Lat ltr Ceca C w eipecieasten coer siren teste tetohetl en mists gener me mi haa tigre Oe oth presi Fett eer de ee ren 28 ep em oo os oO. ae cat fenae Ms reaereegieee spent oie ee ee meene, eset i Sse ih eter paaid . OE So Eo ed vat poet ears ap eneete) > not -erieeteas ah at eet See Taner 2 4 Soar ey Lalaenne! Respect ot os: Pics nwargponye marta NS Journar OF THE New York Botanicac GarDEN VoLumME XIII, 1912 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davip Lypic Funp BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. Day Members of the Corporation. Epwarp D. ApaMs, Joun D. ArcHsoLp, Grorce F, Baker, Euceng P, BIcKNne.t, Grorce S, Bownorn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Apprson Brown, Pror. Epw. S. Burczss, Dr. NicHo.tas M, BuTier, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Witiiam G, CHoate. fEpwarp S. Harkness, Tos. H. Hupparp, Aprian Ise.in, Jr, Watter B. JENNINGS, Pror, James F, Kemp, Epw. V. Z. Lang, Prov. Freperic S, Lzx, Hon. SetH Low, Davin Lyoie, Pror. Henry F, Osnoen, Lowe. M. PALMER, Grorce W. PERKINS, ENRY Puipps, James R. Pitcuer, M. F. Prant, Joun D. Rockerecier, Cuaries G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. GitMAN THOMPSON, SaMUEL THORNE, Hon. Ecerron L. Winturop, Ta TABLE OF CONTENTS 145. JANUARY Collecting Fungi on the Pacific cael es feria te Genera tis Sa ahs blac tuee aan arama tenate car ery Conference Notes iii... sci 5 5 bab ae ised Secale nee andra aoe Hea tee eae ee ete N : ACCESSIONS 63 .i sisisont hs dei ae tape ay es AEE tw ee wh ea ae Moe Charles: Pinney: Coxsiiecicee Pd.n de eeatienl’s on Lae aoe da ee eae ee See Botanical Exploration in Cuba. ...... 00... cece eee erence etre eet enes The Flowering of the Jamaica Candle-Wood Tree............. 00: e ee eee Cont e Notes ie ce of the Staff, Scholars and Students of the New York Botanical arden during the Vear 1911... 2... eee cece ttt tenes Notes, News and Comment... 0... . ccc eee cece tenn e een e teeta ACCESSIONS 5: 5.6:5:00 seed sats LE EEE Sd Oe ene eee ears ee ee vee No. The Letchworth Park Arboretum.... 0.0.0... ccc ce tee eee ete eens The Chestnut Canker Convention.............. Conference: Notes wo: ecsteas ca ieinii sues pe ie oe ele eee isle ae nate ae ae ees Notes, News and Comment............... Actessions.s02niai vases Geactce wa vag ais foal a ead hee oak ete epee No. 148. APRIL me Features of the Dismal Swamp of Virginia... ......... 002... e eee ee ahs Succulent Plant Collections. 0.0.0... ccc cece ccc eee een eee eens {onierence Notes 54.5 ay by dates ees ee ee Sead Peas ee Spring pe ee TO C2 ater tca wire enn sacar ano? Notes, News and Comment.......-...:c cece cee eee ec eee ener eee eaee ee ACCESSIONS oe: cene i Pata: MOE Swe oma Gide eed Hee ei kanes nee eee nee No. May Wild Plants Ss Protection—tr. ee in the Pulpit ’ (Arisaema triphyl- 1a) TO oa ety bien cay eo es eek eee Be ees enn coos Thoughtless Destruct tion of Jack in the Pulpit. ene ieteataaaleavelalade Mande tae ee oe eae Further Botanical Exploration in Cuba....... Cutting ‘otes, News and Comment..... 0... ccc cence erect eee treet tne eneee Accessions . NEY De ah loca covegeevita tee ev akan teataln gous artery yon sca No. 150. JUNE Wild Plants Needing Protection—z2. ‘Spring Beauty "’ (Claytonie virginica L.) Botanical Exploration in Oriente, Cuba viii CONTENTS Jacquin's Selectarum aca manag Iconibus Pictis Beda Mhete aia oe 99 Spring and Summer Flower Shows......... 02. c cece seer errr neeee tenes 100 Summer Lectures, 1912... 0... c cece cence we eee eee sere eeereanaree 104 Notes, News and Comment thie erates ae 105 ACCESSIONS ii3e Si iead oot ed Pain ESE PRE cla CIS UEE PSS ae Da Ee eee ete 108 No. 151. Jury Wild Plants Needing Protection—3. ‘ Wild Pink" (Silene caroliniana Walt.). 109 Winter- Killing of Evergreens. 1.0.0... 6 cee ce tee teen e ence nee eennee 110 sae News and Comment....... -+- 120 Access! 121 No. 152. Wild Plants Needing Protection—4. ae eae (Aquilegia cana- L. I Gensis Li.) oc sistas atte coe dieua ost oe dein ee Sew S Seas nals ae eet Development of the Path System of the Garden........... 0.00 eee c eee ceee A Fungous Infection of the Ear The Kaffir Orange.................0.-- Wild Plants Needing Protection—5. on rd’ sew ener (Viola pedate L.) Botanical Explo: ation in Pinar del Rio, Cuba........... cece eee eee ee Cl. ie Herbarium............... Lawns Ruin ite: Gruss ween eee sie Notes, News and Comment............. Siohainees oes Accessions 2.42 34444 ea dt be ead 38 eee ee i es a ee No. 154. OCTOBER The Leopard-Mot Botanizing in snes — tects ec Nee tithabard Coates tee bene saee torelebe eee Byte diee dlein lotes, News and Comment... ... 0c. cece cece cence tte een ere tnees Accessions...... No. 155. NOvEMBER Botanical Expl i in Santa Clara and Oriente. ............. cece cece Chinese Tea Paintings Given to the Mus anand Fungi in the Adirondacks. Flower Exhibitions. ete utumn Lectures IOTZ....4. Notes, News and Comment........ 0... eee cece eee e nett rene n eee renens ACCESSIONS ». oes sheet eae ree de eee een ae eee eae No. 156. DECEMBER Botanical cana in Bermuda. sia WR Rad ere seers a erie SR ole es eens ae onference Notes... 2. ccc sce c eect een ee tere eee eee teeta ay Piacente her —. to > Publi School Children . fee od Cac tact tvaasene cies d Com: Aes ONS ia eed Sean es seeded x OX ppc aleiste ese ns iealaie acian He ewig date Vol. XIII JANUARY, 1912 No. 145 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator y PAGE Collecting Fungion the Pacific Coast... . 2... i. ee ee I MMINMLETICOUN GPCR Morrisette hate se i tel Mecho neds GEIS Wea slave egret’ g, tie 6 14 Notesmewsiand Comment... ke ee we ew te ws 15 BREATH ns rn ere te a hes tones Maan abbey ia od vei gical oar alte My 19 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Av 41 NortH Quzen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. ny THe New Era PrintinG ComPANY OFFICERS 1911. Sealey ADDISON BROWN, Vicr-PReEsID: Re CARNEGIE, TR ai sa RLES F. COX, SecreTarY—DR, oe L. BRIT TON. BOARD OF MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1 THOMAS H. HUBB Be eas MORGAN, FRANCIS LYNDE ian GEORGE W. PERKINS, ; MYLES a ERNEY. Term expires January, 1914. ADDISON BROWN ROBERT W. ee ee W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCR ER. Term expires January, 1915. N. LB TON, JOHN I. KANE, NMRA CARNEGIE, W. J. MATHESON, W. GILMAN THOMPSON. 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE SAE hoe OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ae Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOVER. THE Mayor or THE City or New York, HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR. an SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. ROF. H. H. RUSBY, uae PROF, EDWARD ge GESS, PROF. R. A. ne DR. NICHOLAS Saree BUTLER, ark JAMES F. CHARLES F. COX, ROF. sir eg . ies PROF, WILLIAM i GIES, Gen . E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. STAFF. trae is L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. ; DR. pect K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. i DR. DB D J. Curator, ROBERT 2 ae ‘ninoratie es PERCY WILSON, Assistant Cur 5 Doc ORGE V. NASH, Head Gn Sisner TOUT, Director of the Laboratorie es. Y JOHN R. BRI pe Engineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent. ‘AILLVAS 'NOLONIHSVM ANVT JO AAXOHS JOURNAL - OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. AUT January, 1912, : No. 145. rae dae COLLECTING FUNGI ON THE PACIFIC COAST. Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrecror-1n-CHIer. Sir: Following your instructions to explore the Pacific Coast at several points in search of the larger fungi, I left New York October 13, accompanied by Mrs. Murrill, and went first to Seattle, Washington, where we made our headquarters for two weeks, and later proceeded down the coast with the approach of wintry ‘weather. ; The only stop made on the way to Seattle was at Chicago, where I visited the Field Museum of Natural area) and delivered a public lecture on edible and poisonous fung’ From the car windows, a general idea of the reer features floral elements as new regions were entered. In Minnesota and North Dakota, immense fields of black prairie soil were becoming tinged with green by the sprouting wheat, and the last of the threshing was in progress. Trees were scarce, occurring in widely scattered groves consisting chiefly of oaks, birches, and, poplars. Crossing the Canadian boundary into Sadiichewan. similar conditions of soil prevailed, but. most. of the wheat was still in the shock, and trees were rarely seen. Beyond Moose Jaw, ‘much of the country is barren and hilly with scattered clumps of shrubs, resembling moorland, and is suitable only for grazing. All the lumber used throughout this region for building and railway purposes is. brought from the Canadian Rockies. Posts and telephone poles are made of western white cedar. On the morning of the fourth day from New York, the moun- _ 1 2 tains were reached, and twenty-four hours were required to cross the two systems between Calgary and the coast. The scenery of this region is remarkably fine and strongly contrasted with the boundless stretches of prairie previously traversed. complete change also takes place in the flora: splendid coniferous forests clothe the flanks of the snow-capped mountains, while aspens, alders, and willows mingle with firs and pines in the valleys. Extensive ranches with great herds of cattle, horses, and sheep; mines of various kinds; and large lumber camps and sawmills are passed in quick succession. At Banff, the Canadian Government has made one of the largest park reservations in the world, containing nearly 6,000 square miles of territory. Laggan, at 5,000 ft. elevation, is a small station with a few log bungalows, dense forests of firs and pines, and superb scenery. This place and Glacier, in the Selkirks, appear to be choice localities for collecting fungi in the summer. The summit of the Rockies is reached at Stephen, 300 ft. higher than Laggan, where the ‘“‘ereat divide’’ occurs. A descent of 1,000 ft. is quickly made to Field, where watches are set to Pacific time, and nearly another thousand feet brings one to Palliser, named for one of the first expeditions to explore the Rockies, in 1858. Golden is at the foot of the Rockies, and across the Columbia River to the west rise the heavily forested Selkirks still to be crossed. Among the somber-hued conifers, scattered poplars stand out vividly in their yellow autumn coloring, and birches reappear below 3,000 feet. Several new trees, some of them belonging to the Pacific Coast, make their appearance here. Early on the morning of the fifth day, the valley of the Fraser River was reached, at slight elevation above sea-level, and we entered the rich grazing and lumbering region that continues all the way to Seattle, where we arrived in the middle of the afternoon. Seattle, with a population of 300,000, is one of the most pro- gressive and promising cities of the West. The climate is mild and humid, adapted to a luxuriant vegetation; the soil is glacial drift, through which streams easily wear deep gorges in which great trees grow and shelter myriads of smaller plants. Some ‘“MuUVd IVNOILVN WHINIVY NI SMAIA SAR Dever iea Dowdy = oe bhava Lwipuj- ayey men (Ege: 3 of the finest of these gorges are included in the system of public parks; the botanist need not leave the city limits to find splen- did collecting ground. Although bear, deer, grouse, wild geese, pheasants, gophers, etc., abound, there are no noxious reptiles or insects to disturb the collector. Beyond the city lie immense primeval forests of great beauty, containing giant red firs and ‘white cedars over a thousand years old and from six to fourteen feet in diameter, pine and spruce in abundance, some hemlock, and scattered trees or clumps of oak, maple, alder, willow, and cascara. All of these trees are different from our eastern species. red fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, is the principal timber tree; an white cedar, Thuya plicata, is extensively used for shingles and posts, the heartwood containing an oil which resists ecay; the large-leaved maple, Acer macrophyllum, is planted on the streets for shade throughout much of the Pacific Coast region, and the trunks often develop cancerous swellings which supply a fine “curly maple”’ for furniture; the single species of oak is usually so knotty and misshapen that its chief use is for firewood; ‘‘Cascara Sagrada,’ Rhamnus Purshiana, furnishes the well-known medicinal bark of commerce. he University of Washington, situated in the suburbs of Seattle on the shore of Lake Washington, is uncxcelled for loca- tion, the campus being one of the finest in the world. Several of the permanent buildings and many of the exhibits used in the exposition of 1909 were afterwards turned over to the uni- versity, the forestry and ethnology exhibits being particularly d ood. We established ourselves at the University Inn, within a short distance of the botanical laboratories, and made excur- sions into Woodland Park, Ravenna Park, the forest north of Ballard, the shores of Green Lake and Lake Washington, a peat bog, and other localities that offered good opportunities for collecting fungi. These excursions were planned by Pro- fessor T. C. Frye, head of the botanical department, who very kindly placed at our disposal all necessary facilities. He also arranged to have Mr. S. M. Zeller, a graduate student in his department and an excellent collector, accompany me on many of these excursions. 