelli, this being of the usual 

 shade, and like secondaries ; and it is therefore like the band in Satyrus, 

 as ^S'. Alope ; on under side the ocellar band is yellowish, and the dark 

 area is limited on it in a wavy dark line which projects in an angle upon 

 upper branch of median ; the cell much streaked. 



FEMALE unknown. 



From 12 males, taken by Professor John Macoun, Botanist to the 

 Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, at Lake Nipigon, 1884, 

 and in honor of whom I name the species. It is remarkable for the 

 absence of the broad sexual brown-black band on fore wing, which is so 

 conspicuous a feature of the other members of the group. It forms the 

 connecting link between the Californica group and that of Chryxus. The 

 upper surface of the Var. A is very like many male Chryxus in the 

 arrangement of the light and dark shades of color. In general the male 

 Macounii has the coloring of female Californica. 




76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



HATCHING LEPIDOPTERA THROUGH ARTHTCIAL HEAT, &c 

 (Continued from page 4g, No. j, 1884.) 



BY PH. FISCHER, BUFFALO, N. V. 



Of the lot taken to the room Dec. 3rd, 1883, imagoes appeared as 

 follows : — 



Hem. tenuis, male, Jan. 16, 1884. H. thysbe, female, Mch. 14 2 



II II " 27 11 11 11 n 30 



Telea poly., n n 27 n D. imdulosa, male, Apr. 8 



Apat. lepusc, n 27 n Sph. drupifer. n n 18 



Telea poly., male, Mch. 10 n H. tenuis, male, fem. n 23 



11 female, h 16 n n n n 26 



Pupae from Feb. i, 1884. Sm. myops n May 9 



H. tenuis hatched i male, Feb. 24 n female n ti 



II 2 females m 26 D. chcerilus, male n 11 



II I male 27 Sm. myops n n 13 



II I II Mch. I II female n 14 



II I female n 3 C. promethea, male n 30 



II I male m 4 S. cecropia, female n 31 



II I II 11 13 T. polyph., male n 30 



II I II II 14 II I' 113^ 



Pupae of different genera, Feb. 28, C. promethea n n 31 



hatched as follows : S. cecropia, female, June i 



H. thysbe, male, March 13 i C promethea, male n 2 2 



So far my records. From this time the remaining pupae were taken to 

 a room not heated, and gradually emerged here, which they would pro- 

 bably have done at about the same time had they never been taken to a 

 warmed room. 



On Call, promethea and Samia cynthia, artificial heat seems to have 

 not the least effect, as they were taken to a warm room in February, the 

 first C. projfiethea not hatching until the 30th of May. Of the Samia 

 cynthia, none hatched until late in June, as did the larger number of C. 

 promethea. A number of these, prottiethea and cynthia, male and female 

 of each species, were taken to a small room with a view to observe the 

 copulating of the sexes, and with a faint hope of a crossing, for which latter 

 purpose males of one species (promethea) were also put together with 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 77 



females of cyuthia, and vice-versa., in boxes, but in no case did pairing take 

 l)lace, the males and females crawling over each other as if they were all of 

 one sex. The one window of this room was kept closed, which must have 

 been the cause of non-pairing, as there was no current of air, conse- 

 quently the males, which seemingly have to depend a good deal on the 

 draft of air, were not able to locate the female. One crippled female of 

 Telea polyphemus was taken outside towards evening, in June, and placed 

 on a shrub. It was found copulating the next morning with a fine male 

 of the same species, the female commencing to deposit its eggs during the 

 following night. This shows that for successful copulating insects need 

 the fresh air. 



Of Hyperchiria io hatching in February and March, some (male and 

 female) were also put together in a large box covered with gauze, but with 

 the same result ; none were found to pair, although left together for a 

 week, during which time some males and females never left the spot where 

 they settled the first day. No female of these deposited any eggs during 

 that time, whilst of S. cynthia and C. promethea sterile eggs deposited in 

 June and July could be counted by the thousand. 



Description of an odd variation of Telca polyphemus, male, hatched 

 last summer : Wings almost transparent. Primaries almost without any 

 shading, the usual band near outer margin removed nearer towards ocelli, 

 which itself is narrower as in typical form, elongate, nearly perpendicular 

 with sharply pointed ends above and below, surrounded with yellow, then 

 black, having on margin towards base a red band slightly intermixed with 

 pale blue ; above ocelli a dirty red dash extending to costa ; the lower 

 part of the irregular band near base wanting, leaving only the upper part, 

 which is also more perpendicular, and crescent shaped. Near base almost 

 entirely bare. 



Secondaries unicolored, the usual dark band removed close to ocelli, 

 bordered towards outer margin with a broad bare band. Ocelli the 

 reverse in shape from those on primaries ; outer line straight and inner 

 line convex ; bordered towards outer margin with a black band extending 

 on the outer side around ocelli, terminating in a narrow crescent-shaped 

 black line above, encircling a narrow light blue band which is itself shaded 

 by a darker blue, crowned by a wide white band bordered with red. A 

 second pale but dark wide band runs almost parallel with first, only broken 

 by ocelli, which is altogether but a little over half as large as on typical 




78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



form. Antennas well developed. Thorax nude ; abdomen slightly hairy. 

 Coloring on under side also abnormal. Size 4^ inches. This specimen 

 is in my collection. 



NOTE ON THE LARVA OF DARAPSA VERSICOLOR, CLEM., AS IT OCCURS , IN 

 THE VICINITY OF BUFFALO, N. Y. 



In my note book I find a brief description of the larva of D. versi- 

 color, which I here give : Head small, green. Body light green, deepen- 

 ing strongly on sides, slightly tapering towards caudal extremity, but much 

 towards head from 4th segment. Oblique bands whitish. Caudal horn 

 long, stout, strongly curved backwards. Stigmata light brick red with 

 white. The general appearance is much like D. choerilus, but from which 

 it may be distinguished by its smaller head. As the season advances 

 the larger number are a beautiful dark reddish brown, much resembling 

 the dry leaves often found rolled up, on its chief food plant, Cephalanthus 

 occidentalisi or Swamp Button-bush. The larvae are sometimes found 

 plentiful in certain favorable localities, especially shady swamps. It spins 

 a light cocoon on the ground, in which the pupa hibernates. The pupa is 

 nearly identical with D. choerilus. The larva is generally found in July, 

 very few in August. When disturbed the caterpillar draws its head and 

 first three segments into the fourth. The moth is local and usually rare. 



OBITUARY. 



We regret to announce the death of one of our esteemed members, 

 Mr. Wm. Murray, of Hamilton, Ontario, who passed away after a pro- 

 tracted illness early in March. He was an enthusiastic and industrious 

 collector of both Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and paid special attention 

 to the Sphingidae and the Catocalas. His collection, embracing a large 

 number of specimens, has been bequeathed to the Entomological Society 

 of Ontario, and is now safely deposited in the rooms of the Society. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 



BOOK NOTICES. 



Contributions to the Descriptive and Systematic Coleopterology of 

 North America, Part II., by Thos. L. Casey, U. S. A.; Ige. 8vo., pp. 137. 



Contains very full and careful descriptions of ninety-three new species 

 of Coleoptera, and many new genera ; also systematic revisions of several 

 genera as represented in the United States. A very useful and valuable 

 contribution to this department of Entomology. 



On the North American Asilids, Parts I. and II., by S. W. Williston. 

 M. D.; Ige. 8vo., pp. 58. From the transactions of the Amer. Ent. Soc, 

 xi., December, 1883, and xii., Jan., 1885. 



These excellent papers contain descriptions of forty-three new species, 

 together with fresh descriptions of many of the older forms. Part I. con- 

 tains a very complete table of genera, with two plates illustrating the 

 parts of the insects used in classification. Part II. contains convenient 

 tables of the species belonging to the following genera : Laphria, Mallo- 

 phora, Promachus, Erax and Proctacanthus, in which the chief distinguish- 

 ing features of the species are briefly given. 



Notes on the Systematic Position of Some North American Lepidop- 

 tera, by John B. Smith; 8vo., pp. 8, with one plate containing twenty- 

 three figures, illustrating the structure of Zygaena, Eudryas, Alypia, Stiria, 

 Pyromorpha, Conosoma and Ctenucha. 



The Standard Natural History— Article, Heterocera, by C. H. 

 Fernald. 



We are indebted to the author for a copy of this interesting popular 

 article on Moths, covering 45 pages small quarto, illustrated with 34 figures 

 and one plate of silk worm moths. 



Elephant Pipes in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 

 Davenport, Iowa, by Charles E. Putnam ; 8vo., pp. 40, with one figure. 



General Truths in Applied Entomology, by C. V. Riley; 8vo., pp. 7. 

 An essay read before the Georgia State Agricultural Society, relating 

 chiefly to insecticides and the best methods of applying them. 




80 THP: CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Recent Advances in Economic Entomology, by C. V. Riley; 8vo., 



pp. 3- 



A commmiication made to the Philosophical Society of Washington 

 in reference to insecticides. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology ; Bulletin 

 No. 4, 8vo., pp. I02. 



This useful publication contains a report on Cranberry and Hop 

 Insects, by John B. Smith ; observations on the Rocky Mountain Locust, 

 by Lawrence Bruner ; on Insects Injurious to Cotton, Orange and Sugar 

 Cane in Brazil, by John C. Branner ; Effects of Cold upon the Scale 

 Insects of the Orange in Florida, and extracts from correspondence con- 

 taining many interesting facts relating to injurious insects. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Dear Sir : In a recent issue, among some entomological notes, Mr. 

 J. G. Jack mentions having taken V. antiopa and other butterflies on 

 choke cherry bushes that were infested with Aphides. Perhaps some 

 observations of mine bearing on the same point might be of interest. 



During Sept., 1883, I noticed that a small apple tree in our orchard 

 that was in a circuit of about twenty sugaring trees, had become unpro- 

 ductive, only an occasional moth appearing, while neighboring trees would 

 be well covered. Happening to look up into the tree one night, I dis- 

 covered that it was swarming with moths, and a careful examination 

 showed that the tree was literally covered with the apple plant-louse, A. 

 inali. The moths proved to be principally L. unipunda and Arthosia 

 bi color aga, but there were some Agrotis c-nigrutn and a few Hadenas. As 

 I had never noticed this habit of the' moths before, I kept on the watch 

 for it afterwards, and found that the two former species could always be 

 found where A. viali occurred in any numbers. During the autumn I 

 took several species of the Noctuidse, and at least one butterfly (P. cardui) 

 on this infested tree. I have always taken O. bicolorago axid f err ugino ides 

 largely on apple trees, and I now have little doubt but the plant lice are 

 the principal attraction that draws them to these trees. I have also seen 

 snow-ball bushes ( Virburnum opuhis) which were covered with Aphides, 

 well patronized by the Noctuidse, especially Mamestra renigera, L. pal- 

 lens^ L. coinmoides and L. imipuncta. 



E. P. Van Duzee, Lancaster, N. Y. 




€\)t €MiMm Entomologist. 



VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1885. No. 5 



FURTHER MATERIAL CONCERNING THE HESSIAN FLY. 



COLLECTED BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



The third report of the U. S. Entomological Commission, Washington, 

 18S3, contains an excellent paper on the Hessian Fly, by Prof. A. S. 

 Packard, p. 195-248, and in the appendix, p. 3-49, the translation of Ger- 

 man papers by Loew, Wagner, Cohn, Koeppen, formerly not known by 

 the Professor; also a reprint of my paper in the Can. Ent., Oct., 1880, 

 " The Hessian Fly not imported from Europe." The Professor accepts 

 now (p. 238) : That the Hessian Fly had appeared in the Eastern U. S. 

 before the Revolutionary War, and that it could not have been introduced 

 by the Hessians. He was not able to find in the files of the Pennsylvania 

 Mercury and Philadelphia Packet some reference to the earlier occurrence 

 of the H. Fly (App. p. 3), 



I have tried since my paper was published to make further investiga- 

 tions in the old American literature. Some startling discoveries will pro- 

 bably necessitate the modification of some of the conclusions of the 

 Professor. But I have frankly to state that I found it very hard to in- 

 vestigate the older literature. The publications treating agriculturally are 

 rare, and at least in the libraries to which I have access, mostly incom- 

 plete. Mr. A. Fitch made the same complaint forty years ago. He was 

 not able to compare some very important papers, though his publications 

 show clearly that perhaps no one has tried to bring together the literature 

 with a similar care. 



The Occurrence of the Hessian Fly in North America before the 



Revolution. 



The American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia appointed, in 

 1 791, a committee for the purpose of collecting, and communicating to 

 the Society, materials for the natural history of the insect called Hessian 

 Fly, as also information of the best means of preventing or destroying the 

 insect, and whatever else relating to the same might be interesting to 

 agriculture. 




82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



At a meeting of the committee, April 17, 1792, it was resolved, that 

 for obtaining information of the facts necessary for forming the natural 

 history of this insect, before its entire evanishment from amo?ig us, it be 

 recommended to all persons whose situation may have brought them into 

 acquaintance with any such facts, to communicate the same by letter, 

 addressed to Thomas Jefferson, Esq., Secretary of the State to the United 

 States. 



Nine questions were proposed, on which information was particularly 

 wanted. I quote here only the first. 



" In what year, and at what time of the year, was this animal observed 

 for the first time ? Does it seem to have made its appearance in this 

 country only of late years, or are there any reasons for supposing that it 

 was known in any part of the United States previously to the commence- 

 ment of the late revolution ?" 



The resolutions of this meeting are printed in full in Carey's American 

 Museum (Philadelphia, 1792, vol. xi., June, pp. 285-287) by the com- 

 mittee. — Thomas Jefferson, B. Smith Barton, James Hutchinson, Caspar 

 Wistar. The American Musetitn was discontinued after 1792. The last 

 volume contains no report of the committee. 



As is obvious from the first question, it was at this time not settled 

 whether the insect had been observed here before the revolution, or not. 

 Mr. A. Fitch quotes the publication in the American Museum, and stated 

 that no report had been made by the committee. The importance of 

 this question, and of a committee with Jefferson at the head, led me to 

 ask Prof J. P. Lesley whether the old minutes of the Philosophical 

 Society contain any unpublished report, or anything else relating to the 

 Hessian Fly. I received from Mr. Henry Phillips, jun., secretary of the 

 society, the following answer, under date of March 28, 1884 : — 



At the request of Prof Lesley, I have examined our old minutes in 

 reference to the Hessian fly, and append on next page the results of my 

 search. I 'kno'w positively"^ that before the revolution our newspapers 

 are full of communications in reference to the Hessian Fly eo nomine. I 

 cannot call to mind any one paper, but I remember perfectly frequently 

 seeing these articles when reading for other purposes. I cannot find 

 that the committee ever reported. 



* The Italics are by Mr. H, Phillips. 




TItE CANADIAN fiNTOMOLOGlSt. S3 



Extracts from the Mmtites. 



1768, May 18. Com. on husbandry to consider whether any method 

 can be fallen upon for preventing the damage done to wheat by the 

 Hessian Fly. [AT B. — Mr. DiiHamel has written on the subject.] 



176S, June 21. Paper on the Hessian Fly read by Dr. Bond ; ordered 

 to be published. See No. 4, original papers. 



1768, Oct. 1 8. Col. Landon Carter, Sabine Hill, Va. Observations 

 on the fly weevil destructive to wheat ; ordered to be published. [Is 

 published in Vol. I. of the Transactions of the society. Cf. Harris, Injur. 

 Ins., pp. 502. Dr. H. A. H.] 



1791, April 15. Jefferson, Dr. Barton, Hutchinson, Thomson and 

 Dr. Wistar, a committee to collect materials for forming the natural 

 history of the Hessian Fly, and the best means for its prevention and 

 destruction. [Do not find this committee ever reported. H. P.] 



1 79 1, Aug. 19. Memoir on Hessian Fly by T. L. Mitchell, of Long 

 Island, read. 



Everybody conversant with our actual knowledge and the literature 

 on the Hessian Fly, will acknowledge it to be excusable that I took the 

 liberty to again ask Mr. Phillips if by chance the year 1768, together with 

 the name Hessian Fly, was not a clerical error ; the more so, as Mr. 

 Morgan, in Dobson's Encyclop. (vol. viii., p. 491), states, "The name 

 of Hessian Fly was gven to this insect by myself and a friend early after 

 its first appearance on Long Island." 



I received from Mr. Phillips the following letter, dated April i, 

 1884:— 



1. 1768 is not an error. It occurs in the proper place in the old MS. 

 vol., and there can be no doubt about the fact. Similiter the words 

 Hessian Fly. 



The term came in use in Pennsylvania from the early German 

 immigrants long before the revolution. I am sure the term occurs in our 

 Pennsylvania gazettes long prior to that period. 



2. Cannot say if that pap^r (of Dr. Bond) was ever published. Pos- 

 sibly in some gazette pro bono publico. There is no clerical error as to 

 the date and name. 



Dobson is certainly incorrect in the statement you quote. [Mr. 

 Morgan's pretension to have given the name Hessian Fly. Dr. H. A. H.l 



At this writing it is not an easy matter for me to verify my own state- 

 ment as to the communications which I have seen in the early Pennsyl- 




84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



vania gazettes before the revolution. I have had great use often in 

 days past for historical researches, and the recurrence of the name of the 

 Hessian Fly in these early days was a frequent matter of conversation 

 with me and friends, friends of two generations older than myself While 

 I am perfectly convinced that my memory is accurate, yet a statement of 

 that nature should be verified for historical use. I regret I have not the 

 present opportunity of so doing; yet, in view of the minutes of 1768 

 bearing upon the matter, I don't doubt the accuracy of my memory, 

 although it was obiter. 



The importance of these letters is an excuse for their publication, 

 which is done with the permission of the writer.* 



April nth, 1884. 



The old minutes of the Philosophical Society are now in the way of 

 publication, and as they contain two papers in 17 68 about the damage 

 done to wheat by the Hessian Fly, both delivered in the first half of the 

 year, the fly must have been observed in 1767, if not earlier. Dr. Bond's 

 paper. No. 4 of original papers, ordered to be published by the Philo- 

 sophical Society, has not yet been discovered. Of course the old tradition 

 of the importation by the Hessian troops is now effectually done away 

 \with, but some other papers never quoted show that even seventy years 

 ago this tradition had been considered as not acceptable. The President 

 of the Philad. Soc. for Prom. Agr., Mr. Richard Peters, in his Notices for 

 a Young Farmer, etc. (Mem. of the Soc, 1818, vol. iv., p. xxix), says : 

 " Its name (Hessian Fly) does not prove its importation ; for that 

 appellation was bestowed during our revolutionary excitements, when 

 everything we disliked was termed Hessian. In Hesse they have not this 

 vermin to annoy their crops." The Vice-President of the same Society, 

 Mr. James Mease, M. D., in his address on the progress of agriculture, 

 Jan. 14, 181 7 (ibid. p. Ix.) says: "The wheat . . . was much 

 injured by its old enemy, the insect absurdly called Hessian Fly." Mr. 



* The proof sheet of the minutes of the Am. Phil. Soc. has, p. 15 : — 

 The Com. for Husbandry reported a paper on the Hessian Fly by Dr. Bond, which 

 was read, and Dr. Bond was requested " to prepare it for the press, that it may be com- 

 municated to the public without loss of time." See No. 4 of original papers. Mr. H. 

 Phillips, jr., to whom I am indebted for being able to compare myself the proof sheet, 

 remarks that Dr. Bond was one Dr. Thomas Bond (1712-March 26, 1784), or it may 

 have been Dr. Phineas Bond (1717-1773). Neither was British Consul at Philadelphia. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 



A. Fitch (Hessian Fly, p. 19) complains that he was unable to find in 

 either of the largest libraries of the State of New York the vol. v. of those 

 Memoirs, and has for the same reason not seen vol. iv. The series in the 

 Harvard Library was procured by the care of Th. W. Harris, but vol. iii. 

 is wanting, as it could not be procured by the Society. Mr. Harris' cor- 

 respondence is afiixed to the first volume, and shows how difhcult it was 

 in 1845 ^^ S^^ those Memoirs. 



The opinion given by Mr. R. Peters concerning the origin of the name 

 Hessian Fly is corroborated by Mr. Bond's relation upon another insect 

 (Encycl. Britan. p. 494). " This insect," says he, " is called in Maryland 

 the Revolution Fly, by the friends of the British Government; but from 

 all I can learn it is not the same insect which originated on Long Island 

 and is called the Hessian Fly (by way of opprobium) by those who 

 favored the Revolution." Prof. Packard objects, p. 236, that the words, 

 " before the arrival of the troops," in quoting Mr. Mitchell's statement — it 

 (the H. Fly) was first discovered in the year 1776 — are my own and not 

 Mr. Mitchell's. If Prof Packard had compared the Enc. Brit., — he states 

 that he had not seen it — he would have scarcely objected to my statement. 

 The whole passage by Mitchell is interesting to be quoted in full : " As it 

 (H. Fly) appeared ai>o?i^ the time that the Hessian troops arrived, an 

 opinion had gone abroad that they brought it along with them ; but the 

 Doctor (Mr. jSIitchell) was of opinion that it is a native animal, nourished 

 by some indigenous plant, but which then, for the first time, came among 

 the wheat and found it proper food." 



As it seems that the article, " Hessian Fly," in the Encycl. Britan., is 

 not so well known as it merits to be, I have taken particular care to find 

 out the editions in which it is contained. It appears first in the third 

 edition, vol. viii., p. 489-495, in 1797, and exactly the same in Dobson's 

 first edition, 1798, vol.' viii., p. 489-495.* The only copy of the third 

 edition I was able to find belongs to the Essex Institute in Salem, Mass. 

 The fourth edition is rather rare ; I have seen no copy, but Prof. W. B. 

 Nichols has kindly compared a copy in the Brit. Museum ; the title, Hes- 

 sian Fly, in vol. x., 18 10, is exactly identical with the third edition, and 

 also with the fifth edition, 181 7. 



I was not able to see the sixth edition. In the seventh and eighth the 

 article Hessian Fly is wanting, but in the ninth, 1880, appears a new one 



This edition is always quoted by me. 




^^ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 



filling one page and a half. I cannot make out by whom the article in the 

 third, fourth and fifth editions is written. It is not only interesting, but 

 important, as it was largely used in the pamphlet printed by the order 

 of the Parliament. I have not extracted the article in the Encyc. Britan., 

 as the Dobson's edition at least is present in every library. But I shall 

 quote in the Parliament pamphlet the letters reprinted or extracted in 

 Encycl. Britan. The Encycl. Perthensis, vol. xi., p. 254-256, has the same 

 article somewhat abridged. 



In the three copies of the Brit. Parliamentary papers which I was able 

 to consult, I found in the printed papers of the House of Commons that 

 April 21, 1789, was ordered to be printed a paper entitled " Proceedings 

 of His Majesty's Most Honorable Council, and Information Received 

 Respecting an Insect Supposed to Infest the Wheat of the Territories of 

 the United States of America." But the paper itself seems to be wanting 

 in those three copies. Kirby speaks of a vast amount of material col- 

 lected by the Council, which filled upwards of 200 octavo pages. As this 

 paper contains several reports by Sir Joseph Banks and others, and as it 

 seems to have been used only in the article of the Encycl. Britan., I was 

 very eager to know something more. Prof W. R. Nichols, of Boston, was 

 so kind as to make in the British Museum the following index of the con- 

 tents of this paper : — 



This is a 4to pamphlet of 65 pages, and, of course, it would be too 

 expensive a matter to have the whole thing copied without special direc- 

 tions. I will give you, however, a list of everything in the volume, and 

 state just how long each portion is. 



Cotitents of Paper Referred to. 



1. Letter from Mr. Bond, Consul at Philadelphia, to the Marquis of 

 Carmarthen, 22nd April, 1788; half page. 



2. Letter from Sir Joseph Banks to the Marquis of C, 4th June, 1788 ; 

 one page. 



3. Order in Council forbidding any entry of wheat, etc., etc., 25th 

 June, 1788; half page. 



4. Minute of Council, 4th July, 1788; one and a half pages. 



5. It II 5th >i >i II II (Con- 

 taining statement by Sir Joseph Banks.) 



6. Report of Sir Joseph Banks, proposing the mode of making experi- 

 ment on the American wheat, 6th July, 1788 ; half page. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ' 87 



7. Order in Council directing the experiment to be made, 8th July, 

 1788 j half page. 



8. Further account of the Hessian Fly by Sir Joseph Banks, and a 

 statement of the printed accounts published in America, 8th July, 1788 ; 

 two pages. 



9. Account of wheat imported into England, etc , tables ; three pages. 



10. «t 11 " Scotland, etc., table ; one page. 



11. Report of examination of cargoes of wheat from N. Y. (including 

 half page report of Sir J. Banks, 17th July, 1788) ; two and a third pages. 



12. General report of Sir Joseph Banks respecting the Hessian Fly 

 and Flying Weevil, 24th July 1788 ; three pages. 



13. Minute of resolution of the Lords of the Council, not to permit 

 the entry of any wheat which, upon inspection, shall be found to have 

 been infected ; but that it might be expedient for government to purchase 

 such cargoes, and Order thereupon, 5th August, 1788 ; half page. 



14. Return from the principal officers of the Customs, etc., etc., 6th 

 August, 1788 (contains 6 line report of Sir J. B.) ; two pages. 



15. Letter from M. Broussonet to His Grace the Duke of Dorset, 3rd 

 September, 1788 (containing Extraits des Registres de la Societe Royale 

 d' Agriculture du 28 Aout, 1788 ; three pages. 



16. Letter from Mr. Ewart to the Marquis of Carmarthen, dated Ber- 

 lin, 9th Aug., 1788 ; quarter page. 



17. Extract of a letter from Sir John Temple to the Marquis of Car- 

 marthen, with four inclosures (letters from America), dated New York, 4th 

 Sept., 1788; six pages. 



[This includes a reference to the American Philosophical Transactions 

 published in Philadelphia, in 1771.] 



18. Letter from Sir Robert Murray Keith to the Marquis of C, dated 

 Vienna, Oct. 8, 1788; half page. 



19. Extract letter from Mr. Walpole to the M. of C, Oct. 2t„ 1788; 

 two-thirds page. 



20. Extract letter from Mr. Mathias to the M. of C. (with two in- 

 closures), dated Hamburgh, 19th Sept., 1788 ; one and a quarter pages. 



21. Letter from Mr. Gibson to the AL of C, dated Dantzig, 29th Oct., 

 1788 ; two-thirds page. 



22. Letter from Mr. Bond to the M. of C, with its several inclosures, 

 dated Philadelphia, ist Oct., 1788 ; fifteen pages. 




88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



23. Extract letter from Lord Torrington to the Marq. of C, dated 

 Brussels, July 28, 1788 ; two and a quarter pages. 



24. Letter from Mr. Walpole to the M. of C, with copies of two in- 

 closures, dated Manheim, Feb. 21, 1789; two pages. 



25. Extract letter from Mr. Heathcote to the M. of C, with two in- 

 closures, dated Bonn, Feb. 16, 1789 ; one and a quarter pages. 



26. Report of Sir Joseph Banks upon the above correspondence, and 

 information, dated 2nd March, 1789 ; two and a half pages. 



[He refers at the end to the following books : Histoire d'un Insecte 

 qui de'vore les grains de I'Angoumois, par MM. Du Hamel & Tillet, Paris, 

 1762, i2mo.; Memoire sur I'accident que les Bles de la Recolte de cette 

 Annee ont Eprouve en Poitou, etc., par MM. Parmentier & Cadet de 

 Vaux, Paris, 17S5, 8vo. On Root-worms, by M. Bierkander, published in 

 the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, 1777. 

 Delia Malattie del grano in Erba, del Conte Francesco Ginanni, Pesaro, 

 1759, 4to. Mezzi per distrugerei Vermi che rodono il grano in Erba, 

 etc., Abbate Bonaventura Corti. Printed in Scelta di Opuscoli. inter- 

 essanti, vol. 34, p. 3.] 



27. Letter from Mr. Bond to the Marq. of C, with copy of inclosure, 

 dated Philadelphia, November 3, 1788; one and two-thirds pages. 



28. Letter from Mr. Bond to the Marq. of C„ dated Philadelphia, 

 Jan. 20, 1789; I page. 



29. Extract letter from Sir Joseph Temple to the M. of C, with two 

 inclosures, dated New York, Feb. 21, 1789 ; one and a quarter pages. 



30. Extract letter from Mr. Miller to the M. of C, dated Charles 

 Town, 12th Feb., 1789; quarter page. 



I have compared with this index the statements given in the Encycl. 

 Britan. (Dobson's Edit, is quoted) and have noted by the single numbers 

 what I believed to be useful for a better understanding. 



As of late years (E. B. p. 490) great quantities of wheat were exported 

 from America into Britain, it became an object worthy of the attention of 

 Government to consider how far it was proper to allow of such importa- 

 tion, lest this destructive insect might be brought along with the grain. 



No. I. Mr. Bond* informed that there was a design to export wheat 

 from Philadelphia to England, that the fly had made great depredations, 



* This Mr, Bond is not the Dr. Bond quoted before in the minutes of the Araer, 

 Philosoph, Soc. I cannot find out anything more about him, 




tHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. B9 



and that tliere might be danger of its thus being conveyed across the 

 Atlantic. He added, it was not known where the eggs of the insect were 

 deposited, though it was supposed to be in the grain (p. 490). 



Nos. 2.5,7 ^^^^ S. Sir Joseph Banks mistook at first an insect called 

 the Flying Weevil for the Hessian Fly. But in a little time he corrected 

 his mistake, adding that the danger of importing this insect was much 

 greater than that of the Hessian Fly. He proposed an examination of the 

 corn already brought from America (p. 490). 



No. 12. General report of Sir Joseph Banks. None of the grain 

 which was examined showed any signs of the fly ; but as some imported 

 in August contained the chrysalis perhaps of the Flying Weevil, the cargo 

 should not be suffered to come into the kingdom (p. 490-491). 



No 15. Speaks of two insects infesting the wheat in France. The 

 Royal Soc. of Agriculture remarked that the larva of one of them does 

 not appear to differ from the American insect (the quotation of the Stock- 

 holm Memoirs leads to the supposition that this is Oscinis. — Dr. H. A. H.) 

 The mischief which they do to the corn having never been considerable 

 enough to attract the attention of the Government, the Society regrets not 

 being able to say anything particular upon that subject (p. 491). 



No. 17. Sir John Temple, at New York, the British Consul-general, 

 gives the statements of Mr. Morgan quoted by A. Fitch (491-492). 



No. 22. Mr. Bond gives good information, which is at some length 

 reprinted (p. 492-493). 



No. 26. From the whole correspondence on this subject. Sir Joseph 

 Banks drew up a report for the Privy Council, which is also reprinted at 

 some length, together with an appendix dated April 27, 1879 (P- 493"494)- 



No. 28. Mr. Bond's letter (p. 495). 



As much as the Professor has, after the study of the German literature, 

 changed his former opinions and conclusions, he will have to change the 

 remainder of his conclusions after a closer study of the American literature. 



" Now if the Hessian Fly (Packard, p. 239) had been indigenous 

 many years before 1776 in the wheat fields of this country, some at least 

 would probably have been carried in loads of grain to England." The 

 discovery in the minutes of the Amer. Philos. Soc. makes this presumption 

 untenable. The same is the case with the following supposition (p. 239) : 

 " On the other hand, it may have been imported into the French colonies 

 in Canada from Southern France, by immigrants." But it is well known 

 that the immigrants into the French colonies in Canada came all from the 




90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



north-western parts of France. There is nothing known about a trade 

 between Canada and the Mediterranean ports of France ; the trade was 

 with the western ports. The first mention of the Hessian Fly in Canada 

 in the chronological table of the Professor is 1805. The troops were sent 

 by the way of Brest. To be sure of the facts I appHed to the best 

 authority, Mr. Fr. Parkman, who has kindly confirmed in a note the above 

 given statements. 



The fourth conclusion (p. 238) of the Professor reads as follows : 

 " That it (Hess. Fly) has from time immemorial been an inhabitant of 

 wheat fields on the shores of the Mediterranean, in Spain, at Toulon in 

 France, at Naples, in Minorca and Asia Minor." 



It should have been remarked that the statement from time imme- 

 morial in Mr. Dana's report applies only to Minorca and Spain. Such 

 statements by agriculturists or peasants are to be taken for what they are 

 worth, if not corroborated by reliable published reports. After all it is 

 obvious that this statement states too much. The experience of a century 

 has shown that the Hessian Fly has nowhere been from time immemorial 

 the inhabitant of the same spot. 



Concerning France, the letter of Mr. Broussonet (Encycl. Britan. and 

 Parliamentary Report) proves directly that no mischief was done con- 

 siderable enough to attract the attention of the Government. The speci- 

 mens collected by Mr. Dana at Toulon are the only ones known from this 

 part of France. 



Concerning Italy, I know nothing except the few specimens collected 

 near Naples by Mr. Dana ; but I have taken steps to receive direct state- 

 ments from Italy as well as from Spain. I have not yet been able to compare 

 the two Italian publications quoted in the report of Sir Joseph Banks. 

 The quotation of Asia Minor should have contained that Prof Loew had 

 not seen the fiy, but had collected near the shore a larva and pupa on the 

 straw, later recognized by him as identical with his Cec. secalina. 



I believe that the value of the Professor's fourth conclusion is rather 

 doubtful after the statements just given, and the value of the fifth con- 

 clusion, " that it probably originated in this (Mediterranean) region or 

 farther east, the probable original habitat of the wheat and other cereals," 

 is nothing more than a supposition of B. Wagner. But the statement that 

 these cereals still live wild in Persia is not proved at all, and certainly 

 neither the fly nor any record about any mischief done by it in the Orient 

 has been found. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91 



The sixth conclusion (p. 238) of the Professor is also an adoption of 

 B. Wagner's views : " That it was introduced from Southern Europe, either 

 Southern France or Mediterranean regions, perhaps Asia Minor, before the 

 Revolutionary ^^'ar." But Wagner speaks with more reserve and caution. 

 Having felt the strength of the objections to an introduction of the insect 

 by a longer voyage, he supposes that importation had been possible only 

 from the nearest coast of France. But his assumption of the long-existing 

 occurrence of the insect in Southern France is not corroborated by any 

 fact whatsoever, beyond the few specimens found in 1S34 by Mr. Dana 

 near Toulon. Whether a large trade between the Mediterranean shores and 

 North America existed before the Revolution, or not, I am unable to state. 

 But some very interesting facts out of the memorandum book of his father, 

 communicated by the late Mr. N. Silsbee, show that immediately after the 

 Revolution an active trade from Salem, Mass., to Leghorn and other 

 Italian cities, was kept up, principally bringing over American meal. It 

 may therefore be supposed that this trade was not an entirely new feature, 

 at least it was spoken of as a well known fact. Had not the difficulty, or per- 

 haps better, the impossibility, of introducing the insect by trade been 

 proved by the immense trade during all this time with England, where by 

 the greatest care and attention the insect was never observed in the car- 

 goes, it could have been assumed that the fly had been introduced just by 

 American trade to all the places visited by Mr. Dana. At least there was 

 the same chance for an introduction from Europe to America, as from 

 America to Europe. Nevertheless just this difficulty makes it more plausible 

 that the insect was indigenous here as well as in the Old World, a statement 

 so well expressed a century ago by Dr. Mitchell (Encycl. Britan., p. 494). 



The Memoirs of the Philad. Soc. for Promoting Agriculture, contain 

 in Vol. IV., 1818, p. xxix.. Notes for a Young Farmer, etc., by Richard 

 Peters, President of the Soc. : 



It is not yet agreed what kind of wheats best withstand the Hessian 

 Fly. . . Good farming, manure and reasonably late sowing are cer- 

 tainly the best securities. It is most probably a native here. It never 

 entirely leaves us, though it appears at irregular periods in numbers less 

 scourging than at times when its ravages are more conspicuously destruct- 

 ive. [Here follows the passage concerning its name, as quoted before ; 

 and p. lii., a note of Say's description of the fly and its parasites.] 



P. xl.. Address on the Progress of Agriculture, January 14, 18 17, by 

 James Mease, M. D., Vice-President. 




92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Wheat, barley and oats have been as productive as common, except 

 where the first named grain was much injured by its old enemy, the insect 

 absurdly called Hessian Fly ; another proof that a cold winter has no 

 influence in destroying that pest. 



Further, in communications in consequence of the request of the 

 Society, on the circumstances attending the season of iSi6. 



P. 200, Joseph Gibbons : Hessian Fly locally in Springfield. 



Delaware Co. : Note by R. Peters. 



P. 204, Henry Cox, London Grove, Pa. : Hessian Fly undisturbed. 



P. 211, Richard J. Jones, Kinnerely, Md. : H. Fly very destructive. 



P. 216, R. K. Meade, Virginia : H. Fly present. 



[All these data are wanting in the chronological table.] 



P. 224-226, a letter by Th. Say containing remarks on the H. Fly. 



P. 236-237, a letter by Th. Say containing remarks on the H. Fly. 

 Vol v., 1826: 



P. 135-137- On the Hessian Fly, by John Linton, April 30, 182 1. 

 Description of a simple machine to brush the field with a branch of a tree 

 to destroy the H. Fly. 



A note on p. iv. of the contents states : " The implement mentioned 

 by Mr. Linton has not been found to answer the purpose intended by it." 



P. 143-153. Some Observations on the Hessian Fly; written in the 

 year 1797 by Dr. Isaac Chapman; read August 14, 1820; at the end a 

 note by Dr. M. (probably Mease). 



This paper is one of the most important, based upon personal observa- 

 tions from 1786 to 1797. It has been used by Harris. The note at the end 

 states that after the observations of Mr. Wortli, there are certainly three 

 annual generations instead of two, as stated by Mr. Chapman. Chap- 

 man's paper should be quoted as belonging to the literature of 1826. 



An anonymous article, " The Hessian Fly," in the Albany Gazette of 

 June, 1799, is reprinted in the Agricultural Museum (by D. Wiley), 

 Georgetown, Ca., 181 1, vol. r, p. 39. 



Memoirs of the Board of Agriculture of the St. of New York, Albany, 

 182 1, vol. i., contains : 



Featherstonaugh, G. W. An essay on the principles and practice of 

 rural economy ; chap, ix., metamorphoses of insects, p. 170, gives a short 

 account of the Hessian Fly, " which has now greatly abated." 



P. 62, a letter from Exc. George Washington, Mount Vernon, 15th 

 July, 1797. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 



Our crop of wheat this year will be very short, owing to three causes, 

 . . . and which is more to be regretted, to what with us is denomin- 

 ated the Hessian Fly, which has spread devastation more or less in all 

 quarters. 



[This year is wanting in the chronological table.] 



Matth. Carey, American Museum, contains many communications and 

 is largely used by A. Fitch. Nearly all authors quoted to 1792 are re- 

 printed in full in the American Museum. 



A premium was proposed by the Philad. Soc. for Prom. Agriculture 

 for 1788 (Carey, vol. iii., p. 176) : 



" 8. For the best information, the result of actual experience, for pre- 

 venting damage to crops by insects, especially the Hessian Fly, the Wheat 

 Fly, or Fly Weevil, the Pea Bug, and the Corn Chinch-bug or Fly — a gold 

 medal ; a silver medal for the second best." 



The same premium was offered for 1789 (Carey, vol. v., p. 159), for 

 1790 (Carey, vol. vii., p. 271) and for 1791 (Carey, vol. ix , p. 170). But 

 I find nowhere mentioned that the premium was awarded. 



The remarkable, not to say extraordinary circumstance, that the excite- 

 ment during the Revolution led to entire forgetfulness of the former 

 presence of the Hessian Fly, makes it, as I believe, more important to 

 follow up as carefully as possible the literature before and after the Revo- 

 lution. I will be indeed very much indebted for the communication of 

 every fact not yet recorded. 



A. A. A. S. 



The next meeting of the A. A. A. S. will be held at Ann Arbor, Mich., 

 commencing Aug. 26th, 1885. The Entomological Club will meet at that 

 place on August 25th, 1885, according to its by-laws ; exact locahty not 

 yet determined. 



Will those members of the Club, or other Entomologists, who expect 

 to be present, please notify one of the undersigned, and also send in the 

 title of any papers they expect to read, and state the length of time they 

 expect to occupy, so that a programme can be arranged ? The exact 

 place and hour of meeting, as well as the programme so far as fixed, will 

 be published later. 



Committee : John B. Smith, Brooklyn, N. Y., Chairman; Herbert 

 OsBORN, Ames, la.; B. Pickman Mann, Washington, D. C. 




<J4 the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



NEW LIST OF THE NORTH AMERICAN DAGGER MOTHS. 



BY AUG. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. 



The name " Dagger Moths " is given to a group of white and gray 

 Noctuidce, or Owlet Moths, which, in the perfect state, possess a certain 

 similarity in appearance, but are often quite dissimilar as caterpillars, not 

 only among themselves, but as compared with the other Noctuidas, with 

 which Family they are classified. The name itself alludes to a black 

 mark which many of the species show near the internal angle of the fore 

 wings, which resembles a dagger, or the Greek letter Fsi. The caterpillars 

 are often ornamented with curious hairs or bristles ; several are shaggy in 

 appearance, so that they look like Arctiadce or Dasychircz. This peculi- 

 arity is shared, however, by other genera such as Platycerura and 

 Charadra., which I classify with them as a subordinate Group of the 

 Noctuidse under the name of Bombycoidce, or perhaps more properly, 

 Apatelince. 



The use of the generic name Apatela is sanctioned by Stephens, in 

 every way a most excellent authority in this group of moths. It is first 

 used by Hiibner in his Tentamen, with the type Airricoina, and in a strict 

 sense it must be retained for that section of the genus to which this species 

 belongs. I refer to the Preface of the first part of my first Check List of 

 the Noctuidte for the grounds on which I use certain of Hiibner's generic 

 names. Also to a recent article of mine in " Papilio," wherein I show 

 under what limitations I am now constrained to admit the validity of this 

 author's generic titles. Harris uses Apatela for his species A??iericaiia, 

 but this is not strictly congeneric with Auricoina, but falls under a distinct 

 section which I have called Megacronyda. As a whole, the Dagger Moths 

 have simple antennae, the palpi are short with small third article and 

 shortly haired. The eyes are naked ; the body usually untufted on the 

 dorsum ; the legs unarmed. The hairy larvae, somewhat arctiiform, con- 

 struct a rather tough cocoon and usually appear in the spring as moths. 

 Some species appear to be double brooded, others only so in the South. 

 The limits of the genus are perhaps really overstepped in the case of the 

 Californian species referred to the section Merolonche, and perhaps again 

 with regard to the Eastern Oblinita and allies, the section Eulonchc. 

 Almost all of the writers who have written on our moths have given more 

 or less attention to this interesting genus, Mr. Saunders was the first to 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



9^ 



discover the larva of occidiiitalis ; under the name oi Popiili Prof. Riley 

 has given us a description and drawing of the larva of lepusculina ; but 

 perhaps more work with the best results has been performed by Mr. Roland 

 Thaxter, who has proved himself a most conscientious student and kind 

 personal friend to me. The present list supplements my former lists, the 

 last of which is contained in >' Papilio," and corrects certain inaccuracies 

 which crept into them. 



Genus Apatela Hiibn. 



Subgenus Triaena Hiibn. 



Type : A. Psi. 



1. Occidentalis G. 6^ R. " Western Dagger." Larva on apple and 



elm, (Saunders, Thaxter). 



2. Morula G. dr^ R. " Ochre Dagger." Larva on apple and elm, 



(Thaxter). 



3. Lobelice Guen. " Large Dagger." Larva on burr oak, (Coquillet). 



4. Hasta Guen. " Smoky Dagger." 



5. Furcifera Guen. " Forked Dagger." Larva on wild cherry, (Thaxter). 



6. Thoracica Gr. 



7. Dentata Gr. 



8. Grisea Walk. " Pale Dagger." 



Pudorata Morr. 



9. Tritona Hiibn. " Brown Dagger." 



10. Falcula Gr. " Edged Dagger." Larva on hazel, (Coquillet). 



1 1 . Parallela Gr. 



§ 



12. Albarufa Gr. " Red and White Dagger." 



Walkeri And. 



§ 



13. Paupercula (?r. "Small Dagger." 



14. Vinnula 6^r. " Olive Dagger." Larva on elm, (Thaxter). 



§ 



15. Quadrata Gr. ''Square Dagger." Larva (Dodge). 



16. Clarescens Guen. " Clear Dagger." Larva on wild cherry, apple, 



(Thaxter). 



17. Harveyana Gr. "Harvey's Dagger." , 



18. Radcliffei Harvey. " Radcliffe's Dagger." Larva on wild cherry, 



apple, (Thaxter). 



19. Tola Gr. 




96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Subgenus Acronida Ochs. 



Type : A. Leporina. 



20. Lepusculina Gucn. " Poplar Dagger." Larva on poplar, (Riley), 



Populi Riley. 

 2 1. Felina Gr. (an sp. praec. ?) Larva on poplar, (Edwards). 

 2 2. Vulpina 6^r. " Birch Dagger." Larva on birch, (Thaxter). 



23. Innotata Guen. " Graef's Dagger." 



Graefii Gr. 



Subgenus Megacronyda Gr. 



Type : A. Americana. 



24. Americana Harris. " American Dagger." Larva on oak, (Coquillet) ; 



also on maple, walnut, ash (Thaxter). 



25. Dactylina Gr. " Fingered Dagger." Larva on alder and willow, 



(Thaxter). 



26. Insita Walk. 



Subgenus Merolo7iche Gr. 



Type : A. Spinea. 



27. Spinea Gr. " Spiny Dagger." Larva (Edwards). 



28. Lupini Gr. " Lupin Dagger." Larva (Edwards). 



Subgenus Apatela Hiibn. 



Type : A. Auricoma. 



29. Brumosa Guen. " Verrill's Dagger." Larva on birch, willow, poplar, 



(Thaxter). 

 Verrillii Gr. 

 Fasdata Walk. 

 Impressa Walk. 



30. Distans Gr. 



31. Rubricoma Guen. " Red Dagger." 



32. Luteicoma Gueji. MS. Gr. " Plain Dagger." Larva on linden, ash, 



maple, cherry, apple, etc. (Thaxter). 

 ■T^-^. Subochrea Gr. " Bright Dagger." 



34. Perdita Gr. 



35. Afflicta Gr. " Dark Dagger." Larva on oak, (Thaxter). 



36. Noctivaga Gr. " Black Dagger." Larva on poplar, (Thaxter). 



37. Superans Guen. Larva on plum and hazel, (Saunders). 



38. Connecta Gr. 




THE CANADLA.N ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 



Subgenus Jochcaera Hiibn. 

 Type : A. Alni. 



39. Funeralis G. &^ R. " Odd Dagger." Larva on hickory, (Thaxter). 



Subgenus Lepitoreuma Gr. 

 Type : A. Hamamelis. 



40. Ovata Gr. " Oval Dagger." 



41. Exilis Gr. 



42. Hamamelis Gueti. " Hazel Dagger." Larva on chestnut, oak, 



(Goodell, Thaxter). 



43. Haesitata Gr. 



44. Increta Morr. 



45. Dissecta G. &= R. "Frail Dagger." The flimsiest, smallest species. 



Subgenus Ardomyscis Hiibn. 



Type : A. Euphrasise. 



46. Sperata Gr. 



Subgenus Mastiphanes Gr. 



Type : A. Xyliniformis. 



47. Xyliniformis Giicii. " Sleepy Dagger." Larva on birch, blackberry, 



(Thaxter). 



48. Pallidicoma Gr. 



49. Extricata Gr. 



50. Edolata Gr. 



51. Lithospila Gr. "Streaked Dagger." 



Subgenus Eulonchc Gr. 

 Type : A. Oblinita. 



52. Oblinita A. <>-- 6". " Smeared Dagger." Larva on button bush, etc. 



(Thaxter). Strawberry, poplar, (Saunders). 



53. Lanceolaria Gr. "Pointed Dagger." Larva on plantain, etc. 



(Thaxter), 



54. Insolita Gr. " Rare Dagger." 



Desiderata. 

 A. Spinigera Giien. 

 A. Telum Gtie?i. 

 A. Interrupta Giien. 

 A. Longa Gueii. 

 A. Ulmi Ilarr. Corr. 

 A. Pruni Harr. Corr. 

 A. Salicis Harr. Corr. 




98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



A. Aceris Abb. &= S/ii. 



A. Hastulifera Abb. c^ Sin. 

 These species have not been identified satisfactorily by me. Harris' 

 species are posthumous and founded on the larvce alone. They cannot 

 in any event disturb the synonymy of species described before Mr. Scud- 

 der's pubhcation of Harris' Entomological Correspondence. For Abbot 

 & Smith's Aceris the name Acericola has been proposed by Guenee. If 

 Aceris A. & S. is Americana, which I doubt, then both Aceris and Aceri- 

 cola fall away before Americana of Harris. The North American species 

 of Apatela outnumber the European in the proportion of three to one. 



DESCRIPTION OF MATURE LARVA AND CHRYSALIS OF 

 NISONIADES ICELUS, Lintner. 



BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 



On 2oth June, 1884, I found on edge of leaf of an Aspen, P. tremuloides, 

 a young larva of species of Nisoniades unknown. A small bit of the leaf 

 was cut on two sides perpendicular to the edge, folded over and stitched 

 down. At a little distance from this shelter a hole was eaten in the leaf. 

 Two days later the hole was enlarged and the larva evidently had left its 

 nest and returned to it after feeding. On 27 th June one moult was 

 passed, supposed to be the first ; on 5th July a second ; on 16th July a 

 third. This was the last moult, but I am not sure that one did not take 

 place between the 5th and i6th. It is probable there were four moults, 

 as N. Lucilius is reported by Prof. Lintner to moult four times. The 

 larva was kept in a jelly glass, and being always concealed in a leaf, a 

 moult might have escaped me. On 20th July, or 4 days after last moult, 

 the description was as follows : — 



MATURE LARVA.— Length tVo, greatest breadth (in middle) 

 iVV inch ; obese, tapering either way from middle, the dorsum elevated and 

 sloping towards 2 and 13 about equally ; color gray-green, caused by fine 

 whitish granulations on a pale green surface ; over all the dorsal region a 

 yellowish tint ; a mid-dorsal dark line from 4 to 1 2 ; a sub-dorsal white 

 stripe on either side ; no other markings ; segment 2 yellow (no black on 

 this segment) ; whole upper surface covered by a fine gray down ; head 

 sub-cordate, deeply depressed, broader than high ; color all light red- 

 brown ; the surface granulated, and covered with a fine down ; the ocelli 

 red-brown on a black demi-stripe. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99 



On 30th July, the length was iVo, breadth iVV inch ; but excepting in 

 increased stoutness, the appearance was just as described. 



Before 30th July this larva had stopped feeding, and I expected pupa- 

 tion daily. But after a week or two of this, it seemed probable hibernation 

 had set in, and I placed it in the cellar. At intervals I examined it and 

 found it had not moved. On 19th Sept. I sent this larva with many others 

 to Clifton Springs, New York, to be placed in the "cooler" of the 

 Sanitarium, where the temp, all the year is kept at about 40° Fahr. 



On 7th March, 1885, I received all the larvae from Clifton. The 

 Nisoniades was in a small paper box, and after it had left me (19th Sept.) 

 it had stitched the paper cone it rested in by one end to the side of the 

 box. The cone was laid loosely in the box when I sent it away, and came 

 back fastened to the side, showing that at some time the larva had been 

 sufticiently active to make its nest secure. This larva eat nothing after 

 hibernation, and there was no evidence that it ever left its cone, but as I 

 had frequently to break the threads that closed the cone in order to keep 

 watch on the inhabitant, and always found the edges closed again, it was 

 evident that the larva was not always soundly sleeping. On night of 27- 

 28 April pupation took place. 



DESCRIPTION OF CHRYSALIS.— Length t%\ inch; breadth 

 across mesonotum tuV, across abdomen tW inch ; cylindrical, the abdo- 

 men conical ; head case produced, rounded, and bent down, i. e., towards 

 ventral side ; mesonotum broad, rather high, rounded, not carinated ; 

 followed by a shallow excavation which is continued across the wing 

 cases ; surface smooth ; color of head case reddish-brown ; of wing cases 

 less red, more brown, with a greenish tint; of mesonotum more yellow ; 

 of abdomen pale flesh color ; the cremaster straight, small and short, fas- 

 tened to support by a tuft of white silk ; the surface of this clirysalis is 

 covered by a fine short down, and about the head case are scattered short 

 hairs. 



The imago came forth 13th May, JV. Icelus. To make sure of the 

 species, I submitted it to Prof Lintner. The description of the 

 mature larva will answer as to color and markings for all the stages after 

 first moult. The Aspen was brought from the Catskill Mts. I have 

 formerly in one instance had the same larva here from English Filbert, but 

 the imago failed to appear. 



Very little seems to be known of the preparatory stages of the American 

 species of this genus. Prof Fernald says. But. Maine, of N. Brizo, " The 




100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



larva is said to feed on oak and Cynoglossum Morisoni." Of Fersiiis, 

 " The larva, according to Scudder, feeds on willow, poplar and Lespedeza 

 capitata." Of Icelus, " The early stages of this common species are not 

 known." Mr. Scudder gives the food plants of three species, in " But- 

 terflies." On p. 114 we read: " The caterpillars hibernate full fed, and 

 only change to chrysalis as winter's icy bonds .begin to break," and on 

 same page is given a cut of larva and chrysalis of JV. Enniiis, a species 

 unknown to me, and so far as I am aware, undescribed. Dr. Harris 

 describes the caterpillar of Juvcnalis as if he had seen it, but the 

 chrysalis from one of Abbot's figures, and says : " Mr. Abbot informs us 

 that in summer the skipper leaves the chrysalis in nine days, but the 

 autumnal brood continues in the chrysalis state throughout the winter." 

 For Brizo, he refers to Boisduval and LeConte's figures of caterpillar and 

 chrysalis, and these are copied after Abbot. Abbot says of Juvenalis : 

 " One of them spun itself up July 26th, changed 27th, and came out Aug. 

 5th. Some that enclosed themselves in Sept. and Oct. did not come out 

 till the 22nd of March following." Abbot, in Ins. Ga., figures no Nison- 

 iades but Juvenalis. His larvae behaved very differently from this of 

 Icelus, or from the account given by Mr. Scudder. By the time Icelus was 

 hibernating, the Juvenalis had pupated, and the late brood, Sept. and 

 Oct., Abbot says, pupated and passed the winter in chrysalis. 



The only satisfactory description of a Nisoniades caterpillar published 

 is that of lucilius by Prof Lintner, Ent. Cont., 4, 67. He in fact 

 describes all stages, egg, four moults and chrysalis. His larva fed on 

 Aquilegia Canadensis, pupated 6th August, and the imago came out i2tli 

 August. Two other larvae pupated 8th and 9th August, and both gave 

 butterflies on 15th of same month. Mr. Lintner says that there are two 

 annual broods of the butterfly, and possibly a third. So far as I know, 

 the references to the life-history of our Nisoniades above given embrace 

 everything that has been published. 



The behavior of Icelus is therefore peculiar to itself so far as anything 

 is known of the genus in this country ; the larva going into lethargy so 

 early in the season, the last of July, and that when fully mature and when 

 pupation might naturally be expected ; spending eight months in that con- 

 dition, eating nothing in the spring, but pupating several weeks after mild 

 weather had come. There might have been an earlier brood than the one 

 of July, but probably there was no later one, and the two, if there be- 

 two, must be the limit. , 




Cljc Cainiiinn Entomologist, 



VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1885. No. 6 



ENTOMOLOGICAL EXHIBITS AT THE NEW ORLEANS 

 . EXPOSITION. 



BY THE EDITOR. 



The United States Government exhibit, and those of several of the 

 States, at the New Orleans Exposition, included many features of interest 

 to the Entomologist. The Entomological Bureau of the Department of 

 Agriculture had a very fine display illustrating Economic Entomology, 

 which was brought together and arranged under the direction of Prof. 

 Riley, and was not only interesting, but very instructive. 



The first thing that caught the eye of the visitor on entering this 

 section was a series of large diagrams on cotton, illustrating the hfe history 

 of a number of injurious insects, such as the Plum Curculio, Cono- 

 trachelus nenuphar, and its parasites ; the Chinch Bug, Micropus leucop- 

 te}-us ; the Jumping Sumach T>eet\e, B/ep/iarit/a rhois ; the Boll Worm, 

 Heliothis armigera; the Round-headed and Flat-headed Apple-tree Borers, 

 Sapcrda Candida and Chrysobothris fcmorata ; the Codling Moth, Carpo- 

 capsa pomonella ; the Peach Borer, Aegeria exitiosa; the Grape Phylloxera, 

 Phylloxera vastatrix, and a large number of other well-known injurious 

 species. The insects themselves were arranged in cases near by, and 

 grouped so as to show those injurious to the apple, pear, peach, orange, 

 strawberry, raspberry, currant, gooseberry, melon, cranberry, persimmon, 

 grape, su^ar cane, hop, rice, Indian corn, small grains, cotton, grass, 

 clover, pea, bean, cabbage, potato, tomato, tobacco, asparagus and onion. 

 Many of these groups were very complete, having along with the perfect 

 insects the pupte and blown larvae, with specimens of the articles injured, 

 also the friendly insects which aid in subduing those which are injurious. 



There was a very interesting section relating to bees and bee-culture, 

 including all sorts of hives and apparatus, specimens of the different races 

 of bees, with dried specimens of the plants and flowers from which honey 

 is chiefly extracted. 



A large department was filled with every kind of spray apparatus for 




102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



applying liquid poisons to growing crops for the purpose of destroying 

 injurious insects. 



The silk exhibit was also very instructive, showing this substance in 

 all stages of manufacture from various species of silk worms, including 

 some of our natives. 



A very complete catalogue of the exhibit had been prepared, covering 

 95 pages 8vo., which was freely distributed to those specially interested 

 in the subject. 



In the Florida exhibit there was one case of insects containing a num- 

 ber of butterflies and beetles, including some beautiful Papilios, the only 

 familiar species being cresphontes. There were no names to the speci- 

 mens, and nothing to indicate who they were collected by. 



North Carolina shows four cases of insects without names, including 

 some very handsome species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Neuroptera. 



In the Texas department there was a gorgeous display, the collection 

 of L. Heihgbrodt, of Bastrop, Bastrop Co., Texas, consisting of twelve 

 cases of Coleoptera and twelve of Lepidoptera, classified and named, 

 including some of the most brilliant and perfect specimens ever seen by 

 the writer, with wonderful metallic lustre. Mr. H. also exhibited forty- 

 three cases of European insects. 



The State of Mississippi shows one case of insects fancifully arranged, 

 collected by Miss P. Crump, including all orders, among them some rare 

 and interesting butterflies. 



In the Maryland exhibit, Mr. E. Louis Graf, of Baltimore, has a very 

 singular looking display consisting of several cases of insects with the 

 specimens arranged in fanciful designs and representing objects such as 

 the American eagle, etc. 



In the woman's department there was a collection of galls by Miss 

 Cora H. Clarke, of Boston, in eight cases ; also a series of excellent 

 drawings of insects and parts of insects by Mrs. A. B. Comstock. 



Among the exhibits from Japan there were quite a number of insects 

 shown by the educational department, consisting of four cases of Lepi- 

 doptera, including some very beautiful diurnals and handsome moths. 

 The only famiHar butterfly here was that cosmopolitan species, the Painted 

 Lady, Pyrameis cardui. There were two cases also of Coleoptera, con- 

 taining some handsome longicorns, one case each of Neuroptera, Hemip- 

 tera and Orthoptera, and one of mixed Hymenoptera and Diptera. 



In addition to these there were two large cases where the specimens 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 



were grouped so as to show those injurious and those beneficial to agri- 

 culture. 



There were probably other collections of insects in the buildings, but 

 there being no official catalogue to guide the visitor, there was great diffi- 

 culty in finding them. 



REMARKS ON SOME SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA, WITH 

 SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTIONS. 



BV JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA. 



Many of the species of Coleoptera have been described from single, 

 or, at the most, two or three specimens ; these often imperfect, immature, 

 or with individual peculiarities. Owing to this, those who undertake to 

 determine their insects by descriptions, even allowing a wide latitude of 

 interpretation, are frequently in doubt and uncertainty. Where families 

 and genera have passed through recent monographic review, the re-des- 

 cription of the species from better preserved or more abundant material 

 usually obviates the difficulty, but enough still remain to give trouble. 



Among these, the ones here introduced seem deserving of notice, as 

 some further description is necessary for their identification without having 

 recourse to friendly aid. 



Toxotus Schaiimii Lee. The first difficulty is the feebleness of an 

 important generic character ; to be a Toxotus the eyes must be emarginate, 

 and they are so obsoletely so in the few individuals of this species that 

 have come under my observation as to make this character opinionative. 

 There are two forms of this species so unlike in color, that unless taken 

 in close relation, they would scarcely be recognized as belonging to the 

 same species. 



When Dr. LeConte described this species (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 

 2d series, vol. i, p. 320), he seems to have only known one of these forms, 

 characterizing it as " black, with whitish pubescence, legs black, femora 

 yellowish, with base and tip black." This seems to apply to both sexes. 

 And if the specimen in hand is of this color and recognized as a Toxotus, 

 there is no further trouble. But should the specimen be reddish yellow, 

 with black elytra so closely clothed with whitish grey pubescence as to 

 conceal the color, antennx black, with yellow basal joint, and tarsi piceous, 




l04 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGlSl'. 



the diagnosis might be incorrect and induce the collector, were he am- 

 bitious in that direction, to add another synonym. 



It is true, Dr. LeConte mentions, in a two-line notice, that this is a 

 male form (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1862, p. 41) ; but, as the volume is not 

 indexed, unless stumbled on accidentally the reference would escape 

 notice. This appears to be a rare Cerambyan, and among the choicer. 

 The specimen taken here was of the last mentioned form, being in length 

 1.20 inch. Heretofore it seems to have occurred only in Ohio, (LeConte, 

 Dury). 



Leptura vihex Newm. A color variety of this caused me some 

 trouble, notice of which, if any, has escaped my attention. Dr. Horn 

 described the species under the name Jiitidicollis, giving a fine colored 

 figure (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1S60, p. 570 and plate 8). Normally 

 it is black, with the mouth parts and a narrow marginal and medium stripe 

 (subject to variation) yellowish ; legs rufous ; femora with the distal end 

 black, or not. This describes the form found here. The other form 

 previously alluded to corresponds also with this description, except that 

 the thorax is entirely yellow. I took it in Ohio, forty miles westward from 

 here, but did not find the other form there, so that perhaps it is a local 

 race. The species appears to be distributed from Northern Michigan 

 througli Canada and southward to Virginia. The variation in the extent 

 of the elytral stripes is considerable 3 in some individuals the marginal 

 one is obsolete and the dorsal reduced to a mere line 3 in others they are 

 dilated so as to leave only a narrow sutural and lateral stripe black ; and 

 some may possibly be found with tlie elytra entirely black, or entirely 

 yellow. 



Rhinoncus longulus Lee. is common and very abundant, occurring 

 from Florida to Michigan, and also in California (LeConte.) Here it 

 feeds exclusively on Polygonum virginicum Lin., a plant growing in open 

 woodlands, the leaves of which it perforates. Its season of greatest 

 abundance is late in June, but it may be found sparingly till September. 

 Though so common, it does not seem to be well recognized, no insect 

 being oftener given in exchange. This is probably because the descrip- 

 tion (Rhyncoph. N. A., p. 284) only applies to rubbed or alcoholic 

 specimens, omitting much of the vestiture as met with in life. In addition 

 to Dr. LeConte's description — " thinly clothed with small white scales ; 

 more dense, forming a sliort posterior-dorsal line on the prothorax, and 

 an elongate sutural spot at the base of the elytra" — there is also an elon- 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 



gate sutural spot extending from the middle till near the apex, the anterior 

 and posterior extremities of which are more or less connected with arcuate 

 transverse lines extending to the margin, enclosing on each elytron a black 

 spot nearly destitute of white scales ; the humeri are also similarly 

 encircled ; the sides of the thorax and abdomen are likewise moderately 

 densely clothed with white scales ; the strise are deep, wide and coarsely 

 punctured, with narrow rugose intervals. When first taken the insect has 

 a very pruinose appearance, but rough handling or immersion in alcohol 

 removes nearly all the scales, except the basal spot. 



Piazorhinus pictiis Lee. is not very common. I have taken three 

 specimens and have scon three others. It probably lives on Ostrya 

 Virginica (known here as Iron-wood). It is excessively variable in the 

 color and ornamentation of its vestiture, no two of the six examples being 

 alike, and only one of them approximating that of the type. Dr. LeConte 

 described the species (Monograph Rhyncoph.) from a single insect taken 

 in Georgia, as " Testaceous, clothed with pale yellowish pubescence ; head 

 and beak dusky. Elytra with a large, rounded, common, dusky spot, 

 extending from the base to the middle, paler within ; and a dusky, oblique 

 band more or less interrupted on the seventh interspace, which attains the 

 suture about one-fourth from the tip." Of those I have seen, one has the 

 beak and head leonine yellow, like the thorax ; the elytra being of the 

 same color, mottled uniformly with brown ; another has the beak, head 

 and thorax typical, but the elytra are dusky brown with a streak along the 

 external margins and an irregular fascia near the apex, tawny yellow ; 

 another has the beak and head typical, but the thorax has a dark spot in 

 front of the scutellum and there is a small dark spot on each elytron near 

 the middle. The others are still differently ornamented and need not be 

 described, as the above shows sufficiently the variableness of the species 

 in this respect. This species is likely to prove difficult for the collector 

 to determine so long as he has the description of only one insect to refer 

 to, and perhaps only about one in ten of his insects agreeing with it. 

 This is one of the many cases that goes to show that, unless to meet 

 urgent systematic requirements, it would give better results and prevent 

 much confusion to await the accumulation of several specimens before 

 attempting to describe a species. 



Among the errors that have become widespread in exchanges it may 

 be of advantage to notice the following : 



Microclytits gazeUula Hald. has lately appeared on several exchange 




106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



lists, but in every instance (four) the specimens sent me were Cyrtophoriis 

 verrucosus Oliv. The descriptions of C.gazellula Hald. and of Cyrtophorus 

 gibbulus Lee. (Lake Sup. p. 234 now united with it), show the color and 

 markings to vary greatly individually, and to so closely approximate C. 

 verrucosus as to be doubtfully distinguishable, and the separation must 

 be made by reference to generic chaiacters. In Microclytus the second 

 joint of the antennae is as long as the fourth ; while in Cyrtophorus the 

 second joint is short, and the third is longer than the fourth, (Class. 

 Coleopt.) No weight should be attached to color or markings for the 

 separation of these two species. 



Anthonomus cratcegi Walsh, which is common and abundant on many 

 kinds of blossoms, especially wild cherry and laurel, is always sent me for 

 A. rubidus Lee, which species I have not yet obtained. There should 

 not be much trouble in distinguishing them, as cratcegi has only six joints 

 in the funicle of the antenna, while rubidus has seven — a matter readily 

 determined by counting them under a microscope. 



Elater protervus Lee. has been united with semicinctus Rand, and 

 Cryptobium latebricola Nord. with pallipes Grav., both of which have 

 always been troublesome to collectors. 



There are many other names on the list that deserve the same treat- 

 ment, and will, no doubt, eventually be united as the variations in color, 

 size and sculpture within specific limits become better known. 



SEASIDE CAPTURES. 



BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 



1 visited Fire Island, Rockaway Beach, Long Beach and Coney 

 Island during the seasons of 1883 and 1884. Found myriads of 

 Cicindela hirticollis and dorsalis, Say. The beaches were fairly alive with 

 these beetles. The hirticollis were most abundant in the latter part of 

 June and early part of July, and dorsalis at the end of July and beginning 

 of August. These beetles may be found throughout the length of 

 these beaches. They have a singular habit of collecting in great numbers 

 at certain points, where in spaces of about fifty feet square they are as 

 numerous as flies about a stable. This was frequently observed, and so 

 for as the general character of tlie jjeach and tlic surroundings were con- 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOCilST. 107 



cenied there was nothing to favor the particular locality. My activity 

 and success in taking these interesting hexapods at the seaside excited 

 on many occasions the curiosity of some equally interesting bipeds, who, 

 barefooted and wading through the surf, doubtless ridiculed my energy 

 and thought me mad. 



" Let Ileicules himself do what he may, 



The cat will mew, the dog will have his day." 



At the last of spring and in the early summer, Calosoiita scrutator Fabr. 

 can be found at these beaches. The past seasons, however, gave me but 

 few specimens. Doryphora dccem-lmeata lined the shore during both sum- 

 mers, having been developed in great numbers in the many potato fields of 

 this island-garden of New York. Cotalpa lanigera Linn, and P. humeralis 

 Fabr. were found during the month of June among the sea weed; the former 

 readily discovered by its brilliant coloring of green and yellow, and the 

 latter by its scarlet spot in a setting of dull blue. A wrecked bark furnished 

 me with good specimens of Nccrophorus Ainericanus Oliv. and other genera 

 of the Silphidse family, together with an occasional unpleasant reminder 

 of the dog that had had his day. Of the tribe Cetoniini only a few specimens 

 were obtained ; Euryomia fiilgida in June, Allhorinanitida in July, and 

 E. inda at the last of summer. Harpahis caliginosus Say was captured in 

 September hid away in the drift at the tide mark. Of this species I would 

 note here the suddenness of its appearance in Columbia county, this 

 State, in the autumn of 18S2. In the early part of September I found a 

 single specimen under a stone. On the 13th, a dark and misty day, I 

 captured twenty, and could have taken hundreds feeding upon the seed 

 tops of a common weed, Ambrosia arteviismfolia. The day before 

 and for several days thereafter until the 27th, when I returned to town, 

 only an occasional one was seen. Among the treasures of the beach 

 I collected several shells, perforated in every part by the young of 

 one of the lower order of Crustaceans, and rendered immaculate 

 by the washings of the tide and the sun's rays. The minute winding 

 galleries, not larger than pin holes, displayed exquisite workmanship, 

 resembling the most delicate lace. The mouth parts of these Sea Worms, 

 or Barnacles, are strong and corneous, and are capable of excavating 

 galleries in the hardest substances. I have in my collection a portion of 

 a slab of white Italian marble, recovered in 1878 from the wreck of the 

 ship Grecian, from Leghorn, that foundered off the coast of Long Island 




108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



twenty years previous. The specimen measures four by six inches, has a 

 thickness of one inch, and is so thoroughly honeycombed by these 

 Crustaceans as to have reduced its original weight nearly one-half. 



MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES, HABITS OF 



LARV^, ETC. 



BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 



Melit^ea Harrisii, Scud. 



I described the stages of this species in Can. Ent., ix., 165, 1877. In 

 fall of. 1883, I received several larv^ from Mr. Chas. Fish, of Brunswick, 

 Me., which were carried through the winter in ice house. They were 

 brought into a warm room 29th April, 1884, and ist May, began to feed, 

 the plant being wild Aster. On 4th May, some were passing the fourth 

 moult, and these reached fifth moult loth May. The first larva suspended 

 17th, pupated 1 8th, and the imago appeared eight days thereafter, or on 

 26th May. All the larval stages, however, were irregular. One larva 

 passed fifth moult 19th May, but did not pupate till ist June. On 7th 

 June, '84, I received from Mr. Fish about 20 larvae in last two stages, and 

 on 9th about 50 more. Some were in third stage from pupa, or between 

 2nd and 3rd moult. The species evidently hibernates after both 2nd and 

 3rd moult, as M. Fhaetoji does. Mr. Fish wrote that all were taken on 

 Dipoplappus, and says : '' I found them sometimes 4 or 5 on a plant, 

 always on the upper side of the leaf in the most conspicuous position. 1 

 have never found them making any attempt at concealment." Prof. Fer- 

 nald also says. But. Maine, that they make no web over their food-plant. 



Melitaea Phaeton, Drury. 



I related in Papilio, iv., 69, 1884, how Phaeton had come to be ex. 

 terminated in this region, by reason of a flood in the Kanawha River, in 

 1878, which covered the river bottoms to a depth of several feet in many 

 places, and especially in the swamp where I formerly used to find the 

 larv», as related in But. N. A., Vol. II. The swamp was under ten feet 

 of water for two days after the larvae had closed their webs for hibernation, 

 in August. For several years I had seen neither larva nor butterfly. I 

 had near my house, on high ground, a plant of Chelone glabra, which 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 



years before had been brought from this swamp in order to have food 

 convenient when I might have larvae of Phaeton, and 25th June, 1883, a 

 knot of twisted leaf enclosing eggs of Phaeton was found on this plant. 

 Some straying butterfly had found the plant and laid a large cluster of 

 eggs on it. The larvae from these were carried through the winter, about 

 60 of them, and I determined to re-people the swamp. On 29th April, 

 '84, I had searched it for larvae, but found none. On 22nd May there- 

 after, I turned loose 2 J" 6 ^ , and ist June, 12 ^3 %. On 17th July, 

 I visited the swamp again and soon found five webs, with hundreds of 

 caterpillars. Mr. C. Troxley, of Louisville, Ky., wrote me that he had 

 taken Phaeton feeding on Mimulus ringens, a plant not before recorded. 

 Miss E. L. Morton, of Newburgh, N. Y., has fed the larva in confine- 

 ment on the narrow-leaved Plantain. The other plants known are 

 Chelone glabra, Gerardia pediculata, Lonicera ciliata and Viburnum 

 dentatum. 



COLIAS EURYDICE, Bois. 



I raised a brood of larva of this species in 1884, from eggs sent by 

 Mr. \A'. G. Wright, San Bernardino, on Amorpha Californica. I have 

 several of these plants growing in my garden, sent by Mr. Wright, and by 

 covering them in winter, or moving them to the cellar, they do well here. 

 I described the stages of Eurydice in Can. Ent., xv., 224, 1883, and then 

 stated that there was no generic difference between the larva, eggs or 

 chrysalis of this species and Philodice, belonging to Group 2. There 

 seemed however to be a difference in the food-plants of the two groups, 

 Philodice and Eurytheme feeding on Clover and Astragalus, the other on 

 a shrub. But I separated part of the Eurydice larva in '84, giving them 

 white clover, and though they at first seemed unwilling to eat it, they did 

 become used to it and went to pupation on it. 



The Eurydice butterflies that I have had or have received from 

 Southern California are nearly all quite different from those taken about 

 San Francisco, inasmuch as the disk to base of fore wing is not violet- 

 pink, but yellow. Some have a little changeable lustre, but most have 

 simple yellow. 



ViCTORiNA Stelenes, Limi. 



I have recently received a fine male of this species, taken March, 

 1885, at Indian River, Fla , by Dr. W. Wittfeld. A few weeks later 

 another was seen, but flying high, and out of reach. These are the only 




110 THE CANADL4.N ENTOMOLOGIST. 



examples Dr. Wittfeld has seen since he has collected butterflies, that is, 

 in course of five or six years. Stelenes is Cuban, according to Gundlach's 

 list, PapiHo, vol. i., p. 112. It is also credited to Jamaica by Chenu — per- 

 haps on authority of Doubleday's Genera, which I have not at hand to 

 refer to ; though Gosse in his Naturalist in Jamaica does not mention it. 

 It is found on the Continent from Mexico to Brazil. In my Synopsis, 

 1872, I credited this species to New Mexico, but on what authority I quite 

 forget. At any rate, it was erroneous. Nor has it been taken in S. W. 

 Texas, as Strecker's Cat., 1878, says. In my Cat., 1877, I rejected the 

 species for want of authentication. Its capture in Florida is the first 

 instance known to me of its having been taken in the U. S. The species 

 is very showy, expanding nearly 4 inches. Color pale brown, or blackish- 

 brown, with a broad belt common to both wings of yellow green, and with 

 submarginal green spots. Victorina ranks between the genera Timetes 

 and Diadema. Dr. Wittfeld has at Indian River, at one time or other, 

 taken three species of Cuban butterflies in single instances, viz., Papilio 

 Folydainas, Diadema Alisippus., and V. Stelenes. 



LYCAENA PSEUDARGIOLUS Bois. 

 Spring form, Pseudargiolus. 



In But. N. A., vol. 2, I stated that this form of the species must re- 

 produce itself in May of the next year ; the chrysalids " probably produce 

 butterflies in small numbers in July and later, but most of them hibernate, 

 and give Psendargiohis (form) the following May, or earlier " ; and I said 

 that I had never yet succeeded in getting a chrysalis completely through 

 the winter. Some time in the winter, when the butterflies (in the house) 

 were ready to emerge, the shell of the chrysalis proved too hard for them 

 to force it open, and they died prisoners, but with full color and markings 

 of Pseudargiolus in the wings. Observations in the field, as I related at 

 length, supported the view I had taken as to this form of the species. 



In May and June, 1884, I had got together 28 chrysalids of form 

 Pseudargiolus. in July, I buried them under rocks in the forest, in a 

 shallow box filled with leaf mould — first scalded to kill eggs or larvae of 

 depredating insects — the upper and under side of the box being covered 

 with fine wire gauze. This seemed to be as near as possible to the 

 natural conditions, consistent with protection against marauders, as I 

 could get. On 27th October, I opened the box, and found 26 chrysalids 

 apparently alive (as they had on trial perceptible weight), and two 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ill 



crumpled butterflies, form A^es;/ecta. The box was then returned to its 

 hiding place. On 26th ^^arch. '85, I brought the box to the house, the 

 day being warm and spring-like. In ordinary years spring is fully opened 

 by end of March — fruit trees in blossom. I found several of the chry- 

 salids dead, changed in color to yellowish-brown, and light in weight. 

 But others had weight and were of good color. There were no indica- 

 tions of the wing markings through the shells. Lest the warmth of the 

 house should dry the chrysalids, they were placed on a shelf outside, 

 shaded from the sun. For several days thereafter cold weather, frequently 

 with snow, prevailed, but about middle of April pleasant days came 

 again. On i8th, I saw the first Z. Violacea on the wing, and I then 

 looked at the chrysalids. Several showed the black margins of female 

 through the wing covers, and I expected the butterflies to emerge forth- 

 with. But as none came, two days later I brought in the box and 

 examined the chrysalids one by one. None of them now had any per- 

 ceptible weight. On opening the shells, one after another, the butterfly 

 was dead, but with full color of form Fseiidargiolus., wherever there was 

 any color at all. The bodies were exhausted of fluids and flattened, but 

 were flexible, and the wings were not dry, but could be readily separated. 

 One live butterfly only appeared, and on removal of the shell, it crawled 

 up a bit of cloth on side of the box. But the wings did not expand and 

 the insect soon died. Its body was as thin as the others, and plainly it 

 would have quickly died in the chrysalis. It had not the strength to 

 break out, and the shell, and all the shells, were hard. There was no 

 example in these butterflies of form Violacea. The experiment was satis- 

 factory, though I would have been glad of the perfect butterflies. As 

 stated in But. N. A., Violacea, the earliest of these forms, originates 

 Neglecta of July, and the late Neglecta hibernate in chrysalis and give 

 Violacea in March and April the next year. But the bulk of the Violacea 

 chrysalids must hibernate, though the actual proof by the <;hrysalids is yet 

 wanting. I have had, the same difficulty in carrying them through the 

 winter as with those of Pseiidargiohis. The singularity of this compli- 

 cated species is that the form Pseudargiolus is stuck in between Violacea 

 and Neglecta, in the spring, with no direct relation to either. This form 

 perpetuates itself, but gives rise to some Neglecta in the late summer, and 

 these last produce Violacea the next spring. If this late connection were 

 severed, as is conceivable, Pseudargiolus would stand alone, separated 

 entirely from the other forms of the species, and there would be nothing 




112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



to show how it originated. No doubt that is one way in which species 

 come to exist. 



Neonympha Canthus, Bois.-Lec. 



Chrysalis. — Length .62 inch; breadth across mesonotum, .16, across 

 abdomen, .17 inch; cyHndrical, slender; the edges of wing cases promin- 

 ent on the dorsal side ; head case moie produced than in Debis Portlandia 

 (which species this chrysalis otherwise much resembles), bevelled trans- 

 versely to a sharp edge, excavated roundly and shallowly at the sides, the 

 top a little incurved, the corners sharp ; mesonotum prominent, carinated, 

 the sides flat and sloping, the apex almost angular, being rounded but 

 slightly ; color green ; the top of head case and dorsal edges of wing cases 

 buff; a buff mid-dorsal stripe, and one on either side of this (sub-dorsal) ; 

 also a faint lateral stripe of same color. 



In Can. Ent., xv., p. 64, 1883, I described all the preparatory stages 

 of Canthus, except the chrysalis, which I had been unable^ to obtain, 

 larvae which I had had at one time or other dying before puliation. I 

 received the chrysalis described Aug. 22, 1884, from Mr. James Fletcher, 

 at Ottawa. Mr. Fletcher writes : " The larvte were quite common this 

 spring in beating the high lake and swamp grasses." It is probably 

 because the natural food of Canthus is swamp grass that I have always 

 had so much difficulty in rearing the larvae on meadow or lawn grass. 

 The larva is in shape, and in most respects, closely like that of Gemma. 

 Both are very slender and both carry on head a pair of conical horns, and 

 the chrysalis of Gemma shows two long conical processes at end of head 

 case. But in the chrysalis Canthus is like Portlandia, and of the Satyrus 

 type (as in S. A/ope), stout bodied, with truncated head case. With this 

 chrysalis we now know every stage of the several species of Neonympha 

 which live east of the Mississippi River. 



Experiments with larvae as to food plants. 



The larvae of F. Putulus feed on willow, and this seems to be the food 

 they prefer, just as Turuus prefers the Tulip tree where there is a choice. 

 Rutulus was observed by Mr. Behrens, in 1884, on species of Populus. 

 I received larvae just hatched from Mr. Wright, and lost one brood by 

 giving them Tulip leaves. After two or three days the last one had died, 

 with symptoms of poisoning. Having heard that apple and cherry were 

 food plants of the species, I offered these and willow to the next lot of 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113 



larv?e, and found all gathered to the willow. Henceforth I had no diffi- 

 culty, and found these larvse as easy to rear as larvae of Tjiriius. 



This suggested an experiment on Turnus. There are several lists of 

 food plants of this species, two of them by Mr. Scudder, and nowhere is 

 willow mentioned. I was feeding a brood of these larvae last year, and 

 on 20th August, immediately after 4th moult, separated part of them and 

 gave willow only. They nibbled a little now and then, but in effect eat 

 nothing, did not grow, were flabby to the touch and empty, and all died 

 of starvation by 2nd Sept. The remaining larvre, on Tulip, reached pup?e 

 30th Aug. and ist Sept. 



On relaxing dried butterflies. 



I notice, Ent. xvi., 220, sometlaing on modes of relaxing insects. For 

 butterflies, I formerly used an earthen jar, with cover, in which were a few 

 inches damp sand, the insects being laid on the sand. But if the sand 

 was at all too wet, the insects were Hable to be saturated and much dam- 

 aged, and if left too long, to mould. For many years I have used a 

 towel, first dipped in water and wrung out, folded twice, and laid on a 

 board. In the folds the papers are laid, or if the butterflies are removed 

 from the papers, they are placed between layers of newspapers. Small 

 species, as Lycaenae, relax perfectly in 5 or 6 hours ; most Hesperians 

 over night ; Colias and Argynnis within 24 hours ; and Papilios in from 

 24 to 48 hours, according to size of body. It may be necessary, and 

 certainly will be in warm weather, to wet the towel again, and perhaps 

 with Papilios more than once. On removal, when about to, spread, if 

 moisture shows on the under surfaces, remove it by blotting paper. The 

 advantage of this mode is its convenience, and the fact that the insects 

 will not become too wet, nor can they mould, as the towel becomes dry 

 too soon for that. 



Butterflies on pins I float on cork in covered tin pails — two quart is a 

 good size. In this case no moisture collects, and the relaxation is about 

 as rapid as in the towel. Small species I often float in a tin-capped glass. 

 If one has not the pail at hand, the floating may be done in anything, a 

 bowl or a pitcher, but a wet cloth should then be laid over the top. 



On carrying hibernating larvae through the Avinter. 



I have sometimes so carried larvae in ice boxes, or in ice houses, or in 

 snow banks, by aid of friends in the Northern States mostly, but last fall 

 I heard of a large room called a " cooler " at the Sanitarium at Clifton 




114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Springs, New York, in which meat and vegetables are kept, the tempera- 

 ture averaging 40" all tlie year, and my application for a little space was 

 kindly received. In October, I sent on two boxes by express, in which 

 were a large number of larvae, some of them very rare. Of these were 

 Argynnis Halcyone, just from egg ; Satyrus Charon, also just out of egg. 

 These small larvas were in paper pill boxes, inside tin. There were also 

 a few larvae of Chionobas Chryxiis, Hip. Ridingsii, Colias Alexandra., 

 Phyciodes Ficta, in stages from second to fourth ; and several Melitaea 

 Rubicimda, past third moult, from Vancouver's Island, and Phaeton at 

 same stage. Early in March I received the larvae per express. On open- 

 ing the boxes nearly every one of the young larvae first named were alive, 

 and in a few moments were moving. The larger part of Rubicimda and 

 Phaeton were in good condition. One Alexandra out of two was healthy, 

 and one Picta out of three. The Chryxus, past third moult (one), and 

 the Ridingsii, past first (one) were dead. On the whole, there was 

 scarcely any loss from the four months seclusion. The Chionobas, I am 

 disposed to think, died in transit to me, from rolling about in its box, as 

 it was stout and healthy looking when I received it. Probably all the 

 Satyrid larvae would have done better if they had not been allowed to feed 

 in the fall, but had on hatching been subjected to the cold. I had no 

 plants ready for these larvae on their arrival except grass, and on this I 

 placed part of the Charon, who very soon began to eat along the edges 

 of the leaves. The remainder of all species I put on ice, or under rocks 

 in the woods, to stay till I could force food-plants for them. 



ADDITIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA. 



BY L. PROVANCHER, CAP ROUGE, QUEBEC. 



ICHNEUMONID^. 



In a lot of Hymenoptera captured in Vancouver Island, and sent me 

 by Mr. Brodie from Toronto, I found the following new species : — 



Ichneumon Vancouveriensis, nov. sp. 



^ — Length, .62 inch. Black ; face with four dots white, one on each 

 side near the clypeus and one under each antenna. These entirely black 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 



and sub-moniliform. One dot on the alar scales with a line before and 

 another one under, tlie collar, and scutellum, white. Wings slightly infus- 

 cated ; the areolet pentagonal, the nervures black. Metathorax with the 

 angles projecting, sub-spinose, the ventral area transverse, its anterior 

 angles rounded. Legs black, the four anterior tibice with a white line 

 exteriorly, the posterior with a smaller one near the base. Abdomen 

 elongate, with the peduncle slender and punctured, entirely black. Van- 

 couver. 



Allied to IcJi. subcyanens Cress., but of a larger size, with crura 

 entirely black, and white markings also different. 



PLATVSOMA, nov. gen. 

 (From piatys, depressed, and soma, body.) 



Head large, much produced behind the eyes, these somewhat small. 

 Antennae half the length of the body, setaceous, thick, with short articles 

 sub-moniliform. Thorax long and depressed, the prothorax produced 

 anteriorly in the form of a neck, narrower than the head ; the mesothorax 

 with its median lobe advanced and elevated upon the prothorax ; scutel- 

 lum depressed, with a fossula before ; the metathorax elongate, bearing 

 four longitudinal carinae. ^Vings short, areolet wanting, the nervule 

 dividing the two cubitals short. Legs with crura swelled, inermous, the 

 tibije cylindrical at the base, thence enlarged and slightly compressed, the 

 intermediate ones much compressed in the middle of their enlarged por- 

 tion. Abdomen elongate, shortly pedunculate, the first segment depressed, 

 bearing a carina on the lateral edges, the extremity slightly compressed 

 and cleft under side for the reception of the terebra, which is as long as 

 the body. 



Allied to Xylonomus and Odontomerus, but differing from both by the 

 shorter and thicker antennse, by the inermous crura, and by the form of 

 the tibiae. 



Platysoma tibialis, nov. sp. 



^ — Length .45 inch, length of the terebra .45 inch. Black, with legs 

 rufous and abdomen brownish rufous. The head and prothorax strongly 

 punctulate, the fossula before the scutellum striate. The metathorax 

 transversely striated at the base between the carinae. The first abdominal 

 segment finely aciculate between the lateral carinre. Valves of the terebra 

 brown ferruginous. Vancouver. 




116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Limneria co^npacta, nov. sp. 



% — Length .23 inch. Black, with the legs and abdomen rufous. 

 Mandibles, palpi, and alar scales, white. Antennje filiform. Thorax short 

 and thick, the mesothorax gibbous, the metathorax declivous. Wings 

 sUghdy infuscated, with a triangular sessile areolet. Legs rufous, the pos- 

 terior coxte black at the base inside. Abdomen forming a small elongate 

 club with a slender and elongate peduncle, black at the base and ex- 

 tremity. Terebra about one fourth the length of the abdomen, re- 

 curved upwards. Vancouver. 



Closely alHed to Z. rtificoxa Prov., but differing by the sessile areolet, 

 the legs entirely rufous, etc. 



Mesoleptus fasclatiis, nov. sp. 



^ - Length .20 inch. Black, the face under the antennse, an orbital 

 patch above their insertion, the palpi, the alar scales, the lateral inferior 

 edges of the prothdrax, with tlie four anterior coxse and their trochanters, 

 white. Antennae shorter than the body, setaceous, black, the scape 

 obscurely whitish underneath. Metathorax large, with distinct elevated 

 lines. Wings hyaline, without areolet, the stigma pale. Legs pale rufous, 

 the posterior with the cox^e, and the extremity of their tibise and tarsi, 

 brown, more or less obscure. Abdomen rather stout, linear, black, 

 obscurely white on the sides, the segments with a polished fascia at their 

 posterior edge. Vancouver. 



Differs from M. dccens Cress, by its white markings and the sculpture 

 of its metathorax. 



EchtJirus Provancheri, Brodie. 



(Mr. Brodie having kindly dedicated to me this beautiful new species, 

 and not having seen its description published, I submit it here below.) 



^ — Length .48 inch. Black, abdomen partly rufous ; head and thorax 

 entirely black, very finely punctured ; the face with a small tubercle in the 

 middle under the antennae ; mandibles, palpi and antenncC, all black. 

 The mesothorax trilobed, the metathorax rugulose on the sides and pos- 

 teriorly. Wings slightly infuscated, the nervures and stigma black, the 

 areolet large, subquadrate. Legs rufous, the anterior cox£e, the crura and 

 tibiae of the posterior pair at their extremity, black, the posterior tarsi with 

 the first and last article black, the median ones white. Abdomen pedun- 

 culate, its peduncle polished and shining, the other segments punctulate ; 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117 



segments i, 2 and 3 bright rufous, the rest black with the penultimate 

 wliite. Terebra black, thick, very nearly as long as the body. 



^ — With palpi and four anterior coxse and trochanters pale, no white 

 patch on the penultimate segment of abdomen. Vancouver. 

 This species is easily distinguished by its coloration. 



BRACONID^. 



Phylax pacificiis, nov. sp. 



% — Length, .35 inch; terebra about the same length. Brown ferru- 

 ginous ; the head, the pro and mesothorax with the last segments of the 

 abdomen, black. Antennas black, long, setaceous. Head large, produced 

 behind the eyes ; vertex convex. Metathorax ferruginous, punctured. 

 Wings infuscated. Legs ferruginous, all the tibiae with a small pale ring 

 near the base. Abdomen finely aciculate on the first segment and the 

 basal half of the second, the other ones polished, shining. Terebra 

 black, of the same length as the abdomen. Vancouver. 



Phylax niger, nov. sp. 



^ — Length .23 inch. Black, with a whitish pubescence. The head 

 much produced behind the eyes. Antennae long, slender, setaceous. 

 Wings slightly infuscated, the nervures black. Legs rufous, coxae, tibiae 

 and the extremity of crura black. Abdomen elongate, black, the first 

 segment with the basal half of the second aciculated. Vancouver. 



ENTOMOLOGY BY THE ELECTRIC LAMP. 



BY PROF. E. W. CLAYPOLE, AKRON, O. 



During the past winter an installation of about 100 arc-lamps was es- 

 tablished at Akron, O. They hang as usual over the middle of the street. 

 Early in the summer it was evident that they would afford a fine hunting- 

 ground for the entomologist, and accordingly several members of the 

 Natural History Society of Akron resolved to turn the opportunity to ac- 

 count by making collections of the insects attracted by the light and com- 

 paring and noting the results. 




118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



I have not yet ascertained what others have done, but the following notes 

 of my own observations may interest some readers of the Entomologist : 



At the opening of the season the Cockchafer (L. fusca) was almost 

 the only vibitant, but in such numbers that specimens might be collected 

 by the quart for a few evenings. Gradually other species appeared. 

 Belostoma americamivi and Calosoma calidum were conspicuous, the 

 former for its size, and the latter for its beauty. The former has obtained 

 the popular name of the " electric light bug." It is supposed to have ap- 

 peared with the lamps, and is oftenest brought to me for identification. 

 The grave-digger beetles, Necrophorus, Silpha and Hister, were not infre- 

 quent. Why they come to the light is not easy to say. Possibly the car- 

 rion which they usually seek is slightly phosphorescent, and attracts them 

 by its glow, and they are deceived by the brilliancy of the electric arc. 

 Several small Carabids were abundant about the same time, but have not 

 yet been identified. 



As June advanced moths became more abundant than beetles, not be- 

 cause the latter fell off, but because the former largely increased. On 

 warm evenings a perfect swarm played round the lamps, hour after hour. 

 Every now and then one and another dashed into the globe, struck the 

 glowing carbons, dimmed the light and was killed or consumed with a 

 hissing noise. By morning a handful, sometimes a half pint, of dead in- 

 sects was accumulated at the bottom of the lamp-glass, mostly scorched 

 and burnt. In this way immense numbers are destroyed, but no apparent 

 diminution ensued. One morning in June I obtained about a hundred 

 specimens of the very abundant little grass moth (Crambiis mutabilis 

 Clem.) from every lamp examined. This means a destruction of above 

 ten thousand individuals nightly of this one species. As the process has 

 been going on for at least a fortnight, the 102 lamps in this city have killed 

 about 1,500,000 individuals. Yet still they come, and in undiminished 

 numbers. 



Since then Dart-moths (Cut-worms) of various species have begun to 

 appear. About the middle of June I collected above 50 specimens from 

 three lamps. It was apparently A. siibgothica Haworth, though Riley 

 (Entomolog. Rep. of Mo., 1868, p. 82) says this species does not appear 

 till September. Positive identification of these moths is often diificult. 

 This implies the destruction of about 1,500 nightly. Other species of 

 Dart-moths not yet identified were equally numerous. One would thmk 

 such wholesale slaughter must diminish their numbers, and nerhaps the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



lib 



results will be seen in future years. If the eggs were laid previously no 

 such result could be expected. But the frequent occurrence of eggs in 

 the collecting boxes shows that this is not the case. 



The Tiger Moths (Arct/a,etc.) have been equally abundant, especially 

 A. virgo. Were all that I have collected identified, as I hope they soon 

 will be, the list would be long. 



The white-lined Hawk Moth (D. lineata) with others of the same 

 family, is a frequent visitor. The Water Tiger. D. marginalis, with two or 

 three smaller Dytiscids, are often taken. These and most of the heavy 

 fliers strike the globe and fall stunned to the ground, but soon recover un- 

 less boxed at once. 



The Stag Beetle ( L. dama) and Fire fiy (P. pcnsylvanica) appeared 

 later and less frequently with the great Lebia ( L. grandis) and Dichelony- 

 cha e/ongatiiia, the latter for a few evenings in great abundance.  A 

 single specimen of the Codling Moth was captured. 



About the end of June a new fauna began to appear. The Cock- 

 chafers had nearly disappeared. But the great Ground Beetle (H. caligin- 

 osiis) supplied the place, and in so great numbers that one evening I filled 

 a four-once bottle in fifteen minutes. With it came two, to me, unexpected 

 visitants, the Blister Beetles ( L. vittata and atrata). 



This is but a partial list of the species already collected. Several of 

 the large and conspicuous moths have been met with, and I hope later to 

 send a longer catalogue. 



But we are not the only insect-hunters about the electric lamp. Every 

 evening the toads congregate until the ground is alive with them, and 

 food is so plentiful that they are sometimes almost unable to return to 

 their holes and often past hopping. Several times also I have suspected 

 the presence of skunks, but have never yet seen a frog. Small boys, too. 

 Hock to the lights for the sake of stamping on the cockchafers and other 

 insects that lie disabled on the ground. Between the toads, the skunks 

 and the small boys, the entomologist is sometimes hard put to it, and must 

 work late at nights or betimes in the morning, or both. Could he only in 

 addition to the real insects make a collection of the huge phantasmagoric 

 spectres that fly and creep about the roadway projected by the intense 

 light, he would have an array of " bugges " that might fairly be called 

 " terrors by night." 




120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Dear Sir : The following insects have lately een bdetermined for nie 

 by Dr. H. A. Hagen, of Cambridge. As they are not included in the 

 Society's published lists, I send them just as received for publication in 

 the Entomologist. 



J. Alston Moffat. 



1. Dicosmoerus (Ste)iophylax) argus ^ Harris. Desc. and fig. in 

 Harris's Ent. Correspond.; also by Provancher. 



2. Fteronarcys prof ens Newm., ^ . Also in N. Y. 



3. Leptoierus nobilis Hag. Nearly destroyed, but I think surely, 

 though there exist related species. 



4. Ctenophora frontalis Sacken, $ . In pieces. 



5. M allot a posticata Fabr. 



6. £peolus, probably ; in six or seven pieces. 



7. Archasia galeata Fabr. 



For determination of the four non-Neuroptera, I have taken the names 

 out of our collection. The Mantispa — not Mantis — is a Hemerobid, and 

 is AI. bruimea Say ; also described by Provancher as very common at St. 

 Hyacinthe. His specimen, M. Burquei Prov., was a variety. 



H. A. Hagen. 



ROCKY MOUNTAIN BUTTERFLIES. 



Dear Sir : Please add the following species to the list of diurnals 

 collected by me in Rocky Mts., beginning at No. 123 : 



123. Papilio indra Reak. Seen but not taken 'at Koutanai Pass, 

 afterwards identified from specimens received from the Pass. 



124. Pieris vernalis Edw. Crow's Nest Pass. 



125. Colias elis, nov. spec, Strecker, (Discovered 1884.) Kicking 

 Horse Pass summit. 



126. Colias cliryso7nelas Yly. Yidw. i ^ only taken. Calgary. 



Gamble Geddes, Toronto, Ont. 




Cjjc Canadian ^Entomologist. 



VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1885. No. 



NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN 

 XYLOPHAGID.^ AND STRATIOMYID^. 



BY S. W. WILLISTON, M. D., PH. D., NEW HAVEN, CONN. 



Xy/opha^^HS dccorus, n. sp. 



% . Length 1 3 mm. Black, legs yellow. Front convex, but little 

 shining, thinly brownish dusted. Antennge black, the tip of first joint and 

 the second more reddish brown j elongate, the first joint rather longer 

 than the distance from the insertion to the ocelli. Proboscis black 

 Dorsum of thorax shining on the sides, in the middle with two broad 

 brownish pollinose stripes, separated by a shining linear space. Pleurae 

 shining black. Abdomen blackish brown, shining. Legs, including the 

 coxre, reddish yellow, the tips of all the tarsi black. Wings nearly hya- 

 line, a broad brownish band, near the middle, narrowed and evanescent 

 posteriorly, the outer cross-veins clouded and the outer part of the wing 

 cinereous. 



One specimen, Washington Territory (H. K. Morrison). The abdo- 

 men probably varies in depth of color. 



XylophagJts gracilis, n. sp. 



$, ^. Length 9-10 mm. Black, legs light yellow. Front grayish 

 dusted. Antemice black, the third joint toward the base on the inside, 

 yellowish; only a little longer than the head; first joint only about three 

 times as long as the second, considerably shorter than the distance from 

 the insertion to the ocelli. Thorax shining, the dorsum with two broad, 

 narrowly separated, pollinose stripes ; humeri and post-alar callosities ob- 

 scurely yellowish. Halteres yellow. Abdomen shining black, white 

 pubescent, rather slender and cylindrical in the male. Legs, including 

 the coxje, light yellow ; outer end of all the femora, and the tip of hind 

 tibiae, lightly brownish ; tip of the tarsi blackish. Wings hyaline, varie- 

 gated on the outer half with brownish, the stigma narrowly brown. 




122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Two specimens, Washington Terr, and Mt. Hood, Oregon (H. K. 

 Morrison). 



Coowmyia cincreibarbis Bigot. Annales Soc. Ent. Fr. 1879, 194. 



This species was described by Bigot from a specimen from Baltimore. 

 As usual with this author, he does not point out differences, merely saying 

 that this species resembles certain varieties of C. ferruginea in color. 

 Now it is well known tliat C. ferruginea is very variable in coloration, so 

 much so, in fact, that it has received twelve or thirteen specific names. 

 The coloration hence of Mr. Bigot's specimen, from analogy, is compara- 

 tively worthless as a specific character. Nothing else is mentioned except 

 the villosity. From this, however, I believe I recognize the species in a 

 male specimen caught in the woods near New Haven, in June. It 

 is of a deep brownish black, the femora of the same color. The abdo- 

 men above has the second segment wholly black (shining), the third seg- 

 ment with a large light yellow spot on the posterior angles, the fourth 

 segment with a similar but smaller one, and with the posterior margin 

 likewise yellow, the remaining segments chiefly yellow. The species will 

 be best distinguished from C. ferruginea by the presence of rather long 

 and abundant yellow pile on the dorsum of the thorax, whereas in ferru- 

 ginea the dorsum is nearly bare. 



Subula pallipes Loew. 



This species has hitherto only been known from the Atlantic States, 

 but specimens from Montana (Prof. Comstock, No. 50) and Southern 

 California cannot be separated. The western specimens show a broader 

 yellow hind margin to the abdominal segments, but otherwise I can dis- 

 tinguish no difference. 



Subula parens, n. sp. 



^. Length 13 mm. Front black, light yellowish pubescent, shining 

 about the ocelli. Antennae black, the inner side from the base, except the 

 upper margin, yellowish red. Face black, proboscis and tip of the palpi 

 reddish yellow. Dorsum of thorax black, the lateral margins, interrupted 

 just behind the suture, and extending inwards a short distance in front, 

 and a slender spot on the suture on each side, yellow. Pleurae and coxse 

 black, the former with a median vertical spot, connected above with a 

 slender stripe reaching from the humeri to the root of the wings, and a 

 large spot on the sides of the metanotum, yellow. Abdomen brownish 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123 



red, black at the base. Legs yellow, a broad preapical ring on the hind 

 femora black, the ends of the hind tibiae brown, hind metatarsi a half 

 longer than the remaining joints together. Wings strongly tinged with 

 yellow, the veins a little darker. 