4 The number of fungi secured was far greater than T had antic- ipated. The season was exceptionally good and the weather unusually favorable both for collecting and preparing the speci- mens. Four boxes, containing 732 field numbers, or about 2,000 specimens, accompanied by descriptive notes, were sent to New York at the end of two weeks’ stay in Seattle. It is estimated that over 100 species new to science are represented in this collection. On October 26, a visit was made to Tacoma Prairies, about fifty miles south of Seattle. During the forenoon, the shores of a lake to the north of the prairie proper were explored and similar conditions to those at Seattle were encountered, although a number of species new to our collection were obtained. Here in the forest of Abies grandis, fine specimens of Fomes Laricis, a medicinal polypore rare in America, were found on fallen trunks; also a remarkable “fairy ring’’ one hundred feet in circumference formed by seventy-seven sporophores of a species of Tricholoma, some of them six inches in diameter. The prairies are formed by a terminal moraine of consider- able extent, the soil of which is so sterile that very little cover is found upon it. A short, slender grass, a resurrection moss, a pretty violet, one or two hawkweeds, and clumps of young Abies grandis just arriving after so long a time from the adjacent forest, with scattered specimens of Pinus contorta, constitute the chief vegetation in the autumn season. A single species of gill-fungus and a few puffballs grew in the open on these prairies, but a number of species, many of them similar to those of the pine barrens and peat bogs about Seattle, were found in the shade of the clumps of young fir trees. The pleasure of the Tacoma trip was much enhanced by the splendid views obtained of Mt. Rainier, whose giant, snow- capped cone rises to the height of 14,500 feet above the coastal plains. On Friday, November 3, we left Seattle for Salem, Oregon, arriving at 10 P.M. It had been our intention to do some col- lecting in the vicinity of Salem with Professor Morton E. Peck, of Willamette University, but we found by conference with him JOURNAL OF THE NEW York BOTANICAL GARDEN. PLATE LXN THE WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREGON LIFE-SAVING STATION, WITH SCRUB PINES, NEWPORT, OREGC 5) that instead of three or four inches of rain, the usual quantity for October, there had been only one-half an inch; so we pro- ceeded next day to Corvallis and established ourselves near the new Agricultural Hall of the Oregon State College, within easy reach by three separate railway lines of the western slopes of the Cascades, the Coast Range, the intervening valleys, and the immediate coast. Some of the most promising localities were selected for us by Professor H. S. Jackson and these were visited in order. The weather, which had been rather dry for fungi, became stormy upon our arrival, and every day was more or less rainy. Periods of low temperature after the rains ap- peared interfered considerably with the development of gill- fungi, but by visiting sheltered places a very good representa- tion of species was obtained. On Monday, November 6, several hours were spent in explor- ing a dense fir forest south of Corvallis, which contained scattered specimens of oak, willow, and maple. A majority of the fungi found were similar to those at Seattle, but a considerable number were different; also, several eastern species were collected here that had not been seen in Washington. Paxillus involutus reached a foot or more in diameter; Hygrophorus eburneus, Boletus luteus, and Lactaria deliciosawere very abundant; Hydnum Auriscalpium occurred commonly on the fir cones; Amani- topsis vaginata, Craterellus cornucopioides, Marasmius siccus, Russula nigricans, Tyromyces chioneus, and Armillaria albo- lanaripes were found once or twice. The following day, November 7, was spent at Glen Brook, twenty-three miles south of Corvallis, one of the terminals of flooded during a portion of the winter, when wild geese frequent it in large numbers. The abundance of wheat stubble and clover also proves very agreeable to the handsome Chinese pheasant which has multiplied greatly in this valley since its introduction in 1877. The hills were covered with gnarled and 6 twisted oaks, Quercus Garryana, which supported great quanti. ties of mistletoe and a long gray lichen similar to the Spanish moss of tropical America. This lichen, a species of Alectoria, is very abundant on trees of all kinds on the Pacific Coast. In the old fir forests at Glen Brook, from 400 to 1,000 feet elevation, there was splendid collecting, and I traveled a linear distance of about ten miles on foot before the train was ready to return. Mr. Carter, the owner of much of this woodland and the promoter of the railway, showed me every courtesy, and while the sparks from the fir in the fire-box of the engine lighted the sky like myriads of fireflies, he gave me an account of handling red fir and white cedar logs twelve feet thick with donkey engines. Indeed, some of the logs on our train were so large that it was deemed dangerous to pass the bridge near Corvallis in the dark, so we left the train there and walked into town. All of the next day was required in working up the Glen Brook collection and getting the specimens to drying. Onaccount of the rains, artificial heat had to be used for all the Oregon collections. A room with a large sheet-iron stove was devoted to this purpose, and over the stove were suspended parallel frames of wire netting, on which the specimens were spread. When completely dried, they were wrapped in newspaper with the accompanying field notes and descriptions and laid away in drawers until the time for packing and shipping arrived, when they were sent by express to New York to be put into boxes with naphthalene flake and kept in a dry place until my return. If not shipped promptly, there is danger of moulding, of insect attack, and of injury from frequent handling. Colored sketches, made by Mrs. Murrill, were numbered to correspond with the specimens and retained for encaaaee with later novelti On November 9, before Peon I left for a day’s collecting at Mill ae on the western foothills of the Cascades fifty miles east of Corvallis, where there are large sawmills and virgin forests of red fir and other conifers. The yellow fir forests begin at Granite Mountain, a few miles farther on, but a snow- storm had visited this region and rendered collecting difficult if not impossible. ON THE WAY TO MUIR WOODS, On arriving at Mill City, I first climbed to 1,200 feet, north of the town, and spent the forenoon among the ancient red firs that afforded a partial shelter from the snowstorm that continued without intermission all day. The fungous flora here was not extensive, owing to the cold, but was quite different from that of the Willamette Valley. A large and handsome new species of polypore was found growing on a rich bank beneath one of these old firs The low, dense forests along the river were visited in the after- these collections. An excursion with Professor Jackson was arranged for Saturday, but an unusually heavy snow:and a cold wave interfered, followed by a cold rain lasting all day Sunday. n Monday, November 13, I crossed the Willamette River east of Corvallis and explored the low mixed forest in the river bottoms, giving attention chiefly to the dead logs and branches left by the lumbermen. n the under side of these logs, where the cold had not penetrated, a number of interesting timber- destroying species occurred. second visit was also made to Hyatt’s woods, south of town, where a few additional species had appeared since the heavy rains beg On the afternoon of November 13, T sealed the daily train for Newport, situated on the coast at the mouth of Yaquina Bay seventy-five miles west of Corvallis. For some distance, the railway crosses the prairie valley of the Willamette and then begins the ascent of the Coast Range, following the windings of a rapid mountain stream. All of the timber between Corvallis and the coast near the railway has been burned off in the past and there seems little chance to collect except in some of the small wooded flats along this stream. Just before reaching Sum- mit, the conditions seem fair. Again, at Elk City, beyond the Coast Range, another stream joins the one the railway follows and this flows through good timber several miles above Elk City. At Yaquina, passengers for Newport cross the bay in a small steamer, arriving about 6 o'clock at the little seaside resort built along the bay front and protected from the ocean winds by steep 8 sandstone hills on the north and northwest. There is a good hotel and good beaches, which attract a number of transient visitors during the summer. Also, a good many persons own cottages along the bay and ocean front. On the next morning, November 14, I braved the storm that had raged for two days and explored the pine barrens covering the sandy headland lying back of the life-saving station. This proved to be an exceedingly interesting region, yielding many novelties. I was much impressed with the ability of fleshy fungi to thrive in almost pure sand. Here under the pines I found numbers of specimens of the brilliant orange-red form of Amanita muscaria, which I was to see later in California. Rostkovites granulatus, one of the edible boleti, also occurred here in great abundance. After the turn of the tide, I went eastward from Newport along the beach a few miles and turned into a lumber trail up a small stream, where the usual virgin forest conditions prevailed and the fungous flora was more like that in the Willamette Valley. The day’s collections, which were large and important, were so saturated with water that they had to be spread out ina steam-heated room over night to reduce them to a normal con- dition and prevent many of them from collapsing completely. During the return journey to Corvallis next morning, I was able to complete the descriptions and have the specimens ready for the much-needed drying process. Continued adverse weather conditions caused us to leave for California a few days earlier than we had planned. The Oregon collections, comprising nearly 400 field numbers, were shipped direct to New York and we caught the midnight express at Albany, November 16, bound for San Francisco. The railway journey from Corvallis to San Francisco occupied two days, our train being held up fourteen hours at Keswick by a wreck. The Siskiyou Mountains, separating Oregon from Cali- fornia, were crossed after a very steep climb up to 4,000 feet from the fertile and beautiful Rogue River Valley. Soon after leaving Ashland, we entered a forest