One specimen, Washington Ty. (H. K. Morrison). 



Bcris mcxicana Bell.? 



^ , $ . Length 7-8 mm. Eyes pilose, broadly contiguous in the 

 male, the frontal triangle small ; front in female rather broad, with parallel 

 sides. Head black, shining, with luteous pile. Antennae black, the base 

 of the third joint yellowish ; third joint thick at the base, the whole 

 antenna not longer than the distance from its base to the ocelli. Thorax 

 and scutellum bright shining green, with a purplish reflection, pile in the 

 male only moderately long, luteous ; scutellum with six blackish spines, 

 and on each side sometimes with a rudimentary additional one. Abdomen 

 black, but little shining, along the sides with yellowish pile. Legs yellow; 

 all the tarsi, except the base or larger part of the first joint, black. 

 Hind metatarsi in the male considerably swollen, longer than the remain- 

 ing joints together. Wings strongly tinged with yellowish, the stigma 

 large, brown. 



Six specimens, Colorado (Morrison, Prof Comstock, No. 47). Some 

 of the specimens have the hind femora above at the tip blackish. This 

 species is most closely allied to B. mexicana Bell. , but differs in the abdo- 

 men being wholly black. A comparison with Mexican specimens is 

 needed. 



Sargiis decorus Say. { =: ? ^. xanthopus Wied.) 



Hab. New Eng., Colo., Wash. Ty. 



Sargus viridis Say. 



{Sargus nigribarbis Bigot, Annales Soc. Ent. France, 1879, 224.) 



Hab. Eastern, Middle and Pacific States. 



This species is a true Sargus ; the eyes of the male are not contigu- 

 ous, and are bare. 



Macrosargus davis, n. sp. 



^, $. Length 9-10 mm. Vertical triangle and the under part of 

 the face in the male, and the upper two-thirds of the front and the face 

 likewise in the female, bright shining green, frontal triangle and the lower 

 part of the front ( $ ) moderately projecting, yellowish white, front in the 




124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



female of moderate width, parallel. Antennae and proboscis yellow. 

 Thorax bright shining green ; humeri and a slender line reaching to the 

 root of the wings, and the sides of the metanotum broadly, light yellow ; 

 pile of dorsum and mesopleurae yellow. Abdomen in the male pedicil- 

 late, the second segment cylindrical, in the female moderately contracted 

 toward the base ; black, with a bronze lustre ; second segment in the 

 female, except the lateral margins, yellow ; the posterior angles of the 

 third and fourth segments narrowly yellow ; in the male the second seg- 

 ment is obscure yellow ; pile golden. Legs, including the coxse, yellow. 

 Wings nearly hyaline. 



Two specimens, Virginia (TheOo Pergande) and North Carohna 

 (Prof Comstock). 



Ptecticus Sackenii, n. sp. 



\_Ftectictis testaceus Osten Sacken (non Fabr.), Cat. Dipt. 45 ; Lynch 

 Arribalzaga, Catalogo, etc., 125 (17).] 



$ . Length 1 1 mm. Front narrow, shining black, the lower part 

 and the face yellowish white. Thorax yellow, the dorsum with three 

 broad, more brownish, stripes. Abdomen reddish yellow, the second, 

 third and fourth segments with a black fascia, acute at each end and not 

 reaching the lateral margin. Legs yellow, the hind tibiae brownish, becom- 

 ing black at distal end, hind metatarsi black, the following joints nearly 

 white, last three joints of front tarsi blackish, of middle tarsi brownish, 

 the third joint of all these tarsi less dark. Wings hyaline, with a light 

 yellowish tinge. 



A specimen from Florida (Pergande) agrees with the ones men- 

 tioned by Baron Osten Sacken in the note on page 45 in having the four 

 last joints of the hind tarsi yellow, the terminal ones not being black, as 

 described. Lynch says in regard to these species (1. c.) : " Los ejemplares 

 de Nueva York de que habla Osten Sacken deben pertenecer a otra ; 

 todos los mios tienen los tarsos posteriores como los describe Rondani." 



Ptectictis similis, n. sp. 



^, ^. Length 11-12 mm. Head and antennas wholly yellow, the 

 frontal tubercle below prominent, the small ocelliferous tubercle black. 

 The front in the female narrow ; in the male the eyes nearly contiguous 

 above the tubercle. Thorax yellowish amber color, the humeri, postalar 

 callosities, the sutures narrowly, and a large spot on the sides of the meta- 

 notum, light greenish, two linear strij^s on the back part of the dorsum, 




THE GANADLVN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 



less distinctly so. Knob of the halteres green. Abdomen brownish yel- 

 low, the incisures and posterior angles of the segments yellow, the sides 

 of the base greenish, across the anterior part of the segments the colqr 

 broadly brown. Legs reddish yellow, the hind tibiae and tarsi brown, two 

 last joints of all the tarsi blackish. Wings with a faint yellowish tinge. 



Three specimens, Virginia (Pergande), and Georgia. I would at first 

 have identified this species with Sargus trivitatus of Say, but grass green 

 can in no wise be applied to my specimens, the color being so faint green 

 that it is scarcely observable to the naked eye. The third joint of the 

 antennae is by no means rounded, but trapezoidal in shape. 



Her met i a aiirata Bellardi, Saggio, etc. i., 27, tab. i., fig. 8 ; Loew, 

 Centur. x., 11 (H. chrysopila). 



A single specimen from New Mexico agrees very well with the des- 

 criptions. The first joint of the antenna is chiefly black. 



Hermetia lativeiitris Bellardi, op. cit., 27, tab. i. fig. 9. 



A female from New Mexico. I refer to this witli some doubt. The 

 head is wholly yellow, except the ocelli; the first segment of the abdomen 

 is not black, the second has a narrow median black stripe. Bellardi's 

 figure shows but three posterior veins, probably an inaccuracy. 



Hermetia Comstocki, n. sp. 



1^, ^. Length 15-1S mm. Head reddish yellow, with yellow pile. 

 Antennae only a little darker yellow, the tip of the second joint and the 

 lamella deep black; lamella rather broad. Dorsum of thorax blackish 

 brown or black, the sides and the middle behind brownish red ; the black 

 forms two rather broad median stripes, abbreviated behind, separated by 

 a golden tomentose stripe ; on each side there are two large indefinite 

 black spots ; on each humerus, running inwards and backwards for a 

 short distance, a sjiot of golden tomentum. Pleurae, except above and 

 the sides of the metanotum, black, a spot above, contiguous with that on 

 the side of the dorsum, clothed with yellow pile. Scutellum yellowish 

 red, the base narrowly black. Abdomen brownish red, but variable, some- 

 times brown or blackish, the second segment on its posterior border and 

 the remainder of the abdomen, with short thick golden pile, changeable in 

 different reflections. Abdomen elongate, broadest on the second segment. 

 Legs wholly reddish yellow, front coxa^ in front of the same color, the 

 tarsi a little lighter, tibial somewhat dilated, the hind pair very distinctly 




126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



bent beyond the middle in the male. Wings deep brown along the anterior 

 half, broadly infuscated along the posterior border, leaving a space hyaline 

 in the anal cell and the base of the fifth posterior cell. 



This is a handsome large species, rather larger than iiiucens, which it 

 resembles in shape, the abdomen being more convex. Two specimens, 

 Arizona, from Professor Comstock (No. 46). 



Eupar/iyphns, n. sp. ? 



$ . Length 6 mm. The head and thorax of this species agree 

 throughout with Loew's description of E. stigmaticaiis, except that the 

 scutellum is yellow, with the base narrowly black. The abdomen shows 

 a distinct difference in that the first segment has a small lateral spot, and 

 the second, third and fourth segments with a large green triangle on the 

 posterior angles, extending to the front margin of the segment and touch- 

 ing each other behind on the fourth segment ; the inner margins of these 

 green spots are yellowish. The fifth segment is wholly greenish and 

 yellowish to the naked eye. The abdomen shows a broad greenish 

 yellow margin. The legs are wholly yellow, except the last three joints 

 of the tarsi, which are black. The wings agree also, except that the veins 

 and stigma are less dark. 



One specimen, Washington Territory. 



Euparhyphus ornatus, n. sp. 



Ij^ . Length 6 mm. Front and face yellow, with black markings, as 

 follows : A spot on each side in front of the ocelli ; a slender stripe from 

 near the ocelli to the oral margin, interrupted at the antennae ; a broader 

 stripe (broader above) beginning a little lower on each side and reaching 

 to the oral margin. First two joints of the antennas yellow, the third 

 wanting. Occiput black. The lateral orbits yellow. The lateral margins of 

 the face, and the posterior orbits below, white pollinose. Thorax black. 

 Two very slender dorsal vittulse, broadly separated, the humeri and a 

 slender line reaching to the base of the wings, the postalar callosities, the 

 margin of the scutellum and spines, a spot in front of the wings on the 

 pleurae, contiguous with the line above it, and a smaller spot below, 

 yellow. Abdomen black ; the third segment on each side, with a rather 

 large semi-elliptical spot, the slender lateral margin of the remaining 

 segments, and the broader hind margin of the last segment, yellow. Legs 

 yellow ; the hind femora and tibiae in their middle infuscated ; the last 




THK CANADIAN F.NTOMOLOGIST. 127 



three joints of all tlie tarsi blackish. Wings with the veins of the disk 

 fuscous ; third vein furcate. 



One specimen, Washington Territory. 



Euparhyphus bellus Loew. 



Three specimens from Pennsylvania, all evidently of the same species. 

 I identify as this, but the species is variable. The head in both females 

 agrees with the description ; the head of the male likewise agrees with the 

 specimen spoken of in the note. In one female there are two slender 

 yellow vittulre in the front of the dorsum, in the other two it is wanting. 

 The scutellum is wholly black in all, except the spines. The abdomen 

 in all agree in having two small circulai yellow spots on the disc of the 

 third segment, a minute yellow spot on the posterior angles of the third 

 and fourth segments, and a large semi-oval yellow spot on the fifth seg- 

 ment, otherwise the abdomen is wholly black. In one of the females the 

 first discal posterior vein is but the merest rudiment. I do not doubt but 

 that Loew's male and female specimens belonged together. 



A single male specimen from Connecticut is related, but it may be 

 different. It is somewhat larger, and differs from my male of E. bellus in 

 having two larger yellow spots on the disk of the third segment, and two 

 additional similar ones on the fourth segment. 



Clitellaria lata Loew. 



A male specimen from Washington is apparently this. 



A female from California has the pubescence of the head and abdomen 

 more golden colored than white, and the third antennal joint is much 

 more thickened. 



Clitellaria argent at a, n. sp. 



Length 8 mm. ^. Black, with light colored pile and silvery 

 pubescence. Eyes broadly contiguous, thickly fuscous pilose. Pile of 

 the front and face light gray. Antennae rather slender ; first two joints, 

 tip of the third, and style black, remainder yellowish red. Thorax, with 

 light gray pile and nearly uniform recumbent silvery pubescence ; a slender 

 median stripe, ajittle broader, interrupted one, on each side, two small 

 spots on the pleurae, and the metanotum, glabrous ; spines of the scutellum 

 yellow. jVbdomen, with short recumbent white pile, nearly uniform, with 

 small, oval, nearly glabrous spots on the front margins of the anterior 




1.28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



segments. Legs with white pile, the color of the tarsi less dark. Wings 

 nearly hyaline, the stigma luteous. 



One specimen, Arizona, (Prof. Comstock). 



Cyphomyia, n. sp. 



Five male specimens from Jamaica differ from the described species, 

 except perhaps varipes Gerst., the description of which I do not have 

 access to. The base of the third joint of the antennse, and the scutellum, 

 are red, and all the metatarsi, except the tip, light yellow. Otherwise 

 steel-blue black. The eyes pilose. 



Nemotelus tmicolor, Loew. 



Two specimens from Pennsylvania. In one of them the two basal 

 joints of the antennae are yellowish. Another from Arizona (Prof Com- 

 stock, No. 52) I cannot distinguish. 



Nemotelus crassus Loew. 



Three specimens from Western Kansas agree with the description of 

 this species, but are somewhat smaller. 



Pachygaster pulchris Loew. 



Two females from Montana differ but little from eastern specimens. 

 The femora have only a blackish ring in their middle. 



Odontomyia cinda Olivier. Encycl. Meth, viii., 432, 3 ; Macquart, 

 Dipt Exot. i. 2, 189; Day, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1882, p. 80 {O. extremis, 

 type compared.) Atlantic and Pacific States. 



Odontomyia flava Day. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, 1882, 76. 



The type specimen in my collection is partly destroyed by Anthreni, 

 I give as complete a description as it will permit. 



^ . Length 1 1 mm. Head black, face of usual size, with two obscure 

 yellowish spots below, clothed with light colored pile. Dorsum of thorax 

 black, with rather long hght pile. Scutellum black, the spines of the 

 same color, rather small and approximate. Abdomen black, with a rather 

 narrow yellow margin and with two slender, broadly interrupted, yellow, 

 posterior cross-bands (on the second and third segments), venter yellow. 

 Legs yellow ; femora at their base, and the distal part of the tarsi brown, 

 the tibiae in their middle with a brownish ring. Wing hyaline. Veins 

 yellow, third longitudinal vein furcate, third posterior vein rudimentary. 



Como, Wyo. Resembles O. inequalis LoeWj but differs in the scutellum 

 and abdomen. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 



ON THE HESSIAN FLY IN ITALY. 



BY H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



As I have stated (p. 90, May, 1885), I had made inquiry of Dr. Anton 

 Dohrn about the existence of the Hessian Fly around Naples, Italy. His 

 kind answer, together with interesting notes by Dr. Paul Mayer, gives the 

 following information. 



From the two old books quoted by Sir J. Banks (p. 88), Corti is not 

 represented in the library at Naples. Ginnani (Dr. Giuseppe Fatta writes 

 Giannini), Part ii., cap. Ix., p. 137-209, gives: " Osservazioni ed esperi- 

 enze particolari intorno all'infestamente degli insetti." He speaks in this 

 chapter on several flies which attack the grain, among them one which 

 attacks the roots, but his statements do not allow us to decide with cer- 

 tainty whether some of the flies belong to Cecidomyia. Dr. P. Mayer 

 draws my attention to another work which was entirely unknown to me ; 

 the copies published are all lithographed : "A. Costa. — Lezioni di Ento- 

 mologia agraria precedute da un quadro generale della classi del regno 

 animale raccolte ed autografate degli alumni M. Pilato e M. Montanari. 

 Portici R. Scuola Superiore d' Agricoltura 1880, 4to., pg. 528, pi. 9." 



" Cecidomyia tritici, p. 514, sp. 



" Body black, sooty ; wings blackish, a little paler towards the base ; 

 legs brownish. The females deposit the eggs near the joints of the plant 

 and between the stem and the respective leaf The larvse, which are 

 hatched, live gregarious near the lower joints of the plant between the 

 leaves and the stem, in which they sometimes excavate niches by shaving 

 the wall of the stem. The plants for this cause sooner or later grow sickly 

 and never straighten themselves. When the larvje have completed their 

 development, while some give place to an agamous reproduction, others 

 in the very place in which tliey find themselves are transformed into 

 pupce, from which after a few days are hatched perfect insects, which lay 

 new eggs." 



It follows a short description of the larva. Tearing out the plants and 

 burning them is quoted as a remedy. 



" In our province (Naples) the Cecidomyia is not frequent. Accord- 

 ing to facts which are reported to us, they are abundant in the neighbor- 

 hood of Brindisi, as Signor Montagna has also assured us, who has sent 

 us specimens." 




130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Dr. A. Dohrn has made inquiries in Rome about the Hessian fly, but 

 without success. 



The passage quoted out of A. Costa's lectures is of prominent interest. 

 It proves without any doubt that the insect is not C. tritici, which never 

 lays the eggs between the stem and the leaf, and which has never the 

 coloration of the imago as given in the description. Both facts agree 

 perfectly well with C. destructor. The determination of a species of 

 Cecidomyia of course can not be considered to be doubtless before speci- 

 mens have been compared, the more as the short description contains 

 some statements which if based on personal observation, are entirely new. 



One of them is decidedly startling. I point to the fact that some larvae 

 after having completed their development, give place to an agamous re- 

 production. [Compito che hanno, queste larve, il loro sviluppo, mentre 

 talune danno luogo alle riproduzioni agamiche altre,* nel posto stesso in 

 cui trovansi si transformano in pupe delle quali dopo pochi giorni schin- 

 dono gl'insetti perfetti che depongono novelle uova.] 



I have purposely put the Italian text in brackets after the translation, 

 as the end of the passage seems to state that the larvfe which have an 

 agamous reproduction do not when full grown transform themselves into 

 pupse. A similar reproduction, as is well known, has been observed in 

 several species of Cecidomyia by Nic. Wagner, Meinert, Leuckart and 

 others — the so-called paedogenesis. It has never been observed till now 

 for the Hessian fly, and the principal reason for doubt that Mr. A. Costa 

 has really meant paedogenesis, is the fact that he has not expressed him- 

 self in a more explicit manner, though he must have been aware of the 

 importance of his statement. I should remark that Mr. Bait. Wagner 

 speaks indeed of two different kinds of larv^ of the Hessian fly. The 

 fact that females of the Hessian fly lay eggs without copulation was long 

 ago published by myself. These eggs developed so far that the segment- 

 ation of the embryo was visible. The glass tube containing the eggs 

 having unfortunately been left in the sunlight, no further development 

 could be observed. 



Mr. A. Costa states that the larv?e sometimes make niches by shaving 

 the wall of the stem. This is contrary to all other observations, which 

 state that these niches are made simply by pressure. Asa Fitch is very 

 explicit about these facts, but when he states that the larvae do not enter 

 the central cavity of the stem, he is largely at variance with the direct 

 observations of Mr. B. Wagner and myself. I have indeed still before me 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



131 



Stems with the flax-seed (pupa) in the centre of the stem. The larvae 

 live gregariously, according to Mr. A. Costa, but I have never found more 

 than four pupae at one joint. 



After all, it would be of prominent importance to compare the species 

 from Naples with specimens of the true Hessian fly, which was collected 

 there long ago by Prof. Dana. 



DETERMINATION OF THE 36 COLEOPTERA DESCRIBED 



BY D. ZIEGLER. 



BY SAMUEL HENSHAW, BOSTON, MASS. 



" Descriptions of New North American Coleoptera," Proc. Acad. 

 1844, V. 2, p. 43-47 j 1845, V. 2, p. 266-272. 



Oxyporus pulcher. 43 W. Pa. 



Diacanthus splendens. 44 n 



Scyrtes suturalis. Pa. 



Hydnocera? longicoUis. n 



5 Spercheus tessellatus. n 



Hydrophilus ovalis. 45 n 



Coprobius obtusidens. n 



Pandarus ? brunneus. n 



Cistela marginata. 46 w 



10 erythroptera. n 



Pedilus nigricans. m 



haemorrhoidalis. n 



ruficollis. 47 11 



marginicollis. u 



15 Monohammus tomentosus. n 



Oedionychis ? hispida. h 



Philonthus ater. 266 Pa. 



Tachinus puncticolHs. 267 n 



Phoenops luteosignata. Geo. 



20 Agrilus quadriimpressus. n 



Limonius deflnitus. 268 Car. 



= O. femoralis, Grav. 

 Belongs to Corymbites. 

 = S. orbiculatus, Fabr. 



= Belongs to Hydrobius. 

 Name || = H. ovatus, G. & R. 

 = Canthon laevis, Drury. 

 Belongs to Anaedus. 



= C. brevis, Say. 



= Corphyra lugubris, Say. 



elegans, Hentz. 



= 11 labiata. Say. 



= Goes tigrinus, DeGeer. 

 =^ Hypolampis pilosa, Illig. 



= Quedius capucinus, Grav. 

 = T. fimbriatus, Grav. ? 

 := Melanophila notata,L. & G. 

 = A. acutipennis, Mannerh. 




132 



THE CANADUN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF REV. D. ZIEGLER. 



BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



As I have stated in my notice on Melsheimer, nothing is known of his 

 friend, Rev. D. Ziegler, except the publication of a paper on Coleoptera. 

 Again I am indebted for a large part of the notice now given to the un- 

 tiring kindness of Rev. J. G. Morris, of Baltimore, for many years a friend 

 and correspondent of Rev. D. Ziegler. Nevertheless, desiring to find out 

 something more of this father of American Entomology, I decided to go 

 to York, Pa., and had the pleasure of seeing his wife, Mrs. Ziegler, his 

 son, Dr. H. A. Ziegler, and the brother of Rev. D. Ziegler. 



Daniel Ziegler was born June nth, 1804, in Reading, Berks Co., Pa. 

 His father, and probably his grandfather, were born in America. There 

 is nothing known by the family as to when their ancestors came to 

 America. After he became of age he studied at the University of Penn- 

 sylvania for some time. Later he studied Theology at York, Pa., at the 

 German Reformed Seminary, under the presidency of Dr. Mayer. He 

 was married to Miss Eve Eyster, and had ten children, of whom two sons 

 are living. Kraeutz-Creek Church, six miles from York, was his first 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133 



pastoral charge, which he served 37 years. During 18 years he took 

 care of 8 cliurches ; during 27 years of 6 churches. Later he retained 

 only four. Afterwards he was elected to the German congregation in 

 York, which he served about 13 )'-ears. 



During his ministry in Kraeutx-Creek he began to collect insects and 

 to study Entomology. His son told me that he often accompanied his 

 father, and that he collected insects principally by beating in the umbrella, 

 an excellent method, but very little used, as far as I know, in America. 

 One of his churches was very near to Dr. Melsheimer's home. We owe 

 to this circumstance probably the friendship and the zeal for entomologi- 

 cal studies of both. To help Dr. Melsheimer in describing the new species 

 of Coleoptera for the forthcoming Catalogue, Rev. D. Ziegler published 

 in Proc. Acad. Sc. Philad., 1844, vol. ii., p. 43-47, his only entomological 

 paper, containing 36 new species. His scientific correspondence, which 

 was considerable, both American and foreign, cannot be found. His 

 library contained some excellent works, all very much used. When 60 

 years old he sold, together with Dr. Melsheimer, his collection to Prof. 

 L. Agassiz. The collection was packed up and forwarded to Cambridge 

 by Mr. Ph. R. Uhler, from Baltimore. The contents of the collection are 

 given in my Melsheimer paper, p. 196. Rev. J. G. Morris writes : " I 

 remember hearing Ziegler say that he sold his specimens of Hymenoptera 

 to a Swiss naturalist who has written upon that order, perhaps to De 

 Saussure." This may explain the fact that the collection contained only 

 60 species of N. Amer. Hymenoptera and 14 from Europe. Rev. D. 

 Ziegler died May 23, 1876, in York, Pa., 71 years, 10 months, 12 days old. 



" There was nothing whatever eventful in his life, and besides his few 

 entomological contributions, he was nothing more than a plain, plodding, 

 honest country parson." — (J. G. Morris). 



DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW VARIETIES OF CATOCALA 

 CEROGAMA, Guen., WITH NOTE ON A THIRD. 



BY PH. FISCHER, BUFFALO, N. Y. 



C. aure/la, ^ , new var. 



Primaries and thorax light gray, strongly shaded with yellow ; h. p. 

 and t. p. line with t. a. line very distinct ; teeth below U somewhat 




134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



rounded ; reniform indistinct ; subreniform distinct ; a broad, pale, tan- 

 colored line (outside of white shading of t. p. line) running parallel with 

 t. p. line. 



Secondaries bright yellow ; median band black, narrow, even, not 

 reaching inner margin, marginal band Tjroad, black with a slight yellow 

 tinge ; fringes dirty white ; abdomen ochre-yellow. 



C. eliza, $ , new var. 



Primaries very dark, powdered with black, a large egg-shaped whitish 

 dash near apex reaching costa ; another larger one, shaded somewhat with 

 dark gray, extends from the elongated U to lower margin. Whitish, 

 slightly powdered with gray at base. T. a.' line edged with an unusually 

 broad white dash reaching from costa to base of subreniform (on its inner 

 side), from which it is divided by a narrow dark line. All these white 

 dashes are very prominent and showy. Reniform not very distinct. 



Secondaries more like the typical form, with the exception of being 

 lighter and more yellowish at base ; fringes white, except at ends of veins . 



The third specimen comes nearer the typical cerogama, and is a male. 

 The primaries are strongly marked, slightly darker ; reniform distinct ; 

 subreniform met by a heavy black dash on the side towards base, running 

 along t. a. line to costa. There is the " slightly brown " of the var. 

 Bunkerii. 



Secondaries with a narrow yellow band, the black quite prominent and 

 with a faint purple hue. Fringes white tipped with black. 



The aboue specimens are in my collection. 



WHITE ANTS DESTROYING LIVING TREES AND CHANGING 

 THE EOLIAGE, IN CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



BY H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



The common white ant, Termes flavipes, destroys dead wood, stumps 

 of trees and timber, just as does its nearest relative, T. hicifiigus, in 

 Europe. Of the latter species some cases are reported where living pines 

 and oaks have been destroyed in the South of France. For T. flavipes, 

 only one case is known, in which living grape vines in a hot house in 

 Salem were injured. (S. H. Scudder, Proc. Boston, N. H. S., vol. 7, 

 p. 287). Now the earth in the hot houses here in Cambridge is largely 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 



infested by white ants, but as far as I know, no destruction of plants has 

 been observed. I was very much interested by the information from Mr. 

 F. W. Putnam that in a garden in Irwing street Uving maples were largely 

 infested by white ants. The evidence of the truth of this information was 

 apparent by the first glance at the trees. They were three in number 

 some few yards separated, more than 60 feet high, two feet diameter at 

 base, and apparently in good condition, except that the bark was in cer- 

 tain places affected or split. Those places had somewhat the appearance 

 of the well-known winter splits of the bark of trees. In removing parts 

 of the bark, directly living white ants, workers and a few soldiers, were 

 found, collected, and proved to belong to T. flavipcs. Closer observation 

 showed that small open gangs, covered outside by the loose bark, ran 

 along the tree to a height of 30 feet or more. There were on this estate 

 no old rotten stumps, but some of the adjacent uninhabited estates con- 

 tained them, where probably the nest may be found ; neverthe- 

 less the whole estate was so overrun by white ants that they had made 

 along the fence a long track covered with the hard clay-like mud with 

 which they usually fill the eaten parts. As the boards of the fence were 

 thin, it was perhaps judged safer to build the canal outside instead of on 

 the interior of the boards. The house, a framehouse, about 10 years old, 

 the stables and the wooden sheds were entirely intact. The estate near 

 to it seemed to be entirely free of the pest. The foliage of the infested 

 trees looked very remarkable. Mr. Sereno Watson, the curator of the 

 Cambridge Herbarium, was at first at loss to determine the leaves ; the 

 size, the shape and the venation would not agree with any known species. 

 But when he saw the tree, he was directly sure that it was only the com- 

 mon Actr rubruin. Some fresh shoots near the base of the tree had un- 

 mistakably the leaves of the common red maple. All the other leaves 

 were very small, mostly not more than two inches broad, the midian lobe 

 often short, sometimes blunt and not longer than the side lobes ; the rips 

 below were about yellowish and decidedly less dark than on the red maple. 

 The owner of the estate had for ten years not observed any change in the 

 foliage of the trees. During the last winter the upper part of one tree, 

 some 20 feet, broke down in a gale, and proved to be not infested by 

 white ants. Now it was considered safe to fell the whole tree. The bark 

 was, in the place where the gangs went up along the tree, extensively bored 

 and hollowed by the white ants. The wood itself was only two feet above 

 the ground, filled with the common white ant holes and gangs, but no 




136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



more than one inch deep around the stump. The inner part of the tree 

 showed the wood perfectly sound for 30 feet, except a perpendicular hole 

 of two inches diameter in the middle of the tree, going down to the root. 

 This hole, perhaps made by squirrels, had black ants as inhabitants. The 

 two other trees are still standing. In consequence of those facts, I looked 

 around in Cambridge, and have now the suspicion that perhaps the injury 

 done to living trees may be less rare than I had supposed. If similar 

 observations are made by entomologists, I would be thankful to have 

 them communicated to me. 



ON THE RELATIONS OF FUNGI TO GALLS AND TO LARV^ 

 OF CECIDOMYIA LIVING IN GALLS. 



BY DR. FRIEDRICH THOMAS, OHRDRUF, NEAR GOTHA, GERMANY. 



[This paper, an excellent addition to an excellent American paper by 

 Mr. W. Trelease (Psyche, vol. iv., p. 195), is puWished in the Jrmischia, 

 Vol. v.. No. I, p. 4, 18S5. As it will be difficult for American students to 

 have access to this periodical, I have translated the substance. Dr. 

 Thomas has seen only the record of Mr. Trelease's paper in Botan. Cen- 

 tralblatt, xx., p. 356, by Dr. Ludwig.— H. A. Hagen.] 



Larvas of Cecidomyia living in the spore-layers of Uredinea are also 

 found in Thuringia, Germany. In fact the discovery of the community 

 in the same layer of two otherwise very different parasites is at first some- 

 what wonderful and startling. The right explanation will be a double 

 symbiosis of a phanerogamous plant and of a fungus, and of a fungus and 

 an entomozoon. Years ago I received from Gotha such larvce out of the 

 rust-fungus of Rosa. A similar manner of living is known in Germany 

 for Diplosis coniop/iaga, Winnertz, and for D. aeojiiatls, Winn. Their 

 larvae were found by F. Loew in the rust-fungus of several plants (of Verh. 

 Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., 1874, p. 155). I am able to add two new facts. 

 I found larva of Cecidomyia on Vaccinium n/iginosum in the spore layers 

 of Thecospora Myrtillina, Karsten ( Melampsora vaccinii, Alb, et, Schn) 

 on the Beerberg in the Thueringerwald. The other one was sent to me 

 by Dr. E. Levier from Florence, Italy. The leaves of Taiiacetum balsam- 

 ita, L. (Erba'di Santa Maria) had in the Puccinia Tanaccti balsamita, 

 D. C, many small, red larvae of Cecidomyia. I am not of the opinion 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137 



that this guard is of prominent advantage for the plant. The enormous 

 numbers of the spores of the rust-fungus will scarcely be diminished by 

 these larvae to any extent, that the guard may be considered to be a prac- 

 tical advantage for the plant. 



The second point of interest in Mr. Trelease's paper is that the larvae 

 open the way for the fungus in the plants. I may state as an analogous 

 fact, that here the pustulae and pocks on the leaves of Pomaceae, made by 

 Phytoptus, are not rarely filled by fmigi, especially by the carbonized 

 ones. The last plant I received by the late Alex. Braun, in 1877, from 

 Blankenburg, Hartz., was a leaf of Sorbus aticuparia, with fungus immi- 

 grated in the galls of the mites. 



A NOTE ON SOME HYDROPHILID^. 



BY GEORGE H. HORN, M. D. 



Hydrophilus, as heretofore recognized in our fauna, contains two sets 

 of species, the one series large, the other relatively small. They also 

 differ in the form of the maxillary palpi and should properly be considered 

 distinct genera defined as follows : — 



Hydrophilus. — Terminal joint of maxillary palpi much shorter than 

 the penultimate, the second joint long, arcuate. Claws toothed. 



Tropisternus. — Terminal joint as long or even longer than the penul- 

 timate, the second joint moderately long and straight. Claws not toothed. 



The large species belong to the first series, and but two have appeared 

 in our lists. 



In the Biologia Cent. Am., vol. i, pt. 2, p. 54, Dr. Sharp mentions 

 two others as occurring in our faunal limits, H. ijisularis Cast, and H. 

 ater Fab. The former has long been known to us, but has remained 

 without name in our cabinets. The latter, which I have never seen, is 

 quoted rather indefinitely by Dr. Sharp, " Philadelphia, Texas." 



The species known in American collections are as follows : — 



IT. ovatus G. & H. (ovalis || Zieg.) Form more broadly oval, thorax 

 more deflexed in front. Prosternal groove open in front. Abdomen 

 opaque, densely finely pubescent, except a narrow space at the middle of 

 the last three ventral segments. 




138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



The claws of the anterior tarsi $ are very nearly equal, the last joint 

 about one and a half times the length of the four preceding joints and 

 not broader than these, as is the case in the next two species. The 

 tooth of the tarsal claws is much longer than in either of the foregoing 

 species. This species is readily recognized It is less widely distributed 

 than the others, but specimens are known to me from Pennsylvania, Mis- 

 souri and Georgia. 



J/, triangularis Say. More elongate and narrower than either the 

 preceding or next species. Prosternal groove closed in front. Ventral 

 segments smooth and shining, except for a narrow space on each side, 

 each segment with a conspicuous pale spot. 



The male has the claws of the anterior tarsi very unequal, the anterior 

 or outer being much larger and stronger, the last tarsal joint oblong, wider 

 and a little longer than the preceding joints together, and much longer 

 than wide. 



This species occurs from the Middle States to Oregon, southward into 

 Mexico. 



H. insularis Cast. Larger than the preceding species and less slender. 

 Prosternal groove closed. Abdomen smooth, the sides narrowly opaque, 

 the yellow spots very indistinct or absent. 



The male has the anterior claws very unequal, the last joint of the 

 front tarsi as long as the preceding four, broadly triangularly dilated, 

 slightly broader than long. 



When once the form of these two species is fixed in the eye, there is 

 no difficulty in distinguishing them independently of the male characters, 

 which are very obvious. 



This species is known to me from Texas and Arizona. It extends to 

 Guatemala, and occurs also in the Antilles. 



Tropistcrnus apicipalpis Chevr. This species should be added to 

 our lists. It is much larger than our other species and more narrowed 

 posteriorly. The terminal joint of the maxillary palpi is a little shorter 

 than the preceding, thereby approaching Hydrophilus. The last ventral 

 segment has a strong spiniform crest. It is more nearly related in our 

 fauna to glaber and mixUis, and differs from both not only in its larger 

 size and by being more narrowed posteriorly, but also by the middle and 

 hind femora being very dissimilarly punctate. 



Occurs in Arizona, the peninsula of California, and in Mexico. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139 



Berosi/s Salvini Sharp, Biol. loc. cit. p. 79. This species also occurs 

 in our fauna. It belongs to the same series as punctatissimus and 

 resembles it, but is rather more elongate, the sculpture smoother and the 

 apical spines of the elytra more prolonged. 



Occurs in Texas and Mexico. 



BOOK NOTICES. 



Report of the Dominion Entomologist for 18S4. — Department of Agri- 

 culture. Ottawa. 

 A long felt want has at last been supplied in the appointment of a 

 Dominion Entomologist, and a well qualified expert selected for the work, 

 Mr. James Fletcher, whose preliminary report is before us. His appoint- 

 ment was made so late in the season that he has been unable to do more 

 than furnish a brief report, in which reference is made to the organization 

 of the department under his charge and the measures taken to interest all 

 those engaged in agriculture and horticulture in the work. Following 

 this is a report on the quality of the Paris green found in the market, 

 with results of the analysis of six samples ; also reports on insects injuring 

 grain crops, hay and clover, peas, root crops, fruits and forest trees; 

 altogether a useful review of the chief injuries caused by insects to these 

 several crops during 1884. We sincerely congratulate Mr. Fletcher on 

 the good work thus far done, and earnestly hope that he may be able to 

 carry to a successful issue the plans laid out for the present year. 



Eighth Report of Observations on Injurious Insects and Common Farm 

 Pests, with Methods of Prevention and Remedy, by Eleanor A. 

 Ormerod, Dunster Lodge, near Isleworth, England; 8 vo., pp. 122, 

 with 39 cuts. Published by Simpkin, Marshall & Co., Stationers, 

 Hall Court, London, England. 



We are much indebted to the talented authoress for a copy of this 

 valuable report, which is in no respect behind its predecessors. In the 

 preface reference is made to the relations of birds to insects, wherein the 

 sparrow is condemned very strongly. Its habit of driving away other and 

 more useful birds, together with its grain-feeding propensities, are fully 

 recognized in England as well as in this country, and fairly entitle it to 

 be regarded as an enemy rather than a friend. More extended reference 

 is made to this subject in a chapter headed "Birds, Depredations of Spar- 




140 THE CAISAIJIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



rows." The insects which have proved injurious to the following fruits, 

 vegetables, trees, etc., during the past year, together with the best 

 methods of preventing their ravages, are also treated of in the following 

 order : Apple, beans, cabbage, carrots, corn and grass, gooseberry, hop, 

 mangold, oak, onions, parsley, pine, potatoes, raspberry, turnip and 

 willow. The report also contains chapters on marsh snails and the ox 

 bot-fly. Miss Ormerod has succeeded in awakening much interest in 

 England on the subject of injurious insects, and by her careful observa- 

 tions and experiments has conferred lasting benefits on the agricultural 

 community. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Dear Sir: On page 113 of the present volume I stated erroneously 

 that in neither of Mr. Scudder's lists of food-plants was willow attributed 

 to F. Ttirnus. In " Butterflies," p. 309, willow is given. It is however 

 an exceptional food-plant. W. H. Edwards. 



COELOPA FRIGIDA, FALLEN. 



Dear Sir : The occurrence of this fly (which is common along the 

 shores of northern Europe) in N. America, was known long ago. It is 

 always found where Fiicus vesicidosus abounds. Nevertheless its previous 

 stages seem to be still unknown, and it is the intention of this note to 

 draw attention to this fact and to invite readers to fill this gap. Mr. J. H. 

 Sears, of Salem, Mass., collected the flies in tide pools at Marblehead, 

 Mass., Nov. 30, 1884. Ill 1877 I received a large number raised in the 

 cellar of the chemical laboratory of Harvard College, Nov. 6. There 

 had been stored a large quantity of fresh sea weeds for chemical examin- 

 ation. I think it is to be supposed that the larva lives not only in the dry 

 dead sea-weed, but probably also in the living. The species would then 

 be an addition to our known marine insects. After Zetterstedt, this 

 species is identical with Doumerc's Psallidomyia fucicola, but I cannot 

 consult this paper. Schiner, vol. ii., p. 319, says, Metamorphosis ignota. 

 I would be glad to be informed about the previous stages of this species, 

 or — if they are published to know the author. What is known about 

 the previous stages of the Diptera has not yet been collected, and is so 

 scattered in different papers that it is very difticult to find if the metamor- 

 phosis of a given species is known and published. 



H. A. Hagen, Cambridge, Mass. 




Clie Canabian Entomologist. 



VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1885. No. 8 



MONOGRAPH OF THE EMBIDINA. 



BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



I. Oligotoma Cabana, n. sp. 



Olyntha? spec, larva. Hag. Synops. Neur. N. Amer,, p. 7. 



Olyntha Cuba?ia, larva, imago. Hag. Psoc. Embid. Synops. Verh. 

 Wien. Z. B. Gesell. 1866, p. 221, 223 (no description). 



Olyjitha Ci/bana, McLachl. Linn. Soc. Jour. Zool, vol. xiii., p. 381. 



Male, dry. Length of body about 8 mill.; exp. of wings about 12 

 mill. Head light brown, little longer than broad, narrowed behind the 

 eyes, convex above, without any impression, rounded at the sides, cut 

 straight near prothorax ; labrum large, paler, rounded ; antennae pale 

 brown (only 13 joints present) ; ist large, cylindrical; 2nd very short, as 

 long as broad; 3rd as long as ist, thinner, somewhat thicker at tip; all 

 following similar but a little shorter ; antennae and head densely clothed 

 with very pale hairs ; maxillary palpi 5-jointed, pale brown, apical joint 

 long, conical ; labial palpi small ; tip of mandibles black. Prothorax 

 light brown, narrower than head, somewhat enlarged to the mesothorax, 

 one half longer than broad, flattened ; before the apical third with a trans- 

 versal sulcus ; legs brown, paler on articulations ; fore legs with tibia and 

 ist joint of tarsus enlarged. Wings narrow, faintly rugose, very pale 

 brown, with five longitudinal white bands ; radius yellowish ; sector bifid ; 

 five transversals between the upper branch and the radius. Abdomen 

 long, brown, hairy ; appendages long, slender, hairy. The specimen is 

 carded, and the parts not very discernible. If there is a difference, the 

 basal joint of the left appendage is larger, and the apical joint of the 

 right appendage is longer ; between both above a short bent process, and 

 on the left side of it a conical lobe, short, open at tip. 



Hab. Cuba. The only specimen I received May, 1865, from Prof. 

 Poey. It is No. 8 of his catalogue, and was named as Olyntha probably 




142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



after the notice in my Synopsis, p. 7, where a larva from Cuba was men- 

 tioned as perhaps belonging to Olyntha ? I think the specimen, when 

 caught, was young ; it can not be decided if the colors are fully devel- 

 oped ; it is carded and in a delicate condition. It is of the size of E. 

 SaJvini McLachl., dut directly to be recognized as a different species by 

 the bifid sector of the wings. 



Oligotoma Cubana, 



Female ? about 7 mill, long; dry. Head light brown, sparingly clothed 

 with pale hairs ; shape of the male ; antennae brown, densely clothed with 

 pale hairs, 18 jointed ; ist stout, longer, 2nd very short, 3rd longer, all the 

 following shorter, equal ; the last one pointed ; palpi as in the male ; pro- 

 thorax similar to the male, light brown ; thorax and abdomen blackish 

 brown (by exsiccation); meso and metathorax nearly equal, oblong, with- 

 out any trace of wings ; legs dark brown, articulation and tarsi pale ; last 

 ventral segment of abdomen not divided, lightly rounded on tip ; of the 

 appendages only the left one is present, but the tip of the apical joint is 

 broken ; the basal joint is not dilated ; above, between the appendages, is 

 a small, thin, elongated lobe. 



Hab. Cuba ; only one specimen carded and in bad condition. No. 

 136 of Gundlach's catalogue was received in 1866. If Mr. Wood-Mason's 

 statements are to be accepted, it can be the female to the male described 

 before. Should it be a female larva, which I scarcely believe it to be, it 

 must belong to another and much larger species. The small larva quoted 

 in my synopsis, p. 7, 4 mill, long, from the Museum in Berlin, was also 

 received by Gundlach from Cuba. Probably it belongs to the same 

 species, and is a larva. 



2. Oligotoma Hiibbardi, n. spec. 



Length of the body 4 mill. ; length to tip of wings 6 mill.; exp. of 

 wings 8 mill. Male dry : Head very light brown, shining; on the sides very 

 sparingly clothed with pale hairs; convex above, slightly narrower behind 

 the eyes, which are black and comparatively larger than in O. Cubana., 

 and less distant one from the other above ; the part of the head behind 

 the eyes a little broader than long, rounded behind, cut straight before 

 the prothorax ; antennae (5 basal joints present) pale brown, densely 

 clothed with pale long hairs; ist joint short, cylindrical, scarcely longer 

 than broad ; 2nd very small, thinner, annular ; 3rd as long as the two 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 



basals, thicker on tip ; 4th and 5th similar to 3rd, but a little shorter ; 

 prothorax very small, much broader near the wings, divided by an anterior 

 transversal sulcus ; legs as in O. Cubana ; wings very delicate (probably 

 the specimen has been in alcohol, as the wings are crumpled) pale ; vena- 

 tion as in 0. Cubana, sector bifid ; transversals not well visible ; only 

 indications of the white bands ; abdomen pale brown ; appendages broken. 

 From what is to be seen of the tip of abdomen, the specimen is a male. 



Hab. Entreprise, Florida, May 24, by H. G. Hubbard, to whom the 

 Museum is greatly indebted for interesting specimens and other beautiful 

 biological discoveries. 



This is, as far as I know, the only specimen of an Embid collected in 

 the U. S. It is in bad condition, and the description will have to be 

 completed from other specimens. Though the species is obviously related 

 to O Cubana, I believe the differences noted in the shape of the head 

 and the antennje, and the remarkably smaller size, justify the consideration 

 of O. Hubbardi as a different species, till the contrary is proved. Differ- 

 ence in size has been noted, but never to such an extent. I possess only 

 of one species eight specimens, which show differences in size, but only 

 small ones. 



3. Oligotoma insular is. 



O. insularis McLachl, x\nn. Mag. N. H., 1883, vol. xii., p. 227. 



Length of body 8 mill.; exp. of wings, 12 mill. 



Male, in alcohol: Body pitchy-fuscous, clothed with fine whitish 

 pubescence ; head a little longer than broad ; sides oblique ; occiput half 

 as broad as the front part; eyes black, a little more "distant one from the 

 other than its diameter ; in the middle, a little before the eyes, a small 

 transversal impression, perhaps homologous to the obliterated ocellus in 

 Blatta and Termes. Antennae (only 10 joints present) fuscous, the arti- 

 culations pale, whitish; ist joint stouter than the others, a little longer 

 than broad ; 2nd very short, annular ; 3rd twice as long as 2nd, a little 

 larger on tip ; 4th and 5th shorter than .3rd ; 6th as long as 3rd, the fol- 

 lowing ones longer, more enlarged on tip ; mouth-parts a little paler ; 

 maxillary palpi fuscous, articulations pale, apical joint ovoid, longer than 

 the other ones, which are of equal length ; labial palpi similar, apical 

 joint ovoid, longer than the two basals. Prothorax oblong, as broad as 

 the occiput, a little longer than broad, on each side notched after the 

 transversal sulcus. Legs pitchy-fuscous, the articulations and tarsi pale> 




144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



except the enlarged basal joint of the fore legs, which is pitchy-fuscous. 

 Abdomen pale dirty brown ; the ventral ganglions very visible ; last ventral 

 segment dark brown, strong, ending in a bottle-shaped tube, somewhat 

 contracted before its round opening ; this tube is turned to the left side 

 and partly surrounded by a horny hook originating between the left ap- 

 pendage and the tube, on which it is laying somewhat in the shape of a 

 cornucopia. On the right side near the right appendage is a similar hook, 

 but larger and more dorsal, as long as the tube ; the basal half of it forms 

 a spoon-shaped lobe, the apical third is analogous to the left hook, the tip 

 bent up sharply ; before tip inside a kind of blunt tooth ; appendages 

 long, the apical joint as long as the basal ; the left appendage has the 

 basal joint perhaps a little thicker at base ; there is very little asymmetry 

 if at all, in the appendages. 



Wings narrow, pale fuliginous ; radius dark fuscous, venation fus- 

 cescent; sector bifurcated, four transversals between its upper branch 

 and the radius ; three costals in the apical half of wing, the last one best 

 defined ; there are five longitudinal whitish bands in the wing. 



Hab. One specimen from Honolulu. Mr. Hoffman, who owns a very 

 large botanical garden there, containing many species of palms and 

 orchids, had given orders to collect insects in his greenhouses. Among 

 this miscellaneous lot was one Oligotoma. McLachlan's description is 

 made from three carded specimens from the Hawaiian Islands ; though 

 it is diflicult to compare dry and alcoholic specimens, it seems to be very 

 probable that my specimen is O. instilaris. The only difierence of 

 importance, the shape of the prothorax, may be the effect of exsiccation. 

 A specimen from Antigua, in McLachlan's collection, is so similar to 

 O. iiisularis that he hesitates to separate it therefrom. Perhaps the 

 latter may be 0. Cubana. Finally, a richer material will have to decide 

 if O. Cubana is really different from O. insularis. The only specimen of 

 the latter species before me is more delicate, the wings narrower, the 

 colors much darker, the prothorax larger and different. It could have 

 been imported into the Sandwich Islands with plants, just as other 

 American insects. 



4. Oligotoina Saiindersiu 



O. Saundersii, Westwood. Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xvii., p. 373, 

 ■pi. 2, f. 2. 



0. Saundersii, Burm, Hde., vol. ii., p. 770. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 



O. Saiindersii, Walker. List. Neuropt. Br. Mus., p. 531. 



O. Saundersii, Wood-Mason. Contrib. Embid. Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 18S3, p. 628-634, pi. Ivi., f. 1-5. 



O. Saumfersii, Conry. Ascension Isl. Zool. Ann. Mag., N. H., 1881, 

 vol. viii., p. 346. 



Embia Latreillii, Ramb. Neuropt, p. 312-2. 



E. Latreillii, Lucas. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1883, vol. iii. Bullet, p. cvi. 



The species was described fifty years ago by Westwood : " Lutescenti- 

 fuscescens, incisuris abdominalibus dilutioribus, alis pallide fuscescenti- 

 bus, vittis 5 angustissimis albis longitudinalibus inter nervos longitudinales 

 positis." The only known specimen from Bengal, formerly in W. Saunders' 

 collection, belongs now to the British Museum. Burmeister, who had not 

 seen the specimen, changed the color to *' testaceofuscescens," which was 

 copied by Walker, though the type was accessible to him. Rambur 

 remarks that he had separated his E. Latreillii w^iih. i8-jointed antennge 

 from O. Saundersii with ii-jointed antenna, only for this difference. I 

 believe that McLachlan is perfectly correct in assuming the antennse of 

 the type imperfect and the identity of both species doubtless. (Journal 

 Linn. Soc. xiii., p. 379.) He remarks, 1. c, '^ in some examples there is a 

 slender spiniform process between the articulate side processes (append- 

 ages) ; in O. Saundersii this spiniform process has a small tooth before 

 the apex on the lower side. I do not see the process in all the examples, 

 hence it may perhaps be sexual, and possibly is the intromittent organ." 

 (McLachl.) 



The S alcoholic specimens before me show all this process on the right 

 side, but on the left side is a similar process, which in dry specimens is 

 not well visible. Between both the last ventral segment is protruded 

 asymmetrically to the left in a bottle-shaped cone, with a round aperture 

 on tip. This is as in some Perlids and Phryganids the opening of the 

 ductus ejaculatorius, representing the intromittent organ ; the spines or 

 similar organs have the purpose to open the female valves and to keep 

 them in place during copulation. In O. Saundersii these spines viewed 

 from beside are small bands, rounded on tip, with a small hook outside 

 before tip ; this hook is wanting on the left spine, which is also in other 

 species more or less asymmetrical. 



McLachlan has not described 0. Saundersii, but he notes (by O. 

 insularis) that the body is testaceous. 




146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Mr. Wood-Mason found in July at Jubbulpore, E. India, a number of 

 larv£e on a sandy spot, which were determined by McLachlan, Proc. Ent. 

 Soc, 1879, p. 53, as possibly belonging to O. Saundersii. They show 

 not the slightest traces of wings, although the asymmetry of the caudal 

 appendages is quite apparent. Later winged specimens, being undoubt- 

 edly O. Saundersii, were captured ; all were males of the same uniform 

 brown color. The male sexual characters of alcoholic specimens are 

 described. The abdominal asymmetry is carried to an extreme ; not only 

 are the caudal appendages unequal on the two sides, but the tenth dorsal 

 and the ninth ventral segment also depart widely from symmetry, especi- 

 ally the former, which is incompletely divided by a deep angular notch 

 into two unequal and greatly dissimilar parts (Wood-Mason, 1. c, p. 632). 

 The wings are described and figured in detail. 



This is in fact all known about this species, except the communication 

 by Mr. Lucas, to be recorded later. I received from S. E. Borneo eight 

 specimens, collected in September and December. All are winged males. 

 Their different color induced me to name them as a new species, O. 