of oaks so abundantly covered with mistletoe that the trees appeared evergreen after Plate LN? K BOTANICAL GARDEN. Yor JOURNAL OF THE NEW MUIR WOODS. IN THE HEART OF 9 their leaves had fallen. The southeastern slope of the Siskiyou range was clothed with a splendid forest of Pinus ponderosa, much resembling the forest of Montezuma pine west of Jalapa in Mexico. As we descended into the valley and crossed the line into California, a very decided change took place in the climate and the flora, owing to the small rainfall. Stunted, thorny shrubs, and scattered trees (Libocedrus decurrens) partly covered old lava streams and volcanic hillocks. At Redding, cycads were growing in the open and new trees of various kinds appeared, belonging to a warmer and drier region. Several species of oaks, most of them evergreen, took the place of the single species found in Washington and Oregon. The large spherical live-oaks are left in the fields for shade, as palms are in the tropics. At Vina, the largest vineyard in the world, belonging to Stanford University, is located. The vines are kept cut back to short stumps very close to the ground, giving them a totally different appearance from those of either northern or southern Europe. Eucalyptus trees, so commonly planted in southern California, were first seen at Marysville, not far from Sacramento. Extensive or- chards, hop-fields, cattle ranches, and wheat-fields dotted the valley in this region, and the entire country as far as the eye could reach seemed a fertile and promising one. he first excursion for fungi after reaching San Francisco was made to Golden Gate Park, a large and handsome public planta- tion overlooking both the city and the ocean. The season, how- ever, was unusually dry and very few specimens were found, most of these being gathered among the tree-ferns in a shaded ravine. During a period of rainy weather, the extensive wooded areas of this park should yield a rich harvest of fungi. onday, November 20, we visited the University of California and made arrangements through Professor Setchell and Mrs. Brandegee to examine the Harkness’ types of fungi placed in storage by the California Academy of Sciences after the loss of their building during the great earthquake. These types are in envelopes within pasteboard boxes and are in good condition. The Academy is preparing to erect a handsome 10 new building in Golden Gate Park in time for the Panama Exposition. November 22 was devoted to an excursion to Muir Woods, the most famous collecting ground in the vicinity of San Fran- cisco. From Mill Valley, charmingly located among hills and redwood groves and easily reached by ferry and electric train, the steep ascent of Mt. Tamalpais is easily negotiated in a train of special construction and the descent to Muir Woods is made by a gravity c his whole region, including the mountain with its ae eheibs and herbs, and the deep gorges in its flanks filled with immense redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) and ferns, i is of intense botanical interest. oods is one of the few extensive tracts of virgin redwood forest now in existence. In 1908, the 295 acres comprised in this tract were given to the National Government by Mr. Kent and dedicated in honor of John Muir, the celebrated geologist. The largest trees, reaching 14 feet in diameter and 300 feet in height, stand on the floor of the cafion along the banks of a small stream. A few other trees, such as fir, alder, maple, and tan-bark oak, grow sparingly in the twilight between the towering redwood trunks. Muir Inn, situated on a promontory between two branches of the main cafion, is an excellent base for explorations in this vicinity. The best season for collecting fungi is usually during January and February; the best for flowers is probably in April. On November 23, I went to Santa Rosa to see Mr. Burbank and his experimental grounds. After devoting several hours of his valuable time to my instruction and entertainment among the long hedgerows of spineless cacti and other interesting and important products of his genius, Mr. Burbank graciously re- marked: ‘Most people take my time; a few give me theirs. You are of the latter class.” One experimental plot of several acres surrounds the old homestead in the edge of the town; the other, which is much larger, is at Sebastapol seven miles away. Mr. Burbank is recognized as the greatest ‘‘selecter’’ of variations in plants, especially in young plants; there is no limit to his patience or devotion where a beneficial variety is concerned; he ‘VINMOALTIVO ‘VSOM VINVS LY MNV@und YAHLNI AO AWOH CIO AHL i works with millions of seeds and thousands of seedlings in many plant families and from gll parts of the world, and the climate of Santa Rosa is peculiarly favorable for plant growth and development. He has the power from long experience to judge lants at a very early stage, and he has also developed methods of forcing them quickly into fruit. An old apple tree stands in his grounds, which has been forced to mother as many as 600 tiny seedlings at one time in order to induce them to fruit in a year or two instead of requiring five to ten years. In this and many other ways, time and space are saved and quick results are obtained. On the way to Santa Rosa, the town of San Rafael was passed, in the vicinity of which Moore collected practically all of the gill-fungi recorded in Harkness and Moore's list of. Pacific Coast fungi. On Friday, November 24, we left San Francisco for Palo Alto, the seat of Stanford University, and arranged for a collecting trip the next day with Professor L. S. Abrams in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Starting early, we drove to Preston’s Ravine, at the foot of the mountains, where nearly a hundred numbers were found; then crossed over the range at an elevation of 2,000 feet and descended the western slope to La Honda, eighteen miles from Stanford, where we collected quite a number of interesting fungi in the moist redwood forest, and returned between seven and eight o’clock in the evening. Palo Alto is a model town and Stanford University one of the most attractive institutions of its kind. The handsome buildings are all constructed according to a definite plan, and a considerable part of the campus of 8,000 acres is laid out in walks and drive- ways shaded with a variety of palms and bordered by groves of eucalyptus, live-oak, madronio, and various conifers and other evergreen trees. There are at present about 1,800 students at Stanford, 500 of whom are women. The institution is planned to accommodate not over 2,000, and it was decreed by the founder that not more than one fourth of these should be women, for the reason that an education under such favorable conditions and circumstances was deemed more necessary and more useful to men. 12 Nearly two days were required to properly describe and care for the collections made at Preston’s, Ravine and La Honda. Some time also was devoted to the examination of specimens in the herbarium of the university. On the afternoon of Novem- ber 28, I lectured before the professors and students of the botanical department on the subject of poisonous and edible fungi. Professor Abrams entertained us at his home the same evening. The following day, the final shipment of specimens was made and we left for Los Angeles and Pasadena, arriving at the latter place in time to enjoy Thanksgiving dinner with Mr. Daniel Wilson. Pasadena is blessed with a superb climate, and is the winter home of one hundred and twenty-five millionaires. The houses are scattered over the low hills at the foot of Mt. Lowe and Mt. Wilson, the street borders and large yards being filled with pepper-trees, palms, climbing roses, orange-trees, and a great variety of subtropical decorative plants. McClatchie, the my- cologist, lived here and made the largest existing collection of the mosses and fungi of southern California. On the morning of December 1, I left Pasadena on the “‘Cali- fornia Limited’’ for New York, passing quickly from the great, fertile San Bernardino Valley up to the sterile tableland sparsely clothed with yucca and sage-brush, and on through the boundless desert to the region of the Grand Cafion and the Petrified Forest, where huge trees of past ages lie embalmed in agate, thence through thickets of dwarf red cedar and pifion for hour after hour, across the continental divide, past the pueblos of various Indian tribes, over Raton Pass at an elevation of nearly 8,000 feet, and down to the broad cultivated prairies again, with their wheat, corn, cattle, yucca, cottonwoods, jack-rabbits, and prairie- dog villages, until the Mississippi was reached at St. Louis. The journey was broken here to visit the Missouri Boetiad Garden and Washington University. The crowded collections of tender plants at the garden are to be housed next winter in a splendid new glasshouse 300 feet long and 60 feet high at the central dome, about equal in size to the famous Palm House at ew Gardens. The library is one of the best in the country, 13 and both it and the extensive herbarium have been largely transferred to steel cases in a strictly fireproof building. The fungi collected on the Harriman Alaskan Expedition, some of which occur also in Washington, are to be found here. Professor W. Trelease, the director, received me cordially and devoted most of the day to my instruction, entertaining me at his home in the evening. Professor G. T. Moore piloted me over the University, which is rapidly expanding in equipment and scope, and we lunched together at the University Club. After dinner, I attended the meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, an old and famous organization, of which the botanist Engelmann was the first president, and Eads, the architect of the great bridge over the Mississippi, one of the charter members, Leaving St. Louis Monday night, I arrived in New York early Wednesday morning, December 6, and found that all my collec- tions had arrived in excellent condition. For convenience of reference, a list of these, with localities and numbers, is given below. COLLECTIONS ON THE PAacIFIC Coast. Seattle, oe hover aaaeeobncete October 20-November 1....... Nos. I~ 732 Tacoma, Washing October 26 tt os aa Prairies, Washington ee eer October 26 . Glen Brook, Oregon... 0.2... ccc eee ee November 7....... ‘933-792 i City sOregon ivi) denice arom eee November 9....... a 93- 8 Corvallis, Oregon... 0... ee eee eee November 6-11 “880-1025 Newport, Oregon... 2.2... eee eee November 13...... ** 1026-1099 Golden Gate en California............... November 21...... TIOO-1124 Muir Woods, California.................005 November 22...... “125-1158 sila s Ravine, California................ November 25...... * T1§g-1241 a Honda, California...............00 00005 November 25...... "1242-1305 It is estimated that this collection of fungi comprises about 3,700 specimens, and is easily the largest, most comprehensive, and best ever made on the Pacific Coast. When it has been worked over and compared with other collections from the same region, our knowledge of the fungous flora of that vast and intensely interesting land lying west of the Cascade Mountains will be much increased. Aside from the interesting botanical features of the Pacific Coast, the botanical explorer cannot fail to be impressed with the 14 vastness of things—ranches, orchards, vineyards, forests, lands to be tenanted, deserts to be reclaimed, mines to be worked—an with the big-hearted, patriotic, unshackled, enterprising, hopeful men and women who are pushing this sect’on to the front. The enthusiasm everywhere shown in preparation for the coming Panama Exposition is only an illustration of the human energy that is actively asserting itself from one end of the Coast to the Respectfully submitted, W. MuRRILL, Assistant Director. CONFERENCE NOTES. The conference of the scientific staff and students was held in the main laboratory on December 4. The first paper, by Mr. William R. Maxon, of the U. S. National Museum, was entitled ‘‘Notes on the Tree Ferns of North America.” The speaker enumerated the main features regarded as important in the major classification of the Cyatheaceae, and particularly of the tribe Cyatheae which is usually regarded as embracing three genera, Cyathea, Alsophila and Hemitelia, separated mainly upon characters of the indusium. Jenman and, more recently, Copeland have argued against maintaining these genera, the latter author reducing all to the single genus Cyathea, with several subgenera. The justification of this treatment was discussed at some length and the need suggested of a thorough revision of the group upon characters of minute morphology other than those of the indusium. Mr. Maxon also reviewed a recent paper* describing a peculiar new fern from Panama, Polypodium podocarpum, a subpinnate species in which the sori are essentially apical upon special lobes of the pinnae and the apices of the fronds and of the pinnae are of indefinite evolution. The pinnae are produced frequently to a remarkable length, especially by injury to other parts of axon, William R. A remarkable new fern from Panama. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. 56, part 24. Pp. 1-5, pls. 1-3. November IQII.) 22, 15 the frond. Several other examples of indeterminate apical growth in Polypodium were given and specimens of these shown. The topic ‘A Subgenus of Vittaria,’ was presented by Dr. R. C. Benedict as follows: Vittaria J. E. Smith is a genus of perhaps forty species of tropical ferns, nearly all of which have leaves of grass-like outline. Its classification is, therefore, more difficult than in the case of most fern genera, and is indeed much the same problem as would be offered by a genus of grasses if no flowers and fruits were available. The differentiation of the species demands a careful study of the microscopic characters of the spores, paraphyses, and scales, and a study by cross- sections, of the arrangement of the vascular tissues in stem and leaf, and of the position in which the sporangia are borne. By using these methods of study, it has been found possible to deter- mine specific limits accurately. The paper presented at the conference was concerned with one subgenus of Vittaria, Radioviltaria including seven species the characters of which have been sufficiently determined for publication. Illustrations of the seven species were shown. These with the text descriptions and discussion are shortly to be published. According to this paper the subgenus Radiovittaria includes seven species viz., V. minima (Baker) Benedict, V. Gardneriana Fée, V. remota Fée, V. stipitata Kunze, V. Morit- ztiana Mett., V. latifolia Benedict, and V. IWilltamst Benedict. The two last mentioned species are to be described in the forth- coming paper. Both are based on material collected in Bolivia by Mr. R. S. Williams of the Garden staff. V. minima has only recently been placed in Vitiaria, the material here included having been previously placed in two other gencra. A. B. Strout. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Mr. Percy Wilson, assistant curator, spent a part of the month of December and January collecting in the provinces of Pinar del Rio and Havana, Cuba. . Maxon of the National Museum, Washington, cicently pe several days at the Garden in continuation of his work on ferns for North American Flora. 16 Dr. Charles Thom of the Experiment Station, Storrs, Con- necticut, spent a day at the Garden recently, consulting the library. Dr. B. M. Davis, assistant professor of botany in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, was at the Garden December 19, looking up specimens of Oenothera to be used in work on mutation. Dr. C. B. Robinson, formerly in the employ of the Garden, and for the past three years economic botanist in the Bureau of Science, Manila, has returned and is spending some time at the Garden. Professor J. C. Arthur and Dr. F. D. Kern spent several days at the Garden the early part of January studying rusts in con- nection with work on North American Flora. Mr. R. E. Stone of Cornell University visited the Garden in January to consult the fungous collections with special reference to parasites on leguminous plants. Among other recent visitors at the Garden were Drs. A. F. Blakeslee and G. P. Clinton of the Agricultural College, Storrs, Connecticut; Professors J. C. Blair and Chalres D. Crandall of the University of Illinois; Dr. E. W. Olive of the State College of South Dakota and Professor R. B. Thomson of the University of Toronto. Mr. Edward W. Berry, formerly a student of the Garden, has recently published a book (Bulletin No. 3 of the Geological Survey of New Jersey) of 233 pages and 29 plates on ‘The Raritan Formation.”’ About 100 of the 128 plate figures of fossil plants are reproductions of figures in Newberry’s “Flora of the Amboy Clays,” the type specimens of which are in the museum of the New York Botanical Garden. Numerous in- cidental references may also be found to other types and figured specimens in the museum, collected by Dr. Arthur Hollick in Long Island, Block Island and Martha’s Vineyard. The meeting of the various scientific societies of the country at Washington during Christmas week was a notable one and well attended. The botanists had very full programs, as well as a dinner and a smoker, in which between one hundred and 17 two hundred took part. The Garden was represented by Dr. N. L. eek Dr. W. A. Murrill, Professor R. A. Harper, and r. A. B. Stout. A movement to unite all American botanical associations under the Botanical Society of America was auspi- ciously inaugurated. The next meeting of the societies will be held in Cle a and the one following in Atlanta. The Field Museum of Natural History, which has coéperated with the Garden im explorations in the Bahamas, will shortly erect a new museum building costing about five million dollars. The collections will be grouped in it under Anthropology, Botany, Geology, and Zodlogy. The California Academy of Sciences is also to have a new building in time for the Panama Exposition. A new tropical laboratory for botanical and zodlogical re- search is soon to be established at Mayaguez, Porto Rico, with Dr. F. L. Stevens as director. Dr. W. J. Gies, consulting chemist of the Garden and professor editors a en very active in the establishment of the Biochemical Bulletin, volume I, No. 1 of which appeared re- y is publication which is to appear quarterly, each ; S volume containing about five hundred pages, is the official organ of the Columbia University Biochemical Association for the publication of papers of a biochemical nature. In addition to the publication of biochemical research, some of the aims of the Bulletin are the extension of general biochemical knowledge and to furnish a means of keeping the workers in the home laboratories in closer touch with those who have gone out to other fields of labor. The first number of the bulletin contains 160 pages and is devoted to scientific papers and notes and news of a biochemical nature. One of the papers (pp. 7-41, with Bed plats) is by Professor Francis Ernest Lloyd and is entitled, ‘‘The tannin- colloid complexes in the fruit of the persimmon, Diospyros.” We understand that the Biochemical Bulletin will aim to give special encouragement to the development of chemical studies in botany and that chemical papers on botanical subjects will be welcomed to its pages. Botanists are accordingly invited to 18 contribute to the success and usefulness of the Bulletin. Among the editors and collaborators we note the names of the following botanists: Carl L. Alsberg, Gertrude S. Burling- ham, E. D. Clark, C. A. Darling, C. Stuart Gager, Benjamin C. Gruenberg, William T. Horne, Homer D. House, J. E. Kirkwood, Elsie A. Kupfer, Burton E. Livingston, Winifred J. Robinson, Fred J. Seaver and A. D. Selby. Many of the orchids in range 1 are now flowering freely. In house no. 15, next to the large dome, many of the Venus-slip- pers, represented by the genera Paphiopedilum and Phragmi- cially attractive, Paphiopedilum Alcides and P. ‘‘Wm. McKin- ley,” of hybrid origin, and an unusually fine form of Paphiopedi- lum insigne, known as Harefield Hall. The flower of this variety is especially large, with the standard broad and flat and beauti- fully marked with large spots. It is one of the best of the P. insigne forms. Many of the genus Phragmipedium are also in bloom. One of these, of hybrid origin, is P. Cleola, a pure white flushed with rose, and resembling, in general form, the native white lady-slipper, Cypridedium reginae. The rosy flowers of Laelia anceps, a Mexican species, are just making their appear- ance, and the striking Laelia superbiens, well described by its specific name, is coming into flower, its bright flowers borne, as in many others of the genus, in bunches at the top of long naked stems. It is a native of Guatemala. In strong contrast to this is Laelia flava, of Brazil, with its smaller yellow flowers. A plant of the Javanese orchid, Vanda tricolor suavis, with large white flowers spotted with purple, is attractive, not only on account of the beauty of its colorings, but also for its pleasing fragrance. In the far-away Philippines grows Platyclinis glumacea. An ex- cellent plant of this is now in full bloom with many long slender drooping racemes of yellowish flowers. Oncidium Kramerianum, wild in northern South America, is striking in its coloring of orange and brown. The flower, with its long tail-like petals, is at the end of a long naked stem, resembling much a butterfly at rest, hence its name of the butterfly orchid. There are many other interesting orchids in this house. In house no. 12 are 19 many plants of the Himalayan, Paphiopedilum insigne, in a number of color varieties, now in a profusion of bloom; and next to these a collection of the Andean genus, Masdevallia, some of which are now flowering. Meteorology for December —The total precipitation for Decem- ber was 4.09 inches of which 1.48 inches fell as snow. The maximum temperature of 65° was recorded on December 12 and a minimum temperature of 10.5° was recorded on December 5. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. specimens of hepatics from Quebec. (Given by Dr. C. B. Robinson.) 4 specimens of mosses from Missouri. (By exchange with Dr. John Davis.) 2 specimens of Leskea algarvica from Portugal. (By exchange with Dr. George Roth.) 3 oo of mosses from Guadeloupe Island, Lower California. (Collected by Dr. J. N. 18 specimens a Aebee from Greenland, Swed i Spitz {Given by Dr. A. LeRoy Andrews. 13 specimens of flowering plants from the eastern United States. (Given by Mr. E. E. Steele.) 2 specimens of Chamaesyce glyptosperma from Ontario. (Given by Mr. John Dearness. I specimen of Chamaesyce from vk {Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) I specimen of Kneifia Sumstinet from Pennsylvania. (By exchange with the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, nis aba 2 specimens of Linaria Linaria from Ontario. (Given by Mr. William Scott. . 2 specimens of mosses from Saguenay cag Quebec. (Given by Dr. C. Robinson.) 4 specimens of Riccia from Connecticut. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.) 4,500 specimens from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) I specimen of Parthenium Hysterophorus from Dane ae by Mr. E. C. 1 specimen of Festuca octofora from Alabama. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper.) 60 specimens of ferns from eastern North America. ae: by Dr. Philip oe pecimens of fungi from Siberia. (Given by the United States Department of ae ae +700 specimens of fungi from Washington, Oregon and California. (Collected soe Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Murrill.) specimens of ferns from the vicinity of New York City. (Given by Dr. Bai Dowell.) 20 86 herbarium specimens from British America. (By exchange with the Geo- logical Survey of Canada.) 2 herbarium specimens from New York. (Given by Mr. K. P. Jan: 11.) pecimens of flowering plants from Colorado. (By exchange me Mr- Pinion E. Osterhout.) 4 specimens of fungi from North America. (By exchange with iSoiekeor j.c. Arthur.) , 164 herbarium specimens from British Columbia and Hudson Bay. (By ex- change with the Geological Survey of Canada.) 