 Bomee?isis, especially as mine are well preserved in alcohol, and Wood- 

 Mason's, of the same uniform brown color, were also in alcohol. Thirty 

 years ago I twice studied the type of O. Saundersii, which was in good 

 condition, and also the type of E. Latreillii, Ramb. As I do not find 

 my notes, I believe it more prudent to unite the Borneo speci- 

 mens with O. Saundersii, the more so as Rambur's description agrees. 



Male imago: Length, with wings, 7-10 mill.; exp. of wings 11-16 

 mill. Head little longer than broad, behind the eyes rounded, about 

 semi-circular ; lightly convex above, hairy ; yellowish-orange, the front 

 part to behind the eyes dark reddish brown ; clypeus pale ; labrum pale, 

 with a large brown middle-spot ; max. palpi brown, articulations pale, the 

 two apical joints a little longer than the three basals together ; these are 

 equal, as long as broad ; apical joint ovoid, a little longer than the pre- 

 ceding one ; labial palpi similar in color, apical joint ovoid, larger and a 

 little longer than the two basals together. Antennae much longer than the 

 head, reaching the metathorax, densely hairy, 19-jointed (only one speci- 

 men has so many joints), brown, articulations paler; basal joint blackish, 

 ahttle thicker, cylindrical; 2nd very short, 3rd longer than ist, ob-conical; 

 the next two or three joints equal, shorter than 3rd ; all the rest as long 

 and thick as 3rd. Prothorax much narrower than the head, longer than 

 broad, with a transversal sulcus after the apical third, where the sides are 




THE CANAIUAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 



notched ; yellowish, paler than the head ; the other parts of the thorax 

 and the abdomen more or less dark fuscous, with i)aler articulations. 

 Legs fuscous, the articulations, the tarsi except of the front legs, and 

 beneath paler. Wings fuliginous, villous, with five longitudinal narrow 

 white bands ; sector bifid ; in the cell four to two transversals, and mostly 

 two between the costa and the end of the cell. Appendages fuscous, 

 stout, two jointed, of equal length, hairy; basal joint of left appendage 

 much thinner at base and strongly enlarged on tip internally ; basal joint 

 of right appendage stout, cylindrical. The last dorsal segment somewhat 

 cleft and deeply notched from the middle to the right side margin ; in this 

 place is inserted, with a largely inflated base, somewhat above the right 

 appendage, a brown spiniform process ; viewed from above the base is 

 membranaceous paler ; the process is horny, long, narrow (viewed from 

 sides, rounded on tip), bifid at base, going outside of the membranaceous 

 base, and sending the branch to the inner side ; the inner branch and the 

 process form a crescent, which is filled with a pale membrane, which on 

 tip goes outside upon the process and forms a small sharp tooth ; near the 

 left appendage is a similar horny process, but without an inflated base, 

 originating directly from the apical border of the segment ; this process is 

 shorter, a small lobe, similar to the other, ending (viewed from above) 

 knife-shaped ; between and beneath these processes is the last ventral 

 segment produced in a cone, turned to the left side, with a round open 

 aperture on tip. 



Mr. Lucas, 1. c, has given a very interesting note concerning the larvae 

 (?) and the habits of E. Latreillii. As Mr. Lucas, at the time of his 

 publication, could not have had knowledge of Mr. Wood-Mason's article, 

 it is still uncertain if the so-called larvee were really larvae or females. As 

 Mr. Lucas has not recorded the number of joints of the antennae, nor the 

 asymmetry or symmetry of the appendages, we should better wait to ex- 

 press an opinion till these gaps are filled. The size of the larva is just the 

 same as the male imago (8-10 mill.), therefore too small for a female, if 

 Mr. Wood-Mason's suggestion is correct. The last dorsal segment is said 

 to have a " petite fossette longitudinale," which would agree only with the 

 male. The detailed description of these larvae agrees well with E. La- 

 treillii., and as the author has found among them the winged (male) imago, 

 it will probably be that the described wingless forms were larvae of the 

 male. They were found by Mr. G. A. Foujade among the detritus of 

 Cycas sent from Madagascar to the Museum of Paris. Larva and imago 




148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



live near the base of the leaves of Cycas, concealed in silken tunnels, 

 woven by larvae and imago. Mr. Lucas beHeves that this is the only 

 instance known, (hat full grown images possess the power of spinning 

 webs with the mouth ; but the same fact is recorded long ago by P. 

 Huber (Mem. Soc. Physiq. Geneve, 1843, ^ol- ^^ P- 35"47) ^^^ other 

 observers for Fsoa/s. This faculty of spinning speaks for a relation- 

 ship of Embidse and Psocidse. 



Hab. Bengal, the type of 0. Saundersii ; Ji-ibbulpore, between 

 Bombay and Calcutta, end of July, 1S79, ^nd Calcutta, flying to the 

 light in the dining-room, by Wood-Mason. E. Latriellii is recorded from 

 Bombay, Mauritius Isl. and Madagascar ; from Borneo, near Tumbang- 

 Hiang, Sept., 1881, and from Telang, Dec, 1881. Both localities are in 

 the south eastern part of Borneo. The insects were collected by Mr. 

 Grabowsky. Both lots are in alcohol, and the specimens collected in 

 December have exactly the same colors as those collected in September ; 

 all are winged males, and apparently identical with E. Latreillii. Per- 

 haps the Calcutta specimens of O. Smindersii belong to the same species 

 (McLachl. Record, 1883, I"^., p. 259), nevertheless the statement "all 

 of the same uniform brown color," is rather suspicious. Mr. Corny, 1. c, 

 says that O. Saundersii is doing much mischief in Ascension Island \ it is 

 to be regretted that not more of the kind of mischief is recorded. 

 The distribution of the species is a wide one ; the habits of the species 

 are only recorded by Lucas. \\\ Jubbulpore Wood-Mason recorded them 

 running actively by dozens (all male larvse) on a bare and sandy spot, 

 beneath old bricks, or openly. A violent thunder storm prevented the 

 examination of the nest or tunnels inhabited by the insects. Mr. West- 

 wood, 1. c, p. 374, has seen a small apterous specimen of a dark brown 

 color with a fulcous head, collected by R. Templeton on the Island of 

 Mauritius. Probably it belongs to E. Latrei/lii. 



5. Oligotoma Michaeli. 



Embia spec. — Michael, Gardener's Chronicle, No. 157, vol. vi. (n. ser.) 

 December 30, 1876, p. 845, fig. 156, orchid root eaten; i. 157, Embia 

 magnified, antenna ; f. 158, details of the structure of Embia; follows a 

 notice by Mr. J. O. Westwood. 



McLachlan, Gard. Chronicle, in a following number. 



Oligotoma Michaeli McLachlan, Journal Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool., vol. 

 13. P- 373-3S4, Pl- xxi. 




THE CANAJDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 



Oligotoma Michael i ^^'ood-^Iason, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 

 630, pi. Ivi., f. 6, female. 



Mr. Michael, of Highgate, England, an extensive grower of exotic 

 orchids, discovered in 1876 that a large mass of Saccolobiuin retusum, 

 purchased from a London nurseryman, was apparently damaged by some 

 insect, and examination revealed the presence of numerous Embidae on 

 the roots, concealed in silken tunnels. A winged example was unfortun- 

 ately lost. More specimens were found in the nursery whence the plants 

 were obtained. Mr. Michael gave an account of the discovery, illustrated 

 by magnified figures, and accompanied by notes of Prof Westwood, in 

 which a doubt was implied as to the damage to the orchids being occa- 

 sioned by the Embidte. Mr. McLachlan, 1. c, stated that Prof West- 

 wood's doubt appeared to be well founded. But the sequel proved, 

 tolerably to his satisfaction, that the insects had eaten the roots to some 

 extent. About the same time he received from W. A. Forbes a full grown 

 larva without traces of rudimentary wings. Mr. Michael's figure shows a 

 larva with only short rudimentary metathoracic wings, and McLachlan 

 supposes that the mesothoracic pair may have been accidentally destroyed. 

 McLachlan describes the species as Oligotoma Michaeli^ and figures 

 larva, nympha and imago. I should remark that all the foregoing is 

 copied from McLachlan's excellent paper, though I have myself compared 

 the quoted communications. Mr. Wood Mason, 1. c, found in October, 

 1880, in the large plant house in the Botanic Gardens in Calcutta, a large 

 wingless Embia crawling over the leaves of a plant, which he describes 

 carefully and declares it to be the long sought for female. He does not 

 give its name, except in the explanation of the plate, p. 634, where the 

 figured abdomen, f. 6, is stated to be Embia (0.) Michaeli. He speaks, 

 p. 631, of a black winged specimen different from his O. Saiindcrsii 

 collected in Calcutta, but he gives no description nor a name. I have 

 received by Rev. C. C. Carleton, from Amballa, E. India, a female appar- 

 ently identical with those described by Mr. Wood-Mason, and a small 

 black-winged male. Both were in alcohol, together with numerous other 

 insects, without any notes concerning their habits. I presume the male 

 to be 0. Michaeli. 



McLachlan's descriptions are as follows : 



Male, imago: Length of body 10^ mill.; exp. of wings, 18. 



Deep black, somewhat shining ; antennae 24-jointed, the five apicals 

 yellowish ; legs black, knees and tarsi somewhat testaceous ; append- 




150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



ages black, long, very asymmetrical ; the right with the basal joint very 

 broad, nearly quadrate ; the left slender, and fully twice as long ; a slender 

 process with piceous apex from the base of the right appendage ; ventrally 

 is a large triangular projection of the last segment, concave above ; wings 

 dark smoky fuscous, with four very narrow longitudinal lines ; 4-5 pale 

 costal veinlets and three between the radius and the upper branch of the 

 sector. 



A well-grown larva is 12 mill, long; antennae much shorter than in 

 the imago ; lurid-fuscous, the posterior portion of the head, the whole 

 prothorax and legs more or less testaceous ; underside pale ; appendages 

 with just the same asymmetry as in the imago. A starved nymph 9 mill, 

 long ; colors similar to those of the larva ; legs more slender, asymmetry of 

 caudal appendages less striking ; rudimentary wings with evident neura- 

 tion ; fore wings reaching the base of metanotum ; hind wings the apex 

 of 2nd dorsal segment ; the nymph when living was at least one-third 

 longer. Hab. Among plants of Saccolobimii retusicm from East India in 

 hothouses. 



The three stages are described after single specimens. The 

 color of the larva reminds strongly of the specimens from 

 Borneo, described before as O. Sawidcrsii. The figure of the 

 nymph in the Gardener's Chronicle complicates things more. 

 The hind wings cover only the anterior half of the metathorax, therefore 

 the specimen was much younger than those described by McLachlan, in 

 which the hind wings reached the apex of the second abdominal segment. 

 Nevertheless the size marked in the Gardener's Chronicle is 16 mill., 

 though McLachlan's when living, was only 12 mill. The figure (Gard. 

 Chr.) shows on the hind part of the head and thorax spots and patches 

 similar to those in Sialis and Corydalis. Mr. Wood-Mason speaks in sev- 

 eral places of 0. Michaeli as if he knows this species, and finally described 

 and figured (only the abdomen from below) O. Michaeli. Nevertheless 

 his paper does not allow conclusions with certainty. The black male men- 

 tioned by him can only with doubt be 'united with 0. Michaeli., as he does 

 not mention the yellow apex of the antennae ; in fact he has not named it 

 at all. The female, of which I possess a specimen, seems rather gigantic 

 compared with the described male, so that I had provisionally described 

 it as O. valida. But as McLachlan (Zool. Rec, 1883, p. 259) by the 

 words in brackets, "apparently O. Michaeli McLachl," accepts this 

 determination, I have followed him not to encumber synonymy. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151 



Female: Length of body 1 8 mill.; breadth 2 mill. Head nearly 

 circular, convex above, blackish fuscous, reddish in the centre, densely 

 covered with short reddish hairs ; eyes very small, below and a little be- 

 hind the antenna, scarcely visible from above, kidney-shaped; facets 

 less numerous, smaller and not convex, as in the males ; indeed the eyes 

 of the female are compound, flattened eyes, though those of the males are 

 nearly aggregated eyes ; clypeus short, transversal, somewhat reddish ; 

 rhinarium large pale membranaceous ; labrum large, rounded, light brown, 

 darker in middle ; maxillary palpi very pale brown, the two last joints 

 longer ; labial palpi same color, last joint longer ; head beneath, blackish, 

 fuscous reddish in the middle ; mentum transversal, quadrangular blackish 

 fuscous. Antennas (only 21 joints present) short, perhaps as long as the 

 head, blackish fuscous, hairy, articulations pale ; ist joint thicker than the 

 others, cylindrical, less than twice as long as broad ; 2nd as long as broad, 

 3rd very little longer, 4th to 6th very short, annular ; the seven following 

 alike, about globular, the rest longer, ovid. Prothorax about as broad as 

 the head, quadrangular, a transversal sulcus after the apical third, and a 

 smaller one on the base ; mesothorax about twice as long as broad, a 

 transversal sulcus near the base ; metathorax as long as broad, quadrang- 

 ular ; no traces of wings; the 10 dorsal segments of abdomen 

 alike, a little shorter than broad, except the last one, which is longer, 

 rounded on tip, obtuse, deflexed at the end. The first 6 ventral segments 

 alike, half as long as broad; 7th shorter, the apical margin widely emar- 

 ginated, the middle forming a small transverse-oval plate, behind which is 

 to be seen the large genital aperture in the articulation of the segments ; 

 8th segment a little longer; 9th split longitudinally in two lobes for the 

 anus. Thorax and abdomen shining black and remarkable for its thick 

 and firmly chitinized integument ; below a little paler, brownish, and as 

 commonly the nerves of the chorda ventralis can be recognized through 

 the integument. Appendages symmetrical, two-jointed, cylindrical, apical 

 joint a little longer and thinner ; blackish fuscous, pale on articulations, 

 femora and first joint of fore-tarsi strongly enlarged ; middle legs less 

 strong and smaller; the inflated ist joint of the tarsus of fore legs with 

 an external apical black spine, longer than the 2nd joint. 



Hab. Amballa, E. India, by Rev. C. C. Carleton, one specimen in 

 alcohol. There can scarcely be any doubt that it is the female of O. 

 Michaeli described by Mr. Wood-Mason. The difference of the situation 

 of the genital aperture at the base of 8th segment (he says the 9th) is only 




152 THP: CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



seemingly, as he counts the "segment mediaire," of which he says, p. 630, 

 "its sternum appears to be undeveloped." He calls the antennae pale- 

 tipped. Perhaps this belongs, as in the male, to the apical joints, which 

 are wanting in my specimen. 



It is doubtless true that the specimen just described is a female, as 

 Mr. Wood-Mason has well proven by the location of the genital aperture 

 between the 7th and 8th ventral segments ; also that it is a full-grown 

 female, as proven by the firmly chitinized integuments. How Mr. Wood- 

 Mason arrived at the previous conclusion, that the females of Embia 

 would be apterous, I do not know ; though his supposition that the female 

 would be probably larger in size, was justified by related families. In 

 accepting solely on the high authority of Mr. Wood-Mason and Mr. Mc- 

 Lachlan that this female belongs to O. Michae/i, it seems important to 

 point out the differences of the male (after the description and figure by 

 McLachlan) and the female. 



1. The difference in size is very great, body of the female being at 

 least one third longer, and half broader. 



2. The female is perfectly wingless ; no traces of rudimentary wings to 

 be found at the anterior angles of the two thoracic segments. There 

 seems to be indeed at the anterior angles a little below the dorsal plate, a 

 very small hyaline membranous sac, but the insufiicient material at hand 

 would not justify the accepting of these sacs as traces of aborted wings. 



3. The difference between the eyes of the male and the female is very 

 striking, though not noticed by the author. The male has large eyes, pro- 

 minent on the sides of the head, very visible from above, kidney shaped, 

 and the socket of the antennas placed in the emargination ; the facets are 

 globular. The female has the eyes much smaller, scarcely visible from 

 above, below and behind the antennae, from which they are wider separ- 

 ated ; the hind part of the eye is about half broader than the front part ; 

 no inner emargination exists ; the facets are smaller and flattened. The 

 eyes of the male are more like aggregated eyes (Stylops), the eyes of the 

 female are like the common compounded eyes of insects. The conse- 

 quences of these differences are very visible in the shape of the head. The 

 largest diameter of the head of the males is situated between the eyes ; 

 behind them the sides of the head slope down to the occiput. The head 

 of the female is nearly orbicular, or at least very shortly ovoid. A sexual 

 difference of the eyes does not exist, as far as known to me, among the 

 Perlids, but very often in Psocids and Ephemerids, 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153 



4. The antennae seem to be shorter and the joints partly more globular 

 in the female, a character not uncommon among the Psocids. 



5. The difference of the meso- and metathorax among the sexes is not 

 much marked, owing probably to the fact that the wings of the male imago 

 are inserted with a very narrow base, which gives a very fine membranous 

 fold farther down along the sides. The sternum of each of the three 

 segments of the thorax is divided in three parts. The segment mediaire 

 is the last part of the metathorax, and the dorsum of this segment belongs 

 to the metathorax. The abdomen has only seemingly 10 dorsal segments. 



6. The apex of the first tarsal joint of the fore legs of the female has 

 an external spine, longer than the second joint, conical, very sharp. I 

 have not yet fouud such a spine in any male. 



7. The anal appendages of the abdomen are symmetrical in the 

 female ; asymmetrical in the male, similar to Blatta. I do not know that a 

 similar asymmetry exists among Pseudoneuroptera. 



I am at a loss to understand where the larva described, p. 384, fig. i, 

 by McLachlan, belongs. The whole figure represents well a younger 

 female only 12 mill, long, except that the eyes are a little larger and more 

 visible from above. The description states, " just the same asymmetry as 

 in the imago." This would indicate a positive difference. But there is 

 not to be seen in the figure any asymmetry, and the segment before the last 

 seems to be shorter. The description mentions not the ventral parts, 

 which would be deciding. If it is not a female — and it can hardly be 

 assumed that younger females should possess asymmetrical appendages — 

 it can not be a male larva, being longer than the largest male imago, and 

 not showing the slightest traces of wings. Perhaps a new examination of 

 the type will solve the question. I can not accept the starved nymph, 

 p. 384, fig. 2, as a nymph. The wing cases of nymphae in Orthoptera 

 (and Pseudoneuroptera) are always more or less connected at base, and 

 never entirely free as in the figure. Perhaps the specimen represents a 

 so-called short-winged form, which occurs not uncommonly among Perlids, 

 Psocides and Termites. The figure in Gard. Chronicle (fig. 157) would 

 represent a female (the external spine of the first tarsal joint of the fore 

 legs is visible) if the wing sacs of the metathorax were not so well marked. 



There is apparently more detailed information needed on 0. Michaeli. 

 As the large orchid growers here are accustomed to buy their East Indian 

 species mostly from London nurseries, I have taken steps to ascertain if 

 any Embids have been imported with the plants. 




154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Male imago : Length 8^ mill ; exp. of the wings 12 mill. 



There is before me one specimen from Amballa, E. India, by the same 

 collector, Rev. C. C. Carleton. It did not arrive in the same lot with the 

 female, but several years before in alcohol, together with many other 

 insects. The very large discrepancy in size of the female, and the con- 

 siderably larger size of the male described by McLachlan, though his 

 specimen was dry, together with some differences with the description, 

 seemed to justify my specimen as a new species, perhaps identical with 

 the black one from Calcutta, mentioned without description by Wood- 

 Mason. Nevertheless, some of the differences may be the result of the 

 drying up of the specimen described, and therefore I decided to accept 

 the specimen as a small O. Michaeli till the contrary is proved. It differs 

 as follows from McLachlan's description : 



There is no large, nearly circular, shallow depression on the disc of 

 the head above ; but between the eyes is a short engraved furrow, similar 

 to an aborted ocellus. Antennae brown with paler hairs, instead of black 

 with black hairs ; what remains, 17 joints, is considerably longer than the 

 head and prothorax together; shape of joints as in the description; I do 

 not know if the five apicals were yellow, ; when I figured years ago the 

 details of the specimen, and counted 21 joints, I did not note in the des- 

 cription that the two last joints were yellow. The pronotum is not nearly 

 twice as long as broad ; after the straight front margin and transversal 

 sulcus, there follows a somewhat diamond-shaped elevation, and the base 

 after it is membranous. Legs, wings and veins as in the description ; the 

 only black vein is the subcosta, which, as Wood-Mason justly remarks, is 

 not coalescent with the radius ; all other veins are brown. The wings 

 have indeed five white longitudinal lines, only the first one behind the 

 costa is very narrow. Appendages long, asymmetrical, brown, with long 

 black hairs, the basal joint of the right one long, broad, straight, but by 

 no means nearly quadrate, as in the decriplion ; the left is a little longer, 

 slender, thinner at base, curvated ; the apical joints alike, cylindrical, 

 straight, about as long as the basal joint. The last ventral plate is asym- 

 metrical ; somewhat more to the right originates with a larger base a 

 cylindrical tube, straight, but turned a little to the left ; shortly before its 

 apical opening it is a little constricted ; between it and the right append- 

 ages is a slender process, as long as the tube, cylindrical, its apical half 

 thinner, tip pointed ; on the left side, between tube and appendages, is a 

 process with thicker membranous base, the apical half slender, much 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155 



twisted, sharp on tip, much shorter than the tube. I believe it probable 

 that the difference mentioned may be explained from the fact that Mc- 

 Lachlan had before him only a dry specimen, and I only one in alcohol. 

 As soon as this species can be more easily got for study, we may hope to 

 have detailed descriptions from a larger material. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE LAST LARVAL STAGES AND 

 CHRYSALIS OF MELITAEA RUBICUNDA, H. Edw. 



BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 



On 13th Sept., 1884, I received from Mr. James Fletcher 22 larvae in 

 hibernation, part of a lot sent him shortly before by Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, 

 of Victoria, V. I. The larvae, on exposure to the light, moved about, but 

 refused to eat Chelone glabra. I placed them in cellar, and in October 

 forwarded to Clifton Springs, N. Y., with larvae of other species, to go in 

 the "cooler." On 7th March, I received them again, and found about 

 one half to be alive. These I put in the ice house till I could get leaves 

 of the food-plant. In last days of April they were brought to the house 

 and given Chelone, the living larvae now being reduced to six. On the 

 third day, I noticed that the leaves had been eaten, and three or four days 

 later the larvae looked healthy and had recovered the length and diameter 

 which they had on 13th Sept., larvae always shrinking much during hiber- 

 nation. The description then taken is as follows : 



After supposed third moult : Length i\ inch ; cylindrical, rather 

 thickest in middle, and tapering equally to either end ; color black and 

 gray-white ; a mid-dorsal band of the latter color, cut longitudinally by a 

 black line ; then a broad black band reaching to middle of side, dotted 

 with gray on the tops of the cross-ridges ; below this to base about equally 

 black and gray, sprinkled and mottled ; the spines arranged as in the 

 allied species, there being seven principal rows, one dorsal, and three on 

 either side, besides a row of minute ones along base ; these upper spines 

 are rather long, broad at base and taper to a blunt top, and are beset 

 thickly from base to top with long black hairs; the dorsal row spring from 

 large orange tubercles, and for a little distance above are orange, the rest 

 black ; the other rows have black tubercles and the spines are black, 




156 ' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



except that in the lower lateral row, from 6 to lo, there is a little orange 

 on the outer side of each tubercle ; the small spines of row along base are 

 orange, from orange tubercles ; segment 2 has a black chitinous dorsal 

 collar on which are many small black spines, with hairs; feet black; pro- 

 legs black, the last joint yellowish ; head ob-ovoid, flattened frontally, de- 

 pressed at suture, the vertices rounded ; color dull black, the surface 

 rough, thickly covered with long black hairs. 



On 2nd May, one larva passed the first moult after hibernation, the 

 supposed fourth moult. At 24 hours from the moult : length A inch. 

 By loth May, this larva had reached maturity. 



Mature Larva. — Length .9 inch ; cylindrical, thickest in middle ; 

 color black, with a slight dorsal band of gray-white, made up of white 

 tubercles on the cross ridges, and a heavier band of same color along 

 lower part of side, the black area between the two being thinly dotted 

 white ; the spines long, stout at base, tapering, and thickly beset with long 

 black hairs ; those of dorsal row black at tips, the rest and the large basal 

 tubercles, yolk-yellow; those of the other three rows black, the bases 

 black ; the small spines along base of body yolk-yellow on 6 to 10, the 

 rest black ; on 2 a chitinous collar with many small black spines with 

 hairs ; feet black, pro-legs black, the last joint yellowish ; head ob-ovoid, 

 flattened in front, depressed at top, the vertices rounded ; surface rough 

 with many long, black hairs ; color dead black. 



On 1 2th the larva suspended, and at 8 p. m., 13th, pupated. From 

 last moult to pupation 11)^ days. (In case of other Melitaeas, two 

 moults have occurred between hibernation and pupation.) 



Chrysalis. — Length 1% inch; breadth across mesonotum and abdo- 

 men tVt in. ; shape of Phaeton ; cylindrical ; head case narrow, compressed 

 transversely, excavated at the sides ; mesonotum not prominent, rounded, 

 somewhat carinated, followed by a shallow excavation ; the tuberculations 

 which correspond to the larval spines and tubercles rounded, raised but 

 little above the surface ; color of anterior parts and wing cases dark 

 pearl-gray, marked and spotted with black ; of abdomen diluted black 

 dotted with dull white, especially along mid-dorsum, and across same, on 

 the posterior part of each segment, where the dots form parallel rows ; the 

 mid-dorsal tubercles orange, making a round spot on the fore part of each 

 segment, and on each spot are two small black spots in cross row ; in line 

 with the spiracles, on the anterior side of each, is a slight orange discol- 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 



oration ; along ventral side two rows of small orange spots corresponding 

 to the small basal tubercles of the larva ; the wing case shows a large 

 black patch on disk, also irregularly serrated marginal black spots, and 

 submarginal spots, rounded and sub-lanceolate ; head case largely black ; 

 on anterior part of mesonotum a large black sub-rectangular patch, below 

 which is an arched stripe of black, and under this, at summit, two spots ; 

 on the posterior part two curved demi-bands meeting at the carina. 



From this chrysalis came a female butterfly 23rd May. Duration of 

 this stage 10 days. 



Another larva went to pupa and imago in Philadelphia, in Mrs. Peart's 

 care. The other larvae from the first eat little, and some became lethargic, 

 and some of them died. But one seemed healthy and asleep, and 23rd 

 May I returned it to the ice box. From time to time I looked at it ; on 

 6th July brought it to my room and laid it on Chelone leaf. But as by 

 8th it had eaten nothing, though it had moved a little in the glass, I re- 

 placed it on the ice. As I write, 20th Aug., it is sweetly sleeping. It 

 seems odd that a larva in this climate should go over the second season, 

 as this bids fair to do. 



Rubiainda belongs to the Anicia sub-group, flies from North California 

 at least to Vancouver Island. I have had mature larvcc of Anicia and 

 of Bar 0711 (another of this sub-group), and the three species are distinctly 

 different in this stage. They all have similar habits as far as I know 

 them, and probably all will eat the plant of Fhaeto?i, Chelone glabra, as 

 Chalcedon also does. 



INSECTS IN ARCTIC REGIONS. 



[Extracted from " Das Insektenleben in Arktischen Landern, von Chris- 

 topher Aurivillius," forming part of Nordenskiold's " Studien und 

 Forschungen veranlasst durch meine Reisen im hohen Norden :" 

 Leipzig, 1885.] 



(Fro?n the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine.) 



A special interest attaches to the question of the mode of life in insects 

 in relation to their surroundings in high Northern latitudes. Knowing, 

 as we do, that the time available for the development of an insect in the 

 extreme North is limited to from 4 to 6 weeks in the year, one has felt 




158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



surprised how it could be possible for certain species to run through all 

 their transformations in so short a time. 



R. McLachlan, in his paper on the insects of Grinnell Land (Journ. 

 Linil Soc, Zoology, vol. xiv.), refers to the difficulties which the shortness 

 of the summer interposes to the development of insects, and intimates his 

 suspicion that a development which would with us take place in a single 

 summer would there require several summers. 



The correctness of this suspicion has been completely established by 

 the interesting observations on species of Lepidoptera in South Waranger, 

 in latitude 69° 40', made by G. Sandberg. He was successful in watching 

 the development of some extreme Northern species from the egg. 



Let us take as an example Qineis Bore, Schn., a true hyperborean 

 butterfly, which has never been found outside the Arctic circle*, and even 

 there only occurs in places which bear a truly Arctic stamp. 



The imago flies from the middle of June onwards, and lays its eggs 

 on various species of grass. The eggs are hatched the same summer ; 

 the larva hibernates below the surface of the earth, feeds and grows all 

 through the following summer, but does not succeed in attaining its full 

 size ; it then hibernates a second time, and does not assume the pupa 

 state till the spring of the following year. 



The pupa, which in the allied forms in more southern localities is 

 freely suspended in the air to a grass-stem or some similar object, here 

 reposes in the earth, which in so inclement a climate must evidently be a 

 great advantage. 



The butterfly escapes from the pupa-skin after an interval of from 

 5 — 6 weeks, a period of unusual length for a diurnal Lepidopteron. In 

 more southern lands the pupal repose of butterflies in summer rarely 

 exceeds a fortnight. Hence, the entire metamorphosis is more tedious 

 than in more temperate regions. 



By these and other observations, Sandberg shows that one Arctic 

 summer, in latitude 70°, does not suffice for the development of many 

 Lepidoptera, but that two or more summers are required for the purpose. 



If, therefore, more than one summer is needful for the development of 

 Lepidoptera, it appears to me even more certain that Humble-bees must 



* Mr. W. H. Edwards informs us that Mr. David Bruce has taken Chionobas 

 Taygett Hub., which is syn. of Ociicis Bore Sch., in Colorado^ on summits, at high 

 elevation. Mr. Edwards' Catalogue, No. 304, says Taygctc Hub. = Bootes Bd., and 

 .Staudinger's Cat. sa.ys Bore Sch. is the same as these, that is, it is all one species. — Ed. 

 C. E. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 



require more than one summer. With us it is only the fully developed 

 females which survive from one year to the next ; in spring they form the 

 new nest, lay eggs, and bring up the larvae which develop into workers, 

 and thus begin to contribute to the support of the family, whence at last 

 towards autumn males and females are developed. It seems hardly 

 credible that all this can happen each summer in a similar way at Grin- 

 nell Land, in latitude 82°, especially as there the supply of food must be 

 less than with us. Hence, the development of a colony of Humble-bees 

 must there be something quite different. 



Were it not satisfactorily established that Humble-bees do occur in 

 such high latitudes, one might, from our knowledge of their mode of life. 

 be disposed to maintain that under such conditions they could not live. 



They seem, however, to have one advantage over their more Southern 

 brethren. In the Arctic regions they do not seem to be troubled with 

 parasites, such as Conops, Muti/ia, which help to diminish their numbers 

 in other countries. 



BOOK NOTICES. 



Revised Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of America North of 

 Mexico, by Wm. H. Edwards, 8vo., pp. 95. From Transactions of the 

 American Entomological Society, 1S85. 



This revised catalogue of American butterflies was greatly needed. 

 Since Mr. Edwards published his first catalogue in 1877, much new 

 material has accumulated, more than a hundred new species have been 

 described, while a vast amount of information has been published on the 

 preparatory stages and habits of these insects. Much of this has been 

 communicated by the author of the catalogue himself, who has brought an 

 amount of enthusiasm to bear on this interesting field of research exceed- 

 ing that of any of his predecessors or co-laborers, while his full and 

 accurate descriptions have been everywhere appreciated. Other excellent 

 workers have also added to our stock of knowledge in this department, to 

 all of which ready reference is had by the use of this catalogue. The new 

 edition gives fuller references with dates, whereas the former catalogue 

 gave no date. Many corrections are made in the synonymy, the result 

 of a careful scrutiny by the author of every species in the entire list ; 

 the localities also are given with greater fullness. A large propor- 




160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



T:on of the additions to the hst of new species are to be found in 

 lae Hesperidse, to which 56 have been added. Many additions have also 

 been made to Melitaea, Thecla and Argynnis. A new and excellent 

 feature is a copious index of genera and species, which will be much -ap- 

 rireciated by all who have occasion to consult its pages. In this cata- 

 logue the author has given us the full benefit of his long experience and 

 careful study, and has produced a work which will not only commend 

 itself, but will be indispensable to all who are engaged in the study of 

 American butterflies. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Dear Sir : In the last No. of the Entomologist appears a description 

 ijf E. Provancheri by M. L'Abbe Provancher, in which the species is 

 credited to British Columbia. This is a mistake, as the specimens con- 

 tributed to him, and from which the description was made, were bred 

 from cocoons of A. Luna, collected in Muskoka, a little south of Brace- 

 bridge, by Mr. R. Mosey, who handed them to me. 



W, Brodie, Toronto. 



Dear Sir : On page 107 of the present volume of the Can. Ent.j 

 Mr. Frederick Clarkson gives an account of his " Seaside Captures," and 

 at the close of the paper says : " Among the treasures of the beach I 

 collected several shells perforated in every part by the young of one of the 

 lower order of Crustaceans, and rendered immaculate by the washing of 

 the tide and the sun's rays." A little further on he continues : " The 

 rnouth parts of these Sea Worms, or Barnacles, are strong and corneous, 

 and are capable of excavating galleries in the hardest substances." 



Mr. Clarkson is in error in ascribing this tunneling of the shells to a 



Crustacean, for it is the work of a species of sponge (Cliona). If some 



of the recently cast up shells are broken open, the sponge will be readily 



seen, and its structure may be examined. It burrows in marble, as he 



describes, and particularly in the oyster, though also in other shells, such 



as Natica and Pyrula. 



Wm. T. Davis, Tompkinsville, Staten Island. 




VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1885. No. 9 



LARVA OF PARASA CHLORIS, H.-Sch. 



BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 



Length .50 of an inch, elHptical, as is the usual shape of the Lyma- 

 codes group, nearly .20 of an inch high and about the same width. The 

 dorsum has four lines of purplish black alternating with white, and bor- 

 dered outside with yellowish white or pale yellow. The region of the 

 subdorsal line is a bright vermillion ridge with yellowish white tubercles 

 arising from joints 2, 3, 4, 7, 10 and 12, those on joint 2 moderately 

 short, but those on joints 4 to 12 are nearly one fourth of an inch long ; 

 all of them spiny. There are short bunches of spines on the intervening 

 joints, as it were representatives of missing tubercles. In the subdorsal 

 space are four scarlet lines alternating with lines of yellowish white, the 

 middle yellowish line instead of being continuous, consists of alternate 

 blotches of vermilion and yellowish white. The substigmatal line is ver- 

 milion, bordered as the subdorsal with pale yellow, and this also has its 

 row of yellowish white spiny tubercles, each about one sixteenth of an 

 inch long. Below this is a single dark purple line bordered each side with 

 a lighter shade, and below this a vermilion line or rather a series of tubercles 

 without spines in place of the prolegs. Legs 6, no prolegs, but the under 

 side of the body consisting of a muscular pad upon which the insect 

 glides along instead of walking. Head brown, retractile when at rest into 

 the joint back of it. 



The food plants of this peculiar larva seem to be apple and rose. In 

 1880 one was brought to me on an apple leaf. This one soon died ; but last 

 season, September 18, 1884, another was found on a rose leaf that 

 soon spun its cocoon, but it did not change to a chrysalis till the following 

 spring. As soon as found the larva was placed in a jelly glass, and it 

 spun on the under side of the cover with the cocoon touching the side. 

 When the cover was taken off this broke the cocoon, leaving a small piece 

 attached to the glass. Through this small opening the larva could be 

 seen every time the cover was removed to moisten the contents of the 




162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



dish, till after the warm spring weather had roused the most of insect Hfe 

 into activity. The imago appeared July 14, 1885. The cocoon was .50 

 of an inch long, dark brown, smooth, egg-shaped like the others of the 

 group, and smooth on the inside. The empty pupa skin is thin, pale 

 brown. 



A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE ARTHROGASTRA OF NORTH 

 AMERICA (EXCLUDING MEXICO.) 



BY LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, PH. D., SYRACUSE, N. Y. 



The Arthrogastra of North America have scarcely been studied except 

 in two or three families, the principal part of the American literature 

 consisting of scattered notes and descriptions. Two or three more preten- 

 tious papers have been published by Wood, Putnam and Hagen. A 

 broad field for study is open for future investigators. In order to call 

 attention to the group and secure such co-operation of collectors as may 

 be possible, the following preliminary list of twenty genera and fifty-nine 

 species has been prepared. A few forms are added from Lower California 

 and Cuba which will probably be found within the limits of the Uilited States. 

 Additions and corrections to the list are solicited, as well as specimens 

 from all parts of the country, for which a suitable return will be made. 



FAMILY PHRYNID^. 



I. PHRYNUS, Oliv. 



I. P. ASPERATiPES, Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863, in : Jour. Phila. 

 Acad. 2nd series, v., 375 (1874). 

 Hab. Lower California. 



FAMILY THELYPHONID.E. 

 I. THELYPHONUS, Latr, 

 I. T. GiGANTEUS, Lucas. Magaziu de Zoologie (Guerin) 1885. 

 Wood, Jour. Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 374 (1874). 



T. excubitor, Girard, in Marcy's Rep. Exploration Red River, 265, 

 PL xvii., fig. 1-4 (1854)- 



Hab. Southwest United States. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOJIOLOGIST. 163 



FAMILY SOLPUGID^. 

 I. DATAMES, Simon. 



1. D. FORMiDABiLis, Simon. Annales de la Soc. Entom. de France, 

 ix., 136 (1879). 



D. striatus, Putnam. Proc. Davenport Acad., iii. 255, 266, PI. i., fig. 

 I, PI. ii., fig. 7 (1883). 



Hab. California, Arizona. 



2. D. PALLiPEs, Simon. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, ix., 189 

 (1879). Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad., ii., 184 (1880); Ibid., iii., 267, 

 PI. i., fig. 6 {1883). 



Galeodes pallipes et subulata, Say., in Long's Exped. to Rocky Mts. 

 (1823). 



Hab. Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Nevada. 



3. D. SULFUREUS, Simon. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, ix., 142 

 (1879). Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad., iii., 267 (1883). 



Hab. Georgia, Texas, Colorado. 



4. D. Californicus, Simon. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, ix., 

 143 (1879). Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad., iii., 266, 267^ PI. iv., fig. 

 32-40 (1883). 



Hab. California, Arizona. 



5. D. GiRARDii, Putnam. Proc. Davenport Acad., iii., 257, 267, 

 PL ii., fig. 12 (1883). 



Galeodes subulata, Girard, in Marcy's Rep. Expl. Red River, 241 

 (1854). (Not G. subulata. Say.) 



Hab. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona. 



6. D. GENicuLATUS, Simon. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, ix., 

 136 (1879). Puttiam, Proc. Davenport Acad, iii., 268 (1883). 



Gluvia geniculata, Koch. Archiv fiir Naturgesch , viii., 355 (1842). 



Hab. Texas. 



II. GLUVIA, C. Koch. 



I. G. ELONGATA, Koch. Archiv fiir Naturgeschich., viii., 350-356 

 (1842). Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad., iii., 268 (1883). 



Hab. Texas. 




164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



III. CLEOEis, Simon. 

 I. C. CuB/E, Simon. Annales de la Soc. Entom. de France, ix., 149 

 (1879). Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad., iii. 268, PI. i., fig. 5 (1883). 



Galeodes Ciibce, Lucas, in Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de 

 risle de Cuba, par M. Ramon de la Sagra, PI. v., fig. 6 (1857). 



Cleobis Stimpsoni, Putnam. Proc. Davenport Acad., iii., 261 (1883). 

 Hab. Florida, Cuba. 



FAMILY SCORPIONID^. 

 1. BUTHUS, Leach. 



1. B. BIACULEATUS, Latr., in Coll. de Museum. Wood Jour. Phila. 

 Acad., 2nd series, v., 368 (1874). 



Hab. Florida. 



2. B. BOREUS, Wood, Jour. Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 368 (1874). 



Scorpio boreus, Girard, in Marcy's Rep. Exploration Red River, 238, 

 PI. xvii., fig. 5-7 (1854). 



Hab. Utah. 



3. B. Californicus, Wood, Jour. Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 364 

 (1874). 



Scorpio Californicus, Girard, in Marcy's Rep. Exploration Red 

 River, 240 (1854). 



Hab. California. 



4. B. Carolinianus, Wood, Jour. Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 363 

 (1874). 



.^, Scorpio Carolinianus, Beauv., Insect. Rec. en Afrique et en Amerique, 

 190, PI. v., fig. 3 (1805). 



Buthus vittatus, Say., Jour. Phila. Acad., ii., 61 (182 1) : CoU. Writ- 

 ings, ii., II. 



? Scorpio Sayi. Girard, in Marcy's Exploration Red River, 240 

 (1854). 



? Vcejovis Carolinus, Koch, Die Arachniden, x., 7, fig. 759. 

 Hab. So. States, Texas, Kansas. 



5. B. EMARGiNATiCEPS, Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad., 1863, 109; Jour. 

 Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 367, PI. 40, fig. i, la, ib, ic (1874). 



Hab. Lower California. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 



6. B. EUSTHENEURA [u. s.] Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad., 1S63, 109; 

 Jour. Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 368 (1874). 



Hab. Lower California. 



7. B. ExiLiCAUDA [u. s] Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad., 1863, 107 ; 

 Jour. Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 366 (1874). 



Hab. Lower California. 



8. B. HiRSUTUS, Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad., 1863, 1083 Jour. Phila. 

 Acad., 2nd series, v., 367, PI. 40, fig. i, la, ib, ic (1874). 



Hab. Lower California. 



9. B. Lesueurii, Gervais, Archiv du Museum, iii., 226, PI. xi., fig. 

 27-29, (1844) ; Apteres, iii., 61, (1844) ; Wood., Jour. Phila. Acad., 2nd 

 series, v., 365, (1874). 



Hab. Cuba. 



10. B. PUNCTiPALPi, Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad., 1863, 109 ; Jour. 

 Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 369 (1S74). 



Hab. Lower CaHfornia. 



11. B. SPiNiGERUS, Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad., 1863, no; Jour. 

 Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v. 370, PI. 40, fig. 2, 2a, 2b (1874). 



Hab. Texas. 



II. centrurus, Gervais. 



I. C. PHAIODACTVLUS, Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad., 1863, iii ; Jour. 

 Phila. Acad., 2nd series, v., 372, PI. 40, fig. 3, 3a, 3b (1874). 



Hab. Utah. 



III. SCORPIO, DeGeer.* 



I. S. Allenii, Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863, 107 ; Jour. Phila. 

 Acad., 2nd series, v., 372 (1874). 



Hab. Lower California. 



IV. UROCTONUS, Thorell. 

 I. U. MORDAX, Thorell. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvii., 11. 

 Hab. California. 



* I have omitted from the list DeGeer's species, S. piinctatus, S. maculatus, 

 S. testaceus, S, australis, as unrecognizable. — Cf. Memoirs Insectes, vii., 343-348. 




166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



FAMILY CHERNETID^. 



I. CHELIFER, Geoff. 



1. C. CANCROiDES, Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust., etc., vii., 141, PI. 6, fig. 2 

 (1804). Hagen, Record Amer. Entom., 1868, 51; Amer. Nat., ii., 216 

 {1869) ; Proc. Boston Soc, N. H., xiii., 264 (1870). 



Ilab. U. S., generally to California (Simon). 



2. C. MURiCATUS, Say. Jour. Phila. Acad,, ii., 63 (1821) ; Coll. 

 Writings, ii., 11 ; Hagen Record Amer. Entom., 1868, 51 ; Proc. Boston 

 Soc, N. H., xiii., 266 (1870). 



Hab. " North America " (Say). 



3. C. scABRicuLus, Simon. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, series 

 v., viii., 154 (187S). 



Hab. California. 



4. C. ACUMiNATUS Simon. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, series 

 v., viii., 156 (1878). 



Hab. California. 



5. C. ALIUS, Leidy. Proc. Phila. Acad., 1877, 261. 

 Hab. Pennsylvania. 



6. C. Wrightii, Hagen. Record Amer. Entom., 1868, 52; Proc. 

 Boston Soc, N. H., xiii., 267 (1870). 



Hab. Cuba. 



II. CHERNES, Menge.* 



1. C. OBLONGUS, Hagen. Record of Amer. Entom., 1868, 51 ; Proc. 

 Boston Soc, N. H., xiii., 268 (1870). 



Chelifer obloiigus, Say. Jour. Phila. Acad., ii. (182 1); Coll. Writ- 

 ings, ii., 12. 



Hab. " North America " (Say). 



2. C. Sanborni, Hagen. Record of Amer. Entom., 1868, 51 ; Proc. 

 Boston Soc, N. H., xiii., 268 (1870). 



Hab. Massachusetts. 



* Simon reunites the genera Chelifer and Chej'ties, which were separated by Menge, 

 who was followed by L. Koch. He claims that the characters hitherto regarded as 

 generic, are merely gradal, and that while certain widely separated species have these 

 characters clearly marked, in others they gradually approach each other. In deference 

 to American writers I leave them for the present. Cf. Les Arachnides de France, vii., 

 19 (1879). 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 



III. CHTHONIUS, C. Koch. 



1. C. c^cus, Packard. Amer. Nat., xviii., 203 (1S84). 

 Hab. Virginia. 



2. C. Packardii, Hagen. 



3. C. Pennsylvanicus, Hagen. Record of Amer. Entom., 1868, 52 ; 

 Proc. Boston Soc, N. H., xiii., 268 (1870). 



Hab. Pennsylvania. 



IV. OBisiUM, Leach.* 



1. O. BRUNNEUM, Hagcn. Record of Amer. Entom., 1868, 52 ; 

 Proc. Boston Soc, N. H., xiii., 269 (1870). 



Hab. " North America." 



2. O. CAVicoLA, Packard. Amer. Nat., xviii., 202 (1884). 



Hab. Virginia. 



3. O. Theveneti, Simon. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, series 

 v., viii., 156 (1878). 



Hab. California. 



4. O. MACiLENTUM Sinion. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, series 

 v., viii., 157 (1878). 



Hab. California. 



FAMILY GONYLEPTID^. 



I. PHRIXIS. 



I. P. LONGiPES, Cope. Third and Fomth Geol. Rep. Indiana, 180 

 (1872). 



Hab. Indiana. 



FAMILY PHALANGID^. 

 I. PHALANGODES, Tellkampf. 



I. P. ARMATA, Tellkampf. Archiv fiir Naturge schichte, 1844, 320, 

 PI. viii., fig. 7-12. 



Acanthocheir armata, Lucas. Annales de la Societe Entom. de 

 France, viii., 977 (i860). Wood, Comm. Essex Inst., vi., 36 [Sep. 27] 

 (1868). 



Hab. Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. 



* This genus has usually been credited to Illiger, but as Simon shows (Les 

 Arachnides de France, vii., 51) it properly belongs to Leach. 




168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



2. P. FLAVESCENS, Simon. Les Arachnides de France, vii., 156, note 

 (1879)- 



Erehomaster flavesceus, Cope. Amer. Nat., vi., 420(1872); Third 

 and Fourth Geol. Rep. Indiana, 180 (1872). 



Scotolemoji flavesceus, Packard. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey (Hayden) 

 iii., 165 (1877). 



Hab. Wyandotte Cave, Indiana. 



3. P. ROBUSTA, Simon. Les Arachnides de France, vii., 156, note 



(1879.) 



Scotolemon robustuw, Packard. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey (Hayden) 



iii., 164 (1877). 



Hab. Utah. 



II. PHALANGIUM, L. 



1. P. BICOLOR, Wood, Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 28 [19]. (1868). 

 Hab. Pennsylvania. 



2. P. CALCAR, Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 26 [17]. (1868). 

 Hab. Virginia. 



3. P. ciNEREUM, Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 25 [16]. (1868). 

 Hab. New York. 



4. P. DORSATUM, Say. Jour. Phila. Acad, ii., 66 (1821); Coll. 

 Writings ii., 13; IVood, Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 18 [9]. (1868). 



Hab. New York, Pennsylvania, Dist. of Columbia. 



5. P. ExiLiPES, Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 23 [14]. (1868). 

 Hab. Nevada, CaUfornia. 



6. P. FAVOSUM Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 28 [19]. (1868). 

 Hab. Nebraska. 



7. P. FORMOSUM Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 30 [21]. (1868). 

 Hab. Pennsylvania, Dist. of Columbia. 



8. P. GRANDE Say. Jour. Phila. Acad, ii., 67 (1821) ; Coll. Writings 

 ii., 14 ; Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 34 [25]. (1868). 



Hab. So. States. 



9. P. MACULOSUM, Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 31 [22]. (1868). 

 Hab. Pennsylvania, Virginia. 



10. P. NiGROPALPi, Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 22 [13]. (1868). 

 Hab. Pennsylvania. 



11. P. NIGRUM, Say. Jour. Phila. Acad, ii., 66 (1821); Coll. Writ- 

 ings, ii., 14; Wood, Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 34 [25]. (1868). 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 



Hab. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Texas, Nebraska. 



12. P. piCTUM, Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 30 [21]. 1868. 

 Hab. Massachusetts. 



13. P. vENTRicosuM, Wood. CoHim. Essex Irist. vi., 32 [23]. (1868). 

 Hab. Pennsylvania, Nebraska. 



14. P. VERRUCOSUM Wood. Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 29 [20]. (1868). 

 Hab. United States. 



15. P. viTTATUM, Say. Jour. Phila. Acad, ii., 65 (1821) ; Coll. 

 Writings ii., 13 ; Wood, Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 20 [11]. (1868). 



Hab. So. States, Texas, Nebraska. 



III. CYNORTA. 



I C. ORNATA, Simon (?) 



Gonykptes ornatuvi, Sa)\ Jour. Phila. Acad, ii., 68 (182 1); Coll. 

 Writings ii., 15 ; Wood, Comm. Essex Inst, vi., 37 [28]. (1868). 

 Hab. Georgia, Florida. 



IV. NEMASTOMA, C. Koch. 



1. N. TROGLODYTES, Packard. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey (Hayden) 

 iii., 160 (1S77). 



Hab. Utah. 



2. N. INOPS, Packard. Amer. Nat. xviii., 203 (1884). 

 Hab. Kentucky. 



V. OLiGOLOPHUs, C. Koch.* 



I. O. BICEPS. 



Mitopus biceps, Thorell. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey (Hayden) iii., 525 

 (1877). 



Hab. Colorado, Idaho. 



VL PHLEGMACERA, Packard. 



I. P. CAVicoLEUS, Packard. Amer. Nat. xviii., 203 (1884). 

 Hab. Kentucky. 



VII. TARACUS, Simon. 



I. T. Packardi, Simon. Comptes rendus Societe Entom. de Belgique, 

 2nd series, No. 64 (1879). 

 Hab. Colorado. 



* Mitopus Thorell is joined to Oligolophiis C. Koch by Simon, Les Arachnides de 

 France, vii., 239 (1879), 




170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA OF CARABID^ 



ALONG A RIVER SYSTEM. 



BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH. 



The St. Joseph River runs nearly diagonally through the township of 

 Constantine, from N. E. to S. W. A small affluent, called Fawn River, 

 empties into it at the point where the town itself is located. 



The characteristic vegetation along the banks of the main river above 

 town is beech, maple, elm, iron-wood, walnut, butternut, papaw, magnolia 

 (or a tree very nearly allied), spice-bush, prickly-ash, sumach, witch-hazel, 

 wild grape, ash, oak and hickory, with many quite rare and beautiful wild 

 flowers, such as are found in rich and favorable places. But that of the 

 affluent region is almost entirely oak and hickory (mostly oak), with hazel, 

 sumach, a few poplars, willows, and in some places cedars, but with few wild 

 flowers of any account. The cedars are also found upon the main river, 

 both above and below town. This difference in vegetation is probably 

 due to a difference in the nature of the soil, the lower and richer soil of 

 parts of the main river producing a richer and more varied flora than the 

 higher and poorer parts adjoining the affluent. 



Now I have noticed in collecting that the Carabidce seem to be dis- 

 tributed in a somewhat systematic manner along the main river and its 

 affluent, genera occurring on the former which are not found along the 

 latter, and less frequently vice versa. On the main river I have taken 

 Omophron, Helluomorpha, Galerita, Brachylobus (Lithophilus [Say] ), 

 DicaduSt Hcstonotus and Amphasia, which I have not taken on the 

 affluent. Galerita, however, I have taken on the prairie to the south, but 

 this partakes more of the nature of the main river region. 



While on the affluent I have taken Notiophihis, Calosovia and Pasim- 

 achus, which I have not taken on the main river. The Notiophilus is a 

 specimen which I have determined to be sibiricus Mots. It was taken on 

 19th October, 1884, while I was chopping over some sod with a hatchet 

 on an elevated grassy bank, which formed an open spot in the woods at 

 this place. As this is the only specimen of the genus I have up to this 

 time met with here, it may be found yet upon the main river. Of Cal- 

 osoma, I have often taken calidum (Fab.), and once scrutator (Fab.), 

 up the affluent. The latter, a very rare insect here, three or four speci- 

 mens only having been taken to my knowledge within the last 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171 



eleven years, I should have expected to find on the main river, 

 as the rarer and more beautiful genera seem to be found there more 

 frequently. However, one or two of the specimens were taken in town, 

 and may belong to either region ; and I think very likely that calidum 

 (Fab.) is found up the river in the fields. 



The genera I have observed upon both the main river and the affluent 

 are Scaritcs, Brachynus, Fhitynus, Pte?-ostic/ms, Cklaenins and Harpalus. 

 I think I have also taken Galcrita on the affluent, but such occurrence is 

 rare. Brachynus and Chlaenius are much more abundant on the main 

 stream, as indeed are nearly all of those given. I know of only 

 two specimens of Brachynus being taken on the affluent, while in damp 

 or wet places on the main river, which are much better suited to them, 

 they are quite plentiful. Of the genera Carahus and Cychrtis, I have 

 never met with a representative here in any section. 



This distribution is undoubtedly due to the richer flora of the main 

 river producing more varied species upon which the Carabidce prey, 

 and also to that to which in turn the richer flora is due, namely, the richer 

 soil and more favorable locality. 



MONOGRAPH OF THE EMBIDINA. 



(Contiimed from page IS5-) 



BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



6. Oligotojfia Westwoodi, n. sp. 



O. Westwoodi Hag., Synops. Embid., p. 222 (no description, not 

 named.) 



Length of body 41^ mill; exp. of wings 7 mill. 



Male : As the specimen is enclosed in copal (Gummi anime), the 

 colours are not certain, but the head, with antennae and palpi, the thorax 

 and the legs in part, seem to have been black'sh-fuscous ; head more 

 Raphidia-like than in any other species ; more than half longer than 

 broad ; the rounded sides sloping down, the occiput less than half as 

 broad as the front part with the eyes ; head above slightly convex, epistom 

 large, convex ; eyes large, prominent, about orbicular, with a smsU ex;. 




172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



cision for the insertion of the antennae ; facets large, globose ; antennae 

 long, reaching the end of the metathorax, inserted in a longer socket, 15- 

 jointed ; ist joint a little thicker, cyHndrical, half as broad as long; 2nd 

 as long as broad ; all others obclavate, to three times longer than broad, 

 but the 3rd to 5th a little shorter than the rest, the last one more ovoid, 

 with tip rounded; there seems not to be wanting any joint more. Labrum 

 large, rounded, a little darker in middle ; max. palpi 5-jointed, the three 

 basals alike, short, as broad as long ; 4th a little longer, 5th longer, ovoid; 

 labial palpi 3-jointed, apical joint longer, ovoid. Prothorax as broad as 

 occiput, about quadrangular, broader near the mesothorax ; a deep trans- 

 versal sulcus a little before middle, where the sides are notched ; legs as 

 usual, femoral and basal joint of fore legs elongate-inflated ; middle legs 

 less strong. 



Wings very little longer than the abdomen, narrow, ^ mill, broad, four 

 times longer than broad, rounded on tip, hairy around and on the mem- 

 brane, which is rugose, smoky, with four white longitudinal bands, the 

 fifth near the costa being almost obsolete. Subcosta dark, ending uncon- 

 nected after the basal fourth of the wing ; a little earlier in the hind wings. 

 Radius a little before the tip of the wing connected below with 

 one long vein, which runs parallel to the radius and ends on the tip. 

 This vein represents the sector and its upper branch (McLachl.) ; the 

 sector itself is wanting from the place where the upper branch originates 

 (it is marked by a small break of the vein) to the tip. There is no other 

 vein in the wing except the strong anal vein originating from the base of 

 the sector shortly before a transversal between the sector and radius. I 

 have for convenience always used McLachlan's names of the veins, though 

 it is obvious by this species that what he calls upper branch is really the 

 prolongation of the sector itself. I will try later to give a homology of 

 all the veins of the wing. The hind wings have exactly the same very 

 simple venation ; the discoidal cell is open. The abdomen is not entirely 

 visible from above, as a Hymenopterous insect, partly overlaying. The 

 segments are equal, once broader than long, except the two last ones, 

 which are considerably shorter ; the apical margin of the last one is cut 

 asymmetrically, the right half of it considerably shorter than the left side ; 

 appendages as long as the four last segments, stout, two-jointed ; the 

 apical joints cylindrical, rounded at tip, as long as the basal ones ; the 

 appendages are asymmetrical, the right one stout, straight, a little longer, 

 the left one curvated, a little thinner. No side-view is possible. Between 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173 



the appendages is projected a broad inflation, narrower on tip, and just on 

 its middle a spine coming from the right, as long as the basal joint, cylin- 

 drical, sharp on tip, somewhat curvated to the right ; a much smaller and 

 shorter spine on the left side does not exceed the inflation. Abdomen 

 from below with penultimate segment as long as the others, very dark, 

 blackish ; last segment pyramidal, rounded on tip, the left side asymme- 

 trical, stronger notched. 



In the same lot of copal I received another specimen of exactly the 

 same size, but differing as follows : The whole insect has copal colours, 

 less dark, only the head is dark brown. Both antennae are only 14- 

 jointed ; the apical joint is ovoid, without any traces on tip of a broken- 

 off segment. Wings pale, but with obvious traces of a smoky color and 

 white longitudinal bands ; the discoidal cell is closed in all four wings by 

 one strong transversal vein, and two in the left anterior wing ; all wings 

 show 4 to 5 small costal transversals in the apical half, but these may also 

 exist in the other specimen, the costal margin of which is not plainly 

 visible. 



The venation is alike, but all veins not developed are indicated by a 

 series of small, darker hairs inserted in a more visible and deeper hole. 

 I have formerly pointed out that just the same occurs in the wing cases 

 of the Calopteryx nymphs. The appendages are to be seen well from 

 below ; they are alike ; the right spine is longer, less thick, bifid on tip ; 

 near by is a short, cylindrical, curvated tube, with open end ; the left 

 spine is triangular at base, the apex twisted and sharply pointed. 



One joint more or less of the antennee, one transversal more or less in 

 the wing, can of course not be a specific difference. The marked char- 

 acter of the right spine between the appendages would be of importance, 

 if it would be possible to examine the same organ in the other specimen. 

 This is not the case, and therefore the existence of a similar character is 

 at least not impossible. 



Hab. — I received both specimens forty years ago among other copal 

 insects bought from the large Drogues House Gehe in Dresden, Germany. 

 It was sold as East Indian copal. Later I discovered that all copal sold 

 at that time as East Indian copal came from Salem, Mass. It is indeed 

 probably Zanzibar copal ; this trade was then entirely in the hands of 

 Salem merchants ; the copal was brought to Salem by the extensive East 

 Indian trade of this city, and sold to Europe. 



I request the honor of dedicating this gentle species, the smallest 




174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



known, to the first monographer of Embia, the Veteran Entomologist — 

 Indefatigatus, Doctissimus ! 



The rudimentary venation separates this species from all known, by 

 the want of the lower branch of the sector. 



Prof Westwood in his monograph, 1. c, p. 374, mentions two appar- 

 ently distinct species in gum copal, probably from the eastern coast of 

 Africa, in the collection of Dr. Strong, of Brook Green — " one which, 

 from its size may probably be the Embia Savignyi ; seemed to possess 

 14-jointed antennae." The size oi E. Savignyi is so much larger that this 

 copal species can not be O. Westwoodi. 



The other species was of still larger size, with slightly stained wings 

 and 24 joints in the antennce. Both are unknown to me. 



The published copal insects contain no Embia. A careful examination 

 of the large collection of copal insects here did not give any more Embia. 



7. OligotoDia nigra, n. sp. 



Embia nigra Hagen, Synop. Psoc. et Embid., 1. c, p. 221-222 (no 

 description). 



Male, dry : Length of body 8 mill.; exp. of wings 13-15 mill. Head 

 dark fuscous, a little shining, sparingly covered with small pale hairs ; 

 head a little longer than broad ; the part behind the eyes narrower, 

 rounded, nearly orbicular ; above slightly convex ; eyes large, black ; 

 epistom quadrangular ; labrum large, fuscous in middle, rounded ; antennge 

 longer than head and prothorax, 13 joints present, fuscous, very hairy, 

 hairs long, brown; ist joint cylindrical, a little thicker than the others, 

 once longer than broad ; 2nd cylindrical, short, as long as broad ; 3rd as 

 long as ist, larger on tip; 4th to 6th short, very little longer than broad, 

 thicker on tip, 5th and 6th longer and thicker than 4th; 7th to 9th about 

 alike, similar to the preceding ones, but longer ; loth to 13th longer, about 

 four times longer than broad, more cylindrical ; rest wanting. Another 

 specimen has also 13 joints, but here the loth to 13th are not so elongated ; 

 perhaps the difference is caused by the preparation. Mandibles strong, 

 brown, with three black sharp teeth on tip ; the right majidible has the 

 inner teeth shorter ; max. palpi 5-jointed, the two apical ones longer, the 

 last one ovoid ; lab. palpi 3-jointed, fuscous, the apical longer, ovoid ; 

 labium pale, rounded, bifid ; head below brown, mentum blackish. Pro- 

 thorax brown, much narrower and shorter than the head, a little longer 

 than broad, and dilated to the wings ; sides oblique ; a transversal sulcus 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 



after the apical third ; the sulcus prolonged near the sides towards the 

 base, inclosing an elevated part (les trois festons de Rambur). 



Wings^smoky fuscous, the median and the anal veins darker, blackish ; 

 five longitudinal white bands ; four to five fine costals in the apical part; 

 two (in one hind wing, four) transversals in the cell. Legs brown, articu- 

 lations paler ; dilated in the usual way, so far as it can be observed, the 

 I St joint of tarsi not very much dilated. Abdomen brown, last segment 

 nearly cleft by a deep sulcus, nearer to the right ; appendages long, very 

 hairy ; basal joint longer than the last segment, apical joint longer and 

 thinner ; right spine long, slowly thicker towards the base ; tip sharp, bent 

 up a little ; this spine is turned strongly to the left, as long as the intro- 

 mittant, cylindrical tube ; the left spine is half as short, the sharp apical 

 end returned. I can not ascertain if there is any asymmetry of the 

 appendages. 



The description is made from three males, showing the smaller dimen- 

 sions, collected in Upper Egypt ; the fourth, a little larger and much 

 darker, collected near Cairo, is alike ; the end of the abdomen is not 

 visible. 



Female ? dry. Length of body lo mill. 



The two females before me differ from the males by similar characters 

 as O. Michaeli. The body is black, a little hairy, somewhat shining, 

 except the head, which is finely aciculate above. Head more rounded, 

 the eyes small, not prominent ; antennae (only 13 joints present) short ; 

 ist joint thicker, cylindrical ; 2nd very short, annular; 3rd longer, larger 

 at tip ; all the following alike, short, nearly globular ; the 2nd to 4th joint 

 a little paler than the others, which are blackish. Prothorax a little 

 broader than in the male ; mesothorax longer, narrower towards the pro- 

 thorax, without any traces of wings ; metathorax similar ; legs black, 

 articulations paler ; the enlarged parts, principally the basal joint of the 

 tarsus of fore legs, stronger developed and more enlarged. An external 

 spine on the basal joint is perhaps present. Abdomen longer, black ; last 

 segment rounded on tip ; the appendages thick, very short, the apical 

 joint a little longer ; the abdomen of these carded specimens can not 

 well be examined, but I believe that I am seeing a female genital opening. 

 I can not find any asymmetry. 



Hab. The larger winged male and the two females, called larvre by 

 Prof. Schaum, were collected by him on the island of Rhoda, near Cairo, 

 Egypt, end of January, 185 1, by beating the grass with the net in the 




176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



evening. The winged one was very agile in flying. Of the wingless ones 

 he never took more than two at one beat, and they moved around like a 

 slow Staphylin. They were very rare in February. The smaller ones 

 were collected by him in February, 1852, in Middle and Upper Egypt, 

 They are said to be very common in summer. 



The winged O. nigra is entirely different from E. mauritanica Lucas. 

 In 1857 I had the opportunity of seeing the only copy of the splendid 

 and very expensive Explor. de I'Algerie then existing in Germany, belong- 

 ing to the R. Library in Berlin. Even then, the copy being at the binder's, 

 I had only a hurried glimpse, together with the late Prof. Schaum, who 

 beHeved his species to be identical with the species of Mr. Lucas. This 

 explains the question mark after E. nigra in my Synopsis, Now I have 

 this expensive work in my room ! I remark this fact only to explain the 

 difiiculties with which entomologists had to contend thirty years ago. 

 That the winged specimens are different from E. Savignyi is directly 

 obvious. I can not decide if the wingless form belongs to the winged 

 one. Prof Schaum considered it to be the larva, but as it is of the same 

 size with the winged^ this is scarcely probable, except (being females) by 

 assuming that the female imago is much larger. The symmetrical appen- 

 dages are very different from those of the males, and it could be presumed 

 that the wingless form belongs to E. Savignyi ; but this species seems to 

 be different. Therefore we have to wait for new observations. As I 

 received first the black wingless form, I applied to it the name E. nigra, 

 which I would not change as the name had been quoted by several authors. 



A wingless specimen collected by the late Prof Loew in Asia Minor, 

 probably near Kellemisch, is similar, but less dark. The pinned speci- 

 men, 8 mill, long (last segment wanting), may belong to O. nigra. Head 

 and prothorax similar, antennae short, with 1 7 joints. The color of the 

 abdomen below yellowish brown. The condition of the specimen is too 

 indifferent to say more than to note the occurrence of a species similar to 

 O. nigra in Asia Minor. 



8. Oligotoma antiqua. 



Embia antiqua Pictet and Hagen. Berendt Bernstein Ins. ii., p. 56, 

 pi, 5, f. 7. 



Male? wingless. Length of the body 10 millim. 



Body dark, sparingly villous ; head oblong, a little narrower behind 

 and rounded ; above light convex, smooth, depressed behind the eyes. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177 



which are small, not prominent ; antenna as long as head and prothorax, 

 i8-jointed; ist cylindrical, thicker ; 2nd very short ; 3rd as long as ist, 

 the rest shorter, thicker on tip, the last one ovoid ; max. palpi 5-jointed, 

 the last one fusiform, longer ; labial palpi 3-jointed, the last longest ; 

 labrum rounded ; epistom short, broad ; prothorax narrower and shorter 

 than the head, quadrangular, sides straight, front angles sharp, hind 

 angles rounded, a transversal sulcus in the frontal third ; mesothorax 

 quadrangular, longer than prothorax, near the front margin on each side 

 an oblique impression, and behind a small horizontal one ; metathorax 

 similar, but shorter ; no traces of wings. Abdomen with 9 oblong dorsal 

 segments, the 8th shorter, apical margin notched ; 9th large, conical, with 

 a strong longitudinal impression, nearer to the right ; below 8 segments, 

 the last large, ovoid ; appendages strong, very villous ; apical joint thinner, 

 cylindrical ; the basal a little curvated ; legs strong, villous, femora of fore 

 and hind legs and basal joint of tarsi of fore legs largely inflated. 



Hab. Four specimens in Prussian amber ; I have little doubt that it 

 belongs to Oligotoma ; the apparent asymmetry of the last dorsal segment 

 makes me believe that the appendages are also asymmetrical, as I had 

 seen them so when studying the specimens ; but these parts were not well 

 visible. I have amended the description after manuscript notes, namely, 

 the antennse, which are there given with 19 joints, because the socket is 

 counted as ist joint. Since then more specimens have been found, but no 

 winged ones. 



9. Embia Savignyi. 



Savigny Descript. d'Egypte Ne'uropt. pi. 2, f 9-10 (no name). 



Embia Audotcin Expl. sommaire du planches, p. 194. 



E. Savignyi Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xvii., p. 372, pi. ii., f i. 



E. Savignyi Burm., Handb. vol. ii., p. 770, i. 



E. Savignyi Ramb., Neur. p. 311, i. 



E. Aegyptiaca Blanch.> Hist. Ins. p. 48. (Not seen by me.) 



E. Savignyi Brauer., Neur. Europas, 1876, p. 32. 



Length of the body 9 mill.; with wings, 12 mil.; exp. of wings nearly 

 20. The measures are only approximative, the condition of the specimen 

 not allowing more. 



Male. Body leather-yellow, somewhat shining, villous ; head about 

 quadrangular, rounded behind, rather flattened above, a little depressed 

 transversely behind the eyes ; antennse broken (Burmeister quotes 17 

 joints, Savigny figures only 15) ; eyes large, black, notched before; max. 




178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 



palpi 5-jointed, brownish. Prothorax much narrower than the head, en- 

 larged towards the wings ; a little longer than broad, sides straight ; in the 

 anterior third a transversal sulcus ; behind convex, divided by an impressed 

 middle line. Mesothorax with a transversal elevation divided in the 

 middle between the base of the wings. Legs a little darker with the usual 

 dilatation of femur and the basal joint of tarsi of fore legs. Wings longer 

 than the abdomen, a Httle broader than those of Oligotoma, light brown- 

 ish-smoky, with five longitudinal white bands ; the inferior branch of the 

 sector is again furcated (and occasionally a third time, as in one wing of 

 Savigny's ligure and in the specimen before me). Four to five partly in- 

 complete costal transversals, two in the closed cells, and several more in 

 the two or three spaces between the sector-branches. Abdomen enlarged 

 behind, last ventral segment larger, convex, shining, brown. Appendages 

 broken ; two-jointed, long, thick, after Savigny and Rambur. I presume 

 the specimen to be a male, because no female genital opening is visible. 



There exists no description of Savigny's type except Rambur's of the 

 incomplete specimen in the Jardin de Plants in Paris, which has probably 

 been figured by Savigny. Burmeister has described some specimens in 

 the Museum in Berlin, Prussia, and my specimen is one of them. 



Hab. Egypt, Savigny and Ehrenberg in Berlin Museum. 



The figures by Savigny are excellent, as usual ; it is to be remarked 

 that he has seen and figured f. 9, u. e., the opening of the spinning glands 

 inside of the labium. 



Rambur, 1. c, p. 312, carefully describes a larva which belongs very 

 probably to this species. The patria of the larva, which is now in De 

 Selys-Longchamps collection, is unknown. Peihaps it may be a female. 



A wingless specimen collected by Prof. Schaum near Athens, Greece, 

 November, 1851, now in my collection, agrees very well with Rambur's 

 description; 10 mill, long, brownish-ferruginous, villous ; the end of the 

 abdomen of the carded specimen is not well visible. The head is a little 

 more oval and not so distinctly quadrangular as in £. Savigny i. Antennae 

 short, 17 joints. The body is narrower than in E. Savigny i. Otherwise 

 it has the characters described before as belonging to the female, namely, 

 the small, non-prominent eyes, and the external spine of the basal joint 

 of tarsi of fore legs. Of course it can not be decided if this specimen 

 belongs to E. Savigny i or not. Prof. Schaum had also collected a winged 

 specimen at the same place, which was unfortunately lost. Prof. Brauer, 

 1. c, quotes this species from Southern Russia with ? (authority not stated). 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 



NOTE ON HABIT OF LARVA OF P. ATALANTA. 



BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGHj W. VA. 



In C. Ent., 14, p. 223, I Stated that Newman, in Nat. Hist. Br. But,, 

 described the mature larva as pupating in a case specially prepared for the 

 purpose on the plant it had been feeding on : " from the roof of this the 

 caterpillar suspends itself and becomes a chrysalis." Also quoted from 

 Harris, who says the larva " seeks a suitable place in which to undergo 

 its transformations." In the conclusion of the paper, vol. 15, p. 19, I 

 said that I had never found a case with pupa in it, though I had often 

 taken cases with the larvae in earlier stages, and I ventured the conjecture 

 that both Harris and Newman were right, but that in our climate the larva 

 pupated differently from its habit in England. 



On 24th July last, I received from Mr. Philip Laurent, of Philadelphia, 

 about a dozen cases of At al ant a, each made of a single nettle leaf and 

 containing a pupa suspended from the top. Mr. Laurent wrote that in 

 1 88 2 this butterfly was very common, and that in a short time, on one 

 occasion, he found 125 pupae in leaf cases ; and that as far as observed, 

 the larva selects a large leaf for its last case, in which it transforms ; that 

 as a rule it makes its last meal out of the outer end of the case, eating 

 about an inch thereof; that he has however taken many tliat were not 

 eaten at all ; has also seen several in which pieces were eaten out of the 

 side of the leaf 



I am glad to have this positive evidence ; my opinion was based on 

 the fact of never having found such a case, together with the testimony of 

 Dr. Harris, as I imderstood it. But it is probable that I was wholly mis- 

 taken, and that the American habit of the species is like that in England. 

 Atalatita was abundant here in 1881, but I have seen few individuals 

 since. Just so P. Cardui was the most common butterfly here all through 

 the season of 1884, and this year I have not seen one. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Dear Sir : While out for an ornithological ramble here on Cote des 

 Neiges Mountain this afternoon, I observed a large number of Danais 

 archippus congregated together \ numbers were clustered on dead branches 

 of trees and underbrush, also on ferns. I could easily have caught a 




180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



hundred without moving more than ten paces. I don't remember having 

 seen this species so abundant here for several years. Last year Fyrameis 

 cardui appeared to me to be the most plentiful butterfly here, during 

 August and September. I also noticed a large number of this latter 

 species on the marshes of Lake St. Peter, about sixty miles down from 

 Montreal. This was in the early part of September, last year. If you 

 consider the above notes interesting enough to publish, I should like to 

 know the cause of the above mentioned assemblage of archippus. The 

 weather was showery in the morning, and sunshiny in the afternoon, with 

 a stiff breeze blowing from the south. 



Montreal, 22nd Aug., 1885. Ernest D. Wintle. 



CRYPTOBIUM FLAVICORNE, LEC. 



Dear Sir : In his recent very interesting " A Study of the Species 

 of Cryptobmm of North America," Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1885, Dr. Horn 

 has united with pallipes the forms hitherto known as latebricola and 

 flaviconic. Having lately shown him a series of specimens in which the 

 males have a denticle on the middle of the hind margin of the sixth 

 (fifth visible) ventral segment, he writes that in none of the males of 

 pallipes in his cabinet does this little tooth exist, and that he thinks it 

 could not have existed in any specimens of the series which he examined 

 while preparing his paper. He thinks, however, that the species thus 

 indicated is the fiavicorne Lee, and says the females are only distmguish- 

 able by the very pale rufo-testaceous antennge oi fiavicorne and the more 

 or less piceous antennae of pallipes. Immature females of the latter in 

 Dr. Horn's cabinet and in my own appear indistinguishable from fiavi- 

 corne. Frederick Blanchard. 



Dear Sir : Whilst being out on a drive through the country last sum- 

 mer, I noticed a small yellow butterfly near the road side, too small to be 

 a Colias philodice Godt. I jumped off the wagon and captured it, after 

 a brief chase. To my astonishment, -k proved to be a fresh specimen of 

 Terias lisa Boisd., the first one ever taken in this locality. 



I think it will be well to remember the following : To prevent mould- 

 ing of the sand used for relaxing specimens, put a few drops of carbolic 

 acid in the water to moisten the sand with ; it also prevents the moulding 

 of specimens should they be closed up too long. 



Ph. Fischer, Buffalo, N. Y. 




VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1885. No. 10 



HISTORY OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF VANESSA 



MILBERTI, GoDART. 



BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 



EGG. — Conical, the base flattened, the top rounded ; ribbed verti- 

 cally, the ribs being either 8 or 9 in number ; these rise from the surface 

 at about one third distance from base, increase in elevation gradually, and 

 end at the summit about the little flattened space which contains the 

 micropyle, with its rosette of minute reticulations ; the ribs meet the sum- 

 mit at an angle of about 45° ; in the last part of their course they are 

 thin, and are grooved on both sides to the surface ; between them are 

 many fine horizontal striae ; color green. Duration of this stage probably 

 4 or 5 days. 



YOUNG LARVA. — Length ih inch ; color yellow-green ; cylindrical, 

 nearly even from 2 to i o, the segments well rounded ; marked by rows of 

 fine black tubercles, each of which gives out a black hair in length about 

 equal to the diameter of body and nearly all straight ; these tubercles are 

 flat, like circular disks, and the hairs are barbed (as seen under a high 

 power) ; 2 has a sub-oval chitinous black dorsal patch with two rows of 

 tubercles, six in front row, and two behind, these last standing between 

 the second and third from each end of front row ; the hairs longer than 

 elsewhere and bent over head ; on 3 and 4 each is a straight cross row 

 over dorsum of eight tubercles, four on either side mid-dorsal line, and 

 the third tubercle from top has two hairs ; after 3 and to 13 are six tuber- 

 cles each, disposed differently, four being on the front part of the seg- 

 ment, but not in straight line, the lower one of either side being a little 

 behind the upper one, and the third tubercle lying between the two others, 

 on the last part of the segment ; these form three longitudinal rows from 

 3 to 13 ; on extreme end of 13 is an oval chitinous patch with several 

 tubercles, the hairs straight and horizontal ; below the spiracles from 4 to 

 12 are two short hairs each, from minute tubercles, the posterior one 




182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



raised a little above the other ; on 13 but one ; on 2 are three lateral 

 tubercles, each of which gives two hairs, and placed, one above, one in 

 front of, and one below, the spiracle ; on 3 and 4, in line with the lower 

 tubercle of 2 and the lower of the pair on the segments after 4, is a single 

 tubercle and hair ; over the prolegs are two short hairs each, and in same 

 line, on 5, 6, 11, 12, is one hair; head rounded, a little depressed at 

 suture, color black, shining ; surface much covered with fine tubercles and 

 bent black hairs. (The tubercles and hairs of this species are similar, and 

 similarly placed, to those of V. Ajitiopa). Duration of this stage about 

 two days. 



After First Moult. — Length at 12 hours, iVt inch ; the middle of dorsum 

 green cut by a brown line ; the junctions of segments also green ; the rest 

 of upper half black-brown, below this and the under side yellow-green (some 

 examples are darker than others, more brown, less green) ; above the 

 spiracles is a yellowish wavy line from 5 to 10 inclusive, and with the 

 spiracles a brown line ; there are several rows of spines, one dorsal and 

 three on either side ; these are disposed as described in last stage, are low, 

 rounded, with a small cone on summit ; from the apex a single long black 

 hair, and five or six short hairs around the basal part ; on the cross-ridges 

 of each segment after 2 are many fine points, each with a short hair; 2 

 has a blackish dorsal patch, with many hairs, bent forward ; feet brown ; 

 pro-legs green ; head cordate, shining, black, thickly covered with fine 

 low conical tubercles, varying in size, each with its hair. Duration of this 

 stage about two days. 



After Second Moult. — Length at 6 hours, iVo inch ; color black over 

 dorsum to middle of side ; a mid-dorsal black line, with a pale gray-green 

 line or stripe on either side of it ; on the cross-ridges many white points, 

 each with long whitish hair ; in some examples the lower part of the black 

 area is mottled with green-yellow ; in one was a greenish patch on mid- 

 dorsurn on front of each segment after 2 ; the lower half of side green- 

 yellow ; on this area, with the spiracles runs a blackish line overlaid by a 

 yellow line ; under side yellow-green ; the spines now long, slender, 

 tapering to a point, with a bristle at top and eight or ten about the sides ; 

 color of the five upper rows black, of the lower laterals yellow ; head as 

 at second stage, the tubercles more numerous, and more prominent, the 

 one on each vertex a little largest, some white, some black, the hairs all 

 black Duration of this stage less than two days. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 



After Third Moult. — Length 12 hours after the moult, tV to tth* inch; 

 scarcely different as to color and spines from previous stage ; black, the 

 lower part and under side olive-green ; the white hairs over surface give a 

 hoary appearance to all the black area ; the tubercles on head still more 

 numerous, varying in size, more decidedly cone-shaped, the one on vertex 

 largest. Duration of this stage less than two days. 



After Fourth Moult. — At 12 hours, tV inch. Two days later full 

 grown. 



MATURE LARVA. — Length A inch ; slender, of nearly even thick- 

 ness from 2 to 1 1 ; the upper surface black, thickly dotted with fine yel- 

 low-white points or tuberculations, larger and smaller (some of the smaller 

 white), the former placed on the cross-ridges of the segments, the others 

 irregularly scattered on and between the ridges ; each of these gives out 

 a white hair ; under side yellow-green ; a black stripe passes between the 

 pro-legs ; 2, 3, 4 are black, and 5, 6, 11 to 13 have much black ; in line 

 with lower lateral spines a bright yellow line or stripe in long crenations, 

 one of which extends the breadth of the segment, and another similar 

 line is above spiracles, the two curves meeting at the spines ; under these 

 is a russet space making a pretty wide band, not evenly colored, and 

 varying in individuals ; a fulvous patch, always small, often a mere dot, 

 above and back of each spiracle ; occasionally the upper yellow line is 

 reduced to a patch on each segment, and sometimes this is enlarged and 

 conspicuous ; spiracles sub-oval, yellow rings with black centres ; feet 

 black, pro-legs green ; on 2 is a dorsal collar bearing several small white 

 spinose processes, and many white hairs, which are bent forward ; the 

 spines are in seven rows, one dorsal, three on either side, being upper, 

 middle and lower lateral ; the dorsals run from 5 to 12, the first laterals 

 from 3 to 12, the middle from 3 to 13, the lower from 5 to 12 ; the lower 

 laterals are greenish-yellow, with bristles of same color, the 5 upper rows 

 are black, from blue-black bases ; all these spines are slender, tapering to 

 point, with a white bristle at tip, and a few short black ones about the 

 sides ; along base are bunches of small green irregular tubercles, with 

 hairs ; head sub-cordate, black, shining, with many conical tubercles, large 

 and small, mostly white but some black, the one on vertex a little larger 

 than others, each with its hair ; these hairs are black on upper part of 

 face, white on lower. The black changes to dark brown as the larva pro- 

 gresses, and the russet band loses its distinctive color, becoming olive- 

 green. Duration of this stage about four days. 




184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



CHRYSALIS. — Length from 1%% to rVs- inch; breadth across meso- 

 notum 1% to Tot inch j across abdomen trrV to i\ ; head case much pro- 

 duced, the sides either excavated from extreme ends of the processes, or 

 not at all. but tapering to end ; these processes conical, rather short, the 

 space between a little excavated ; mesonotum prominent, rounded, slightly 

 carinated, with a very small three-sided pyramidal process at summit ; the 

 excavation below mesonotum angular, the wing case considerably elevated, 

 the process at base sharp, triangular ; abdomen conical, marked on dorsal 

 side by three rows of tubercles, corresponding to the three uppermost 

 rows of spines in the larva ; the mid-dorsals low, rounded, the others 

 prominent on middle segments, those on mesonotum small, but all the 

 sub-dorsals are sharp and conical ; color variable ; many examples are 

 soiled white, with slight brown stripes on abdomen, one dorsal, one ven- 

 tral, one on either side, the ventral extending from head case to posterior 

 end ; the whole surface specked and finely streaked with brown ; and the 

 whole, except the last 4 or 5 segments, bronzed more or less strongly ; 

 some examples have the wing cases unicolored, others clouded in two 

 shades ; other examples are wholly light brown, and largely bronzed ; 

 others are dark brown, the whole dorsal area lighter, and mottled and 

 streaked with yellow-white ; in these last is often no bronzing except of a 

 few tubercles below mesonotum; others are blackish throughout, the 

 bronzing confined to the tubercles last spoken of Duration of this stage 

 in July 5!/^ days. Following one individual : 



Egg hatched, July 3rd. 



From hatching to pupation, 1 2 days ; to imago, 1 7 ^^ days. The last 

 imago came out on 24th July. 



Milberti does not Hve at Coalburgh, or so far as I know, to the south 

 of this ; but is a common species in certain localities throughout the 

 Northern States from New England and New York west; also in Colorado 

 9,nd Rocky Mts. northward, and in the Pacific States, and even British 




THE CANA.DIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 



America. I used to take a few specimens in August in the Catskill Mts., 

 but the species was rare there. I have had many eggs sent me from 

 Truckee, Cal., and from Rochester, N. Y., the latter by Mr. H, Roy 

 Gilbert. The larvae sent me by Mr. Gilbert in former years refused our 

 native broad-leaved nettle, and starved to death on it, so that I was obliged 

 to import several roots of the food plant, U. dioica, from Rochester, and 

 grow it in my garden. I desired to see whether or no this species in larva 

 behaved like other of our Vanessans. Although so common, very little 

 has been published of Milberti at any stage, or of its larval habits. Say, 

 under the name Furcillata, figures the butterfly, 1825, and says it was 

 several times observed in the North-west territory during the progress of 

 the Long Expedition, but says nothing of the larva. Boisduval & Le- 

 Conte, 1833, also figure the imago, and say of the larvse merely that they 

 live in cluster on a species of Urtica in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. 

 Kirby, 1837, repeats Say, adding Canada as a locality. Harris, 1862, 

 briefly describes the caterpillar and chrysalis ; says the butterflies are rare 

 about Boston, but common in north-west Mass. and N. Hampshire, and 

 appear in May and again in July and August. Prof Lintner, Proc. E. 

 Soc. Phil, 3, 61, 1864, describes the mature larva, in part at least from an 

 alcoholic specimen, and the chrysalis ; and says there are two annual 

 broods of the butterfly (at Schoharie, N. Y.), in April and August ; that 

 the larvse are usually very abundant on Urtica dioica, but that nearly all 

 are destroyed by a parasite. Mr. Wm. Saunders, C. Ent., i, p. 76, 1869, 

 describes the adult larva, and says that the first brood of the butterfly 

 appears (London, Can.) toward end of June, and again in August, but 

 says nothing of larval habits. Mr. Scudder, in Syst. Rev., 1872, says of 

 Milberti, that the eggs are laid in clusters on some of the terminal leaves 

 of the nettle, that the caterpillars feed in close company during the earlier 

 stages, but subsequently scatter. Mr. Henry Edwards, Prbc. Cal. Ac. N. 

 Sci., 1873, briefly describes the mature larva and chrysalis. Mr. T. L. 

 Mead, in Report on Wheeler Expedition, 1875, ^^7^ that Milberti larvae 

 were common about Denver early in June on nettles, and that almost 

 every plant had many on it, in various stages of growth, while the females 

 were still depositing their egg clusters. Mr. Scudder, in " Butterflies," 

 1 88 1, p. 138, figures the butterfly, says there are two broods (in N. E.) in 

 June and September ; and on p. 99, gives figure of cluster of eggs on 

 under side of netde leaf ; says the eggs are laid upon the under surface in 

 large open patches, in which they are rarely if ever piled upon one 




186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



another, sometimes several patches upon the same leaf. On page 152, it 

 is also stated that the species is triple-brooded in Canada. Finally, Prof. 

 Fernald, But. Maine, 1884, briefly describes the mature larva, adding that 

 the spines are arranged as in V. Antiopa, which, as I shall show, is in 

 some degree erroneous. That is all I have been able to find of the history 

 of this common butterfly, and that is very little 



The egg of Milberti, in shape and ornamentation, is like that of 

 Antiopa. The young larva is like the young of that species also in every 

 particular, so far as I can discover. Every hair in the one has its coun- 

 terpart in the other. Of the second stage of Antiopa I cannot now 

 speak, but of the third and subsequent stages, comparing them with Mil- 

 berti, there is a difference in regard to the dorsal row of spines. In 

 Antiopa these begin at segment 7 (head being No. i) and end on 12, 

 whereas in Milberti, as in Vanessa Urtica and Polychloros, also in all our 

 species of Grapta observed, the dorsal spines begin at 5 and run to 12. (A 

 table of the spines of Vanessa and allied genera may be found in Weis- 

 mann's Studies, English Ed., p. 448, with interesting remarks on the 

 relationship of all these species). 



I received 7th May, 1885, from C. F. McGlashan, Esq., Truckee, Cal., 

 a great cluster of eggs, on nettle leaf, mailed 30th April. There seemed 

 to be about 200 eggs, but they were piled so that it was not possible to 

 count them. The bottom layer was right side up, and the eggs square on 

 their bases, so far as could be seen ; at each layer above there was wider 

 departure from this, till at the top the eggs were more or less on their 

 sides. In the thickest part the cluster was five layers deep. These eggs 

 failed to hatch. On 2nd July, the same year, I received three similar 

 clusters of eggs from Mr. H. Roy Gilbert, of Rochester, N. Y., piled up 

 in same way. I had a large plant of Urtica dioica in flower pot, the 

 branches nearly two feet long, standing at an open window in my room. 

 On the upper side of a leaf of this I pinned one cluster. In about six 

 hours thereafter the larvs were hatching, and a few hours later had 

 gathered at the base of the leaf, on upper side, and were nibbling at and 

 through the leaf There was no web or shelter. The next day the larvae 

 were on same leaf, and had eaten it almost wholly, leaving the frame. 

 There was still no web. The same afternoon they left this leaf, and had 

 got on the end of the next branch and were eating the terminal leaves, 

 still without web or any shelter. They were in a dense mass, and when 

 not feeding, their heads were all protruded, and at the least alarm, as the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 



shaking of the leaf, all the heads wagged together. This would be a 

 natural protection against ichneumon flies, etc. I have observed the same 

 simultaneous wagging in young larvas of M. Phaeton, as an ichneumon 

 fly was hovering over them. This habit my larvae kept up through the 

 second stage. The first moult was passed while they were all piled 

 together. The habit in feeding during the second and third stages was as 

 in the first, no web, no shelter, all in bunches. But after third moult part 

 of the larvre protected themselves in the manner of Grapta Comma, eat- 

 ing off the main ribs at the base of a leaf on under side, whereby the 

 leaf drooped. The edges were drawn together pretty closely and nearly 

 to tip, and several larv^ might be found therein. One small lot of larvge 

 were on upper side of a leaf at the base, and had drawn the edges 

 together for a half inch from base, making an imperfect shelter, but the 

 ribs were not cut and the leaf stood in natural position. 



At fourth moult I liad a fresh plant ready and the larvae were trans- 

 ferred. They scattered about, bent and closed leaves as in previous 

 stage, and in some of these were three and four individuals, in others but 

 one. But sometimes the leaf was not bent, and was closed from end to 

 end nearly, a single larva lying therein. 



The weather was clear while I was feeding this brood, and at no time 

 was there any spinning of a web, or spinning at all beyond what was 

 necessary to close the leaves. From what I saw, I should say that the 

 larvK in the early stages were highly gregarious, that after third moult 

 they were much less so, and after fourth (and last) had lost most of that 

 habit. But had the weather been cloudy, or stormy, they might have 

 acted differently, and protected themselves more or less by a web. 



I asked Mr. Gilbert to observe what he could of Milberti in natural 

 state. He wrote 15th July : "The eggs, so far as I have observed, are 

 always eight or ten inches below the top of the nettle, and usually in 

 cluster on under side j but on one occasion I found them loosely scattered 

 over the upper side, covering nearly half the leaf. In rough, windy or 

 showery weather, the young larvae may spin a web on under side of the 

 natal leaf I have seen this twice, and it seemed to me only a temporary 

 expedient to avoid the rain and to secure a safe foothold. But they gen- 

 erally go to the top of the plant and spin a web which covers the terminal 

 leaves, and by additions come to extend for three to five inches down. 

 My opinion is that if the weather be rough when the larvae are hatched, 

 they rest on the natal leaf; if fair, ascend. When very young there are 




188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



no stragglers, but towards maturity the larvse scatter, the main body of the 

 family keeping together till nearly grown. The ' nettles,' as we designate 

 a certain spot, is a patch of that plant covering more than three quarters 

 of an acre, lying on each side of a lane. I have seen perhaps forty fami- 

 lies of these larvae feeding there at one time, but never under the shade 

 of trees which cover much of that ground. The larvae were always out 

 in the sun. I have found the larvae will starve rather than eat the broad- 

 leafed nettle." 



Again, 17th July : " I visited the nettles yesterday. Found but one 

 group of larvae, they about ^ inch long. A bright-colored bug (Hem- 

 ipter) with a long beak was active in picking off the larvae. I found four 

 in a bent and closed leaf with one larva of G. Comma ; six in a similar 

 leaf; two in a leaf that was closed but not bent, two unprotected on the 

 under side of a leaf, and one in plain sight on upper side. Found also a 

 bunch of eggs just hatched, and the larvae had crawled to under side of 

 the leaf and lay like a flock of sheep, heads up." 



Again, 20th : " Found one group of about 200 larvae, all on upper 

 sides of two opposite leaves, and a few inches below a web at top of the 

 plant. These larvae measured h inch " (at or about 3rd moult). 



" Another group, measuring ^ inch " (after 4th moult) " were hidden 

 in closed leaves on different stalks. Part of these closed leaves had the 

 ribs cut, and these were crowded ; the closed but uncut leaves had from 

 one to four tenants. I have often noticed and know that after the last 

 moult, the larvae scatter and feed openly. Can see a family several rods 

 away where they are numerous." 



I separated several of my larvae at one stage or other of their growth 

 and gave leaves of our common broad-leafed nettle. At first they refused 

 the food, then nibbled a little, and finally eat some leaves. But none of 

 these larvae reached pupation, nor even passed a moult. They dwindled 

 away and died. The same thing happened with larvae sent me in 1884. 

 Mr. Gilbert reports a similar experience, as before said. 



Specimens of the butterfly from the western plains and to Pacific 

 have not the bright coloration seen at the east. They have a faded look. 



ELAPHIDION VILLOSUM, Fabr. 



BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 



There is in the study of Entomology a fascination and delight that 

 captivates the imagination, and renders the enthusiast liable to construct 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 



theories based upon such slender foundations that they fail to reach the 

 dignity of assured facts. This, I think, may be said of much that has 

 been written concerning the habits of this beetle. The record which I 

 have thought proper to make relates to veritable facts, but whether in the 

 particular instance referred to they are to be regarded as extraordinary 

 and not of common occurrence, may be a problem yet to be solved. I 

 trust that in offering this paper I may not be thought presumptuous in 

 differing with so distinguished Entomologists as Drs. Harris and Fitch, yet 

 as my observations do not bear out the conclusions which they have 

 reached, and a^Dprehending that the best interests of the science are served 

 by that record or enquiry which relates to the discovery of facts, I make 

 no apology to these fathers in the science for transcribing in relation to 

 this subject views somewhat dissimilar to theirs. 



Dr. Harris says that if a burrow be split open in winter, it will be 

 found to contain the larva, which in the spring assumes the pupa form, and 

 in June or July is changed into a beetle. He is in accord with Dr. Fitch 

 concerning the periods of transformation, and holds similar views with 

 him as to the habit of pruning. Dr. Fitch, I think, unduly exalts the 

 instincts of these beetles as illustrated in their larval habit of pruning the 

 twigs and branches of the oak, contending, as he does, that the twig or 

 branch is eaten away by the young larva for a small space, and left supported 

 only by the bark that the autumn winds may fell it to the ground, and that 

 the environment of its new condition is necessary to the transformation 

 of the included larva. This is substantially what each writer has to say 

 upon the subject, though Dr. Fitch's report is very lengthened and rather 

 extravagant in imaginative conclusions. 



These oak pruners were very abundant in Columbia County, this State, 

 in the season of 1878. The September winds brought showers of twigs 

 and branches to the ground. I examined many of them, and found each 

 to contain the larva, nearly full grown, in tunnels measuring from ten to 

 fifteen inches long. I gathered five goodly sized branches just after they 

 had fallen for the purpose of illustrating the burrows in my cabinet of 

 nest architecture. The branches remained on a table in a room having 

 very nearly the condition, thermometrically, of the temperature without, 

 until the early part of November, when I opened them for the purposes 

 already stated. I was astonished to find that every burrow contained the 

 beetle ; the transformation, therefore, from the larva to the imago was 

 completed in less than eight weeks— how much less I know not — and 




190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



without the surroundings as narrated by Drs. Harris and Fitch. I am 

 therefore incUned to the opinion, born of these facts, that the transform- 

 ation, barring strong winds, is as hkely to occur in the tree as on the 

 ground, and that the branch is eaten away by the young larva not for the 

 extraordinary reasons as cited, but for the more probable one, to prevent 

 the flow of sap, which, if not checked, may render the wood fibre un- 

 wholesome to the larva, or possibly affect injuriously the later condition 

 of pupa and imago. It would appear, moreover, that the beetle is devel- 

 oped in the autumn, and remains within the burrow during the winter. 



MONOGRAPH OF THE EMBIDINA. 



( Coiitimied from page 178.) 



BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS 



10, Einbia Mauritanica. 



E. Mauritanica Lucas, Explor. Alger., vol. iii., p. 111-114; Neur, pi. 

 3, f, 2, a-n. Cuvier, Edit. Masson, Neur., pi. 106, f. 8 (copy of Lucas' 

 figure). 



E. Mauritanica Lucas, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., 1859, ser. iii., vol. vii., p. 

 440-444. 



I have never seen this species, and give the substance of the very 

 detailed description of Mr. Lucas. 



Winged imago : Length of body 13}^ mill.; exp. of wings 16 mill. 

 Body rufo-fuscous, rufous-villous ; head longer than broad, flat, smooth ; 

 depressed transversally behind the eyes ; frontal part reddish ; eyes reni- 

 form, black; antennae 15-jointed, smooth and not villous (as in E. 

 Savignyi), a little paler than the head ; the joints after the 6th succes- 

 sively longer ; labrum and palpi dark rufous ; max. palpi thinner than in 

 E. Savignyi, the two apical joints longer ; labial palpi also more slender 

 and the apical joint longer ; prothorax a little longer than in E. Savignyi, 

 with a transversal sulcus in the apical third ; mesothorax anteriorly 

 between the wings on each side with a yellowish transversal tubercle ; 

 metathorax similar. Legs dark rufo-fuscous, with the usual dilatation of 

 the femur and the basal joint of tarsi of fore legs. Wings as long as 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 



abdomen, light reddish brown, smoky, with pale longitudinal bands ; 

 sector trifid, four transversals in the cell, and one in the space below 

 (after the figure). Abdomen light rufous brown, smooth above and below, 

 somewhat hairy besides ; appendages two-jointed, hairy, the apical one 

 thinner, longer ; the apical ventral segment below is to the left strongly 

 truncated and excavated ; in consequence of this asymmetry the basal 

 joint of the left appendage is very short, broad, flattened and somewhat 

 abortive. ]\Ir. Lucas found the same asymmetry in each of the dozen of 

 specimens collected by him. To decide the sex of his specimens he cut 

 open the abdomen of several of them, and found all to be females. 



Wingless larva (after Lucas) : Length of body 13 mill; breadth 2 

 mill. Rufo-fuscous ; head ovoid, smooth, sparingly villous, above some- 

 what depressed ; eyes reniform, dark fuscous, not prominent ; antennae 

 rufo-yellowish, with yellowish hairs, as long as head and prothorax (after 

 the figure), iS-jointed, joints about alike, successively shorter, the last as 

 long as the first, but thinner, rounded on tip ; palpi yellowish. Prothorax 

 very short, anteriorly with a transversal sulcus ; mesothorax twice longer, 

 anteriorly with a much deeper transversal sulcus ; base narrower ; meta- 

 thorax very short ; no traces of wings (after the figure). Legs (after fig.) 

 yellowish, the basal joint of the tarsi of fore legs dark fuscous, with the 

 usual dilatations. Abdomen with nine dorsal segments ; appendages 

 rufous, the basal joint a little longer ; the figure of the end of abdomen 

 shows the last dorsal segment triangular. 



Habitat. — Around Alger, especially near Milah and Constantine, the 

 winged specimens living gregariously in sandy places in June on the stems 

 of a dry Scilla maritima ; very agile; 12 specimens collected. The larva 

 is not very rare around Alger during the winter, living in small silken tun- 

 nels under humid stones ; the larva is carnivorous and very agile.* Mr. 

 Lucas, in his paper, Ann. Soc. Entom. Fr. 1859, 1. c, states that he col- 

 lected, April, 1850, at Medeah and Bogar, province Alger, some larvae 

 which were placed in boxes, but by chance forgotten till 1S58. He found 



* McLachlan, Embid., p. 376, says rightly: Ilagen, Stett. Zeit. 1849, p. 56, 

 said that nothing had then been recorded as to the habits. He (McLachl.) has over- 

 looked the fact that my paper was written and delivered in 184S, and commenced to be 

 printed in the same year. The continuation of Embidre was printed February, 1849, 

 before Lucas' work was published. The report of Lucas by Schaum, in 185 1, contains 

 nothing about the habits of Embidae, nor any other report, as far as I know, before 

 Lucas' second paper in 1859. 




192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



the walls of the box clothed with a very fine white silk, the network con- 

 sisting of very small meshes and representing circular tunnels, in which 

 the dead larvae were found. Mr. Lucas has observed in the field threads 

 of silk arranged near the entrance of the tunnels, and beUeves them to 

 serve as traps or to give notice of the presence of insects. He believes 

 the Embia to be carnivorous. The larvae live isolated. 



Concerning the larva, Lucas, Expl. Alg., p. 114, states that obliged to 

 leave for Constantine in March, he put several larv^ in separate boxes 

 together with some insects as food. After his return in October, he found 

 all dead ; only one had transformed to a winged imago. This interesting 

 observation is the only one known of the transformation of the wingless 

 form into the imago state. But then the nympha skin with the empty 

 wing cases must have been in the same box. Though the observation of 

 an eminently distinguished observer can not be doubted, still it is impos- 

 sible that the imago could have transformed out of the wingless form 

 without having before passed through a nympha form with visible wing 

 cases. Mr. Lucas' observations are extremely interesting, in so far as he 

 has stated the existence of winged females. The description of the 

 internal female organs makes his statements entirely sure. 