4 specimens of Amaranthaceae from Ohio. (By exchange with Professor John H. Schafin er.) ‘mens of Xanthium from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor J. C. ae and Dr. F. D. Ker 5 specimens of Pam (By exchange with the Seed Laboratory, Ottawa, Canada.) ’ 48 specimens of mosses from Washington and Oregon. (By exchange with Professor A. S. Foster.) 407 specimen: aie St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin, West Indies. (By ee with the Botanical Garden, Utrecht, Holland. PLANTS AND SEEDS. plants for conservatories. (By exchange with National Museum, through Rose.) 2 plants of Agave. (Given by Mrs. C. Cole Bradley.) 3 plants of Campanula tsophylla. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) Primula. (Gi 1 plant of a. (Given r. H. H cea 1,260 lily bulbs for decorative plantations. (Purchased.) I of Cyea: (G y Mrs. J. H. T. Stempel.) 6 plants of Cordyline australis. (Given by Mr. H. Sch ind, 3 orchids for ervatories. exchange with Messrs. Lager & Hurrell.) plan conservatories. a exchange with Messrs. Knight & S! 6 orchids for the conser y exchange with Mr. A. Manda.) 2 packets of seeds of Man 1 packet of seed. (Given by Dr. =i ae Rus! 66 plants for paren derived pes seeds ue various sources. ihot nb Hunicke.) Members of the Corporation. Evwarp D, Apams, Joun D. Arcusotp, Georce F, Baker, Eucene P. Bicknett, Grorce S, Bowpo1n, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Pror, Epw. S. Burcess, Dr. Nicuoras M. Butter, Samuet W. Farrcuixp, James B. Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Rosert W. bE Forest, Tuos. H. Hupsarp, ApriAn ISELIN, JR., Wa ter B. JENNINGS, Joun I. Kang, Eucene KE ty, Jr., Pror, JaMes F, Kemp, Hon. Ecerton Epw. V. Z. Lang, Pror. Freprric S. LEE, Hon. Setu Low, Davin Lynpic, Epcar L. Marston, W. J. MatHEson, Freperic R. NEwsoLp, Pror. Henry F, Oszorn, Lowett M. PaLMer, Grorce W. PeErkINs, James R. Pitcuer, MioBs PLANT, 5. Joun D. RockEFrELLeEr, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Jacos H. Scurrr, MortiMer L. ScuiFF, James A. ScRYMSER, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, Wi111am D. Stoaneg, Cartes G. THoMPsoN, Dr. W. Girman THomeses SAMUEL THORNE, My tes TIERNEy, Louis C. Tirrany, orGE W. VANDERBILT, L. WintHrop, Jr, > (| ARS PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden ol the New York Botanical Garden, nor: ges con: — taining notes, and ae bs hoa ae of general interest. Free to mem ers of the Garden, To other: ents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its tw elfth volume. Myco! ologia, biontiy, Sinus in color and otherwise ; devoted to ‘ungi, sale lichens ; con ae; technical atti ale Me news and notes: of Lee: in- terest. $3.00a year Now in its third volume. eaters of the New York Botanical Garden, onions the annual reports of the Director-in-Ch cuments, and results of Jovem carried o ie Garden. Free to all members of the Garden S, $3.00 per elgg "s ven volumes. No an plies ae Flora, Descriptions a the wild plants of North ape, including Greenland, the be Indies and Cen ral America. Plan ned to be com leted in thirty volumes. y. 8vo, Each t or ioe ate c Subscription pate $1.50 e "part; ja imi? ete: of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 e oe $ [Not aie in exchan Vol. a nah I, issued May 22, ae Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceae, Penthoraceae, Parnassiaceae. k Vol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniacese, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- yas a part I, issued Oct. 4, ae Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia- ceae (eines Vol. 25, part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linacese, bigheeet se Vol. 9, parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- Sie (Parts 1 and 2 no longer sold separately. : Vol. 22, part t issued June 12, 1908. arias Platanaceae, Crossoso- — mataceae, Connaracese, Calycanthaceae, Rosaceae (pai Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 20, Rosacea i. part 4, issued i i € a i) Vol. 17, part 1, issued June 30, 1909. Typhales—Poales. Vol. 16, part 1, issued Nov. 6, 1909 Ophioglossales—Filicales ae 9, part 3, issued Feb. 3, 1910. Boletaceae, Chanterelecer ‘and Lactariese (pars). Vol. 25, part 2, issued June 3, 1910. Tropaeolaceae—Malpighiac - 3) part 1, issued Dec. 29, 1910. Nectriaceae, Hypocteacede; Cacteinieeeaae a Vo) Fimetariacese Vol. 25, part 3, issued May 6, r911. Rutaceae—Burseraceae, $ Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gardeu. Price to pean of the — Too f .-I, An An Flora of Mi Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. ‘ Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Descoome by D. T. Be ie xvi + 320pp., with 176 figures. 190: Vol. III. Studies of C Conif Remains from Kreischerville, New ; gt? by Dr. Meine? Hollick and Dr. Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii 138 pp., with 29 te ates. 1909 Vol. IV. Bests of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii a Ze Pps ees figures aed 14 Be 1908, itbutions ae New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- written yt students or rebee of the ee jag reprinted from journals one ie “the above, ios Sod 25 cents each. $5.00 lume, Five volumes. RE T NUMBERS 25 CEN oes EACH. ; 143. Bet ofa Fre Preliminary Study of the So-called Kenai Flora of Alaska, by — thur a 144. The Palecbatadienl Collections of the New York Botanical Garden, by — Arthur Holli 145. Notes on Rosaceae—VI, by P. A. Rydberg. 146. ps de Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Lower California, 0, by Marshall a seas . w YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ONX PARK. New Yori Qiry Vol. XII FEBRUARY, 1912 No, 146 d JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator CONTENTS PAGE Beteevlen Munney COR i ve ee ee ee Botanical NO NAIONMR MCNUR iiih wn yews ticgvabiiey Witte Satie oe etl eie artis 23 _ The Flowering of the mn Candle-wood Tree. .......-+-+...4- 25 RIIEMPTICEMV OREN otc se in are eka eee Mah ede bec nate, flee Publications of the Staff, Cana and Students of the New York Botanical i Garden during the Year rotr wee ee ee Notes, News and ica. £4 WN Sip eae Rane nA i, Cor GRR aare ae, ga 35 “EOS Saale rec dae ee api Wo ae Re TANS Ae eS ott heey) PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 41 Nortn Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. spy Tue New Era PRINTING COMPANY OFFICERS 1912. punice age ADDISON BROWN, SrecreTary—DR, N. L. BRITTON. BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1 D MANAGERS Term expires os 1913. THOMAS H. HU: ERPONT MORGAN, FRANCIS ee STETSON, GE cage W. PERKINS, ES TIERNEY. Term ree acess 1914. EDWARD D, ADAMS, W. YARD CUTTING, ADDISON BROWN, He nae - pE FOREST, JAMES A. SCRYMSE Term expires January, 1915. N. L. BRITTON, ae I, KANE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W. J. MATHESON, W. GILMAN THOMPSON. 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIc Parks, HON. R. 3. SCIENTIFIC Re s. PROF. H 5 eta €.* PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS, pe F. R. A. HARPER, DR. NICHOLAS ape BUTLER, PROF JAMES F, KEMP, PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES, OF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. E. L. nee Jr. mao a N. L. BRITTON, pee tor-in-Chief. R. W. A. MURRILL, ca Director. DR. jaan K. SMALL, Head Cur of the Museums. DR. H. H SBY, Curator of ic Catectons DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Callsiitthe 4 F, A. SCHIL G, Museu ‘an R. BRINLEY, Landscape E: Mee S. GROESBECK, Clerk and secaeited. RTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIII February, 1912, No, 146. CHARLES FINNEY COX. Charles Finney Cox, Treasurer of the New York Botanical Garden since 1899, an original member of the Corporation, and a member of the Board of Managers since the formation of that Board in 1895, died at his residence, No 5 Delavan Terrace, Yonkers, N. Y., on Wednesday, January 24; he was a little more than sixty-six years old, having been born on Staten Island, January 16, 1846. He studied at the College of the City of New York, and subsequently at Oberlin College, where he obtained the degree of A.B., and that institution, of which he was later a trustee, subsequently conferred upon him the honorary degree of A.M. Lafayette College awarded him the degree of LL.D. in tg1t. Mr. Cox had a keen appreciation of the progress of modern science, and for a man not professionally within the scientific ranks, an extraordinary knowledge of its details in many branches. He was a member of many learned societies and an officer of several from time to time, having been president of the New York Microscopical Society in 1888; of the Council of the Scien- tific Alliance of New York from 1891 to 1906; of the New York Academy of Sciences 1908 and 1909, treasurer of that body for several years previously, and again accepted the duties of that position in December, I9It. Microscopy was his favorite subject for personal investiga- tion, and his studies with the microscope of plant and animal life extended over many years; the instrument itself, and the history of its development and perfection were of great interest to 2] 22 him from the standpoint of the wonderful additions to knowledge obtained by its use, and their applications to the welfare of man- ind. This acquaintance with the facts and methods of micro- biology made him, most fittingly, the first chairman of the Charity Organization Society’s Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis, following the discovery of the bacillus which causes that human affliction, the vast importance of which he at once recognized; his service, in this position, has been of inestimable value to humanity. To all the work of the Charity Organization Society he rendered signal service over a long period of time, accepting membership on many of its important committees. A close and critical student of the facts and observations on which the theory of evolution is based, he formed one of the most complete collections of Darwiniana ever brought together. In 1909 he represented the New York Academy of Sciences at the centennial celebration of Darwin’s birth, held at Oxford, England, and he has spoken of this as one of the most interesting episodes of his life. He was one of the incorporators of the New York Botanical Garden, named in the charter granted by the Legislature in 1891, and had previously been active in advocating the establish- ment of the institution. The subscription of the guarantee fund required by this charter was successfully accomplished, largely through his efforts; he became a member of the Board of Man- agers at its formation on February 12, 1895, and his service in wisest and always helpful. The Garden has received important gifts from him, including his collection of microscopes, illustrating the history of that instrument, many books on microscopy and e consider that all these Gale services were given freely, while he was continually engaged in the most confining type of a business career as the manager of vast financial in- 23 terests, we can but wonder how it was possible; he was modest and unassuming in all his relationships, a most lovable character, and a perfect gentleman. WHEREAS, Charles Finney Cox, one of the original promoters of the New York Botanical Garden, and its Treasurer from 1899 until his recent death, departed this life on January 24, 1912, after long and faithful service. Resolved: That the Board of Managers, mourning his un- timely death, hereby places on record its appreciation of his noble, manly character; his engaging personal qualities; his able contributions therein; and his devotion and ready assistance at all times by counsel, advice and pecuniary means towards the successful development of the Garden enterprise. Resolved: That in his death, we mourn the loss of an in- valuable associate and an endeared friend, and that we extend our sympathies to his bereaved family, to whom a copy of these resolutions is directed to be sent. The foregoing memorial and resolutions were approved by the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden, at a meeting held January 30, 1912. N. L. Britton, Secretary. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN CUBA. Dr. NX. L. Britton, DirecToR-IN-CHIEF os The following brief report on potest exploration on the Sierra de Anafe, a small mountain range in the province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, between Caimito and Guanajay, is here presented. Sailing from New York on December 9,-I arrived at Havana on the morning of the 13th, and the following day, accompanied by Brother Léon of the Colegio de la Salle, Vedado, went by rail to Guayabal which is at about the center of the range. We 24 were very hospitably received at the home of Mr. Arthur Shaler Williams, where I made my headquarters during my stay of a little over two weeks. Having, on several occasions, the kind codperation of Brother Léon and the comfortable quarters at Mr. Williams’, my work was greatly facilitated. The tree-like cactus of this region, a species of Leptocereus (L. Leoni), was observed only on the southern slope. small colony containing several large individuals, one of which was fourteen feet tall, was found on December 19 on a hillside near Caimito, and an excellent wood section from one of these specimens was prepared for the museum. The bark of this species is very thin and of a grayish-green and unlike many other castuses, the wood is very heavy and close-grained. Many individuals were care- fully examined for flowers and fruits, as these are rather im- perfectly known, but, unfortunately, the plants were neither in flower or in fruit at this season. A species of Selenicereus, a vine-like cactus, was also collected, together with specimens of a species of Agave, which bore showy yellow flowers. Another floral feature of the range is a species of Thrinax (T. punctulata), which is confined to the jagged rocky slopes and per- pendicular cliffs on the north side. Specimens from five to thirty- five feet tall were growing from the shallow pockets of some of the cliffs. The observer can but wonder how these palms, with apparently so insecure a foothold on the sides of such vertical walls, have been able to withstand the severe storms that occa- sionally sweep across the island. Of the shrubs, Myginda uragoga, a member of the Staff-tree family, and a plant which appears to be of rather local distribu- tion in Cuba, was frequently seen on the cool, shaded slopes, also hanging from the faces of the cliffs. On some of the more exposed hillsides, a Malpighia (M. cubensis), is very plentiful. This species, together with a variety of other shrubs, forms a dense thicket through which one is obliged to proceed with great caution. Many of the stinging, needle-like hairs that are ap- pressed to the under surface of the leaves soon found a lodging place and caused me much discomfort. Several apparently uncommon species of Passiflora were found 25 in the dense hillside thickets, the fruit of one of these being much sought after by birds. Between the two ridges the surface is relatively flat and for the most part used for pasture-lands, or is under cultivation. In the vicinity of small habitations two familiar weeds, the pepper- grass (Lepidium virginicum) and the common plantain (Plantago major), are established. This entire range was thoroughly explored between December 14 and January 1, and the collection obtained here will un- doubtedly prove of much interest. Returning to Havana on the afternoon of January 1, I visited the following day the valley of the Rio Bacuranao in company with Brother Léon, and on the 3d, we had the pleasure of his colleague, Brother Victorin’s, company to Cumbre Hermosa, where several plants not represented in our herbarium from the province of Havana, were obtained. he afternoon of January 4 was given to exploration of the Jata Hills at Guanabacoa, where many interesting small grasses were found, and several shrubs among which were two species of Malpighia, and an Erythroxylon a alaternifolium) which grew very plentifully. The large collection of plants brought together by Dr. J. A. Shafer during November and December, in the extreme western part of the province of Pinar del Rio, was placed in my care at Havana, and included with my collection which I brought through to New York on January 9 Resseetiully seats PERCY WILSON, pene Curator. THE FLOWERING OF THE JAMAICA CANDLE-WOOD TREE Among some of the rare and little-known species brought from the West Indies by the various expeditions of the Garden, and installed in the living-pl Hlecti are a number of specimens of the Jamaica candle-wood (Pullosiema pteleoides), one of which flowered at Conservatory Range 2, on January 6, 1912. 26 This plant, a member of the Rue family, was discovered on the Santa Cruz Mountains, Jamaica, by William Purdie in 1844, who was making a botanical collection for the Royal Gardens at Kew, and plants grown from seed collected by him flowered there in February, 1849. In his Icones Plantarum, Sir William Hooker described and figured (plates 698 and 699) this new plant under the name of Pachystigma pteleoides. As the name Pachy- stigma had been used for a South African genus in the Madder family, Hooker’s plant was renamed two years later by Walpers as Peltostigma pteleoides. Subsequent collectors in Jamaica failed to find this species until its rediscovery, after a long search, by Dr. N. L. Britton and Mr. William Harris in September, 1907, on a wooded hill at Potsdam, on the Santa Cruz Mountains, probably the original locality, at about 2,600 feet elevation. The trees were in young fruit at the time of their visit, and numerous seedlings were obtained from which the specimens at the Garden were grown. The Jamaica candle-wood, or ptelea-leaved peltostigma is a slender tree, sometimes attaining a height of eight meters. The leaves are alternate, the dark-green leaflets usually three, and closely resemble those of the hop-tree, Ptelea trifoliata, a native of the United States, sometimes grown in our parks. The flowers are an inch or more in diameter and sweet-scented, with the petals of a creamy white and nearly equal, and the sepals deciduous and unequal, the interior ones large and somewhat petal-like, the outer smaller. The stamens are numerous and inserted on a thick, fleshy disk, and the ovary is covered with short hairs giving it a velvety appearance. This species appears from the history of the living material at Kew and here to flower when at the age of five years. Herbarium specimens from southern Mexico and Guatemala from altitudes up to 5,500 feet appear identical with the Jamaica plant. PERCY WILSON. 27 CONFERENCE NOTES. The January conference of the scientific staff and registered students of the New York Botanical Garden was held in the laboratory of the Museum Building, Monday, January 15, at 4P.M. A general synopsis of the work on the mosses for the first part of Vol. 15 of North American Flora, was presented as follows: I. Sphagnaceae, Dr. A. Le Roy Andrews........... 100 species reduced to 37 2, Andreaeaceae, Miss Julia T. Emerson............ 12 species reduced to II 3. Archidiaceae, Mrs. N. L. Britton............... 8 species reduced to 4 4. Dicranaceae, Mrs. Britton and R. S. Williams: 1. Bruchiaeae, Mrs. N PittOMeeis eae Gees 22 species reduced to 20 2. Ditricheae, Mrs. N. L. Britton.............. Io species enlarged to 25 3 yoxiphieae, Mrs. N. L. Britton........... I species enlarged to 2 Seligerieae, Mrs PUCCON 6 S305: 485s hes vie 6 species enlarged to 9 5. Dicranelleae, R. S. Williams............ 55 species reduc: 29 doweisieae, Mr. R. S. Williams. ........ 2species....... 2 . Dicraneae, Mr. R. S. Williams.............. 230 species reduced to 117 5. Leucobryaceae, Mr. R. S. Williams: €Uuco. fae Eerie ness lad ool de! Na iotates tea ecan as 26 species reduced to 2. Leucophanes.... 0... ce ccc cece nee i ah Gehan 3 species reduced to 2 3. Ree iiiee Radeee ea ieee Dh eta nach eva Se ay 5 species reduced to 3 Dr. A. Le Roy Andrews, of Cornell University, stated that the number of species of Sphagnum recorded for North America had been increased from Ig listed by Lindberg in 1882 to 100 in Warn- storf’s treatment in Pflanzenreich, just issued. After critical studies and comparisons with W. I., C. and S. A. forms, he had been able to reduce this number to 37 species and 8 varieties. He also stated that ‘‘ With reference to nomenclature, where the facts seemed clear he has followed the principle of priority starting with Linnaeus, involving the adoption of 6 old names only, and no new changes are made.” Miss Julia T. Emerson followed with notes on Andreaea in which she stated that 4 species of this genus had been recorded by Lesquereux and James in 1884. This number had been increased to 12 since, which she had been able to reduce to 10 and added one new species from Toccoa Falls, collected by Dr. Small. Mrs. Britton stated that in the genus Archidium the species 28 resemble each other so closely that it is difficult to separate them but that there seemed to be little doubt that of the 8 species listed for N. A. only 4 could be clearly distinguished. The Dicranaceae including 33 genera and 204 species have been arranged for the sake of convenience in the aa of Engler and Prantl Pflanzenfamilien, though a few changes and additions have been recorded; notably the addition . Pringleella rom Mexico. This family has required a great deal of critical and will be prepared to print drawings of many of these should it become desirable. When printed, this part will include 5 families, 38 genera and 269 species as at present recorded. A. B. Stout. PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS AND STUDENTS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE YEAR ort. Andrews, A. L. Notes on North American Sphagnum — I. Bryologist 14: 72-75. Jl 1911. Arthur, J. C. New Species of Uredineae—VII. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 569-580. f. z. 11 Ja r911;—VIII. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 369-378. 21 Au IgII. Barnhart, J.H. Report of the librarian. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 324-347. 16 Mr 1git. Benedict, R. C. Hough’s Leaf Key to the Trees. Torreya 11: 17-19. 31 Jargi11. (Review.) -——— A new Cuban fern. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 40-43. pl. 2. 13 F 1g1t. Do ferns hybridize? Science II. 33: 254, 255. 17 F 1911. 29 The genera of the fern tribe Vittarieae: their external morphology, venation and relationships. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 133-190. pl. 2-8. 5 My I9I11 A new Antrophytum from Luzon. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 71-74. pl. 4. 3 My Iog1t Botrychium Jenmani in Cuba. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 98, 99. 7 Au IQIt. Britton, E. G. Reviews, current literature. Bryologist 14: 38, 39. Mr ror. Fern collecting in Cuba. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 75~77. 3 My Ig1t Review of Desmier’s Revision of Philonotis. Bryologist 14: 43,44. My i911 Reviews, African mosses. Bryologist 14:89. S I9gI1. Fungi on mosses. Bryologist 14: 103. N IgIt. Britton, N. L. Rediscovery of Tillandsia Swartzii Baker. Torreya 11: 31-33. f. 7. 14 F 1911. Report of the secretary and director-in-chief for the year igto. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 271-293. 16 Mr IgIt. Botanical ae in Cuba. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 89-95. 31 My The bane name eu the wild sapodilla. Torreya 11: 128, 129. I9 Je 19 An Peete Opuntia from Jamaica. Torreya 11: 130. 19 Je IgIl. Opuntia Traceyi sp. nov. Torreya 11: 152. 19 Jl 1911. A second species of Hernandia in Jamaica. Torreya 11: 174. 14 Au loll. Report on a visit to the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, and to the British Museum of Natural History. Jour. N. Y Bot. Gard. 12: 215-218. O 1911. Clark, E. D. The nature and functions of the plant oxidases, Torreya 11: 23-31. 14 F 1911; 11: 55-61. 21 Mr 1911; 11: 84- 92. 19 Ap 1911; 11: 101-110. 17 My 1911. Clark, E. D., & Kantor, J. L. Toxicological experiments with some of the higher fungi. Mycologia 3: 175-188. pl. 52+ f. zr. 27 Jl 191i. 30 Coker, W. C. Additions to the flora of the Carolinas—II. Torreya 11: 9-11. 