E. Mam-ita7iica is very near to E. Savignyi. It is apparently a mis- 

 understanding when Mr. Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Bull., p. 98, states that 

 I have united the two species in the Synopsis Embid., p. 21-22. Both 

 species are there enumerated as different, and nothing is said about their 

 relations. As I have never seen E. Mau7-ltanica^ I can state, after a 

 careful study of the description and the figures, that both species must be 

 very nearly related. It is to be assumed that Mr. Lucas has seen Savigny's 

 type, described by Rambur, in the Jardin des Plantes. If he had seen 

 other specimens I believe he would have mentioned the fact. Therefore 

 his statements represent probably the comparison of his species with the 

 type of Savigny. After all E. Maitritanica seems to differ by much 

 darker colors, the lack of villosity of the antennae of the imago (those of 

 the larva are hairy), by the length of the last joint of palpi, by the asym- 

 metry of the left appendage, and by less transversals of the wings. 



1 1 . Embia Per ska. 



E. Persica McLachl., Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xiii., p. 382. 

 Female? Length of body 9}^ to 10)^ mill.; exp. of wings 13^ to 

 15 mill. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 



Nigra subnitida; caput vix in medio piceo tinctum ; pronotum brun- 

 neum ; antennoe nigrae, basin versus pallido cinctae, 24-articulatae, arti- 

 culis duobus ultimis flavidis ; alae angustae, fuliginosae, albido 5-striatae ; 

 venis fuscis. (McLachl.) 



Hab. — Shahrud, Northern Persia. Three specimens collected by Mr 

 Christoph in McLachlan's collection. 



I have never seen this species ; the detailed description must be com- 

 pared in the original. There is no asymmetry noted, which is probably 

 the reason that the author has considered them to be all females, with an 

 appended ? The species seems to be different from all described ones, 

 but related to the two foregoing species. 



12. Embia Solieri. 



E. Solieri Rambur, Neuropt. p. 313, No. 4. 



Larva, dry : Length about 9 mill, {or a little less than E. Savignyi 

 Ramb.) Body rufo-fuscous, villous ; head about quadrangular, a little 

 depressed ; eyes small, black, not prominent ; antennse reddish-yellow, a 

 little longer than the head, villous, i8-jointed j 1st joint cylindrical, thicker 

 than the others ; 2nd short, 3rd longer, the rest globular. Prothorax 

 narrower than the head, somewhat enlarged behind, about as broad as 

 long, with a deep, transversal sulcus after the first third ; mesothorax ob- 

 long ; metathorax quadrangular ; no traces of wing cases. Abdomen 

 robust, broad, dark rufous, villous, a little shining ; segments alike, twice 

 broader than long, the last dorsal triangular, obtuse, symmetrical. Appen- 

 dages (rudiments only present) reddish-yellow, the basal joint thick, 

 short. The opening of the female genitals on the ventral side seems to 

 be present. Legs ferruginous, femora partly darker ; the femora and the 

 basal joint of tarsi of fore legs dilated as usual ; the only dried specimen 

 before me shows these parts shrunk, but they seem less broad than in E. 

 Savignyi; the middle legs are more dilated and stronger than usual. 



Hab. — -The specimen before me is labelled Spain. Probably it is the 

 same mentioned by me (Stettin Ent. L, 1886, vol. xxvii., p. 285). I have 

 studied the type of E. Solieri Rbr. and some other larva from Spain in 

 the collection of DeSelys Longchamps, but I can not find my notes. At 

 least Rambur's description agrees with the specimen from Spain, never- 

 theless, if my memory is not at fault, the specimen from Marseille is 

 larger. It is very remarkable, that in the more than forty years since 

 Rambur's publication no winged imago has been found, though the 




194 THt; CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



wingless form is widely spread in southern France and in Spain, and 

 seems to be frequently met with. 



In Petit. Nouvelles Entoml. Paris, 1877, vol. ii., p. 182 (not com- 

 pared), Mr. Bolivar, commenting upon Mr. Girard's opinion, that only one 

 species of Embia exists in Europe, and that probably an importation, 

 notes that a species is abundant in the larval form near Madrid, and is no 

 doubt indigenous. Mr. Girard, 1. c, p. 125, replies, and thinks the dis- 

 covery not opposed to his hypothesis. McLachlan, 1. c, p. 193, states 

 that there can be no doubt as to perhaps more than one species living in 

 Europe (of Record for 1877). 



Mr. Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1880, Ball, p. xcvii,, had found in 

 February, 1850, near Toulon, not far from the Fort Lamalgue, larvse of 

 E. Solieri below the humid stones. The larvae were rather agile, and live 

 like those of E. Mauritanica in silk tunnels made in hollow places of the 

 stones. During the whole larval time they have the power of producing 

 white silk to make tubes or tunnels in which they probably undergo their 

 transformation. Contrary to Rambur's opinion the larvae, at least of 

 E. Mauritanica, live isolated, and only the adults become gregarious. 



Mr. M. Girard, ibid. 1881, Ball, p. cxxxvi., reported E. Solieri larvae 

 colleected by Mr. Xamben, near Port Vendres (Pyrenees Orientales), in 

 March, below stones in silken tunnels, which are traps for insects. The 

 species is very different from E. Mauritanica and E. Savignyi, and was 

 also found by Mr. Lucas near Perpignan and Collioures. He adds that 

 these localities harbor other southern forms, as Fatissus Favieri. 



Mr. Lucas, ibid, 1882, Ball, p. clxxxv,, found near Ame'lie-les-Bains, 

 end of December and January, 1882, below stones, a few E. Solieri 

 larvae, long 9 to 12 mill, with 16, 18 or 20 jointed antennae. It is very 

 rare that both antennas of the same specimen have the same number of 

 joints. 



Mr. Lucas, ibid, 1883, Ball, p. xxvi., compare at some length E. 

 Solieri, the imago of which is still unknown, with E. antiqua Piot., in the 

 Prussian amber. He states that this species closely resembles in form 

 E. Solieri, but differs by its longer antennae, which nearly exceed the meta- 

 thorax, though in E. Solieri they do not exceed the mesothorax, 



McLachlan, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. xiii., p. 376, states that he possesses 

 ^. Solieri from Hyeres, collected by Mr. Pascoe under stones. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 



13. Embia (Olyntha) Brasilicnsis. 



Olyntha Brasiliensis Gray, in Griffith Anim. Kingd., vol. xv., p. 374, 

 pi. 72, f. 2. 



O. Brasiliensis Westw., Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xvi., p, 373, pi. 2, f. 3. 



O. Brasiliensis Walk., Neur. Br. Mus., p. 532, n. i. 



Winged form (male?) Length of body 16 mill.; e.xp. of wings 25 

 mill, (from Westwood's plate). 



"AntemicC corporis fere longitudine, articulis 32 ; alae nervo 4 interne 

 trifido. Piceo niger, prothorace supra femoribusque 4 antiois ochreis, 

 antennarum articulis 10 ultimis albis, alis piceis, vittis albis inter nervos 

 longitudinales, nervisque transversis tenuiter albo-marginatis." (West- 

 wood.) 



Hab. — Brazil, coll. British Museum, formerly in Mr. Children's coll. 

 I have seen only the type, first described by G. Gray in Griffith and 

 figured ibid, by Westwood ; on the plate it is named Embiiis ? Brasilien- 

 sis. I have omitted " palpi maxillares 4 articulati " in Westwood's 

 description, as it has been corrected by Burmeister in 5 articulati for 

 Olyntha, and this statement is verified by examination of the type by 

 McLachlan, 1. c, p. 378. The few words in Griffith contain nothing 

 more, except that prothorax and femora are called fulvous instead of 

 ochreous. Though there is no asymmetry stated for this species the 

 figure by Westwood has the tubercle between the appendages drawn more 

 to the right, and the figure in Griffith has a spine on the left side and the 

 right appendage (by error) three jointed. In 1857, on my way to Lon- 

 don, I had compared O. Brasiliensis in the museum at Berlin, and the 

 type in the Museum at Halle, both from the same lot, and when I saw 

 the type in London, I had the impression that the type of 0. Brasiliensis 

 was different from Burmeister's species, with yellow appendages. In the 

 figure by Griffith they are black. On my return I compared again the 

 specimen in Berlin, and found my first impression confirmed. As 

 I had seen only single specimens, and was then very little acquainted 

 with this family, I thought it more prudent in my Synopsis Embid, p. 

 222, to draw attention to the supposed difference. I should remark 

 that Mr. Walker has copied Burmeister's description instead of Westwood's, 

 though he had the type at his disposal. 



14. Embia (Oly?itha) Batesi. 



Embia Batesi McLachl., Jour, Linn. Soc, vol. xiii., p. t^Zq, 




196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Olyntha Brasiliensis ? Burm. Handb. vol. ii., p. 770. 



Winged form: Length of body 7 mill.; exp. of wings 14 mill. (41 

 mill, is a misprint, McLachl.) 



" Nigra vel nigro-picea ; prothorax flavo-ferrugineus ; antennas nigrae, 

 20-articulatae, articulis quinis ultimis flavidis, pallide pilosis ; alae breves, 

 latae, nigro-fuscae, albido 5-striatae." — McLachlan. 



For the detailed description the original should be compared. 



Hab. — Amazon's coll. by Mr. Bates, one specimen in McLachlan's 

 coll. I have no specimen before me. The identity of Burmeister's 

 species with E. Batesi is at least probable ; if it belongs to a different 

 species, it would be new. The differences to be noted out of Burmeister's 

 description are as follows : O. Brasiliensis Burm. has 30-jointed antennae, 

 " apice albis " ; E. Batesi only 20-jointed antennae, the apical fourth five 

 joints pale yellowish. Now, accepting that the antennae of E. Batesi 

 were incomplete, Burmeister's species, if identical, would not have the 

 tip, but the apical half pale. Burmeister has, " femoribus 4-anticis 

 ochraceis"; McLachlan, "coxae yellowish." Finally Burmeister says, 

 " cercis albis " ; McLachlan, " the 2nd joint obscure yellowish with black 

 hairs." E. Batesi is stated by McLachlan to be the broadest-winged 

 species known to him. 



15. Embia (Olyntha) ruficapilla. 



Olyntha ruficapilla Burm. Handb. vol. ii., p. 770, No. 2. 



O ruficapilla Walk. Neur. Brit. Mus., p. 532, No. 2. 



Winged male ? Length of body 7 mill. ; length with wings, 11 mill; 

 exp. of wings 17 mill. 



Dark fuscous, nearly black, shining, villous ; head and prothorax red ; 

 head longer than broad, ovoid, sHghtly convex above ; a transversal fur- 

 row between the eyes, which are black and very prominent, and a sharp 

 longitudinal impression in the middle of head behind the eyes ; epistom 

 transversal, half as long as broad, rounded besides ; labrum short, some- 

 what triangular ; mandibles orange ; max. palpi fuscous, thick, 5-jointed, 

 the last joint oval, larger ; labial palpi fuscous, the last joint longer, ovate ; 

 aniennse dark fuscous, densely covered with dark hairs; only 16 joints 

 present, which are longer than head and thorax together ; thin, after 6th 

 joint somewhat thicker ; ist joint cylindrical, a little stouter, 2nd short; 

 Sfd a little longer than ist, 4th to 6th a little shorter than 3rd ; all follow- 

 ing more elongate, fusiform, the two last ones again a little shorter. Pro- 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 



thorax narrower than the head, longer than broad, enlarged at the base, 

 flat, a transversal sulcus after the apical third. Legs rather long, dark 

 fuscous, shining; fore legs with the femur, tibia and basal joint of tarsi 

 equally long, compressed, dilated, the tarsal joint thicker, with a longi- 

 tudinal furrow ; the two apical joints short, the last one longer than the 

 preceding ; middle legs not so dark, more brownish, very little dilated, 

 the basal joint of tarsus short, scarcely longer than the two following 

 together ; the whole tarsus very little longer than the tibia ; hind legs 

 with very strong, long, dilated femur ; tibiae shorter, less dilated, com- 

 pressed ; tarsus about as long as tibia, basal joint not dilated, about as 

 long as the two others together ; the second very short ; all claws bent, 

 sharp, much thicker at base, rufous. Abdomen black, villous, shining, 

 one third shorter than the wings ; last dorsal segment polished ; appen- 

 dages black, villous, very long; basal joint thick, straight, apical joint 

 longer, thinner, a little narrowed in the middle. The abdomen is too 

 much shrivelled to make out anything more ; I can not see any asymme- 

 try, at least not of the appendages. Wings about four times longer than 

 broad, smoky black, rugulose, with four narrow white longitudinal lines, 

 the anterior (fifth) wanting ; venation dark fuscous ; sector trifurcate ; 

 about five costals and five transversals in the cell ; in the spaces below 

 some transversals. 



Hab. — Brazil. I have before me two dry specimens ; one from the 

 collection of the late Dr. Schneider in Breslau, Prussia, has only the label 

 Brazil ; it may have belonged to the same lot with Burmeister's types and 

 those in the Berlin Museum, but it has not been compared with them. 

 The other was collected by the late Mr. Appun in A^enezuela ; head and 

 prothorax wanting. 



In my Synops. Embid. p. 221, I had put E. Kliigi Ramb., Neur. p. 

 313, No. 3, with a question mark, to O. riificapilla. In my Syn. of N. 

 Amer. Neur., p. 301, it was given as a separate species. I have never 

 seen the type, which was collected by Delalande in Brazil, and belongs to 

 the Museum in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Rambur has apparently 

 omitted to describe the wings. If they had not been present, he would 

 have named the specimen a larva, as in the two other cases. Otherwise 

 his description, which is very detailed for the legs, contains nothing that 

 would not apply to O. ruficapilla ; perhaps his specimen was somewhat 

 darker. 



The specimen from Brazil before me presents in all the wings an inter- 




198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



esting anomaly of the venation, though the specimen from Venezuela has 

 in all wings the usual venation. The apical end of the cell is usually 

 formed by the radius and the upper branch of the sector meeting shortly 

 before the tip of the wing, forming a curve from which a short vein 

 emanates. Now in the Brazil specimen the upper branch of the sector 

 runs straight to the tip of the wing ; the radius ends a little before and is 

 not connected with the sector by curving down, but by a straight trans- 

 versal, parallel to the other transversals. The cell is therefore not closed, 

 as usual, at the end by a curve. The radius is connected with the margin 

 by a costal originating at the same point with the last transversal in the 

 cell below. The same arrangement of the venation occurs only in O. 

 Westiuoodl. That it occurs in O. riificapilla as an aberration is rather 

 important, and it will help to a right understanding of the venation. 



1 6. Embia (Olyntha) Salvini. 



Embia Salvini, McLachl. Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. xiii., p. 380. 



Winged male. Length of body 7 mill., exp. of wings 12 mill, (both 

 approximative). Body black, sub-opaque, covered sparingly with dark 

 hairs. Head very little longer than broad, about quadrangular, the sides 

 very little sloping to the rounded hind angles ; a large shallow depression 

 on the middle of the disk above, in the centre of which is a very faint 

 short elevated longitudinal line ; eyes black, large, but less prominent 

 than in O. ruficapilla, reniform ; antennae with only 19 joints present, 

 which are nevertheless longer than head and thorax together, yellowish 

 to 8th joint, the following successively darker, fuscous nearly blackish, 

 polished ; all with long fuscous hairs ; basal joint cylindrical, stout, a 

 little darker than the following, reddish yellow ; 2nd small, as long as 

 broad ; 3rd as long as the two basals together ; 4th half as long as 5th, 

 pyriform; 5th to loth successively longer, pyriform ; all following shorter, 

 a little thickened after the middle ; labrum short, half as long as broad, 

 rounded, yellowish at base and sides ; the middle and margin blackish ; 

 max. palpi dark fuscous, thick, ist to 4th joint short, about alike, 5th 

 longer, sub-acute ; labial palpi similar, last joint longer ; all palpi clothed 

 with paler hairs ; mandibles black on tip ; mentum large. Prothorax 

 short, half as broad as the head, enlarged to the wings, with a faint median 

 longitudinal impressed line and a deep anterior transverse sulcus, pro- 

 longated shortly along the oblique side-margin ; mesothorax rather longer 

 than broad ; metathorax nearly quadrangular. Legs shining black, clothed 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 



with pale hairs, tarsi somewhat castaneous ; fore legs strong ; femur, tibia 

 and first joint of tarsus of about the same size, compressed, dilated ; 

 the two last joints of tarsus small, short ; middle legs about 

 alike, but the ist joint of tarsus shorter, much less inflated; hind 

 legs wanting. Abdomen black, shining ; appendages long, black- 

 ish, clothed with yellowish hairs ; right appendage with the basal 

 joint stout, apical joint longer, thinner, both straight ; left appendage 

 broken. I can not make out any asymmetry, but I can not examine the 

 dorsum of the last segment ; between the appendages, nearer to the left, a 

 spiniform yellow sharp process, bent to above. Wings narrow elongate, 

 smoky blackish, with five longitudinal narrow whitish lines (the 4th be- 

 comes confluent with the 5th before its apex on the anterior wings in 

 McLachlan's specimen) ; venation fuscous ; sector trifid ; cell long with 

 two transversals, and several more in the spaces below; four faint costals. 

 In the left anterior wing the cell is closed as usual, where the right anterior 

 Aving has the cell open and the venation similar to the specimen of O. 

 ruficapilla from Brazil. In both hind wings the venation is even more 

 irregular. 



Hab. — One specimen collected by Prof Sumichrast on the Isthmus of 

 Tehuantepec, Mexico, in the Cambridge Museum ; one specimen from 

 Central America taken by Mr. Salvin at Chinautta, at 4,100 feet elevation, 

 in McLachlan's coll. 



I have no doubt that both specimens are identical, and have followed 

 closely McLachlan's description ; the only difference would be that the 

 basal joint of the antennae is black in McLachlan's specimen and reddish 

 yellow in mine. 



(To be Concluded in November Number.) 



ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE A. A. A. S. 



The meetings of the Club at Ann Arbor were held daily from the 25th 

 to the 28th of August, both dates inclusive, and were very successful. 

 The following among others were present and in constant attendance : — 

 J. A. Lintner, C. V. Riley, Herbert Osborn, John B. Smith, D. S. Kelli. 

 cott, O. S. Westcott, L. M. Underwood, A. J. Cook, E. A. Schwarz, Henry 

 G. Hubbard, S. H. Peabody, Clarence M. Weed, Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, 



In the absence of Dr. Morris, Prof. J. A. Lintner presided. Oflicers 

 for the ensuing year are : Pres., Prof. J. A. Lintner, of Albany ; Vice_ 




200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 



Pres., Mr. E. A. Schwarz, of Washington; Secretary, Mr. John B. Smith, 

 of Brooklyn. 



Aug. 25. — The following papers were read : A Biographical Sketch of 

 William LeBaron, late State Entomologist of Illinois ; Notes on some 

 Structural Characters of the Lepidoptera, by John B. Smith. The Family 

 Position of Eiiphanessa me7idica, by Geo. D. Hulst. 



Aug. 26. — Notes on Harnionia pini, by D. S. Kellicott ; On the Pre- 

 paratory Stages of an Undetermined Cossus, by D. S. KelHcott ; On the 

 Principal Injurious Insects of the Year, by C. V. Riley. Messrs. Kelli- 

 cott, Underwood and Osborn spoke on the same subject. 



Aug. 27. — Messrs. Cook, Osborn, Smith and Riley continued the 

 discussion of injurious insects of the year. Messrs. Lintner, Riley and 

 Westcott discussed the ease and difficulty of raising certain larvae. Mr. 

 Osborn gave some notes on the habitat of a Chironomous ; Mr. Cook 

 gave some notes on the functions of the secretion of Bark Lice (Leu- 

 caniwn tilia); also some notes on the Choke Cherry Tortricid, Caccecia 

 cerasivoran'a. Mr. Westcott gave some notes on the abundance of certain 

 Coleoptera. 



Aug. 28. — Random Notes on Mallophaga, by Herbert Osborn ; Larval 

 Longevity of a Species of Coleophora ; Extract from a letter of W. H. 

 Edwards, on some food plants of F. ajax; On a Peculiar Structure of the 

 ^ Cosmosoma omphale, by E. A. Schwarz. How shall- we Create and 

 Foster an Interest in the Study of Entomology ? by John B, Smith. All 

 the gentlemen present participated in this discussion, which was of great 

 niterest. 



The following committee of arrangements for the next meeting was 

 appointed : Chairman, J. A. Lintner, and Messrs. John B. Smith and C, 

 V. Riley. Adjournment to meet at call of the President at the next 

 meeting of the Association. 



LE NATURALISTE CANADIEN. 



We heartily congratulate our esteemed confrere, M. L'Abbe' Pro- 

 vancher, upon the re-appearance of his magazine after the lapse of many 

 months, and we trust that henceforth all difficulties may be removed, and 

 that the Government of the Province of Quebec will continue the assist- 

 ance which we understand was formerly given to the Editor. 



Errata. — Page 170, line 14 from bottom, read small / for lithophibis ; 

 specific name, not name of a genus. Same page, line 13 from bottom, for 

 Hestonotus read Xestonotus.—C. H. T. Townsend, Constantine, Mich. 




VOL. XVII. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1885. No. 11 



ENTOMOLOGY AT BRIGANTINE BEACH, N. J., IN 



SEPTEMBER. 



BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA. 



In the preceding volume of the Entomologist (vol. xvi., p. 186) an 

 account is given of some of the Coleoptera found in September on Brig- 

 antine Beach, N. ].; and having been there this season from the ist till 

 the 1 8th of the same month, I propose to give a further account of some 

 of the insects inhabiting that region. 



Cicindela dorsalis Say is found in great abundance on the shore 

 between the lines of high and low tide, keeping as close to the water as it 

 can get. If too closely pursued it frequently takes wing, alighting in the 

 surf and coming to the shore in the foam, from which it usually escapes 

 before it can be taken. It is sluggish in its movements, running about a 

 yard, then stopping, and so on alternately, and flying only when pursued, 

 and then for but short distances. More than two-thirds of the females 

 captured want either a part of an antenna or of a hind leg, these mutila- 

 tions occurring on the right side in a large majority. 



Cicitidela hirticoUis Say is likewise in as great abundance as the pre- 

 ceding, but does not mingle with it nor willingly pass the high tide line, 

 inhabiting bare depressed places on the sandy beach surrounded by hil- 

 locks of white sand, on which it delights to bask in the hottest sunshine. 

 It is a great lover of heat and light, and is sought for in vain except during 

 a few hours of the warmest and brightest days. It is very wary and 

 active, and by no means easily taken. 



Cicindela repanda Dej. also occurs plentifully in bare places sur- 

 rounded by grass, and on paths and roads where the ground is dark ; when 

 disturbed it rises and lights a short distance off in the short grass, where 

 it is easily taken before it can again arise. 



Though inhabiting contiguous territory, the habits of these three species 

 keep thera socially separate. 




202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



On the main land other Cicindelas occur in abundance. On the 14th, 

 while there, I took in less than an hour sixteen specimens of C. modcsta, 

 ten of vulgarly, and two of generosa, and saw many others. I had only 

 to stand beside one of the many bare spots that are common in the pine 

 woods, and throw the net over the insects as they came to bask in the 

 warm white sand. In these woods I also met with several females of a 

 fine, large Mictilla (occide?italis), black beneath, bright scarlet above, 

 with a black abdominal band. The specimen I took measured .90 inch 

 in length, and though the temptation to take others of so beautiful an 

 insect was great, being unfortunately without forceps, prudence gained 

 from painful experience forbade. 



Brigantine is inhabited by many species of Carabidae, most of which 

 are widely distributed and not confined to maritime regions. 



Calosoma scrutator Fab. occurs alive frequently, but is likely brought 

 from the main land by the waves. 



PasimacJms stiblaevis Beauv. is found sparingly, there being now 

 scarcely anything for it to live and shelter under ; formerly it was abundant. 

 The same remarks are applicable to Scarites siibterraneiis. Flatyniis 

 pwictiforinis Say is plentiful, living under all kinds of debris and decaying 

 grass. With it is found in less abundance Pterostichus erythropus. Amara 

 subaenea Lee. and A. musculus Say are of common occurrence. The 

 latter is poUenivorous as well as carnivorous, being often taken on the 

 spikes of grasses in flower, as well as in the vicinity of decaying animal 

 substances. 



Dermestes Frischii Kug. was found as usual, and in considerable 

 numbers. It seems to have immigrated to stay. 



Nitidula ziczac Say inhabits dead birds, which are often met with. 

 These do not become putrid nor breed Diptera, literally drying up, and 

 in this state becoming the abode of ziczac. 



Sphenophorus retusus Gyll. Of this only a few specimens were taken 

 in former years, but this season it occurred in the greatest abundance. 

 The larvse evidently live in the culm, or on the roots of the beach grass, 

 Calamagrosti^ (Psamina) areiiaria. This is a very coarse grass with a 

 culm frequently .25 inch in diameter. The loose sand drifting among it 

 forms hillocks four or five feet in height, the grass still shooting upward as 

 the sand accumulates, and throwing out roots beneath to retain it. There 

 is nothing else growing there on which they could possibly live. The 

 beetles were found in multitudes from the first to the sixth day of the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 



month, but after that time very sparingly. They seemingly emerge around 

 the culms of grass, crawling slowly over the loose sand till they find 

 mates, and always directing their course upward towards the highest 

 point, probably on account of its being the warmest. They appear to 

 require sunshine, warmth and dryness, not being seen when it is cloudy, 

 cold or damp. After pairing the males soon die and lie scattered over the 

 sand, but w'hether the female goes into hibernation or proceeds to oviposit 

 forthwith could not be ascertained. In the latter case there is ample time 

 for the ova to hatch and the larvae to be well developed before severe 

 frost, which would rarely affect them before the middle of November. 



Sphenophorus cariosus Oliv. A few specimens of this beetle were 

 found with retusus^ and its larvae presumably live on the same grass, but, 

 if abundant, its time of development must be earlier. 



Sphenophortis costipcnnis Horn is found sparingly in hibernation under 

 sods around the sand hills, and likewise undoubtedly lives in the larva 

 state on the roots of the same grass, there being nothing else to feed on 

 within a reasonable distance. 



The foregoing species of Sphenophorus seem to prefer dry situations 

 where there is no more moisture than naturally belongs to the soil. 



Sphenophorics placidus Say is, on the contrary, of a more aquatic 

 habit, being abundant on the salt marshes, where its larvae undoubtedly 

 live on the roots of a very fine short grass that grows there densely, and 

 is saturated almost daily with the water of the incoming tides. In Sep- 

 tember the beetle is found in great numbers in hibernation under drifted 

 timber that has become much imbedded in the wet soil and grass, where 

 for much of the time it must be immersed in salt water. 



Sphenophorus pertinax Oliv. Occasionally specimens are found with 

 placidus., but more commonly it occurs in hibernation under sods left in 

 dry places by the highest tides, seemingly requiring less moisture than 

 placidus. 



All the foregoing species of Sphenophorus seem to be widely distributed 

 except retusus, which, so far as known, is strictly maritime and not often 

 taken, at least there are few with whom I exchange whose cabinets I have 

 not supplied. 



LEPIDOPTERA. 



The species found on the island are not numerous. Pieris rapce Lin, 

 is abundant, though cabbage is little cultivated. I found over a dozen of 




204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGlSt. 



the pupae on the beach under a small board, and on searching for the 

 food plant, discovered the larvae had fed on the Cakile americana — a 

 curious maritime plant, which though belonging to the Cruciferae, is very- 

 remote from the cabbage. 



Callidryas eubule Lin. Specimens were observed on the wing nearly 

 every day along the margin of the ocean, flying apparently at the height 

 of fifteen or twenty feet and about the same distance from the shore, so 

 that their capture could not be effected, though I took a crippled one and 

 thus ascertained the species. All appeared to be southward bound, flying 

 steadily but slowly. 



Colias philodice is annually represented by a few specimens. In the 

 absence of clover, the larvse probably feed on an abundant native species 

 of Phaseolus that seems in perpetual bloom, and of which the butterfly 

 appears very fond. 



Danais archippus Fab. The multitude of this butterfly that assembled 

 here the first week in September is almost past belief Millions is but 

 feebly expressive — miles of them is no exaggeration. On the island is a 

 strip of ground from 150 to 400 yards wide and about two and one-half 

 miles in length, overgrown with Myrica cerifera ; after three o'clock these 

 butterflies coming from all directions, began to settle on the bushes, and 

 by evening every available twig was occupied. To see such multitudes at 

 rest, all suspended from the lower sides of the limbs, side by side, as is 

 their well known custom, was something well worth seeing. One evening 

 I travelled more than half the distance of their encampment, and learned 

 that It extended the whole length and breadth of the bushes. In the 

 morning they gradually separated and did not appear unusually numerous 

 during the day, but in the afternoon they came again as described. I 

 found them on the second, the day of my arrival, as related above, and 

 this was repeated daily till the sixth, the forenoon of which was rather 

 calm and sultry ; a storm of wind and rain came on about two o'clock 

 p. m., continuing till midnight. The next afternoon few came to camp ; 

 the great army had disappeared — but, how ? when ? where to ? During 

 the next few days they appeared again in considerable numbers — about as 

 they had been observed in former Septembers — but insignificant when 

 compared with those that preceded. The males and females were about 

 equal in numbers. Not a single stalk of their food plant (Asclepias) 

 grows on the island. On the main land, seven miles distant, I observed 

 several patches of A. tuberosa in full bloom, but saw neither larva nor 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 



butterfly ; and as I learned that this plant is plentiful in that part of New 

 Jersey, a scarcity of food will not account for this migratory habit. 

 Neither will a scarcity of timber in which to hibernate, for this is super- 

 abundant. For a good account of this butterfly see Riley's 3rd Missouri 

 Report, p. 143; American Entomologist, vol. 3, p. loi; Can ad. Ent., 

 vol. 12, p. 37, 38. 



Pyrameis Jmntera Fab. is quite common, its food plant (Gnaphalitan 

 polycephalum) growing there abundantly. 



Deiopeia bella Lin. This pretty little moth flies in the hottest sunshine 

 and is excessively abundant. The food plant of the larvae is unknown to 

 me, but the imago frequents the flowers of a maritime species of Solidago. 



Spilosoma acraea and virginica. The larvae of these two species 

 were seen, but not in great numbers. 



Anthera polyphenms. The larvae occur in abundance, and might be 

 collected by the peck from the Bayberry bushes, on the leaves of which 

 they feed. There is a marked difference between the imagos produced 

 from the coast larvae and those raised here, the former having the colors 

 brighter and the red on the wings deeper and more extensive. 



Hyperchiria to. The larvae are likewise found on the Bayberry 

 bushes, but being a general feeder, it abounds on many plants, especially 

 such as are cultivated. It is in bad repute with the natives, one of whom 

 informed me that its " sting " was certain death in about fifteen minutes, the 

 only remedy being several liberal " whiskies " taken immediately. 



I noticed the larvae of three or four other species of Bombycidae, and 

 a few Noctuidae ; but the place does not seem to be congenial to many 

 species of the latter family. 



The hymenopterist would find several interesting things in his line 

 there. I observed two species of small Mutilla living in colonies in the 

 sand hills. There are at least a dozen speciesof sand wasps, all seemingly 

 solitary and in constant search for prey. There is a black species about 

 one inch in length that I have frequently seen pounce on an unsuspecting 

 Crustacean (sand crab) of at least twice its weight, give it a quick stab, 

 and then haul it rapidly off to its burrow in some convenient sand hill. 



I close this paper with a brief notice of a young but very enthusiastic 

 entomologist, whose acquaintance I formed there, Master Lewis Barber, 

 two and one half years old, a grandson of the proprietor of the hotel. 

 This young gentleman spends all his leisure time — all that is not occupied 

 in eating and sleeping — in collecting insects in all orders except Hymen- 




206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



optera, and is never happy unless he has some living thing in his hand. 

 He takes particular delight in catching that ferocious Dipter, the green- 

 headed fly, which he dexterously holds by the legs, greatly admiring its 

 buzzing, and can not be induced to go to bed without having one of them, 

 or something else, in his fist. His captures are never killed nor tortured, 

 but dexterously thrust into a tin box with a sliding lid, which he carries 

 with him ; there he puts what he calls millers, grasshoppers, crickets and 

 bugs. When he takes anything, he examines it with as much interest and 

 gravity as his older brethren. He has no fear, handling caterpillars and 

 worms with great composure, to the intense disgust of his mother and his 

 lady acquaintances, who say the more hateful and horrid a thing is, and 

 the more it wriggles, he likes it the better. His admiration was unbounded 

 when I presented him with a larva of Polyphemus. He cares little for the 

 companionship of other children unless they join him in catching insects. 

 This entomological disposition was manifested, his mother says, before he 

 could crawl, and all her endeavors have not in the least tended to wean 

 him from what she calls " such horrible and disgusting playthings." 



Perhaps I am now writing the first page of the biography of a renowned 

 entomologist of the future. Who knows ? This sketch will recall to such 

 as have read " The Life of a Scotch Naturalist, by Samuel Smiles," the 

 childhood days of Thomas Edward, associate of the Linnaean Society. 

 Those who have not, have neglected one of the most intensely interesting 

 biographies ever published. 



MONOGRAPH OF THE EMBIDINA. 



(Continued from page igg.) 



BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



17. Embia (Olyntha) Midler i, n. sp. 



Wingless form, female ? dry. Length of body 1 2 mill. 



Body large, stout, black, very sparingly clothed with yellow hairs . 

 shining, the head alone semi-opaque. Head large, flat, scarcely longer 

 than broad, a httle narrowed to the occiput ; hind angles rounded ; a shal- 

 low impression above with a short longitudinal engraved line ; eyes black, 

 small, not prominent ; antennae only 2 1 joints present, which are as long 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 



as head, pro- and mesothorax ; black, with yellow hairs, the lo last joints 

 strongly polished; ist stouter, cylindrical; 2nd short, annular; 3rd 

 cylindrical, as long as first ; 4th and fifth very short ; the rest successively 

 longer, nearly pyriform, the last ones about ovoid. Epistom half as long 

 as broad, sides rounded, front margin widely notched ; labrum large, a 

 little narrower at base, front margin rounded and a little yellowish, as well 

 as the sides of the epistom ; max. palpi dark brown, villous, stout, com- 

 pressed, the three basal joints short, equal, 4th longer, obliquely truncated 

 at tip, 5th a Httle longer and larger, ovoid ; labial palpi compressed, 

 broad, ist very short, 2nd about as long as broad, 3rd longer, the broad 

 apex rounded. Prothorax a little longer than broad, behind a little 

 broader; narrower than head ; side margins nearly straight ; a transversal 

 sulcus after the apical third ; a fine engraved median longitudinal line ; 

 mesothorax broader and longer, flattened ; near the anterior margin a 

 transversal impression ; the anterior angles rounded, a little swollen along 

 the sides ; disk with a large shallow impression ; metathorax quadrangular, 

 shorter but as broad as the mesothorax ; impression near the anterior 

 margin stronger ; anterior angles more inflated, behind them a transversal 

 small furrow, as indication of a separation ; in mesothorax and metathorax 

 the anterior margin and angles pale yellow ; the " segment me'diare " con- 

 nected with the metathorax short, rounded before. Abdomen flat, one 

 third less broad than the thorax, shining, very hairy ; dorsal segments 

 alike, transverse, short, the last one larger, rounded ; appendages large ; 

 basal joint short, broad ; apical joint much longer, ovoid ; the two last 

 ventral segments with a median longitudinal deep furrow. I can not see 

 a genital opening, these parts being shrivelled up. Legs strong, 

 very hairy, black shining ; fore legs reaching the tip of mouth parts, femurs 

 long, compressed, dilated; tibiae alike, shorter; tarsus with first joint 

 shorter than tibia, bent to below, dilated with a median furrow ; no 

 spine ; the two apical joints small, much shorter ; middle legs similar 

 but shorter, thinner, very little dilated ; hind legs as stout as the fore legs, 

 femur much dilated, tibise shorter, not dilated ; tarsus short, yel- 

 lowish, basal joint less than half of the tarsus, cylindrical, stouter than the 

 following ones, of which the 2nd is very short, the 3rd as long as the ist. 

 I see no asymmetry of the end of abdomen, but those parts are not in 

 good condition. 



Hab. One specimen from Itajahy, S. Cattarina, S. Brazil, collected 




208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ' 



1879, by Dr. F. Miiller, to whom the Museum is greatly indebted for 

 interesting specimens and biological notices. 



The specimen arrived in a letter, and is a little crushed, perhaps flat- 

 tened. It is the only wingless specimen of Olyntha seen by me. I suppose 

 it to be a female, because no male genitals between the appendages are to 

 be seen, and the last ventral segment has a longitudinal furrow (or is per- 

 haps split). There is no female of Olyntha known ; if the females are 

 colored like the males, this specimen belongs to a new species. The 

 apparent indication of wings looks decidedly as when they are abortive 

 and will never be developed. Therefore it can be assumed that the speci- 

 men is a female imago, or if winged females should exist, a wingless form 

 similar to those of the Termitina. 



HISTORY OF THE FAMILY. 



Latreille, Families nat. du regne animal, Paris, 1825, p. 437, at the 

 end of the Termitines, says : " Les genres Termes, Embie (voisin du 

 prece'dent, mais a antennes diffe'rentes)." In the German translation by 

 Dr. Berthold, 1827, p. 435, the French expression Embie is given as Em- 

 bium. Latreille, in Cuvier's Regne Animal, new (2nd) edit, 1829, vol. 

 v., p. 256, states in a foot note : Some insects of the southern parts of 

 Europe and of Africa are related to Termes, but with the head broader 

 than the prothorax, three-jointed tarsi, wings not longer than the abdomen 

 or none, with compressed legs, the two anterior tibias (sic !) much 

 broader, without ocelli, and the thorax elongate form, the genus indi- 

 cated in the Families Nat. with the name Embie (Embia). It has been 

 figured in the large work on Egypt. Indeed the celebrated Savigny, in 

 Descr. de I'Egypte Zool. Neuropt, pi. 2, f 9 and 10, had figured one 

 species with numerous details (E. Savigny i Westw.) The plate was drawn 

 and engraved between 1805 and 1812, but not published before 1825, 

 There are on the plate only the names of the families, even the Termitines 

 wanting among them, but no names of the species. In the meantime the 

 unfortunate Savigny had become blind, and an Explication Sommaire of 

 the plates by V. Audouin was published in the last months of 1825. The 

 note concerning Embia is as follows: "The two insects, figs. 9 and 10, 

 form a new genus, named by Latreille, Famil. Nat. p. 437, Embie, which 

 he places near Termes. M. Savigny has established the same relation by 

 placing Embia on the same plate at the side of Termes." I may remark 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 



that the two insects of which V. Audouin speaks belong to one and the 

 same species ; fig. 9 represents the insect from above, fig. 10 from below. 



Mr. R. Gray, in Grifiith's ed. of Cuvier, vol. xv (Insects, vol. ii., 1832) 

 p. 346, translates Latreille's note and describes briefly a new species from 

 Brazil as a new genus, Olyntha Brazil'misis. It was separated from 

 Embia by having the antennae as long as the body, the thorax much longer 

 and more separate from the head, which is rounded posteriorly, the ter- 

 minal joints of the palpi rather longer. It is figured (magnified) on pi. 

 72, f. 2, by Westwood, and named on the plate Embius ? Braziliensis, 

 J. R. Gray. The type formerly in Mr. Children's collection is now in the 

 Brit. Museum. 



Prof. J. O. Westwood in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1837, ^o^- ^vii., p. 

 369-374, pi. I (read March 4th, 1834) published : Characters of Embia, 

 a genus of insects allied to the white ants (Termites), with description of 

 the species of which it is composed. He describes three species which 

 he places as three sub-genera of the genus Embia, after single specimens, 

 one of them, Embia Savigtiyi West., only after Savigny's figures. The 

 second, Oligotoina Saundcrsii Westw., from Bengal (the type now in the 

 Brit. Museum) ; the third, Olyntha Braziliensis Gray, formerly described 

 in Griffith. The sub-genera are divided in such with 5-jointed palpi, 

 antennae shorter than the prothorax, with less than 20 joints (Embia and 

 Oligotoma), and with 4-jointed palpi, the antennae about as long as the 

 body ; the 4th vein trifid (Olyntha). The first group was divided by the 

 4th vein trifid (Embia) or bifid (Oligotoma). The numerous details 

 figured give to his work a permanent value. The genus Embia is said to 

 combine Termes with Eusthenia, a Perlid ; why is not stated. 



Burmeister, 1839, ^" ^^^^ Handb., vol. ii., p. 768, elevates his four 

 species to a family of equal value with the Termitina, and brings the 

 Embidae to his Tribus Corrodentia. He describes four species, one new, 

 O. rnficapilla. But his O. Braziliejisis is not Gray's species, and belongs 

 to O. Batesi McLachl. He corrects the number of the joints of the 

 maxillary palpi by Westwood for Olyntha, which has indeed five joints, as 

 the others. Burmeister elevates the three sub-genera of Westwood into 

 genera. 



Rambur, 1842, Neuropt. p. 310, places the Embides as a family near 

 the Termites. His general characters are excellent ; only four species are 

 described, and very well. Three of them are believed to be new, but his 

 E7nb. Latreillii is 0. Saundersii, and his E. Klugii probably O. ritfi- 




210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



capilla. The last one, E. Solieri, from Marseille, is only known in the 

 wingless state. Rambur disbelieves that Oligotoma and Olyntha are 

 generically different from Embia. 



Hagen, 1848, had composed a review of the literature concerning the 

 Neuroptera (sensu Linn.) ; the part containing the Embidina was printed 

 February, 1849, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 



Mr. H. Lucas, in his splendid work, Expl. scient. de I'Algerie, has 

 described and figured his new species, Embia Maiiritmiica. This publi- 

 cation and the later one in 1859, ^''^■ve in fact opened the way of a better 

 knowledge of this interesting family. Nothing was known before on the 

 habits and nothing on the internal anatomy and the sex of the species. 

 As the expensive work of Mr. Lucas is not accessible to students, I prefer 

 to translate the following important passage given in a foot note, vol. iii., 

 p. 112 : 



As I liked to know to which sex belongs this (winged) form, I dis- 

 sected several specimens (only 12 were collected). The ovaria are very 

 elongate, covered by a very fine membrane, made more resistant by longi- 

 tudinal fibres, giving a striated appearance. The ovaria are united 

 internally, forming a kind of very elongated parallelogram, which covers 

 the intestina in the whole length of the abdomen. The egg tubes are 

 straight, parallel, very long, thick and fusiform ; toward the thorax the 

 tubes are successively thinner, prolongated in a thread, which is attached 

 together with the fibres to the first segment of the abdomen. Toward the 

 end of the abdomen the tubes are recurvated suddenly at their hind end 

 to form combined a very short oviduct, nearly null, with many lateral 

 tubiform vessels, which are very irregular, nodulose, embracing themselves 

 and recurvated in all directions (Lucas), 



Mr. Lucas states after the result of his dissections, that all twelve 

 winged specimens at his command are females, and that all showed the 

 same asymmetry of the last segment of the abdomen and of the appen- 

 dages. The winged male is still unknown. I have to remark that the 

 females of E. Mauritanica are the only known winged females 

 and the only known with asymmetry of the tip of the abdomen. Mc- 

 Lachlan, 1. c, p. 382, has stated the three specimens of his E. Fersica 

 as questionable females (all % ?), but does not say why, nor does he men- 

 tion symmetry or asymmetry of the tip of the abdomen ; therefore more 

 detailed information would be desirable. 



The detailed description of the ovaria by Lucas is also very important 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211 



for the systenicatic position of the Embidina. Indeed it disposes for ever 

 of the claims of relation with the Perlidae, of which the peculiar and very 

 different form of the ovaria is well known. The ovaria of all 

 groups of the Orthoptera are different, as far as known to me, and among 

 the Pseudoneuroptera the Psocina differ also entirely. The only related 

 form of ovaria we find among the Termitina, and indeed the inner organs 

 of a virgin female of Ternies is as similar as if the description by Mr. 

 Lucas had been made after one of them. I think this similarity speaks 

 indeed very strong in favor of the place of the Embidina near to the 

 Termitina. 



It should be remarked that the vol. iii. of the Expl. scient. de I'Algerie, 

 though it has on the title page 1849, ^^ published later. At least De Selys 

 Longchamps Revue des Odonates d'Europe, preface February 24, 1850, 

 was not able to give the pages and plate of the Odonata described by 

 himself for this work (f p. 315, 318, etc.), and the Odonata in the Ex- 

 ploration follow the Embia. 



For the only known facts up to the present concerning the habits of 

 Embia, their living in silken tunnels spun by themselves, by the wingless 

 and by the winged form, we are indebted to Mr. Lucas in the Explor. and 

 in his later paper, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1859, ^^^"^ ^^'^^ corroboration of the 

 same for £m^. Latreillei, ibid., 1883. He believes these insects to be 

 carnivorous. 



Fr. Walker, 1853, List of Neuropt. in the British Museum, p. 529-533, 

 copies mostly Burmeister. Of the eight species mentioned, one is new, 

 Oly?ttha staphilhioidcs from Brazil, but it belongs to Forficula. 



Hagen, 1866, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, collected in his Synopsis 

 Embidinorum all known to him about these insects. He enumerates 

 eleven species, two of them probably synonyms, two without description. 

 Only seven were considered as doubtless. 



Mr. R. McLachlan, 1877, Li"n. Soc. Journ., vol. xiii., p. 373-384, pi. 

 I, pubHshed a paper which gave a new and strong impulse to the study of 

 this remarkable family — " On the Nymph-stage of P^mbidae, with Notes 

 on the Habits of the Family." He had the good chance to study living 

 insects imported with an East Indian orchid. The carnivorous habits of 

 Embids, accepted on the authority of Mr, Lucas, became at least doubt- 

 ful, as this species makes depredations on the roots of orchids. McLach- 

 lan gives a review of all known and published on Embids, and describes 

 four new species, Oligotoma ATichaeli, Embia Batesi, E. Salvini, E, 




212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Fersica, so that in all eleven are known. The genera Embia and Olyntha 

 are again united, and separated by its trifid sector from Oligotoma with 

 a bifid one. I have before under O. Michaeli given the details of this 

 communication, and may only repeat that the so-called nymph (when the 

 description and the figures are correct) can not be a nymph, because the 

 characters of the wing cases of a nymph are not present. Perhaps it is a 

 short-winged imago. Later he has described 0. itisularis, a new species 

 from the Sandwich Islands. 



Mr. Wood-Mason, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 628-634, pi. i, 

 published " A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Embidae." His 

 attention was drawn to this group by McLachlan before his return to 

 India. The memoir is very interesting, but there is left enough for further 

 observations. After the perusal of the Hterature he had formed the 

 opinion that the females were still unknown, and that they would prove to 

 be wingless and probably larger in size. Of course he has not known 

 Lucas's work, in which by dissection the female sex of winged imago had 

 undoubtedly been proven for Embia Mauritanica. He discovered larvge 

 of a species apparently living in society. All were males probably of 0. 

 Sau?tdersii. None of them showed the slightest traces of wings, but as 

 the size of the specimens is not recorded, the larval state is at least not 

 yet sure. He discovered also a large wingless female of 0. Michaeli. I 

 have before discussed this female, which seems to be doubtless a female 

 imago, though its belonging to O. Michaeli is still a conjecture. He 

 describes the male sexual characters of O. Saundersii, and speaks at some 

  length about the wings of the same species, giving enlarged figures of the 

 venation. I have to say more about them in the chapter treating the 

 characters of Embids. A paper promised on the differences between the 

 Embidae and the Perlidae has not yet been published. He considers the 

 Embidse as belonging to the true Orthoptera, being in some respects the 

 lowest term, and in others the lowest term but one, of a series formed 

 by the famiUes Acridioidea, Locustidse, Gryllidse and Phasma. 



I have now described seventeen species, only two of them I have never 

 seen (E. Mauritanica and E. Fersica), and three are now not before me 

 (S. antiqua, O. Braziliensis, O. ruficapilla). 



Characters of the Embidina. 

 Head. — The head is nearly free (caput liberum) ; the foramen occi- 

 pitale is not just at the end of the head, as in Raphidia, but a little before 

 and below ; the membranous part of the prothorax slides gently to the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 



foramen. Head horizontal, small, flat, a little convex above, obovate or 

 more or less quadrangular ; the Y-shaped suture, so common in Termitina, 

 Psocina, etc., on the upper side is entirely wanting ; the eyes are always 

 in the front corner, whereas in the other families they are placed in the 

 middle of the sides or in the hind corner of the head. The eyes of the 

 winged forms are large, prominent, reniform, the facets globose as in 

 aggregate eyes ; the eyes of the wingless forms are smaller, not prominent, 

 and the facets flattened as in the composite eyes ; therefore the head of 

 wingless forms looks different, and is more ovoid ; ocelli are wanting, but 

 some species show a very small impressed line or groove, which calls to 

 mind the obliterate middle ocellus of Blatta, The antennae are as long as 

 the body (Olyntha) or shorter, reaching the end of the metathorax or only 

 the prothorax ; the antennae of the wingless forms are always shorter ; they 

 (antennae) are inserted in a little socket in the anterior excision of the 

 eyes ; 15 to 32 articulated, but so fragile that it is difficult to find a speci- 

 men with the same number of joints on both antennae ; the basal joint is 

 always somewhat stouter than the others, cylindrical ; 2nd joint always 

 very short, annular, 3rd joint always about as long as the ist, and com- 

 monly followed by three shorter joints ; all the following are longer, thick- 

 ened toward the tip, or pear-shaped ; the last one more or less ovoid. 

 The epistoma is short, broad and united with the labrum by a membran- 

 ous rhinarium ; the labrum is large, nearly orbicular, cut off" at the base ; 

 or it is more quadrangular, broader than long, or shorter, largely rounded 

 in front. The mouth parts, at least the palpi, exceed a little the labrum j 

 mandibles strong, horny, with two to three teeth on tip ; maxilla narrow 

 with two teeth on tip ; outer lobe narrow ; palpi longer, strong, 5-jointed 

 (4-jointed in Termitina and Psocina), the three basal ones short, equal ; 

 the last joint much longer, ovoid ; 4th joint always shorter than the 5th, 

 but sometimes about as long as the 3rd. Labium bilobed, large, some- 

 times (I have not material enough to decide this positively) with two very 

 small pointed lobes between them. They are mentioned by Burmeister, 1. c. 

 769, and are to be seen in two of the species in Westwood's figures. On 

 the basis of the upper side of the labium is a long middle slit (as in 

 Psocina), the opening of the spinning glands. It is figured by Savigny, 

 1, c. pL ii., f. 9, u. e., but not mentioned in the description, nor anywhere 

 else. I am not sure if the inner pointed lobes mentioned before belong 

 to the spinning apparatus ; perhaps the homologous large inner lobes of 

 the Termitina have been here and in Psocina transformed into a spinning 




214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



apparatus. The mentum is large, oblong or quadrangular, and inserted 

 in a sharply-cut opening of the head. 



Prothorax much narrower than head, long, enlarged behind, with sharp 

 straight side margin ; after the first third a transverse deep sulcus, mostly 

 prolonged behind along the side margin ; the part before the sulcus cor- 

 responds to the similar but broader part which covers the occiput in Ter- 

 mitina ; the hind part is a little convex ; a sharp impressed middle line 

 often runs along the whole prothorax. The mesothorax and the meta- 

 thorax are larger, quadrangular and about equal in the winged forms ; on 

 the tergum is a large triangular elevation, to the sides of which the hind 

 part of the wings is attached by a membranous fold. The tergum of the 

 wingless form is without this elevation, and among those forms the meso- 

 thorax may be larger than the metathorax. Each segment of the thorax is 

 divided into three parts. 