31 Ja IgiI. The garden of André Michaux. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 27: 65-72. pl. 1,2. Jl 1941. Coker, W. C., & Wilson, L. Schizosaccharomyces octosporus. Mycologia 3: 283-287. pl. §5. 20 N IgIlI. Eggleston, W. W. Habenaria ciliaris in Vermont. Vermont Bot. Club Bull. 6:16. Ap 1911. New Crataegi of the northern manual range. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 243, 244. 15 Je 1911. Fairman, C. E. Fungi Lindonvillenses novi vel minus cogniti. Series IT. Ann. Myc. 9: 147-152. f. 1-7. Mr Ig1I. Fink, B. Notes on a collection of Boletaceae. Ohio Nat. 11: 267-270. 16 Ja IgII. The nature and classification of lichens—I. Views and arguments of botanists concerning classification. Mycologia 3: 231-269. S IgII. Harper, R. M. The plant life of Maryland. Torreya 11: 36- 42. 14 F1o1r. (Review.) Notes on the distribution of some plants observed in traveling through the coastal plain from Georgia to New York in July, 1909. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 591-603. 11 Ja IgiI. A new plum from the lake region of Florida. Torreya II: 64-67. 21 Mr Iog1t. Chondrophora virgata in West Florida. Torreya 11: 92-98. f. 7. 9 Ap IgII. The Hemstead Plains, a natural prairie on Long Island. Bull. Am. Geog. Soc. 43: 351-360. f. 7-5. My I911. Early spring aspects of the coastal plain vegetation of South Carolina, Georgia and Northeastern Florida. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 223-236. 15 Je I9II. River-bank vegetation of the Lower Apalachicola and a new principle illustrated thereby. Torreya 11: 225-234. 10 N 1911 Hollick, A. Results of a preliminary study of the so-called Kenai Flora of Alaska. Am. Jour. Sci. 31: 327-330. Ap Iogrt. The paleobotanical collections of the N. Y. Bot. Gard. Proc. Am. Assoc. Mus. 4: 43-52. My toit. 31 Notes on introduced plants collected near Arlington, Staten Island. Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 3: 62-65. 2 My IgII. A rare and little-known publication. Torreya 11: 150- 152. 19 Jl Igit. Stangeria or Stangera and Stangerites or Strangerites? Two questions of nomenclature. Torreya 11: 174, 175. 14 Au IgIt. Howe, M. A. A little-known mangrove of Panama. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 61-72. Ap IgII. The Codiacece of the Siboga expedition, including a monograph of the Flabellarieae and Udoteae. Torreya 11: 133-137. 19 Jergri. (Review.) Some recent University of* California publications. Torreya 11: 176-180. 14 Aurgit. (Reviews.) The plant photograph exhibit. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 218-230. O IgII. Phycological studies—V. Some marine algae of lower California, Mexico. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 489-514. pl. 27-34. ID tIogIt. Howe, R. H. The genus Usnea and its Linnean nomenclature. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 605-609. 11 Ja I9gII. American species of Alectoria occurring north of the fifteenth parallel. Mycologia 3: 106-150. pl. 41-47. 3 Je IQII. The genus Evernia as represented in North and Middle America. Bot. Gaz. 51: 431-442. pl. 24, 25. 19 Je IQII. ———— List of lichens collected in the Yukon region by Mr. R. 5. Williams. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 287-293. 6 Jl 1911. A correction. Bryologist 14: 91, 92. 5S 191i. Kern, F.D. Therusts of white and red clover. Phytopathology 1:3-6. F 1911. A biologic and taxonomic study of the genus Gymnospo- rangium. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 391-483. pl. 151-161 +f. I-36. 12 O19Q11. Two submerged species of Uromyces. Torreya 11: 211- 214. 18 O79QI!. The rusts of Guatemala—II. Mycologia 3: 288-290. 20 N Iglit. 32 Maxon, W. R. A remarkable new fern from Panama. Smith- sonian Misc. Coll. 56%: 1-5. pl. 1-3. 22 N IgII. Murrill, W. A. The Agaricaceae of tropical North America—l. Mycologia 3: 23-36. 31 Ja 1911;—II. Mycologia 3: 79- gt. 18 My 1911;—III. Mycologia 3: 189-199. 27 JI 1911; —IV. Mycologia 3: 271-282. 20 N I9gI1. Report of the assistant director. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 294-300. 16 Mr IogIlI. Studying tropical American fungi in European herbaria. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 43-54. pl. 82+f. 7-15. Mr rgit. Illustrations of fungi — VIII. Mycologia 3: 97-105. pl. 40. 3 Je 1911;— pe Mycologia 3: 165-169. #1. 49 Mushroom poisoning. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 204- 207. 19 Nash, G. a Pe Funkias or day-lilies. Torreya 11: I-9. 31 Ja IgII. Apgar’s ornamental shrubs of the United States. Torreya II: 42,43. 14 F ro1r. (Rev Report of the head oe Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 301-307. 16 Mr 1g1i. Cypripediums or lady-slippers. Gard. Chron. Am. 12: 140-142. Mr Igit. Observations on the hardiness of plants cultivated at the N. Y. Botanical Garden. Gard. Chron. Am. 12: 172-175, 177. Mr igi. Desert and aquatic plants. Gard. Chron. Am. 13: 51. Je 1911. Transforming a swamp. Gard. Chron. Am. 13: 73-76. Jl 1911. The rhododendron banks. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 157, 158. f. 32. : ——_— The Gladiolus sigan Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 207, 208. S Igrl. The Funkias or day-lilies. Jour. Hort. Soc. New York 1: Il 164-171. O 1911. Robinson, C. B. Philippine Urticaceae. Philip. Jour. Sci. 5 (Bot.) 465-543. D 1910; 6: (Bot.) 1-31. pl. 7-3. Mr IgII. 33 Philippine hats. Philip. Jour. Sci. 6: (Bot.) 93-131. pl. 4-11. Je IgIt. Botanical notes upon the Island of Polillo. Philip. Jour. Sci. 6: (Bot.) 185-228. II. Corn-leaf blight in the Philippines. Philip. Agric. Rev. 4: 356-358. Jl ort. ——— Urticaceae from the Sarawak Museum. Philip. Jour. Sci. 6: (Bot.) 291-298. S 1911. Rusby, H. H. Some ae plants of Mexico. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: I-16, . Ja git. Report on recent collections in Mexico. Jour. N. Y. Bot. a 12:27, 2 Some chee to the purification of our food and drug supplies. Report 11th annual meeting Nat. Civ. Fed. 153- 159. Annual report of Honorary Curator of Economic Col- lections of N. Y. Bot. Garden. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 313, 314. 16 Mr Ig1t. Report of the chairman of the Scientific Directors of N.Y. Bot. Gard. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 364-369. 16 Mr Igil. Two new species of edible fruits from Mexico. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 145, 146. 7 Ap I9II. Some floral features of Mexico—I. Torreya 11: 77-84. Ap 1911;—IJ. Torreya 11: 110-117. My 1911 Bulletin of information of the College of Pharmacy of the City of N. Y. for the year I911-12. 1-56. 12 Je IgII. Government rectification of unfit drugs before admission. Am. Drug and Pharm. Rec. 59: 27-29. 10 Ju IgI11. Defense against criminally libelous charges made by committee on personnel of U.S. Dept. of Agric. N.Y. Times. 1. 13 Jl ror. —-~-— Resignation of Prof. Virgil Coblentz. Drug Cir. and Chem. Gaz. 55: 371. Ju 1911 Basic principles of the Food and Drug Act. Drug Cir. and Chem. Gaz. 55: 405-408. Au IgIt. Uses of Cactuses. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 195-204. 12S 1911. 34 —— Manual of Structural Botany; An Introductory Text Book for Students of Science and Pharmacy. 1-248 (599 illustrations). 21 . Necessity for standards in the administration of the Food and Drugs Act. Newark Evening News. 16N IgII. What an efficient administration of our food and drug laws would mean for the people. Newark Evening News. 9 D 19181. Annual report of the Dean of the College of Pharmacy of the City of N.Y. Ann. Rep. Columbia University for rgt1o. Rydberg, P. A. Studies in the Rocky Mountain flora — XXV. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 11-23. 15 F 1911. Notes on Rosaceae —V. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 79-89. 7 Mr 1911;— VI. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 351-367. 21 Au IQII. Report of a trip to Southeastern Utah in the summer of 1911. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 237-253. N 1911. Seaver, F. J. Stevens’ Diseases of economic plants. Torreya II: 19,20. 31 Jatoi1r. (Review.) Report of director of laboratories. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 315-323. 16 Mr i1gI11. Studies in Colorado fungi—-I. Discomycetes. Myco- logia 3: 57-66. 18 Mr 1giI. -—_—— The lichens of Minnesota. Mycologia 3: 162. 3 Je I91I. (Review.) The Genus Fimetaria. Mycologia 3: 162, 163. 3 Je I9tt. The Hypocreales of North America —IV. Mycologia 3: 207-230. pl. 53, 54. 21S IgQII. Small, J. K. Additions to. the tree flora of the United States. Torreya II: 11-14. 31 Ja IgIl. Report of head curator of museums and herbarium. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 308-312. 16 Mr ro11. Simaroubaceae, N. Am. FI. 25: 227-239. 6 My roi. Exploration in southern Florida. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 147~156. f. 26-31. JL 1911. Sumstine, D.R. Studies in North American Hyphomycetes — I. Mycologia 3: 45-56. pl. 37-3¢. 18 Mr 1911. 35 Williams, R.S. Trichodon boreaiisn. sp. Bryologist 14: 5. pl. 2. Ja tIgitr. Panama mosses. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 33-36. 15 F IQII. Austinella gen.nov. Bryologist 14: 70,71.f.z. Jl 1911. Wilson, P. Rutacea. N. A. FI. 25: 173-224. 6 My rgit. Surianaceae. N. A. Fl. 25: 225. 6 My tg11. Notes on Rutaceae—V. Species characters in Ptelia and Taravalia. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 295-297. 6 Ju 1g1I1. Report on Cuban exploration. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 171-174. Au IgII. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. Roland M. Harper recently spent several days at the Garden following his return from a ten months stay in Alabama. Dr. David R. Sumstine, of Pittsburgh, has been awarded a research scholarship for the month of July to enable him to continue his researches on certain groups of imperfect fungi. Dr. E. P. Meinecke, forest pathologist in the Bureau of Plant Industry, and at present stationed at San Francisco, California, recently spent several days at the Garden consulting that part of the mycological herbarium relating to the diseases of forest trees. At a meeting of the Board of Managers, held January 30, 1912, Mr. James A. Scrymser was elected Treasurer of the New York Botanical Garden to succeed Mr. C. F. Cox. Mr. Scrymser has een Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Board of Managers since the organization of the Garden, and by his acceptance of the office of Treasurer continues and supplements his valuable services to the institution. Professor R. A. Harper has given to the Garden his collection of California fungi consisting of 232 numbers, made during the winter and spring of 1911, while he was at the University of California. A large majority of the specimens are polypores or 36 gill-fungi. The latter are also represented by a collection of about 60 excellent photographs secured by Professor Harper some years ago at Berkeley. Among recent visitors at the Garden were Dr. Charles Brooks, of New Hampshire State Agricultural College, Dr. Mel. T. Cook, of Rutgers College, New Jersey, and J. M. Greenman, assistant curator in the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago. In house no. 4, conservatory range I, on a post near one of the columns, is a woody vine, now in bloom, known to botanists as Norantea guianensis. This is growing vigorously, its long rambling branches reaching out in all directions for support, following its native habit of growing on trees. On the end of some of these branches is a long inflorescence, looking at a dis- tance like a thick red rod. A closer inspection, however, will reveal that this is made up of numerous rather insignificant flowers, borne mainly upon the upper side of the axis, each pedicel bearing at its apex a pendulous body over an inch long. This is attached by a short slender stalk, the remaining portion being a curved hollow cylinder. This organ is technically known as a bract, and it is these bracts which make the inflorescence so conspicuous and showy. Their use to the plant is problematic. This vine is a native of Guiana and northern Brazil, and is one of the fourteen species comprising the genus Norantea, all with the exception of one species on the island of Guadeloupe, confined to tropical continental America, the greater number being peculiar to Brazil. They are either trees or vines with spirally arranged leaves. The flowers are inconspicuous, as compared with the large showy bracts, which are either saccate or spoon-shaped. The genus Norantea is one of five genera comprising the Marcgraviaceae, a family of plants confined to the tropics of America. Most of the other species belong to the genus Marc- gravia, also mainly confined to the tropics of continental America. Of the sixteen known species three are found in the West Indies. One of these, M. oligandra, is confined to Cuba, another, M. 37 Sintenisii, is known only from Porto Rico, and the third, AZ. umbellata, occurs in both the West Indies and Brazil. Specimens of the two last mentioned will be found at conservatory range 2. These are sometimes known as the West Indian ivy, from the habit of the sterile branches clinging closely to the bark of trees, or to the faces of cliffs, much after the manner of the ivies of temperate regions.