The wings are horizontal, of the same shape and size, long, nar- 

 row, three to four times longer than broad, rounded or elliptical at the 

 apex, as long as the abdomen, or somewhat longer in Olyntha (I have 

 seen no alcoholic specimens of Olyntha). The wings are not deciduous 

 as in Termitina, a basal squama being wanting ; indeed the wings are so 

 strongly attached that I have never seen a specimen dry or in alcohol 

 which had lost a wing. The attachment is made by the callus axillaris 

 anterior, just on the side of the anterior angle of the mesothorax, and by 

 the callus axillaris posterior a little behind the former and more dorsal ; 

 the membrane of the hind margin of the wings is firmly attached by a 

 membranous fold along the whole margin of the ob-triangular tergal ele- 

 vation ; the same attachment is found in Ephemerina, and is homologous 

 to the membranula accessoria of the Odonata. The callus ax. anterior 

 sends a strong vessel in the wing, forming the subcosta and the mediana ; 

 the callus ax. posterior sends from beneath in the wing the submediana 

 and the post-costa. I was not able to find tracheae in the wings or veins. 

 The costa, which is a real vein, originates from the subcosta ; the vein 

 along the hind margin can be followed mostly to the middle of the wing, 

 and originates from the post-costa. The membrane of the wings is more 

 or less rugose, similar to the wings in the group of Calotermes, including 

 C. verrucosus, pusillus, rugosus and related species. The rugosity is 

 effected by numerous little pits bearing a very small hair in the centre 

 they are more frequent and more densely placed on or near the veins, and 

 seem then to form a kind of socket ; a series of longer hairs is found on 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 



the veins, or indicate their place when the veins themselves are obliter- 

 ated. By means of these series of longer hairs there can be located between 

 the submediana and post-costa three obliterated, or rather undeveloped, 

 veins in 0. IVestwoodi. I can not find any sure trace of the sieve-plate, 

 which is common at the base of the wings of the Psocina, unless it is 

 represented by a short double series of approximated larger holes near 

 and partly upon the base of the post-costa. The coloration of the wings 

 is remarkable, being blackish, fuscous, fuliginous, or at least fumose, with 

 five narrow white longitudinal bands between the veins. As these bands 

 follow longitudinal folds or deepenings of the membrane ^^between two 

 veins, they perhaps represent undeveloped veins. But I was not able to 

 discover a series of longer hairs in these white bands. Moreover the 

 smoky dark wings of the Termitina with a number of undeveloped veins, 

 never show similar white bands, which indeed seems to be characteristic for 

 Embidina. The ingenious assumption of Mr. Wood-Mason, 1. c. p. 633, 

 that the white bands represent the original hyaline color of the wings, and 

 that the dark veins are broadly bordered on both sides with brown or 

 black-smoky, as to leave only narrow streaks of the ground color visible, 

 is worthy of consideration. Of the veins, the sub-costa on its origin and 

 the post-costa are usually the darkest and largest ones, but the mediana 

 is the largest in its whole length except at base. The mediana is accom- 

 panied on both sides by a dense series of rugosities which form (Olyntha) 

 together with both margins of the mediana, four approximated blackish 

 lines. 



With the intention to make my descriptions easy for comparison and 

 to avoid any confusion, I have always used the names of the veins given in the 

 descriptions of Westwood, McLachlan and Wood-Mason. I give here 

 the nomenclature of the veins used by me in all my neuropterological 

 papers since 1846, because the origin and the comparative value, and the 

 homology of the veins, become more evident. My detailed paper on the 

 wings and veins of the Odonata, made in 1846, was to be printed at the 

 end of the monographs on Odonata, and the nomenclature was accepted 

 by De Selys-Longchamps and used in all subsequent papers. The mono- 

 graphs of the four sub-families still wanting were interrupted, and the 

 parts ready for the general volume (wings, antennas, legs) remain still 

 unpublished. I had then of course not known the nomenclature used by 

 Heer, in which Kirby's names are partly accepted, as his work was pub- 

 lished in 1847. As Heer's nomenclature has never been used except in 




216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



some papers on fossil insects, I have used my own, and have given, Stett. 

 Ent. Zeit., 1870, a more general paper on the rational nomenclature of 

 the venation in the wings of insects. The plate accompan)ang this paper 

 was made at my request by my old friend, Zeller, as I was then on a long 

 voyage. The numbers and the f at veins on the plates are all Prof Zel- 

 ler's, and very different from my views. As the plate had been published 

 before my return, it has not been given any explanation, because the plate 

 did not illustrate my views. 



I may add that I have studied carefully Dr. Adolf's recent papers on 

 veins of insect wings, in the hope of finding a better explanation for the 

 aborted or undeveloped veins, but without success. The costa runs as a 

 true and strong vein along the anterior margin to the middle of the rounded 

 apex of the wing, where it is commonly connected with the submediana. 

 The costa is incised at its extreme base ; the very small part before this 

 incision, which lies not exactly in the same line with the costa, is, together 

 with the very minute part below it, homologous with the basal squama. 

 The sub-costa is the strongest and darkest vein, straight, ending free in the 

 basal third of the length of the wing, somewhat earlier in the hind wings. 

 I am not able to confirm (even from wings in alcohol) Wood-Mason's 

 statement that it would, if produced far enough, run into the costal vein. 

 Sometimes it seems indeed more directed to the costa, but in other species 

 (0. IVestwoodi) it seems to run to the sinus of the mediana. 



Out of the mediana (radius) originates at its base below the subcosta, 

 and a little before it above the costa ; the mediana runs as a very large 

 and diaphan vein (the subcosta is not diaphan) parallel to the costa to 

 the apex of the wing. Shortly before the apex the mediana is bent down 

 and united in a curve with the submediana. Out of the middle of this 

 curve runs a straight, short vein to the apex, which as I believe belongs to 

 the submediana. An abnormal specimen of 0. atricapilla and both 

 specimens of 0. IVestwoodi do not possess this curve in all the wings ; the 

 mediana is connected by a straight transversal with the submediana, and 

 ends shortly after this transversal obliquely in the costa. The mediana 

 runs in the middle of a large sinus, " studded thickly on each side with 

 microscopically minute setae " (Wood-Mason), or between two sinuses 

 following its whole length. I can not decide which view is better to be 

 accepted, but I remark that a somewhat analogous sinus is to be found in 

 a part of the wings of Psocina. I have remarked before that the four 

 dark parallel lines described and figured for this place are formed of the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1^17 



margins of the mediana and of the sinus. There are sometimes between 

 mediana and costa in the apical part of the wing four or more not well 

 defined transversals, and between the mediana and submediana four or 

 less well defined transversals ; as far as I am able to see, all these trans- 

 versals are only connected with the sinus and not with the mediana itself. 

 The submediana (fourth vein, or forked fourth vein, Westw., McLachl.) 

 enters the wing from below as a strong vein, and sends from beyond the base, 

 before the end of the basal fourth of the wing, a much stronger vein, the 

 post-costa, obliquely to the hind margin. The submediana runs parallel 

 to the mediana as far off as these veins from the costa. The submediana 

 runs straight to the tip of the wing ; the part of this vein which is called 

 by McLachlan the upper branch of the sector, is in fact the submediana 

 itself. This is proved by 0. Wesiwoodi, where the part considered as 

 fourth sector is obliterated, and the part considered as upper branch is 

 well developed. The abnormal specimen of O. i-iificapilla shows the 

 same arrangement. After all, as far as I know, when veins are partly or 

 totally aborted, the branches are first to disappear, and are followed by the 

 main stem. Therefore we have to call the vein which is again furcated after 

 the middle of the wing the lower branch of the submediana. The space 

 between the mediana and the submediana, closed by a curve before the 

 apex of the wing, is properly called the elongated cell or discoidal cell, and' 

 is only wanting in O. Weshvoodi. There are some, but always few (3 to 

 5) transversals in the cell. The lower branch may be bifurcated again 

 (Embia, Olyntha), and in abnormal cases the branch also bifurcated, 

 at least in one wing. In the spaces between these branches and 

 below them are a few scattered transversals without much regularity. 

 Near the base the submediana is connected with the mediana by a very 

 short transversal (between 4^ and c in fig. 2, Wood-Mason, 1. c.) in the 

 hind wings about opposite the origin of the post-costa, in the front wings 

 a little later. This short transversal vein, examined with the microscope? 

 is found to be combined of two branches, one originating from the 

 mediana, and another from the submediana. The first one crosses the 

 last one, and a series of hairs following it shows an undeveloped vein 

 (the rudimentary first branch, fig. 3, c, Wood-Mason, 1. c.) This connec- 

 tion is homologous to the arculus of the Odonata, or the cross on the base 

 of the front wings of Palpares, etc. Such a connection is often found 

 present, when the wing is to be stiffened for a more powerful flight, or 

 to give to a delicate wing more stability. This connection is not always 




218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



exactly the same in Embia ; in some specimens the two little branches 

 seem to anastomose one with the other ; sometimes the basal part of the 

 submediana seems to be separated, or at least turned in an oblique angle ; 

 but I think after all that no serious objection against my explanation can 

 be made. The post-costa is a very strong vein, running obliquely to the 

 hind margin ; from this point to the base of the wing runs a fine straight 

 vein, the anal vein. 



The whole large group of Orthoptera is very multiform. There is no 

 help for the systematic student, if he is displeased by this multiform 

 mass ; nature has created it in this manner, and he has to accept it just 

 as he finds it. Erichson proved some forty years ago that the so-called 

 Pseudo-neuroptera belong to the Orthoptera, and every later careful study 

 has but confirmed his views. It may not be amiss to state that 

 I had in my manuscript of the Synopsis of the N. Amer. Neuroptera 

 (sensu Linnaei) separated in a decided manner the Pseudo-neuroptera 

 from the Neuroptera, as this is not so evident as it should have been in 

 the printed book. The whole group of Orthoptera consists of a number 

 of co-ordinate families, of which no connecting living forms are known to 

 exist ; probably they have perished in former times. This is far more 

 conspicuous among the Pseudo-neuroptera, and indeed there is not a 

 single living form known about which it is uncertain or doubtful if it 

 belongs to Perlina, Ephemerina, Odonata, Psocina, Embidina or Ter- 

 mitina. To arrange these famiHes, which are very different among them- 

 selves, with the small or large number of genera and species belonging to 

 them, in an acceptable series, is still impossible. 



After a detailed study of the wings of the Embidina, only the follow- 

 ing statements can be given. Only the Termitina and Embidina have all 

 four wings of the same size, shape and venation ; some small differences 

 among them are not of importance. The longitudinal veins have the 

 same simple arrangement, or even more simple because less branched in 

 Embidina. The most striking difference is the strongly developed basal 

 squama of the deciduous wings of the Termitina ; this squama is indeed 

 wanting, or rather very faintly indicated in Embidina. The sub costa 

 ends suddenly in Embidina just as in Psocina, though it is complete in 

 Termitina. The mediana in most of the cases is connected with the sub- 

 mediana before the apex in Embidina ; among the Termitina only Calo- 

 termes brevis (Hagen, Monogr. Term. Linn., vol. xiii., pi. 3, f. 6) shows 

 a somewhat analogous arrangement. The basal connection between the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1^1 1) 



mediana and submediana to stiffen the wings in Embidina, would be out of 

 place in Termitina, where the strong horny basal squama served this pur- 

 pose better. Nevertheless in some species such a connection seems to be 

 faintly indicated upon the squama. Some Termitina (Calotermes) have 

 also a small number of transversals below the mediana, and some have 

 ill-defined transversals below the costa before tip. The structure of the 

 membrane of the wings and of the veins is similar in both families, and 

 unlike the structure of all other families. Finally, though the wings 

 of Termitina are considerably longer than the body, and only as long as 

 the body in Embidina (a little longer in Olyntha), there is, considering 

 the wings, no place more natural for the Embidina than near the 

 Termitina. 



The legs are a very striking and abnormal feature among the char- 

 acters of the Embidina ; they are obviously shaped for burrowing by the 

 compressed enlargement of some parts of these limbs. I have compared 

 them with the burrowing legs of insects of other orders, and was rather 

 astonished to find a very great difference in the arrangement, the attach- 

 ment and the development of the fossorial limbs and their joints. I have 

 tried without success to find in the literature some general considerations 

 or descriptions of fossorial limbs. As their shape must be the conse- 

 quence of purely mathematical principles, a general study of these limbs 

 is still an important desideratum. 



The legs of the Embidina are strong, the middle legs always consider- 

 ably less than the other pairs ; all the legs are comparatively long, the fore 

 legs exceeding the head, the hind legs reaching nearly the end of the 

 abdomen, at least longer than two-thirds of it ; the legs of wingless forms 

 are always shorter. All three pairs are equidistant and attached to the 

 end of the respective segments ; but the bases of the fore and middle 

 legs are as far distant from each other as possible, indeed the legs are 

 attached to the sides of the thorax. The hind legs, on the contrary, are 

 approximate one to the other, so that the coxae are very nearly touching 

 the opposite ones, and are longer and broader than the coxge of the two 

 anterior pairs, which are short, cylindrical, a little incurvate. The fore 

 legs have the femur, the tibia and the first article of the tarsus of about 

 equal length and strength, dilated and compressed ; the first article of the 

 tarsus rather more dilated, depressed, incurvated, with a furrow above ; 

 the two other articles short, the first of them more or less thick ; the claws 

 are short, sharp and simple ; between them is no plantula. The middle 



^* 



;# 




220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



legs are shorter, thinner, the femur somewhat inflated at the base above ; 

 the tibia and the first joint of the tarsus about cyHndrical. The hind legs 

 have the femur strongly compressed and dilated ; the tibia strongly cylin- 

 drical ; the basal joint about half as long as the tarsus, a little stronger, 

 and with an external comb of short spines. I do not know if this comb 

 is present in all species ; the two apical joints similar to the middle legs, 

 perhaps a little longer. In some of the wingless forms the first joint of 

 the tarsus of fore legs has a strong external spine. 



Are the fore legs burrowing legs ? Till now no observation is 

 recorded, though their form admits the supposition. That they give help 

 in the spinning of the silken tunnels is very probable. Are the hind legs 

 jumping legs? No observation is recorded, but they seem fitted for 

 jumping. 



Comparing the legs of Embidina with those of Termitina, no simi- 

 larity or relation is to be found. The trochanters in all pairs are very and 

 equally approximate in Termitina. Among the Psocina we find in Atropes 

 divinatoria the trochanters of the two first pair widely separated one from 

 the other one, and those of the third pair much more approximate. 

 For other families a comparison seems of no avail, but there exist similar 

 distances in Odonata nymphse, in Ephemerina and Perlina. Inflated legs 

 are not known among Pseudo-neuroptera, except in Ephemerina in the 

 earlier stages, and these are burrowing legs. 



The abdomen is long, about half the length of the body, a little less 

 broad than the thorax, flattened above, cylindrical below ; the dorsal seg- 

 ments about equal, transverse-oblong, more than twice as broad as they are 

 long; last segment longer, the two before mostly shorter than the others; there 

 are seemingly ten dorsal segments, but the first belongs to the metathorax 

 (segment mediaire), therefore only nine belong to the abdomen ; the dor- 

 sal segments are strong, chitinous, and united on the sides by a large 

 membrane with the ventral segments ; a longitudinal fold bearing the 

 stio'ma. The ventrals are more hyaline, except the two last ones of the 

 males, on which the internal genital organs are situated ; these two are 

 stronger for support, usually darker colored, and polished. All the others 

 are mostly diaphanous, so that the corda ventralis and its ganglia are 

 visible, sometimes even partly the other organs situated in the abdomen. 

 If the segment mediaire is not counted, there are eight ventral segments. 

 Between the last segments of the abdomen are inserted the anal appen- 

 dages. They are two-jointed, stout, very hairy, as long as the two last 




THE CANADIA.N ENTOMOLOGIST. 221 



segments, or shorter (Embia), the apical joint thinner, cyHndrical. If 

 asymmetry is present, the left appendage has the basal joint shorter, 

 larger, sometimes almost quadrangular. Between these appendages are 

 situated the external genital organs of the male. They consist of a middle 

 more or less inflated conical or cylindrical membranous part, with a cir- 

 cular opening on tip, representing probably the intromittent organ ; on 

 each side is a horny spine, long, narrow, more or less pointed and twisted, 

 asymmetrically in a different manner. The spine of the right side seems 

 to present its regular more or less straight form ; the left spine is twisted 

 similar to a corkscrew in its apical half, and so nearly approximates to the 

 intromittent organ that it is clearly to be seen only in alcoholic specimens. 

 In all males, where these characters could be well seen (at least in Oli- 

 gotoma), more or less asymmetry was evident, and McLachlan, 1. c. p. 

 378, is of the same opinion. The last dorsal segment of the males is 

 also asymmetrical, with a deep impressed fold nearer to the right side, and 

 the apical margin is cut obliquely ; the last ventral segment is also asym- 

 metrically protruded. My description of these parts is made only from 

 winged males, but Wood-Mason, 1. c. p. 630, says that the larvae of O. 

 Saundersii collected by him in numbers at Jubbulpore, and without the 

 slightest traces of wings, possessed all the same characteristic asymmetry 

 quite apparent, which he considers exclusively confined to the male sex. 

 He adds that " the asymmetry of the tergum of the terminal abdominal 

 somite and of the cerci in Necrosia maculicollis (Phasma) appears at the 

 corresponding early stage, and is in nymphs quite as strongly marked as 

 in perfect insects." I am sorry that this insect is not at my disposal, 

 nor can I compare Westwood's Oriental Cabinet. In his catalogue of 

 Orthpptera, Westwood does not mention any asymmetry. I think that 

 the shape of these organs is never expressed in the larvae in a similar 

 manner as in the imago and in the nympha. Till the contrary is proved, 

 there must remain some doubt if these so-called larvae do not perhaps 

 belong to a wingless form of the imago. 



I have not seen winged females, but in the wingless female, which is 

 said to belong to O. Michacli, and in Olyntha Afulieri, no asymmetry is 

 apparent. Not one of the icw wingless forms before me considered to be 

 larvae, is asymmetrical, but those parts are mostly too much shrivelled up 

 in dry specimens to enable one to be certain. 



The female opening is at the base of the notched 7 th segment, similar 

 to those of the Termitina. The same arrangement of the genitals of the 




222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



males among Pseudo-neuroptera is only represented among Perlina and 

 Ephemerina, but without any asymmetry, which appears among the true 

 Orthoptera in Blatina, and after Wood-Mason, also in Phasma. 



The Different Forms and Stages. 



Of the seventeen species described, three are only known as wingless 

 forms ; of the fourteen winged species, not one is known as winged in 

 both sexes. Winged females are known with certainty only in E. Mauri- 

 tanica, and questionably in E. Persica. Winged males are known for the 

 first to seventh species of Oligotoma, and probably for E. Savignyi and 

 Olyntha Salvini ; for the three Olyntha, species 13 to 15, the sex is un- 

 known. 



Of the three wingless species, one seems to be a female imago ; that 

 it belongs to O. Michaeli, as Mr. Wood-Mason contends, still needs proof. 



The specimen which was described as a nympha, can not belong to 

 this stage, if the description and the figure are correct, as I have stated 

 before. Very probably it is a so-called short-winged form, similar to those 

 known of Termitina, Psocina and Perlina. 



The figure of O. Michaeli in Gardener's Chronicle, 1876, p. 845, if 

 correct, can only be considered as a nympha ; the anterior wing cases are 

 wanting or perhaps aborted. The O. Miilleri looks as if it is an imago, 

 with the anterior wing cases aborted and the posterior ones very slightly 

 indicated. It has to be assumed that such forms exist among the Embi- 

 dina as well as in the Psocina. At least I know of no other reasonable ex- 

 planation. Concerning the larvse, or the forms called larvae, I am perfectly 

 at a loss how to separate them from the winged imago, to which they have 

 been assumed to belong, as about all are of the same size with the imago 

 without any traces of wings. The head of all which I have seen has the 

 characters of a female head. I have stated before that the so-called male 

 larvae of O. Sajmdcrsii are somewhat doubtful, and perhaps a wingless 

 state of the male imago. Nevertheless, not having seen them, conjecture 

 may be out of place. The larva of E. Mauritanica which transformed 

 in the box, as reported by Mr. Lucas, belonged undoubtedly to that stage. 

 As it must have gone through the nymph stage with wing cases, of which 

 no record is given, an important gap is still to be filled. That there exist 

 larvse and nymphae of Embidina is doubtless, but we have to confess that 

 the knowledge of these stages is still a tabula rasa. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ' 22 



o 



Habits. 



We know only of one single instance in which the winged females of 

 E. Maiiritanica were found gregarious. The absence of males among 

 them is not without example ; among Psocina I have observed at least in 

 three species a very large number close together, all being females. In 

 one flock I secured among hundreds of females, by very careful examina- 

 tion, only one male. I believe the same fact has been recorded of some 

 Hemiptera. 



Another isolated observation exists of larvae, and this time all males, 

 being found gregarious on a sandy place among old bricks, by Wood-Mason. 

 Many observers state that E. Solieri, discovered in many localities in 

 southern France and Spain, and by no means rare, lives always isolated. 

 The same is recorded of O. nigra by Prof. Schaum. 



Mr. Lucas was first to observe that the Embidae imago and larva spin 

 silken tunnels. It is doubtless true that the spinning is done with the 

 mouth, as by Psocina (though this has never been observed or stated), as 

 the spinnerets open on the labium. Probably these tunnels induced Mr. 

 Lucas to assume that the Embidina are carnivorous, and to put insects 

 for food in his boxes, but he has not stated that the food was used. The 

 observation by Mr. Michael seems to prove that these insects are phyto- 

 phagous. Perhaps they are both ; at least I may remark that for Gryllo- 

 talpa the same uncertainty still exists. 



Every one asserts that all Embidina are very agile in running and fly- 

 ing. It will be agreed that our actual knowledge concerning their habits 

 is no more satisfactory than that concerning their forms and stages. 



Distribution. 



There is httle more known than has been given by McLachlan, 1. c. 

 p. 379. The amber species belonging to the tertiary layers is very rare 

 among amber insects. Compared with Termitina in amber, perhaps one 

 Embia is found for one hundred of the former. The fossil species differs 

 in nothing from the living ones. Whether the species in copal are fossil 

 or not, is still an open question. There are many copal insects which 

 seem to be or are identical with living forms. But large quantities of 

 copal, principally near the coast of East Africa, are dug out of sand or 

 earth, just as amber, and in localities where no copal trees are now to be 

 found. (J. Kirk, Journal Linn. Soc, June, 1868) : "At the diggings are 




224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



not found any copal trees (Wm. E. Hines, Trans. Anier. Geogr. Soc), or 

 even any signs of any, and to this time it is a mere conjecture in what 

 ages these deposits of copal were made, probably many thousand years 

 ago." I can not give the exact quotation, as I have before me only a 

 manuscript copy of this paper, written before i860.* Some insects out 

 of this copal, called in trade Zanzibar copal, but of the Zanzibar copal 

 which was only exported to East India and not to Europe, seem to be 

 identical with insects living in Ceylon. It can therefore not now be 

 assumed that the Emhidina in copal are still living forms, and that they 

 belong to the fauna of Africa till the identity with living or African insects 

 has been proved. 



Considering that only fifteen living species are described by me, it will be 

 seen that I have been purposely as careful as possible in making new 

 species. I could have enumerated six species more, against which 

 with our actual knowledge little objection could have been made. 

 The type of E. Klugi, in Paris, must be examined to confirm its 

 identity with O. Atricapilla. That of O. Satindersii should be com- 

 pared again with E. Latreillis, with the specimens from Borneo and those 

 collected by Wood-Mason, to make their identity certain. The type of 

 O. Batesii and 0. Brazilie?isis, Burm., should also be compared concerning 

 their identity. The larva from Athens and from Asia Minor could have 

 been given as new species, if it were desirable to describe new species 

 upon such material. Finally the supposition that the large wingless 

 female belongs to O. Michaeli needs the support of further careful obser- 

 vation. 



Of the fifteen living species described, O. Saundersii has by far the 

 largest distribution, Bengal, Borneo, Madagascar, Mauritius and Ascension 

 Islands. O. Insular is, from Sandwich Islands, is, perhaps, to be found 

 in Antigua Island. E. Solieri is not rare in South France and Spain. 

 The other twelve species are only recorded from one locality. From 

 Bengal, O. Michaeli; from Persia, ^5. Persica ; from Africa, ^. Savignyi; 

 from Egypt, O. Nigra; and E. Maiiritanica from Algeria. From 

 America is 0. Ctcbana, from Cuba ; O. Hiibbardi, from Florida ; O. Sal- 

 vini, from Mexico. From South America, O. Braziliensis and O. Rufica- 

 //7/^, the locality not known; O. Batesii from the Amazon ; O. Muelleri, 

 from Santa Catarina, South Brazil. 



*Only two incomplete sets of the transactions are in Boston and Cambridge. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 



There are thus known from Europe one, perhaps two, species ; from 

 Africa three, and from the islands near to it one more ; from Asia three, 

 perhaps four; from North and Central America, three : from South Amer- 

 ica, four species ; from the Sandwich Islands, one ; none from Australia. 

 Probably only a small part of the living Embitina is known, and these 

 only in very few specimens, which still form, as they did half a century ago. 

 the gems of the collections. As far as I know, four species are represented 

 by single specimens only, three by two specimens, one by three specimens, 

 two by four, seven by more specimens, but none in a number sufficient to 

 understand the whole history of the insect. 



Systematic position and relation. 



Prof: Westwood, with his usual sagacity, recognized directly that the 

 three species known to liim represented three different forms. So he 

 accepted one large genus, with three sub-genera, which were considered 

 to be genera by Prof Burmeister, but united again in one large genus by 

 Rambur. McLachlan accepted only two genera, Embia combined with 

 Olyntha and OHgotoma. 



The species belonging to Oligotoma are decidedly a very homogeneous 

 group. The only aberrant species, O. IVestwoodi, differs by a plainer 

 and apparently aborted venation of the wings. Their principal characters 

 are, the more slender form of the body, the small and longer ovoid or 

 obcordate head ; the antennae as long as head and thorax, or mostly 

 shorter, with fewer (14 to 20) joints ; the narrow prothorax ; the compar- 

 atively long legs ; the narrow abdomen, with shorter appendages, and be- 

 tween them protruding the male genitals ; the narrow wings, not longer 

 than the abdomen, with a plain venation, and only one lower branch of the 

 submediana. Asymmetry known only in the male sex. Oligotoma is 

 known from the warm regions of the whole world, and represented in 

 copal and amber. The species belonging to Olyntha form also a homo- 

 geneous group. The body is larger and broader ; the head is broader, 

 shorter, with antennae as long as the body, with a third more (to 32) 

 joints ; thorax larger ; the legs more slender ; the abdomen broad, with 

 longer appendages (male genitals not well known) ; the wings are longer 

 than the abdomen, much broader, the venation more complicated by two 

 lower branches of the submediana. The coloration of the species is very 

 uniform. No asymmetry is known. Olyntha is known only from South 

 America and from Central America. 




226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



The winged species of Embia are intermediate among Oligotoma and 

 Olyntha. The body is stronger and more flattened above than in 

 Olyntha ; the head is shorter, about quadrangular, but the antennse are as 

 short as in OHgotoma ; the prothorax is shorter and broader than in both, 

 but near to the head more narrowed ; the thorax is still larger than in 

 Olyntha ; the legs are as long and as strong as in Oligotoma ; the 

 wings as long as the body (Oligotoma), but broader, with the venation 

 similar to Olyntha ; the abdomen is broader and more flat than Olyntha, 

 but with the shorter appendages of Oligotoma. Asymmetry is known only 

 in the female sex. Embia is known only from the old world in the 

 countries around the Mediterranean and Persia. 



The knowledge of the three groups is not sufficient to assert that all are 

 only subgenera or genera ; in the last case I believe that Olyntha and 

 Embia can not be united. 



There can be no doubt that the Embidina belong to a peculiar and 

 well defined family, and cannot be combined with any other family, 

 though a number of characters are found represented in other families. 



The body is slender, elongate and flat above ; the abdomen repre- 

 senting half the length of the body ; the head is free, not inserted, small, 

 flat, quadrangular or ovoid ; the eyes are exactly in the front corner of 

 the head, and in the imago state similar to aggregate eyes ; ocelli, none ; 

 no dividing sutures of the head exist ; antennre as long as the body or 

 half as long, praeocular, monihform or partly filiform, slender and very 

 fragile; mouth parts decidedly of Orthopterous character; maxillary palpi 5 

 jointed ; labium bilobate, the inner lobes transformed into a spinning ap- 

 paratus, as in Psocina, but with 3 jointed labial palpi, and without the 

 peculiar maxilla of Psocus. Prothroax much narrower than the head, 

 elongate, or as long as broad ; always with a dorsal transverse furrow 

 after the anterior third ; thorax strong, oblong, the mesothorax longer ; 

 each segment of thorax with three dorsal parts, the last one of the 

 metathorax (segment mediaire) like the abdominal segments. Abdomen 

 flat, about equal, with nine transverse oblong dorsal segments and eight 

 ventrals ; at the tips on each side a bijointed appendage, short, or as long 

 as the last segments ; between them the male genital apparatus, just at 

 the end of the abdomen ; the female opening at the base of the seventh 

 ventral segment ; the appendages, the male genital apparatus and the last 

 dorsal and ventral segment show, at least in certain forms, asymmetry. 

 Wings not deciduous, narrow, rounded on tips, as long or a little longer 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227 



than the abdomen ; all four of equal shape, length and venation. The 

 legs are peculiar, the compressed and dilated shape of some parts seem to 

 indicate burrowing legs ; they are strong, long, reaching both ends of the 

 body, the middle legs always less strong ; the three pairs of legs are equi- 

 distant and attached to the ends of the respective segments ; the legs of 

 the first and of the middle pair are as distant from the legs of the opposite 

 side as the size of the sternum will allow them to be ; but the legs of the 

 hind pair are approximate ; coxre small, stronger on hind legs ; femur and 

 tibia about the same length, compressed, inflated ; tarsus about as long as 

 tibia, but the basal joint of the first pair as long as tibia, inflated, curvate, 

 with a superior furrow ; second joint short ; third joint longer, slender 

 with two simple claws. 



Systematic Positio?i of the Faftiily. 



Savigny, Latreille, V. Audouin, Westwood, Burmeister, Rambur, have 

 placed the Embidina near the Termitina. Westwood, 1. c. p. 372, states : 

 " Genus quoad afiinitates, Termites cum Ensthenia Westw., inter Perlidas 

 conjungens." I am sorry that he has not given a more detailed proof of 

 this statement. By comparing Olyntha Brazilie7isis with Eusthenia 

 spectabilis (both insects figured by himself on the same plate in Griftith 

 pi 72), and by comparing a type specimen of Eustheiiia spectabilis^ 

 kindly presented to me by himself, I confess to being at a loss regarding their 

 affinity. jMcLachlan, 1. c. p. 377, goes even further, not thinking the 

 relationship between Termes and Embia so close as has generally been 

 accepted, and that Westwood happily seized upon its position as between 

 the Termitidae and Perlidae. He says that the external form is not 

 always to be disregarded in searching for affinities, and that Embia has 

 much of the external form of the Perlidae, especially of the genus 

 Leuctra. But he has overlooked that certain species of Termes, for 

 instance, T. fiavipes, after having lost its wings is just as agile as Embia 

 and very similar to its wingless forms. Some exotic species, as 

 Sto/otermcs, imitate Embia, even in the winged form. Of course, each 

 family belonging to the Pseudo-neuroptera has some characters in common 

 with Embia, but after the knowledge of the internal female organs, which are 

 exceptionally characteristic for the Perlina, we have to dismiss the opinion 

 of a nearer relationship. Indeed, the slender and elongate form of the 

 body excepted, which is found so common in many insects of 




228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



different orders, no character is left to bring the Embia nearer to Perla 

 than to Termes. Bunneister, 1. c, p. 768, is undoubtedly right in bring- 

 ing them in a family of its own Embidae, near the Termitina (with whom 

 they had been combined), because they differ from them by all parts of 

 their body. 



After a detailed study of the species before me (their number is much 

 larger than the number in the hands of former students), and after due 

 consideration, I believe there is no doubt that Embia is nearer to Termes 

 than to any other famil}'. Concerning the wings, I have given my opinion 

 before in a very detailed manner, that they are not only homologous to 

 the wings of Termes. the basal squama not being developed or aborted, 

 but that the wings by tlieir identical size, shape and venation cannot be 

 compared with those of any other family. The abdomen, except being 

 mostly more ovoid in lermes, is for the segment mediaire and the number 

 of segments homologous ; the mouth parts are alike, except the 5-jointed 

 max. palpi ; the antennae are similar ; the legs are very different, the 

 tarsus 3-jointed. The eyes are in the front corner of the head, while in 

 Termes they are in the hind corner. 



The relationship with the Psocina is indicated by the presence of a 

 spinning organ opening on the labium, and by the similar distance of the 

 coxae in some genera. Embidopsocus resembles Embia more than Termes, 

 but is in fact a true Psocus, with the habitus of an Embia and withTermit 

 wings. In another paper I may give more about this curious insect. 



A comparison with the Odonata and Ephemerina seems not to be 

 needed. Both show an important character of the Embidae, the situation 

 of the eyes in the front corner of the head ; the arculus of the Odonata 

 is imitated in the wings of the Embidina. 



The statement by Wood-Mason that Embia belongs to the true 

 Orthoptera as a very degraded form — a statement which will probably be 

 proved by him in a later paper — induced me to consider the aberrant 

 forms of this group. The external forms of the curious genus Cylin- 

 drodes, have indeed some analogy with the apterous female of O. Michaeli. 

 We know very little about Cylindrodes. C. Cainpbelli, from Melville's 

 Island, Australia, was figured in Griffith's Animal Kingd.,vol. xv., pi. 131, 

 with details of the mouth parts and legs, and described by R. Gray, Mag. 

 N. H., 1S37, "^o^- i-; P- 142? from one imperfect specimen, as belonging 

 near Gryllotalpa. Burmeister makes of it a group of Gryllotalpa, and 

 Serville a genus following Gryllotalpa. Saussure, Mel. Orthopt., 1877. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 



vol. v., p. 205, brings it in a separate Legion, Cyliudrodites, with the only 

 genus, Cylindrodes, and describes and figures, pi. 11, a new species, C. 

 Kochii, from Australia, from a rudimentary specimen. None of the 

 authors except Gray have seen this rare insect. Probably it is a female 

 imago ; it bores in the stems of plants, committing ravages in greenhouses ; 

 it is called by the colonists, wire-worm. The tibia of the anterior legs forms 

 a hand similar to Gryllotalpa. >Vhat is known about this insect is mainly 

 the general form, which is so different from Embidina that it is barely 

 possible that this degraded family may among the Orthoptera be placed 

 not far from the Embidina. 



To try ancestral speculations upon our present insufficient, and for the 

 Embidina, very scanty knowledge^ would certainly by Darwin himself have 

 been considered illegitimate, if not something worse ! 



TRAPPING COLEOPTERA. 



BY F. B. CAULFIELD, MONTREAL, P. Q. 



Wishing to procure a good series of Silphidas for my collection, about 

 the middle of August I put some scraps of cooked meat into an empty 

 tomato can and hid it under a shrub. I visited it after a few days but 

 found ijt untouched. I then baited a can with uncooked meat and placed 

 it in a similar situation. I examined it on the 12th of August and took 

 from it the following species : — 



Necrophorus orbicoiiis, 10 specimens. 



" tomentosa (velntina), 6 specimens. 



sup ha peitata, 20 specimens. 



" margina/is, 1 2 specimens. (Of this and the preceding species I 

 could have taken many more). 

 Silpha incequaliSi 4 specimens. 

 " lapponicai i specimen. 

 " surinaniensis, i specimen. 

 Staphylhms villosiis i " 



I also took two specimens of a Staphylinus and a number of Histers 

 not yet determined. 




230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



On examining the can containing the cooked meat, I was surprised to 

 find in it seven specimens of Centhophilus maculatus, as I had not ex- 

 pected to trap Orthoptera. 



I visited the traps again on August 15th, but as there had been a 

 heavy thunder storm on the previous day, I met with poor success. The 

 trap which had yielded so abundantly on the 12th, now contained nothing 

 but water, but from the can with cooked bait I took 5 orhicoUis, 4 

 ve/uti/ia, i surinamefisis, and i StapJiyliiius lullosus. 



NOTES ON CHRYSOMELASCALARIS, Lee. 



BY F. B. CAULFIELD, MONTREAL, P. Q. 



In No. 7 of Entomologica Americana, Mr. G. W. J. Angell gives some 

 interesting notes on this insect. Having examined a large number from 

 various localities "showing a nearly complete gradual gradation from the 

 finely maculate form oi p/iiladeip/uca, to the strongly marked scalar is type," 

 Mr. Angell is of opinion \\v3X philadelphica Lin., midtipuncta?i2.y and its 

 supposed varieties, are all varieties o{ scalar is Lee. I incline myself to the 

 belief that scalaris and philadelphica are distinct species, and as my ex- 

 perience of these forms appears to be different to that of some other col 

 lectors, I give it in the hope that it may lead to a careful study of their 

 life habits. I find that Dr. Harris' history and figure oi scalaris fit it exact- 

 ly as it occurs in the neighborhood of Montreal. For years past I have 

 found it on elm and linden, and on no other plant or tree. Philadelphica 

 and Bigsbyana I find on willow and alder ; never on elm and linden. Dr. 

 Packard in his Guide states that scalaris is abundant on the alder. This 

 statement puzzled me, as I never yet have found a typical scalaris on 

 that shrub. In the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 

 1882, Mr. W. H. Harrington states that scalaris is "found throughout the 

 season on various trees, as elm, the linden, and especially the willows and 

 alders. The same writer states that //^'/^z^/^'/^/^/V^ feeds on the leaves of 

 the pin-e. It would thus seem as if these insects varied their food plants 

 in different localities. It is now too late to do anything this sea- 

 son towards settling the question, but next year I trust it will be fully in- 

 vestigated; meanwhile I would like to hear the opinions of other collectprs, 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 



HYBERNATION OF FORMICA HERCULEANA, Linn. 



BV G. J. BOWLES, MONTREAL, P. Q. 



On the 2oth October last, when in Brighton, Ont., I went to the woods 

 in search of hybernating insects, and while examining the prostrate trunk 

 of a small pine, found several female specimens of our large black ant, F. 

 herctileana (Ug7iipcrda Latr.) in their winter quarters. Each ant was in 

 an oval excavation in the wood, just under the bark, about an inch long 

 and half an inch wide and deep. In each cell was found a single % ant, 

 together with from six to fifteen larvag. On tearing off the bark, about 

 half a dozen cells were exposed, on different and widely separated parts 

 of the trunk. In one or two instances there was a single worker ant with 

 the large % . The larvse were about an eighth of an inch long, and were 

 all alive. They were, in every case, crowded together in a mass, each 

 one in the same position, with the head bent over in front. This observa- 

 tion is, I think, interesting, as it gives a clue to the manner in which 

 colonies of this wood-destroying ant are established. It is probable that 

 the mother ant and the larvae would survive the winter, and be ready in 

 spring, as soon as the larvae had become perfect insects, to begin opera- 

 tions from the cell in which they had hybernated. The cells were very 

 neatly excavated, and each seemed to have been entirely the work of the 

 % ant which occupied it, as there was no connection with any other cell, 

 and the surface of the trunk around each was perfectly smooth and unin- 

 jured. Nor were there any galleries extending from the cells into the 

 wood of the tree, as I proved by close examination. 



NOTES ON ACMAEODERA PULCHELLA, Hbst. 



r.Y C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH. 



The common species of Acmaeodcra, A. pulchella Hbst., which is 

 marked with shining bronze-black and bright yellow, assimilates well in 

 color with the flowers of Rudbeckia hirta L., so abundant along the edges 

 of cultivated fields, upon which this Buprestid is found. The dark parts 

 of the beetle, which are after an etched pattern, blend well with the rich 

 dark stigmata of the flower, as the beetle lies next to these ; while the 

 bright yellow parts easily pass unnoticed in the inside border of the yellow 

 corolla. It is noticeable that these flower-frequenting species are found 




232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



chiefly on the flowers whose colors suit them best for protection ; in fact the 

 insects seem to have been modified in color to suit the flowers they live on. 

 This species is seldom found upon any other flowers than those oi Riidbeckia 

 hirta L. I have once taken it upon the flowers of tansy, once upon a 

 partially yellowed leaf of (EnotJio-a, once upon a high dandelion flower, 

 twice upon the orange-red flowers of Asclepias tiiberosa L., and once fly- 

 ing about some of the many flower-bunches of a clump of sumachs. 

 These are the only exceptions that I have noticed, and are but isolated 

 instances. 



The perfect beetles are very abundant here in July ; in my notes I 

 find reference to them only from 3rd to 13th July. It is in the heat of the 

 day that they are to be found upon the upper side of the flowers, probably 

 feeding upon the pollen ; toward evening, and in cloudy weather, as well 

 as sometimes in sunny weather, they are to be found on the under side of 

 the flowers, clinging to the sepals or petals, where they doubtless spend 

 the night. Thus these flowers furnish the perfect beetles with food and 

 home j and probably their larvae bore the very stalks which support the 

 flowers. The beetles seem to avoid generally the large patches, fre- 

 quenting isolated clumps with only a few flowers, or single flowers. On 

 one isolated flower I have taken five or more, mostly large specimens, 

 while the same day (8th July, 1S83) I went through large patches of the 

 flowers without taking one, or only a few scattered ones. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



ON WILLOW AS FOOD-PLANT OF PAPILIO TURNUS. 



Dear Sir : As stated on page 140, willow ;s given in "Butterflies," 

 p. 309. I asked Mr. Scudder for his authority, and he replies, " Gosse, 

 in Canadian NaturaHst." On page 293 of this book, London, 1840, I 

 read : " I have taken it " (the caterpillar) '• from willow, poplar," &c. So 

 far as I know, in the 45 years since that line was printed, willow has not 

 been noticed as one of the food-plants of Turnus. I asked Mr. John 

 Akhurst, who has bred Turtius as often as any one living, if he had ever 

 found the larva on willow. He says he never has, and enumerates a great 

 number of other trees on which he has found it. I should like much to 

 know if any of the readers of this magazine have ever found this larva on 

 willow, or of their own knowledge can say that this is one of its food- 

 plants. W. H. EmvARDS, Coalburgh, W. Va. 




Clje dtanabian ^ntomologbt. 



VOL. XVII. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1885. No. 12 



ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



OF ONTARIO. 



The Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society was held in London 

 at the Society's rooms, Victoria Hall, on Tuesday, October 13, 1885, at 8 

 o'clock p. m. 



The President, Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, Ont., in the chair. 



Present — Mr. James Fletcher, Ottawa; Mr. T. Alston Moffat, Hamilton; 

 Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope ; Mr. W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; Capt. 

 Gamble Geddes, Toronto ; Rev. F. W. Fyles, South Quebec ; Mr. J. G. 

 Bowles, Montreal; Mr. J. M. Denton, Mr. H. P. Bock, Mr. Lawrence 

 Reed, of London ; Messrs. Weld and Macdonald, of the Farmej-'s Advo- 

 cate, London, and the Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. E. Baynes Reed. 



The minutes of the former meeting were read and confirmed. 



The President gave a cordial welcome to the visiting members and ex- 

 pressed the pleasure of the London members at meeting so many of their 

 friends. 



The Report of the Council, the Financial Report of the Secretary-Treas- 

 urer, and the Report of the Librarian for the past year, were then submit- 

 ted to the meeting, and on motion duly received, discussed and adopted. 



These Reports will appear as usual in the Annual Report. 



The President stated that owing to unforseen circumstances no delegate 

 had been sent to the last meeting of the American Association for the Ad- 

 vancement of Science held at Ann Arbor, Michigan, but that a summary 

 of the business transacted by the Entomological Club had been kindly for- 

 warded by the Secretary, and would be published in the Canadian 

 Entomologist. 



The Report of the Montreal Branch was read, and after an expression of 

 gratification by members present at the prosperous condition of the Branch, 

 the Report was received and ordered to be printed as usual. 




234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



REPORT OF DELEGATE TO ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. 



Mr. W. H. Harrington presented his Report read at the meeting of the 

 Royal Society, as follows : 



As delegate from the Entomological Society of Ontario, it affords me 

 much pleasure to announce that the Society has continued to make 

 satisfactory progress, both in membership and in the work which it under- 

 takes. 



The monthly publication of the "Entomologist" brings before students 

 of insects, both in this country and abroad, very valuable and interesting 

 papers on the habits and life-histories of our species, with frequent de- 

 scriptions of new species discovered in our extensive country. Volume 

 xvi. has been completed, and several valuable parts of xvii. have been 

 already issued. 



The "Annual Report," No. xiv., issued by the Society, contains sev- 

 eral instructive papers prepared especially for agriculturists, and well sup- 

 plied with such illustrations as may enable them to recognize the insects 

 therein described. 



The Montreal Branch of the Society is in a flourishing condition, which 

 is due to the exertions of the energetic and enthusiastic Entomologists who 

 reside in that city. 



Gratification is felt at the evidence of a growing interest in regard to the 

 very important question of the serious losses annually caused throughout 

 the country by the depredations of various insects. 



The Select Committee appointed by Parliament in 1884 to obtain in- 

 formation as to the agricultural interests of the Dominion, issued circu- 

 lars to a large number of leading fruit-growers and other agriculturists 

 throughout the country, requesting, among other points, an expression of 

 opinion as to the desirability of the appointment of a Government P^nto- 

 mologist. A large majority of the answers were in favor of such an ap- 

 pointment. 



Two members of the Council of the Entomological Society were also 

 called, and gave evidence before the Committee as to the ravages of in- 

 sects in Canada, and as lo the advantages which would result from the 

 appointment of a competent Entomologist. 



The Department of Agriculture, impressed by the importance of the 

 subject as thus brought before its notice,has since appointed as Entomolo- 

 gist one of the most energetic ofiicers and workers of our Society — Mr. 

 Tames Fletcher — who has issued a Preliminary Report, briefly describing 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 



the most noticeable injuries caused by insects last season to the various 

 crops. 



In the United States great attention is still paid to the study of Econo- 

 mic Entomology. Several of the States, as well as the Federal Govern- 

 ment,make liberal provisions for the investigations of appointed Entomolo- 

 gists. 



The published Reports of such investigations are exceedingly valuable ; 

 and furnish, with the exception of that supplied by the Entomological So- 

 ciety of Ontario, almost the only reliable information regarding the injuri- 

 ous insects infesting our orchards, fields and gardens. 



It is a matter of no little importance that as full information as can be 

 obtained should be, as widely as possible, circulated among our farmers, 

 and to this end the appointment of an Entomologist by the Department of 

 Agriculture is an important step in the right direction. 



The President then delivered his annual address. 



ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



OF ONTARIO. 



Gentlemen, — The season of 1885 has not been distinguished by any 

 unusual invasion by injurious insect hosts. Nothing assuming the pro- 

 portion of a general or serious calamity in this direction has occurred in 

 any department of agriculture or horticulture; nevertheless instances have 

 not been wanting where local injuries caused by insects have assumed 

 considerable proportions, the sum total of which, if the results were ex- 

 pressed in money loss, would represent a very large sum. 



The great staple productions of our country, such as wheat, oats, 

 barley and hay, have not, so far as we have been able to learn, suffered 

 material injury from insects in any locality in our Province, but while the 

 farmers of Ontario have thus been exempt, our neighbors across the 

 lines have not enjoyed the same immunity. In the neighbouring State of 

 New York the loss occasioned by the Hessian Fly has been estimated at 

 over $100,000. In the great wheat fields on the Pacific slope, and also in 

 those of Dacotah and other Western States, there have been much severer 

 losses from the same cause. Early in August I received from a corres- 

 pondent in Dallas. Oregon, samples of wheat seriously injured by another 

 destructive insect which as yet, happily, has not to our knowledge oc- 

 curred in Canada. This is a small yellowish worm from one-sixth to one- 

 fifth of an inch in length, which is found within the stalk of wheat about 




236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



or between the joints ; sometimes there are four or five larvae in a single 

 stalk, one above each joint for the first four or five joints from the 

 ground, which cause the stalk to prematurely ripen or to wither, and thus 

 occasion great loss. This insect, which is known as the "Wheat Isosoma," 

 Isosoma tritici, Riley, has been observed for two or three years past, in- 

 juring the wheat in Illinois, Tennessee and Missouri, and has prevailed in 

 some localities to such an extent as to ruin the crop. From the observa- 

 tions thus far made it seems that there is only one brood of this insect 

 during the season, and that it passes the winter in the straw either in the 

 larval or pupal state, the perfect flies appearing the following spring. 

 Under these conditions the remedy is obvious, viz., burn both the stubble 

 and the straw after harvest ; rotation of crops has also been found 

 beneficial. 



The cabbage crop has been materially injured by the ravages of the 

 cabbage Anthomyia, Anthomyia brassicce, a two-winged fly which 

 in the larval state burrows in the stem of the young plant and 

 causes its death. This cabbage insect is a native of Europe, is very 

 troublesome in Britain and has been known as a destructive insect in this 

 country for about thirty years, but nothing is known either of the date or 

 the method of its nitroduction. The flies appear in the spring and de- 

 posit their eggs upon the stems of the young cabbages, about or a little 

 below the surface of the ground. The eggs hatch in about ten days, 

 when the young larvae usually bore into the interior and work their way 

 down towards the root; sometimes they merely gnaw grooves on the outer 

 surface of the stem, and by this means find their way to the roots on 

 which they feed. When full grown they change to yellowish red chry- 

 salids in the earth, from which the flies shortly escape, the whole period of 

 their life history thus briefly traced occupying about eight weeks. Usually 

 the plants attackedsoon wilt and finally die. It is believed that there are' 

 two or three broods of these insects during the year. 



Several remedies have been recommended, such as dipping the roots 

 and stems of the young plants in strong lye, or a mixture of earth and 

 cowdung diluted with water, or a thick mixture of soot and water. Any 

 bitter or alkaline substance which would adhere well to the outer surface 

 would probably deter the flies from depositing their eggs. Lime added 

 to the soil in the proportion of loo to 150 bushels to the acre, after 

 ploughing, and well harrowed in so as to keep it near the surface, has 

 proved a very effectual preventive measure, or even where the insects are 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 237 



at work on the plants, if the earth is scraped away from about the stem of 

 each and a handful of lime dusted around it and the soil again drawn up 

 to the stem, the plants will sometimes recover. Coal-dust, gas-lime and 

 stimulating artificial manures have also been recommended. 



The cabbage has also suffered from injuries caused by the common 

 cabbage worm, the green caterpillar of the cabbage butterfly which feeds 

 upon the foliage, and often disfigures it to such an extent as to render it 

 unmarketable. The habit of this caterpillar, feeding as it does among the 

 folds of the leaves, makes it extremely difficult to reach with any sort of 

 poison without at the same time rendering the cabbage unfit for use. 

 Pyrethrum or insect powder, which is the powdered flowers of Pyrethrum 

 cinncrariae/oliu/n, has been used with good effect, either dusted on the 

 plants, or mixed with water and applied to them with a syringe, and this 

 remedy is not in any way objectionable or poisonous. The Pyrethrum 

 plant is in my experience quite hardy in Ontario, has stood the severe 

 cold of the past two winters without injury, and flowered freely. It is 

 easily raised from seed, and being a perennial species, when once estab- 

 lished it will continue to flower for an indefinite number of years. The 

 flowers, collected when just about to expand, dried and powdered, are 

 very efficient as a general insecticide. 



During the past year or two many interesting experiments have been 

 made and valuable results obtained, in the way of artificially introducing 

 disease among communities of caterpillars, a sort of caterpillar plague 

 or pestilence which carries them off by thousands. There is a very fatal 

 disease which appears from time to time among silk worms, the 'larvse of 

 Bombyx inori when bred for the production of silk, a disease which spreads 

 so rapidly that it frequently destroys entire broods of caterpillars within a 

 few days. So destructive has it been that it is estimated that the silk crop 

 in Europe is damaged by it to the extent of many millions of dollars an- 

 nually. During the past ten years it is believed to have reduced the in- 

 come of silk breeders some twenty-five per cent, and in 1879 was said to 

 be the main cause in the great falling off in the silk crop of that year, 

 which was only about one-fourth of the amount ordinarily produced. The 

 celebrated Pasteur investigated this disease, and found it to proceed 

 from the presence of an exceedingly minute form of bacteria, so excessively 

 small that it has been estimated that it would require eight millions of 

 them to cover the head of an ordinary pin. When water containing these 

 minute organisms is sprinkled on the leaves on which the silk worms are 




238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



fed, they are found to be rapidly infected and capable of communicating 

 this pestilential disease to others with which they are associated. The 

 bacteria may be preserved in a torpid condition without loss of effective- 

 ness for at least a year, probably for several years, and that without any 

 particular care, and when required for use can be rapidly propagated in a 

 suitable fluid. 



In my address to you last year I referred to a similar form of disease 

 which had occurred among cut-worms so abundant in clover fields in the 

 Ottawa district, and in 1878 and 1879 ^^ ^ similar trouble among the 

 forest tent caterpillars at that time so abundant. Now I am glad to be 

 able to report a similar disease among the cabbage worms, and to indicate 

 to you some practical results arising from investigations regarding its na- 

 ture and mode of operation. 



Throughout most of the State of Illinois and in some parts of Michigan, 

 it was observed last autumn that a large proportion of the cabbage worms 

 sickened and died. Hundreds of their bodies were to be seen rotting on 

 the cabbage leaves or shrunken and dried to a blackened fragment. This 

 was soon brought under the notice of the State Entomologist of Illinois, 

 Prof S. A. Forbes, a most careful and indefatigable observer, who at once 

 proceeded to investigate the cause of this caterpillar plague. He found 

 the disease at first to be very unevenly distributed, some isolated fields 

 showing no trace of it, while others not far distant were fairly reeking with 

 death and decay, but as the season advanced it spread in every direction 

 until in some districts almost every worm perished. He says, "We can 

 conceive something of the significance of this disease if we imagine the 

 terror and dread which would seize mankind if such a plague should sud 

 denly assail human life. Whole towns would be depopulated and the dead 

 would rot in the streets by hundreds. There would be no escape for any, 

 because the contagion would be conveyed by the very food and drink by 

 which life was sustained." 



By dissecting specimens of the dead caterpillars, the microscope showed 

 their intestines to be full of undigested food and swarming with a 

 species of micrococcus, which appeared in the form of excessively minute , 

 spheres about one twenty-five thousandth of an inch in diameter, some- 

 times single, sometimes in pairs, and occasionally in strings of from four to 

 eight. He found that these minute organisms could be readily cultivated 

 in beef broth, and that a single drop of fluid from a diseased worm intro- 

 duced into a vessel of such broth, would in two or three days render the 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 



whole contents milky with myriads upon myriads of these microscopic or- 

 ganisms precisely the same as those taken from the diseased larvae. He 

 also found by experiment that the disease could be communicated to other 

 species of caterpillars. Experiments continued during the present year 

 have shown that by propagating this form of bacteria in the manner des- 

 cribed, and mixing a pint of a well-charged culture with a barrel of water 

 and syringing cabbages with this fluid, the disease may be introduced,thus 

 furnishing us with another means of defence against some of these injur- 

 ious insects. 



A new strawberry insect has appeared in our midst which is deserving 

 of notice. In the latter part of June last pubHc attention was called to 

 this subject by some paragraphs which appeared in the newspapers. The 

 dej^redations of the insect were first observed in Staten Island, New York, 

 causing grave apprehensions among the strawberry growers therej it ap- 

 peared also about the same time in some parts of Michigan. The Ento- 

 mological Bureau of the Department of Agriculture in Washington prompt- 

 ly took steps to investigate the subject, and the Chief of the Bureau, Prof. 

 C. V. Riley, proceeded in person to enquire into the character and extent 

 of the injury,with the view of suggesting measures for its abatement. The 

 results of this work have not yet reached us, beyond some brief notices 

 which appeared in the press, in which the nature of the injury was stated 

 and the name of the insect given. This new pest was found to be a small 

 curculio which has been known to Entomologists in this country for more 

 than fifty years under the name of Authonoimis viusachis. It is a small 

 snout beetle which measures, including the beak or snout, only one-tenth 

 of an inch. The body is of a dull reddish colour, punctured, and dotted 

 and spotted with white ; different specimens vary much in their general 

 hue, some being found very dark, occasionally almost black. Heretofore it 

 has been met with only in the collections of Entomologists, who have found 

 it to be very generally destributed throughout the Middle, Southern and 

 Western States, and also in Canada, but nowhere in any particular abun- 

 dance, and no one had thus far suspected it to be guilty of any injurious 

 propensities ; indeed, little or nothing has been known of its habits or his- 

 tory. A few days after its appearance in this new role — as a strawberry 

 pest — was announced in the United States, I received a package from Mr. 

 J. C. Morgan, an energetic strawberry grower in Barrie, Ontario, intimat- 

 ing that a destructive insect which had never been noticed before was ser- 

 iously injuring some of the strawberry beds in that neighbourhood, an 




240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



insect which seemed to have a special Hking for that variety of strawberry- 

 known as the Sharpless. When speaking of this pest Mr. Morgan says : 

 " It cHmbs up the flower stalk, selects one flower, and dehberately and 

 quickly cuts it off; as soon as the flower falls or hangs over by a small 

 thread, the insect crawls down, runs up the next stalk and commences 

 again. This performance is varied by puncturing the open blossom in 

 several places, which said blossom will also come to grief It is found in 

 immense numbers on the Sharpless, slightly on the Wilson, and on no 

 other berry as yet." On examination this was determined to be the same 

 species as that which had occurred on Staten Island and in Michigan. It 

 is remarkable that this insect never met with before in any great number, 

 should have occurred in such abundance at points so distant from each 

 other as Staten Island, N. Y., Michigan, and Barrie, Ontario, all about the 

 same time, and not be reported as occurring at intermediate points. In 

 the absence of further knowledge of the life history of this insect, we can 

 only suggest as a remedy the use of Paris green and water in the propor- 

 tion of a teaspoonful of the poison to two gallons of water, which if 

 applied to the vines with a syringe when the beetles are troublesome, 

 would probably destroy many of them. 



Further complaints reached us during the early summer months of in- 

 jury done to the blossoms of the grape by the Rose Beetle, Macrodactylus 

 subspinosus. I can only repeat what has been already several times 

 stated, that this pest may be much lessened, if not entirely got rid of, by 

 jarring the vines early in the morning while the beetles are in a semi- 

 torpid state and collecting them on sheets and destroying them. 



The pea crop has for the past year or two been unusually free from 

 the Pea-bug, Bruchus pisi. Now that the life history of this insect is so 

 well known, farmers are more careful in selecting the seed, while seed 

 dealers by special treatment are enabled to destroy the insects in the peas 

 before offering them for sale. The gratifying immunity from this pest 

 and the large saving thereby effected, is doubtless to be attributed mainly 

 to greater care in these particulars. 



In the address presented to you in 1880, I offered some remarks on 

 the relations existing between birds and insects, and expressed the opinion 

 that while the soft-billed insectivorous birds are exceedingly useful, that 

 birds in general are not of such great use in subduing injurious insects as 

 is commonly supposed, and that destructive insects are controlled to a 

 far greater extent by their insect enemies and by the diseases to which 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 241 



they are subject. Experience since gained has confirmed this opinion. 

 During the period which has elapsed much discussion has taken place re- 

 garding the English sparrow, which has now increased to a considerable 

 extent in many of our towns and cities, and occasional flocks of them find 

 their way into the country. While this fearless little bird has had many 

 advocates, the weight of evidence is undoubtedly against it, and it now 

 stands convicted on several counts : of destructive propensities from 

 the grain it destroys and devours and the injury it does to fruit trees by 

 eating the buds ; of pugnacity, which results in its driving away other and 

 more useful native birds, while on the other hand the good it does in the 

 way of consuming injurious insects, as proven by the examination of the 

 crops of many of them, is comparatively small. The question is often 

 asked by the friends of the sparrow, when the merits of this little emigrant 

 are under consideration : " How is it that we hear no complaints of its 

 depredations in England, where it has so long been a common bird ?" 

 Frequent complaints are made in England regarding it, and measures 

 urged for its destruction. In recent reports issued there, especially those 

 published by that well known and talented authoress, Miss E. Ormerod, we 

 find serious charges recorded. One writer states that the sparrow has 

 greatly increased in England during the past ten years, that large flocks 

 of them sweep down on the wheat fields, devouring and destroying a con- 

 siderable proportion of the grain. It is estimated that one million pounds 

 sterling would not repay the farmers of England for the yearly loss sus- 

 tained through the depredations of this quarrelsome pest. Besides the 

 direct injury thus occasioned, it is said that sparrows prevent the increase 

 of swallows, and drive the soft-billed insect-eating birds, which feed largely 

 on the eggs and larvae of insects, from the gardens and orchards, while 

 they seldom eat a caterpillar. Another bears evidence of having seen a 

 field of wheat so utterly ruined by legions of sparrows that it was left un- 

 cut ; many other similar instances are cited. It is highly probable that 

 we shall in the near future have many occasions to regret that this bird 

 was ever introduced into Canada. 



During the past year some interesting facts have been published bear- 

 ing on the retarding influences of cold on the development of insects, as 

 seen in the arctic regions. These observations have extended over 

 several years, and show that butterflies which in the warmer regions of the 

 earth pass through all their transformations once or more in a season, take 

 two or three years to complete a single cycle where the summer season is 

 very short and the prevailing temperature low. 




242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Besides the report of our own Society, which contained much useful 

 and practical information, there has been issued in Canada since I last 

 addressed you a preliminary report by the Dominion Entomologist, Mr. 

 Jas. Fletcher, containing some useful records of work done during the year 

 and plans for more extended usefulness in the future. It is cause for sin- 

 cere regret that our esteemed fellow-laborer has in consequence of a 

 severe affliction been obliged to postpone the completion of some of his 

 cherished plans, and thus the completion of work begun with much vigor 

 and promise has been unavoidably delayed. We sincerely hope that he 

 may soon be entirely restored, and thus be enabled to carry on with in- 

 creased efficiency the work he has undertaken. In addition to the excel- 

 lent annual report of Miss Ormerod, which has already been noticed, 

 there has been issued in England a useful pamphlet on " Insects Injurious 

 to Hop Plants," prepared for the Agricultural Department of Great 

 Britain by Chas. Whitehead. This issue is to be followed by others on 

 grain, root and fruit crops, and it is sincerely hoped that the issue of these 

 publications will awaken in the minds of the agriculturists of Great Britain 

 a livelier interest in the importance of the study of economic entomology. 

 In the United States much has been done. The Entomological Bureau 

 in Washington, under the able direction of Prof Riley, has most effici- 

 ently continued its good work by investigating insect pests in all parts of 

 the United States, and in endeavoring to devise useful measures for their 

 destruction. The reports issued during the past year have been most 

 valuable, and are profusely illustrated. The annual report of Prof. 

 Forbes, State Entomologist of Illinois, is also especially worthy of notice. 

 Very excellent papers on economic entomology have also been published 

 by Prof J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, Prof A. J. Cook, 

 of Lansing, Michigan, Prof. Herbert Osborn, of Ames, Iowa, and others. 



Mr. AVm. H. Edwards, of Coalburgh, W. Va., has published a revised 

 catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera North of Mexico, and has continued 

 the publication in parts of his magnificent work on the Butterilies of North 

 America. He has also continued his observations on the life histories of 

 American butterffies, the results of which have been published in the 

 monthly organ of our Society, the Canadian Entomologist. A new list 

 of Coleoptera of America North of Mexico, by Samuel Henshaw, has 

 also appeared. 



Some indication is given of the progress being made in the study of 

 Entomology in any community, by the extent of information recorded in 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 243 



reference to the Diurnal Lepidoptera found in such district. If such an 

 indication may be taken as reliable, we in Canada have made much pro- 

 gress within the past few years. Twenty years ago when our Society pub- 

 Hshed its first list of Canadian butterflies, the number of species then 

 known was 66 ; now our lists contain no less than 210. For a large pro- 

 portion of this great increase we are indebted to the labors of Mr. G. 

 Geddes in the Rocky jMountains and North-west Territories, and to those 

 of Mr. James Fletcher in British Columbia. These gentlemen have been 

 indefatigable in their work, and at the same time most successful. While 

 there may not now be many more laurels to gain among the Diurnal Lepi- 

 doptera, there are other inviting departments of labor in which any 

 industrious Entomologist may add much to our present knowledge. We 

 are glad to know that Mr. W. H. Harrington is making good progress in 

 the collection and study of our Hymenoptera ; we hope that some of our 

 members will be induced to undertake in a similar way our Diptera, 

 Neuroptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera, so that we may soon be able to 

 form some idea of the richness of our territory in these long neglected 

 orders. Wm. Saunders. 



ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 



The following named gentlemen were then duly elected as officers of 

 the Society for the ensuing year : President, William Saunders, London, 

 Ont. ; Vice-President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope, Ont. ; 

 Sec-Treas. and Librarian, E. Baynes Reed, London, Ont. ; Council — J. 

 Fletcher, Ottawa ; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Quebec ; J. A. Moffat, Hamilton ; 

 W. H. Harrington, Ottawa, and G. J. Bowles, Montreal. Editor Cana- 

 dian Entomologist, Wm. Saunders ; Editing Committee — Rev. C. J. S. 

 Bethune, J. M. Denton, Jas. Fletcher, and E. Baynes Reed. Auditors — 

 W. E. Saunders, H. P. Bock ; Delegate to Royal Society— W. H. Har- 

 rington. 



LARV^ OF HEMILEUCA MAIA, Dru. 



BY CHAS. F. GOODHUE, WEBSTER, N. H. 



It was my good fortune, in May last, to find a brood of the larvte of 

 this species. As they were very different from the only description we have 

 seen, i. e., that of Morris in his Synopsis, we herewith give a description 

 of three of its stages. As all the stages were not observed we will begin 

 with the last, as it will by that means be more short. Mature larvae, 1.50 




244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



to 1.75 inches long, color black, thickly dotted with yellowish white. Head 

 slightly triangular, smooth and shining. Head, top of segment next to it, 

 feet and vent, rich reddish brown. 



On segments 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 11 are eight rather long branching 

 black spines. Segments 7, 8, 9 and 10 have six, and segments 12 and 13, 

 seven. The two dorsal spines on segments 3 to 11 and one on 12 are 

 surromided at the base with a spreading tuft of yellowish bristles. Pre- 

 ceding stage hke the last, only there are no yellowish dots on the body. 

 The next before this, and the first stage observed, the larv^ are entirely 

 black; no yellowish bristles round base of dorsal spines as in the two last 



stages. 



The larvEe were somewhat different in color for a few hours directly 

 after the last moult, from what they were afterwards, being lighter in color, 

 but they were all alike, and like the description given in twelve hours after 



moult. 



July 9 they went under a few loose leaves on the bottom of the feed- 

 ing box and made a cell in the debris without spinning any silk. 



Four days after some of them had changed to pup^e, and in seven or 

 eight all had changed. 



The pupfeare .75 to .85 inch long, dark brown, head case smooth and 

 rounded; the joints of the abdomen are close, making the pupse rather 

 rigid. The pupje closely resemble those of Hyperchiria lo, but smaller 

 and a trifle more slender. 



The moths came out the middle of Sept. 



The larvae were found on common meadow sweet (Spircea salicifolia) 

 and were reared on it. We have always thought that the food plant would 

 prove to be something besides oak, from the habits of the moth, it being 

 almost invariably found on low, wet meadow land, oftentimes at a long dis- 

 tance from oaks of any kind. Willow is also given as one of its food plants. 



The larvae are gregarious, many feeding on a single twig, and when at 

 rest are closely packed together, much resembling the larvae of Vanessa 

 antiopa in this respect, as they also do in looks. 



The moth is usually common in this locality during the last of Sept., 

 when it may be found on the wing in the middle of the day, coursing back 

 and forth over the low lands. 



The males are usually in excess of the females, thirty to one, and it is 

 uncommon to get a perfect female, they nearly always being torn and 

 ragged. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 245 



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 

 PHOLISORA CATULLUS, Fabricius. 



BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALEURGH, W. VA. 



EGG. — Conical, the base flat, the top truncated, rounded, and divided 

 from centre outward into eight or nine rounded, nearly equal, smooth 

 lobes; at the micropyle a deep depression; sides marked by about 15 

 vertical ribs, low, rounded ; the spaces between the ribs a httle excavated, 

 and crossed horizontally by many fine stride ; color pale yellow-brown, 

 or luteous. Duration of this stage about five days. 



YOUNG LARV^. — At 12 hours from egg, length .04 inch; slender, 

 the middle segments somewhat thickest ; color green-orange, under side 

 green-yellow, as are the feet and legs ; segment 2 is whitish, with a black 

 chitinous dorsal collar in front ; head sub-globose, black-brown, shining. 

 Duration of this stage three days. 



After first moult : — Length, at 12 hours, .12 inch; shape as before ; 

 color yellow-green, thickly covered with minute yellow points, each of 

 which gives out a short fine whitish hair ; the collar on 2 black ; head 

 sub-cordate, roughened, black-brown, with a covering of fine down. 

 Duration of this stage three days. 



After second moult : — Length, at 12 hours, .16 inch; shape as before ; 

 color same ; head as before. To next moult three days. 



After third moult : — Length, at 24 hours, .42 inch ; stout, of nearly 

 even thickness from 4 to 12 ; color yellow-green, with tubercles and hairs 

 as in previous stages ; head as before. To next moult two or three days. 



After fourth moult : — At 12 hours, length .6 inch. Three days later, 



MATURE LARVA.— Length .7 inch, greatest breadth .16 inch; 

 obese, a little thickest in middle segments, but very stout from 4 to 12 ; 

 color yellow-green, thickly covered with fine flattened tuberculations, of 

 irregular sizes, whitish, each giving out a fine short white hair, whereby 

 the surface is downy ; a faint sub-dorsal yellow stripe on either side ; 

 under side, feet and legs, more green ; segment 2 has a narrow black 

 chitmous dorsal collar, cleft at summit ; rest of 2 whitish ; head sub- 

 cordate, rough, black-brown, covered with fine down as the body. From 

 fourth moult to chrysalis seven days. 



Some larvae in last stage have no trace of the sub-dorsal stripes ; and 

 in some the color is brownish-green. 



Chrysalis. — Length .52 inch, greatest breadth .14 inch ; cylindrical, 




246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



slender, thickest in middle and tapering slightly to head ; the head case 

 compressed on dorsal side, so that there is an even slope from top of 

 mesonotum to the end ; this last is rounded, and at either end of the curve 

 the ocellar prominence is set, also rounded, and not projecting so far as 

 the top of the curve ; all this part thickly beset with short bristles ; the 

 mesonotum round and scarcely elevated , color greenish-yellow, or 

 greenish-brown, according to the color of the larva, covered with a 

 whitish mealy dust ; on either side of dorsum, at base of head case, is a 

 small round black process, surmounted by a circle of short bristles. 

 Duration of this stage when the imago comes forth the same season, about 

 seven days. From laying of egg to imago about thirty days. 



This pretty species flies quite generally throughout the United States 

 to Paciiic, and Mexico ; also in the southern part of British America. 

 Abbot says it is to be found about gardens and fields, and among melon 

 blossoms. It is somewhat abundant in some years in my own garden, 

 and I have observed it often about melon and cucumber patches, alighting 

 on the leaves. Probably its fondness for gardens is because its larval food 

 plant, pig-weed (Ambrosia) abounds in such places. I know of no other 

 food plant, but Abbot gives horse-mint, Monarda punctata. Origanum, 

 Chenopodium, which he calls lamb's quarters, and another plant called 

 " careless," but which neither Wood nor Gray help to identify. The egg 

 is laid singly on the upper side of a leaf, sometimes near the edge, but 

 generally near to the mid-rib. It is of a peculiar shape, quite different 

 from that of any species of Nisoniades which I have seen, and reminds 

 one of a confectioner's cake-mould, or of an inverted basket made of fine 

 willow twigs. The color, too, is peculiar, as compared with other Hes- 

 perian eggs, which are usually white or yellow-white when laid, being red- 

 brown, and looking on the leaf like a speck of dust. I have often found 

 several eggs on a stunted plant not more than two or three inches high 

 growing on the gravel walk. 



The young larva goes to edge of its leaf, cuts in about one tenth inch, 

 and folds over a corner so separated, binding it down by two or three 

 threads. Here it Hes concealed till the first moult has passed, and feeds 

 on the fleshy part of the leaf within the fold. After first moult the larva 

 draws the leaf together by the edges, and from second moult on the hiding 

 place is readily distinguished by the oval swelling of the leaf. When 

 about to moult the case is thickly lined with silk, and closed at every 

 point. The larvae come outside to feed and return to their cases, and 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247 



feeding takes place at night. Some of my examples were kept in tin 

 boxes, and on one occasion I surprised one of the larvce feeding at a dis- 

 tance from its case ; at another, one was close to the opening and hastily 

 retreated into the case, tail foremost, as I opened the box. They are per- 

 fectly neat in their cases, the frass being always expelled or voided out- 

 side. At any time after the first stage and to maturity, on slitting a case, 

 the larva will be found lying with anterior segments bent round so that the 

 head comes a little beyond middle of body, and in nearly every instance 

 I have found the tail towards the closed end of the case. 



There seem to be two broods of the imago in West Virginia, flying in 

 June and August. The larvag found in September have hibernated, to 

 pupate in the spring, but larvae of summer produced butterflies the same 

 season. The larva is full-grown when hibernation takes place, and after 

 awaking, pupates almost immediately, that is, after 2 or 3 days. This 

 habit is like that of species of Nisoniades observed. Abbot, Ins. Ga., 

 says that a larva of Catulhis which pupated i8th June gave butterfly the 

 26th; another which pupated 29th July gave butterfly 5th August; and 

 one which " enclosed itself 14th Sept., gave butterfly middle of March." 

 By this I conclude there are three broods of the imago in the Gulf States. 



I have, as I write, 13th Sept., 1885, two larvae in hibernation, one of 

 them under a leaf on a bit of paper. The leaf is moulded to an oval, 

 rather a half oval, cut lengthwise, the edges flattened all round, and 

 everywhere bound to the paper by close web, so that quite an effort is 

 required on my part to raise the edge in the least. The other caterpillar 

 lies under a small, oblong slip of paper upon a larger piece which at one 

 end is bent considerably. At that end the opening between the two is a 

 half circle. This is closed by a sort of lace work, full of small openings, 

 and the web first spun is strengthened by several stout threads which lie 

 upon it and cross in various ways. This sort of drum-head covering 

 would resist a strong attack of any enemy but a bird or mouse. The 

 other three sides of the slip of paper are held down by stout threads or 

 cords each of very many fibres, having their attachments upon bases of 

 web thickly spread upon the under paper and at the edges of the upper 

 one. How these threads are brought together at the middle into such a 

 cord is not apparent, but they seem to be laid side by side and cemented 

 In color these cords are black, while the web itself is pale brown. One 

 cord holds the end of the slip, two hold one side, one of them near either 

 end, and three hold the other side. In addition to this the three sides 




248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



have web woven all around within. This is the sort of foresight these 

 larvae exerctse in providing for hibernation. 



Except the brief account of Abbot above referred to, I have found 

 nothing relating to the history of Catullus. Mr. Scudder, in Butterflies, 

 p. 9, fig. 14, gives a cut of the egg, which is not a good one, from an 

 example distorted perhaps by alcohol. Instead of rounded lobes at top, 

 this part is made up of illy-defined points, and the sides are not symme- 

 trical. Abbot figures the mature larva pretty well, the head excepted, 

 which is out of drawing, and discovers three whitish points on front face. 

 In nature these spots have no existence. The chrysahs is better. So far 

 as I am aware, this is all relating to Catullus hitherto published. 



PREPARATORY STAGES OF ICHTHYURA ORNATA. 



BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 



Egg. — Diameter .035 of an inch, about the same in height; blunt, 

 conical, the base flat ; smooth ; white, a dull red band round each a little 

 below the middle, which is pretty well defined on its lower edge, but the 

 upper is irregular, sometimes a small red speck on the apex. Duration 

 of this period 10 days. 



Young Larva. — Length .08 of an inch. General color grayish white, 

 a purplish red band across each of the following joints, 2, 5, 7 and 12, 

 with a faint row of the same along each side. Head jet black, broader 

 than the body; joint 12 a little elevated; thoracic feet black, the others 

 concolorous with the body; the body sparsely covered with white hairs 

 half the length of the larva. Duration of this period from 2 to 3 days. 



After the first moult. — Length, .15 of an inch; color much as before, 

 the red on joints 5 and 7 broader, the latter a little faint, the lateral stripes 

 more distinct, three faint stripes on the dorsum ; all these stripes of the 

 same color as in first stage. Duration of this period, 6 days. 



After the second moult. — Length, .25 of an inch. Of the same general 

 appearance as before, but some change in color. Head, jet black. Dor- 

 sum yellow, slightly green tinted, containing three fine reddish purple 

 stripes; jomts 5 and 1 2 slightly elevated and reddish purple, as also the 

 anal extremity and a narrow shield on joint 2. On the sides above the 

 stigmata a broad reddish purple band; below this the color is yellow, not 

 so bright as on the dorsum, mottled with purple, the purple hardly in lines 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249 



except above the feet; thoracic feet black, the others light. Duration of 

 this period, 4 days. 



After the third moult. — Length, .35 of an inch. Of the same general 

 character as during the preceding stage; the dorsum yellow, with three 

 reddish purple lines, but the piliferous spots on all the joints but 5 and 1 2 

 are more prominent and brighter yellow; the lateral stripe purple as before, 

 but on some examples it contains a darker central line, below this a row 

 of yellow piliferous spots, the area below these yellowish and striped by 

 about three broken lines. Joints 5 and 12 have each a transverse band 

 of purple and a row of black piliferous spots, slightly elevated. Venter 

 and anal part, translucent whitish; head, brown; hairs, white. Duration 

 of this period, 7 days. 



After the fourth moult. — Length, .65 of an inch, but few changes from 

 the preceding period. Marked as before, but more robust; the broad 

 lateral stripe pale and composed of mottlings of red, brownish tinged, on 

 a whitish ground, the thin dorsal lines the same; piliferous spots yellow ; 

 head paler than in preceding period. 



Mature Larva. — Length, when at rest, from .85 to .90 inch; nearly 

 cylindrical, a little enlarged through joint 5; head, .12 inch in diameter; 

 joint 5,-15 inch. In color an almost uniform mottled reddish brown and 

 whitish, the latter in irregular annulations to the brown patches ; a dorsal 

 line, and one on each side of it, a little more distinct brown. In some ex- 

 amples the brown is slightly greenish tinted, and the white is more exten- 

 sive, giving the body a slight gray tint. Piliferous spots, yellow ; head, 

 light brown, mottled so that the anterior parts of the cheeks are darker 

 brown; legs concolorous with the body; stigmata black. Duration of this 

 period, 5 days. 



Chrysalis. — Length, .55 of an inch; depth of thorax, .16 inch; of ab- 

 dominal joints 3 to 5, .20 inch, from which it tapers gradually back; cylin- 

 drical, slightly depressed on dorsum of joints i and 2; abdomen blunt, 

 conical; wing, tongue and leg cases extending to a little back of the middle 

 of joint 5; the anterior part of the abdominal joints slightly punctured; the 

 rest of surface smooth except corrugations on the wing cases. Color, 

 chestnut brown, the wing cases darker, eyes dark brown. Duration of this 

 period from 8 to ID days. 



The eggs that furnished the larvae for the preparatory stages given 

 here were sent me from Truckee, Cal., by Mr. C. F. McGlashan, June 15, 

 1885, the eggs having been deposited June 9th. This gives us from 43 to 




250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



45 days from the egg to the imago, a period about the same here as Palla. 

 I am iiicHned to think, however, that in its home in the Sierras its growth 

 is not so rapid, probably requiring a longer time for development, and finally 

 passing the winter in the chrysalis state instead of producing the imago as 

 it did here. A part of this is conjecture, however, for though I learned 

 from Mr. McGlashan's letters that his chrysalids had not hatched some 

 time after mine had, I do not know but they may have done so 

 since. With us the species would be double brooded the same as Palla, 

 the last chrysalids hibernating. 



Like Palla, the food plant is willow. As soon as hatched the larvae 

 begin to fasten leaves together with silk, forming a retreat or vivarium 

 within which they live together. When at rest the anterior part of the 

 body is bent to one side. This was noticed more after the second moult 

 than before, but continued through the larval stage. During the early 

 periods they ate the parenchyma of the leaves, leaving the framework. 

 When ready to spin their cocoons some leaves were fastened together, and 

 inside this was spun the cocoon that did T:ot differ materially from other 

 species. 



BRITISH COLUMBIAN HYMENOPTERA. 



BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, VICTORIA, B. C, 



In the June number of the Canadian Entomologist, p. 114, there is 

 a paper by M. L'Abbe Provancher, containing descriptions of a new genus, 

 Platysoma, and 7 new species of Canadian Hymenoptera. Six of these 

 new species, Ich. Vafuouveriensis, Platysoma tibialis, Limneria compacta, 

 Mesoleptus fasciatus, Phylax pacificus and Phylax niger, are from Van- 

 couver Island, and I am under the impression, for reasons which I will 

 now state, that the specimens of these species from which M. Provancher's 

 descriptions were made were from my collection, though no mention of 

 my name appears in M. Provancher's paper. 



In February, 1883, in response to the request of Mr. W. Brodie, of 

 Toronto, I sent to him specimens of all the Vancouver Hymenoptera I 

 then possessed. In June, 18 S3, Mr. Brodie returned named 81 species, 

 which I have enumerated in vol. xvi., p. 77, of the Can. Ent., and a few 

 more were returned to me in Feb., 1885, but he made no mention what- 

 ever of the fact that any of the species named were new. 




THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251 



A reference, however, to my list will show that all of M. Provancher's 

 new Vancouver species are there included, and it appears most probable, 

 therefore, that he had my specimens from Mr. Brodie and wrote his 

 descriptions from them. He acknowledges in the paper referred to that 

 the insects were sent him by Mr. Brodie. 



From what I know of M. Provancher, I feel sure that if he had been 

 informed by Mr. Brodie that the specimens were not his own, but mine, he 

 would have mentioned in his paper the name of the collector as well as 

 the locality in which they were to be found. 



Now, while I care but little about my name appearing as the captor 

 of new species, I hold that such action as Mr. Brodie's results in a 

 positive injury to science. First, because had I known that I possessed 

 a number of new species, I should most certainly have placed them where 

 they would have received greater care and have been of greater use than in 

 my cabinet, viz., in the collection of some public museum. Secondly, had 

 I been communicated with, I would have submitted to the describer a 

 series of each species, for I have a series of all but one, and in some cases 

 I have both males and females, and everyone will admit that a description 

 made from a series is of much greater value than one made from a not- 

 over good single specimen. 



Of course it is just possible that the insects described were collected 

 by some one else. If this is so, the coincidence is an extraordinary one. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



A RARE SPHINX ADDED TO THE CANADIAN LIST. 



Dear Sir : I wish to record as an addition to the Canadian fauna, 

 the exquisite little Sphinx moth, FterogoJi Clarkice Boisd., a perfect male of 

 which has been generously presented to me by my friend, the Rev. G. W. 

 Taylor. This little gem is well figured at No. 5, Plate xiii., of Strecker's 

 Lepidoptera. The specimen in question was taken at Victoria, Vancouver 

 Island, about May 15, 1884, while hovering over the flowers of a lilac 

 bush in company with Hemaris rubens H Edw. and Papilios Rutulus v. 

 Arizoniensis W. H. E., and Euryttiedofi. The coloration of this species 

 is very beautiful. The general hue of the primaries is olivaceous, but 




252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISf. 



more of a brown than a green tint. The secondaries are bright yellow 

 with a broad black marginal band and white fringe. The expanse of the 

 wings is 1 3/^ inches. The markings of the primaries somewhat resemble 

 those of Darapsa myron Cram., and consist of a small dark patch on the 

 costa near the base, a dark median band and discal spot, and a subter- 

 minal dark line which widens to a large triangular mark at the apex. The 

 marginal black band in my specimen is much wider than in the specimen 

 figured by Mr. Strecker. J. Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont. 



PERSONAL. 



Dear Sir : In the last Report of the Agricultural Dept. of Washing- 

 ton, Mr. C. V. Riley speaks of the " general untrustworthiness " of my 

 "work" as illustrated by my referring in my New Check List Phycis 

 Jiiglandis as a var. of indiginella, and using the term Phycis instead of 

 Acrobasis (used formerly by me). As to the first, I did so because Le 

 Baron thought juglandis might be a variety. I have usually been taken 

 to task by Mr. Riley for considering varieties as species. In a Check 

 List, I need not say, the author is not bound to know all about every 

 species he includes. As to the latter, Haworth's name Phycis must be 

 used for some genus of the Phycidce. Dr. Walsh having used it for our 

 species indiginella^ led me to follow this example rather than for Pejn- 

 pelia. It should be remembered that these comments on the character of 

 my work in this instance come from a person who in his descriptions of 

 N. Am. Phycidce failed to give a single strtutural character by which his 

 species could be generically referred, as I have already shown. My classi- 

 fication of the Pyralidce in the Check List has elicited the approval of 

 Prof. Fernald, who is universally recognized as a high authority in this 

 family. I am sorry that Mr. Riley should abuse Government Reports by 

 inserting such personal and unwarranted remarks. 



Aug. R. Grote, Bremen, Germany. 



BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA. 

 We are glad to be able to announce that it is the intention of Mr. W. 

 H. Edwards, author of that superb and well known work on the Butter- 

 flies of North America, to proceed with the third volume without delay. 

 It will be the author's endeavor to maintain in every respect the high 

 character of this work, which as it involves a very large outlay, will we 

 trust be widely appreciated and meet with that liberal patronage which it 

 so well deserves. 




INDEX TO VOLUME XVIL 



Acarus crataegi vermiculus, 26. 

 Acmaedera pnlchella, 231. 

 Agrotis c-nigrum, 80. 



M declarata, 6. 



II ,T larva of, 32 



II lubricans, 6. 



II subgothica, 118. 

 Aletia xylina, 29. 

 AUorhina nitida, 107. 

 Amara musculus, 202. 



M subaenea, 202. 

 A new Stiavvberiy Insect, 239. 

 Anisodactylus Baltimorensis, 36. 



II discoideus, 36. 



Annual address of President, 235. 

 Anthera polyphemus, 205. 

 Anthomyia brassiere, 236. 

 Anthonomus crataegi, 106. 



M musculus, 239. 



M rubidus, 106. 



Apatela, North American, 94. 

 Apatelodes angelica, 34. 

 Aphis mali, 80. 

 Applied Entomology, 79. 

 A rare Sphinx, 251. 

 Arctian, a new, 65. 

 Arphia tenebrosa, 12. 

 Arthrogastra of North America, 162. 

 Ascomyzes Tarquinetii, 25. 

 Asilidte, North American, 79. 

 Aulocara Elliotii, 10. 

 A well merited distinction, 73. 

 Bean, Thos. E., article by, 20. 

 Bell, J. T., articles by, 49, 58. 

 Beris Mexicana, 123. 

 Berosus Salvini, 139. 

 Blanchard, Frederick, article by, 180. 

 Bombyx mori, 237. 

 Book notices, 79, 139, 159. 

 Botherimus tilise, 24. 

 Botis inorttatalis, n. sp., 57. 

 Bowles, G. J., article by, 231. 

 Bradynotes montanus, n. sp., 16. 



II opimus, 15. 



Brodie, W., article by, 160. 

 Bruchus pisi, 240. 

 Bruner, Lawrence, article by, 9. 

 Bursifex alni, 23. 



II salicis, 24. 

 Butterflies, miscellaneous notes on, 108. 



Butterflies of North America, 252. 

 Butterfly, probable origin of word, 44. 

 Callidryas eubule, 204. 

 Callosamia angulifera, 20. 



II promethea, 20, 76. 



Calosoma scrutator, 107, 202. 

 Camnula pellucida, 12. 

 Carabidse, distribution of, 170. 

 Carabus vinctus, 36. 

 Catocala cerogama, var. aurella, 133. 



11 !i II eliza, 134. 



Caulfield, F, B., articles by, 229, 230. 

 Cecidomyia living in galls, 136. 



II tritici. Si, 129. 



Cephaloneon hyppocrateriforme, 24. 

 11 myriadum, 22. 



It pustulalum, 23. 



M solitarium, 22. 



Ceresa bubalus, 31. 

 Chermetidse, 166. 

 Chionobas Macoitnii, 11. sp., 74. 

 Chloealtis abdominalis, 10. 

 Chrysomela clivicollis, larva of, 19. 

 M labyrinthica, 40, 



II multiguttis, 40. 



II pnirsa, 40. 



II scalaris, 40, 230. 



Cicindela abdominalis, 5. 



II decem-notata, 5. 



11 dorsalis, 106, 201. 



II formosa, 5- 



II generosa, 202. 



It hirticollis, 106, 201. 



II modesta, 202. 



II Pilati, 5. 



It purpurea, 5. 



II repanda, 36, 201. 



II scutellaris, 4. 



II sexguttata, 4. 



II vulgaris, 202, 

 Circotettix carlingianus, 10. 



M undulatus, 10. 



Clarkson, F., articles by, 44, 106, 187. 

 Claypole, E. W., article by, 117. 

 Clinidium sculptile, 48. 

 Clitellaria ar^t'w/a/a, n. sp., 127. 



11 lata, 127. 



Codling moth, 119. 

 Coenomyia cinereibarbis, 122. 



11 ferruginea, 122. 




254 



INDEX TO VOLUME XVII. 



Coelopa frigida, 140. 

 Coleopteia described by Ziegler, 131. 

 II hybernation of, 35. 



,1 list of Louisiana, 66. 



II notes on, 45. 



11 remarks on, 103. 



Coleopterology, systematic, 79. 

 Colias eurydice, 109. 



M philodice, 180, 204. 

 Correspondence, 20, 58, 80, 120, 140, 179, 



232,251. 

 Cotalpa lanigera, 107. 

 Crambus hulstellus, n. sp., 56. 

 n mutabilis, 1 18. 

 II zcelhis, n. sp., 55' 

 Cryptobium flavicorne, 180, 

 Cucujus clavipes, 48. 

 Cymus resedte, 25. 

 Cyphomyia, n. sp., 128. 

 Dagger Moths, North American, 94. 

 Danais archippus, 179, 204, 

 Darapsa versicolor, larva of, 78- 

 Dectes spinosus, 37. 

 Deilephila lineata, 119. 

 Deiopeia bella, 205. 

 Dendroides Canadensis, 37, 48. 

 Dermestes Frischii, 202. 

 Dichelonycha elongatula, 1 19. 

 Dimmock, G., article by, 39. 

 Dioedus punctatus, 47. 

 Diptera taken in Philadelphia, 51" 

 Dissosteira Carolina, 10. 

 Diurnal Lepidoptera, catalogue of, 159. 

 Doryphora decemlineata, 107. 

 Drasteria erechtea, 30. 

 Dytiscus marginalis, 119. 

 'Echx\Yr\JiS Provanchei-i, 71. sp., 116, 160. 

 Edwards, Henry, article by, 65. 



II W. H., articles by, 61, 74, 98, 

 108, 140, 156, 179, 181,232, 

 245. 

 Elaphidion villosum, 188. 

 Elephant pipes, 79. 

 Elodes virginica, 27. 

 Embia Batesi, 195. 

 11 Brasiliensis, 195. 

 II Latreillii, 145. 

 II Mauritanica, 190, 210, 222. 

 11 Mtilleri, n. sp., 206, 222. 

 II Persica, 192, 222. 

 II ruficapilla, 196. 

 I, Salvini, 19S, 222. 

 II Savignyi, 174, 177, 222. 

 II Solieri, 193, 223. 

 Embidinse, monograph of, 141, 171, 190, 



206. 

 English sparrow, 241. 



Entomologist, Dominion, report of, 139. 

 Entomological captures by electric lamp, 

 117. 

 Club, A.A.A.S., 93, 199. 

 M exhibits at New Orleans, 



lOI. 



II notes, 29. 



II Society of Ontario, annual 



meeting of, 233. 

 Entomology at Brigantine Beach, N. J., 

 201. 

 II economic, 80. 



II for beginners, i. 



Erineum alneum, 23. 

 II alnigerum, 25. 

 II anomalum, 26. 

 II axillare, 23. 

 II ferrugineum, 26. 

 11 luteolum, 24, 

 II purpurascens, 25. 

 II roseum, 24. 

 Errata, 200. 



Eumacaria brunnearia, 32. 

 Euparhyphus, n. sp., 126. 

 II bellus, 127. 



M ornaius, n. sp., 126. 



II stigmaticalis, 126. 



Euptoieta claudia, 20, 60. 

 Eurycreon perplexalis, n. sp., 57- 

 Euryomia fulgida, 107. 



11 inda, 107. 

 Fernald, C. H,, article by, 55. 

 Fischer, Ph., articles by, 76, 133, 180. 

 Fletcher, J., article by, 251. 

 French, G. H., articles by, 19, 33,40, 161, 



248. 

 Formica herculeana, hybernation of, 231. 

 Gaurotes abdominalis, 46. 

 II cyanipennis, 47. 

 Geddes, Gamble, articles by, 60, 120. 

 Gonyleptidte, 167. 

 Goodhue, Chas. F., article by, 243. 

 Grote, Aug. R., articles by, 94, 252. 

 Gryllus luctuosus, 18. 

 M neglectus, 18. 

 Hagen, H. A., articles by, 20, 21, 58, 81, 

 129, 132, 134, 136, 140, 141, 171, 

 190, 206. 

 Hamilton, John, articles by, 35, 45, 103, 



201. 

 Harpalus caliginosus, 107. 

 Harrington, W. H., articles by, 58, 234. 

 Heliazeus populi, 23. 

 Hemileuca maia, larva of, 243. 

 Henshaw, S., article by, 40, 131. 

 Hermetia aurata, 125. 



II Comstocki, n. sp., 125, 




INDEX TO VOLUME XVII. 



255 



Ilermetia lativentris, 125. 

 Hessian Fly, on the, 81, 129. 

 lleterocera, 79. 

 Hibernating larva;, 113. 

 liippiscus Haldemanii, 12. 

 II lineatus, 12. 



II montanus, 12. 



Hololepta fossularis, 45. 

 Horn, Dr. G. H., article by, 137. 

 Hydrophilus ater, 137. 



n insularis, 137, 138. 



II ovatus, 137. 



11 triangularis, 138. 



Hydrophylidte, note on some, 137. 

 Hymenoptera, additions to, 114. 



II British Columbian, 250. 



Hyperchiria io, 77, 205, 244. 

 Ichneumon Vaiicourericnsis, n. sp., 1 14. 

 Icthyura inclusa, 43. 



II ornata, preparatory stages of, 248. 

 II palla, M 11 40. 



Insects in arctic regions, 157. 



II on relaxing, 113, 

 Ips fasciatus, 46, 

 Isosoma tritici, 236. 

 Jack, J. G., article by, 29. 

 Keen, E. L., article by, 51. 

 Kellicott, D. S., article by, 32. 

 Kilman, A. H., article by, 20. 

 Lachnosterna futilis, 36. 

 Lebia grandis, 1 19. 

 Legnon circumscriptum, 23. 



II confusum, 23. 

 Le Naturaliste Canadien, 200. 

 Lepidoptera, on hatching, 76. 



11 systematic position of some, 



79- 

 Leptura vibex, 104. 

 Leucania unipuncta, 80. 

 Limenitis arthemis, 30. 

 ) disippus, 30. 

 Limneria coinpacta, n. sp., 116. 

 Lixus concavus, 36, 37. 

 Lucanus dama, 119. 

 Lycaena neglecta, iii. 



II pseudargiolus, llo. 

 II violacea, 1 11. 

 Lytta atrata, 119. 

 II vittata, 119. 

 Macrobasis unicolor, 48. 

 Macrodactylus subspinosus, 24o. 

 Macrosargus clavis, n. sp., 123. 

 Megilla maculata, 36, 37. 

 Melanoplus atlanis, 17. 

 II cinereus, 17, 



11 curtus, 17. 



H extremis. 18. 



Melanoplus femoratus, 18. 



M femur-rubrum, 17. 



H infantilis, 17. 



11 minor, 17. 



11 Packardii, 18. 



Melitsea Harrisii, 108. 



II Phaeton, 108, 187. 



II rubicunda, preparatory stages of, 



156. 

 Melsheimer, Rev. J. F., 20, 

 MQSo\e\>i\xs Jasciaius, n. sp., 110. 

 Microclytus gazellula, 105. 

 Moffat, J. A., articles by, 34, 40, I2'>. 

 Murray, Wm., death of, 78. 

 Mutilla occidentalis, 202. 

 Nemeophila Schoynii, n. sp., 65. 

 Nemotelus crassus, 128. 

 II unicolor, 128. 



Neonympha canthus, 112. 

 Nisoniades icelus, preparatory stages of, 98. 



II juvenalis, loo. 



Nitidula ziczac, 202, 

 Notodonta concinna, 31, 

 Obituary, 78. 

 Odontomyia cincta, 128. 



It flava, 128. 



Oligotoma antigua, 176. 



II cubana, n. sp., 141. 

 II Hubbardi, n. sp., 142. 

 II insularis, 143. 

 n Michaeli, 14S, 175,212,222. 

 11 nigra, n. sp., 174, 223. 

 M Saundersii, 144, 2 12, 222. 

 II Westwoodi, n. sp., 171. 215. 



Olyntha Brasiliensis, 196. 

 Ormerod, Miss, report of, 139. 

 Orthoptera, 9. 

 Orthosia bicolorago, 80. 



II ferruginoides, 80. 

 Pachygaster pulchris, 128. 

 Pamphila myus, 11. sp., 33. 

 Papilio rutulus, 112. 

 II turnus, 112, 140. 

 11 I! food plant of larva, 232. 



Parasa chloris, larva of, 161. 

 Parnassius clodius, 61, 64. 



II smintheus, preparatory stages 



of. 61. 

 Pasimachus sublcevis, 202. 

 Pea bug, 240. 



Pemphigus caryse venae, 26. 

 Personal, 252. 

 Pezotettix boockii, 12. 

 11 enigma, 15. 



II hispidus n. sp., 12. 



II Washingtonins, n, sp,, 14, 



PhalangidcE, 167. 




256 



INDEX TO VOLUME XVU. 



Pholisora catullus, preparatory stages of, 



245- 

 Photuris pensylvanica, 119. 



Phrynidoe, 162. 

 Phyciodes tharos, 30. 

 Phycis indiginella, 252. 



If juglandis, 252. 

 Phylax niger, n. sp., 1 17. 



,1 pacifiais, n. sp , W] . 

 Phytoptocecidia, collection of in Cam- 

 bridge, 21. 

 Piazorhinus pictus, 105. 

 Pieris rapse, 29, 203. 

 Platynus anchomenoides, 36. 

 ,1 extensicoUis, 36. 

 ,. melanarius, 36. 



,, picipennis, 36. 

 11 punctiformis, 202. 

 Platysoma,n. g., 115. 



!, tibialis, n. sp., 115. 

 Pronuba yuccasella, 30. 

 Provancher, L., articles by, 50, 114. 

 Psinidia sulcifrons, 12. 



,1 wallula, 12. 

 Ptecticus Sackenii, n. sp., 124. 

 n similis, n. sp., 124; 

 ,, testaceus, 124. 

 Pterogon clarkias, 251. 

 Pterostichus erythropus, 202. - 

 „ luctuosus, 36. 



,, lucublandus, 7, 36. 



n Sayi, 36. 



Pyralidse, North American, 5:^. 

 Pyrameis atalanta, note on larva of, 179. 

 „ cardui, 29, 60, 180. 

 II huntera, 205. 

 Raspberry Saw fly, I. 

 Reed, E. B., articles by, 200, 233. 

 Report of Delegate to Royal Society of 



Canada, 234. 

 Rhinoncus longulus, 104. 

 Rocky Mountam Butterflies, 120. 

 Rose Beetle, 240. 

 Samia cynthia, 76. 

 Saperda concolor, 36. 

 ,1 discoidea, 47. 

 Sargus decorus, 123. 

 II nigribarbis, 123. 

 II viridis, 123. 

 Satyrus alope, 6. 



II nephele, 6, 

 Saunders, W,, articles by, i, 32, 73, 78, 



79, loi, 139, 159. 235. 252. 

 Scarites subterraneus, 202, 

 Scolytus rugulosus, 48. 

 Scorpionidse, 165. 

 Sea-side captures, 106. 



Selandria rubi, I. 



Smith, J B., articles by, 3, 93, 199. 

 Species, varieties and races, 3. 

 Sphenophorus cariosus, 203. 



II costipennis, 203. 



II pertinax, 203. 



11 retusus, 202. 



Sphinx drupiferarum, 31. 

 Spilosoma acrgea, 205. 

 Solpugidse, 163. 

 Staphylinidje, list of taken at Belleville. 



Ontario, 49. 

 Stenobothrus sequalis, to. 



II coloradus, lo. 



11 curtipennis, 10, 



Strategus antaeus, 38. 

 Subula pallipes, 122. 



II parens, n. sp., 122 

 Synairema americana, n. sp., 50. 

 Syncrista alni, 23, 

 Synchroa punctata, 48. 

 Taphrina alnitorque, 25. 

 Taylor, Geo. W. , article by, 250. 

 Telea polyphemus, 77- 

 Terias lisa, 180. 

 Termes flavipes, 134. 

 Thelyphonidse, 162. 

 Townsend, C. H. T., articles by, 66, 170, 



231. 

 Toxotus Schaumii, 103. 

 Trapping Coleoptera, 229. 

 Trimerotropis coendipennis, n. sp., 10. 



II pseudofasciata, lo. 



n suffusa, 10. 



Tropisternus apicipalpis, 138, 

 Tyleuchus millefolii, 23, 

 Typhlodromus oleivorus, 22. 



,1 pyri, 22. 



Underwood, L. M., article by, 162. 

 Urographis fasciatus, 37. 

 Van Duzer, E. P.. article by, 80. 

 Vanessa antiopa, 30,31, 80, 

 II cardui, 20. 

 M Milberti, 30. 



II M preparatory stages of, 181 



Vasates quadripedes, 22, 25. 

 Victorina stelenes, 109. 

 Vulvulifex pruni, 24. 

 Wheat Isosoma, 226. 

 White Ants destroying living trees, 1 34. 

 Williston, S. W., article by, 121. 

 Wintle, E. D., article by, 180. 

 Xyloma alneum, 23. 

 Xylophagus decorus, n. sp., 1 21. 

 II g)-acilis, 11. sp , 121. 



Xyloryctes satyrus, 39, 40, 58. 

 Zeigler, biographical notice of, 1 32. 








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