—Geo. V. Nas Meteorology for January.——The total precipitation recorded for the month was 2.44 inches of which 1.25 inches fell as snow. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 53° on the 23d, 49° on the rgth, and 42° on the 3d and 9th. Minimum temperatures were recorded of —6° on the 12th, 3° on the 16th, 5° on the 7th and 5.5° on the 28th. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 1,083 specimens from western Cuba. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 65 museum i f i ] California. (Collected by Mr. H. B. Snyder.) 2 specimens of mosses from the Everglades, Florida. (By exchange with Mr. George B. Kaiser. I specimen of Thelia hirtella from Greencastle, Indiana. (By exchange with Professor Howard J. Banker. 200 specimens “‘Fungi Columbiani,” fascicles 35 and 36. (Distributed by Mr. Elam Bartholomew.) 5 specimens of ferns frcm tropical America. (By exchange with Mr. C. Bel- hette. specimens of aide grandifiora from Alabama. (By exchange with Pro- ee Bradley is.) 12 specimens a mosses from North America. (By exchange with the United 72 specimens from British Columbia and the Hudson Bay region. (By ex- 3,748 specimens from western Cuba. (Collected by Dr. John A. Shafer.) 40 specimens of mosses from the Southern States. (Given by Dr. John K. HT ecimens from New Mexico and Arizona. (By exchange with the United By exchange with Mr. Franz Stephan s. i.) 2§ specimens of fungi from Lafayette, Indiana. (By exchange with Professor J. C. Arthur.) w Ke] ® ee, 3 @ 3 an fe) a ea o k=] © tsa ° 38 20 specimens of fungi from the Isle of Pines. (By exchange with the Carnegie Museum. 8 specimens of fungi from North Carolina. (By exchange with Mr. E. R. Memminger. 2 specimens of fungi from Toronto, Canada. (By exchange with Mr. Thomas Langton.) I page of Hapalopilus giluus from California. (By exchange with Pro- fessor C. F. Baker.) 4 specimens of polypores from Trinidad. (By exchange with Mr. J. B. Rorer.) 3 specimens of fleshy fungi from Hope Gardens, Jamaica. (Given by Mr. 2 specimens “of fungi from Colorado. (Giv ees Professor amma — I oe of Calyplospora Goeppertiana re Oregon. (Given by Dr. Hous: 4 specimens of fungus from Seattle, Washington. (By exchange with Mr. S. M. Zeller. 35 specimens, ‘‘ Ascomycetes,” fascicle 49. (Distributed by Dr. Heinrich Rehm.) I specimen of Stictis radiata from Ohio. (By exchange with Dr. Bruce Fink.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 2 orchids for _ conservatories. ad aia with Mr. J. A. Manda.) Mrs. N, ritton.) 40 Cuban plants 2 by = : A. Shaf I4 cactuses. (By exchange with U. S. National ‘Naas through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 114 orchids. (By exchange with Messrs. Lager & Hurrell.) m seed. 4 packets Mexican seed. (Given by Dr. Francis C. Nicholas.) I packet of Cuban seed. Gua n by Brother Léon. 1 packet of seed of Aloe hereroensis. (By exchange with Dr. Paul Range.) Members of the Corporation. EDWARD D. ApaMs,_ . Hon. Setx Low, Joun D. Arcuszoxp, Davip Lypic, Grorce F. Baker, Epcar L, Marston, Eucene P. BIcKNELL, W. J. MarHEson, Grorce §. Bowporn, OcpEN Mitts, Pror, N. L, Britton, J. Prerront Morcan, Hon. Appison Brown, THEODORE W. Myers, Pror. Epw. S. Burcgss, FrepEeric R. NEwsOLp, Dr. NicHoras M. Butter, Pror. Henry F. Osgorn, ANDREW CARNEGIE, LoweEtt M. PALMER, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, - Grorce W. PERKINS, Witiram G,. Cuoarte. Henry PuIpps, Paut D. CravatuH, ' James R. Pitcuer, W. Bayarp CuTrTIne, é M. F. Pant, CLeveLanp H. Donce. Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, A. F. Estasroox. : WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, H. C. Faunestocx, ty Pror. H. H. Russy, SAMUEL W. FarIRcHILD, oy Dr. REGINALD H. Sayre, James B. Forp, Jacos H. Scuirr, Henry W. bE Forest, 4 MortiMer L. ScuiFrF, Rosert W. DE Forest, James A. ScRYMSER, Pror. W. J. GIs, Isaac N. SELIGMAN, Pror. R. A. HARPER, i Henry A. SIEBRECHT, Epwarp S. HarKNESSs, ’ WILLIAM D. SLOANE, A. HEcKSCHER, NeEtson SMITH, Henry R. Hoyt, JAMES SPEYER, Tuos. H. Hussarp, ; Francis L. STETson, Avrian ISELIN, Jr., CuHarLes G. THOMPSON, Wa ter B. JENNINGS, Dr. W. Girman THompsezt Joun I. Kane, SAMUEL THORNE, Eucene KE ty, Jr., Mytes TIERNEY, Pror, JamMes F, Kemp, Lovis C. TIFFAny, Epw. V. Z. Lane, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, Pror. Freperic S. Lez, W. K. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. Winturop, Jr. PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, parce ee con- taining notes, and non- ee Prins “ Hse interest. Freet o 's of the To others, Io cen a year. Now in its thirteenth. volte copy; cologia, bim canes instars in a! and otherwise ; devoted to gi, peri esee Peace a, technical be at news and- not es of eae in- terest. 63.00 Pp Now om fourth paaie? : Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical csieaae pees es results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Seven vo olumes. North American Flora. Descriptions of fon wild oe of North Saree. including Greenland, the West Indies and Cen ral Ameri rica Plan med to be com aces in thirty volumes. Rey. 8vo, Each it or more parts. jubscription price $1.50 per part; a limited Mahe of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not aHferedt in exchange. Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, 1905. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- jac » part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniacene, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- aceae ve 1. ”, ae I, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. ‘ Vol. 7 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidi ceae (pas) 25, part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linacea Exqiseritee eae, Vol. 9, parte I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908, Poly- poraceae, (Part! I and 2 no longer sold separately. Vol. 22, part ee ssued June 12, 1908. rossulariaceae, Platanaceae, Crome mataceae, Gin nnaraceae, Calycanthaceae, Rosaceae (pars Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 20, 1908. Rosaceae (pa rs). Vol. 17, part I, issued June 30, 1909. Typhales—Poales Vol. 16, part I, issued Nov. 6, 1909 Ophioglossales— —Filicales ( Vol. 9, part 3, “issued Feb. 3, 1910. Boletaceae, Chantereleae, ‘and Lactarieae pars). y Vol. 25, part 2, issued June 3, 1910. Tropaeolaceae—Malpighiacea Vol. 3, part 1, issued Dec. 29, 1910. Nectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Chaetomiacese, Fimetariaceae 7 Vol. 25, part a issued May 6, 1911. Rutaceae—Burseraceae, $s aah emotrs of the New York Botanical Garden, Price to members of the 00. c i acDou figures. 1903. ee Vol. ITI. Studies of Crelieentie oihterat Remains from mere | New York, by Dr. Arthur Hollick and Dr. Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii + 138 BPs with» 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of.the Rays of Radium es pa by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 BPs with 73 figures and 14 plates. Coniributtons from the New York Baten al Garden. A series of tech _ ae papers written bya students cr members of the staff, and ri ee from journal er than the above. ice, 25 cents cach. $5.00 per volume. Five volumes. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS BACH. 146, Phycological Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Lower California, Mexico, by Marshall A. Howe. 147. Studies of West Indian Plants—IV, by N. L. Britto < 148. ae ot eee haa on the Peary Aactie Bepeaition of 1905-06, etc. erg. New York BOTANICAL GARD DEN BRONX Park, New York © MARCH, 1912 No. 147 JOURNAL oF ew York Botanical Garden FRED J. SEAVER Curator PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 4x Nort Queen Street, Lancastsr, Pa. ay Tue New Era Printing ComPany OFFICERS 1912 emer Ry a iar BROWN, W CARNEGIE, eeianes oP A. eR EME. paca: N. L. BRITTON. BOARD OF MANAGERS. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, THOMAS H. HUBBARD, GE W. PERKINS, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, GEOR MYLES TIERNE Term expires January, 1914 fs BAYARD CUTTING, ERT “ pe FOREST, JAMES A, SCRYHEE Term expires Saree 1915. DWARD D, ADAMS, Sanisue BROWN, N. L. BRITTON, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W. J. aamuedan, W. GILMAN THOMPSON. 2 X-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE a aee OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PusLic Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOVER. Tue Mayor or THE City or New York, - WILLIAM J. GAYNOR, 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTO 2 OF. H. H. RUSB PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS, c R, DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. WILLIAM J. mee ROF. FREDERIC S, LEE, ON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jer. GARDEN STAFF. es N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. R. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN = SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant, ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIll March, 1912. No. 147. THE LETCHWORTH PARK ARBORETUM. All interested in forestry and the conservation of our forest areas will be glad to read the article, entitled ‘“‘ A Great Living Tree Museum,” which appeared in the February issue of the Review of Reviews. This is by Chas. M. Dow, trustee of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, and director of Letchworth Park and Arboretum. This undertaking is to be known as the Letchworth Park Arboretum, and will be laid out on broad lines, as indicated in the following quotation from the article referred to: ‘‘ The principle upon which the Letch- worth Park Arboretum is established is that it shall consist of a permanent collection of the various species of the world’s timber trees likely to thrive in this northern climate, planted scien- tifically, to test their value and illustrate the processes of develop- ment, so supplying not only knowledge for knowledge’s sake, but also knowledge for practical use.”’ f the one thousand acres comprising Letchworth Park, about five hundred are open meadows and fields, long under cultivation, and it is here that the arboretum is to be established. It is planned to devote irregular blocks, an acre or more in extent, to one or more kinds of trees of commercial importance. Due regard will be had for landscape and color effects, and the planting will be so close as to rapidly establish forest conditions. And when this condition is reached, here will be a place where the economic timber trees of temperate regions the world over may be studied, and their value to this country determined. It is difficult to estimate the worth of a collection of this kind or of its 39 40 value to forest interests. Careful statistics and records are to e kept, placing at the disposal of all, through publications, reliable facts to se in reforestation. Mr. Dow perhaps ex- presses this best when he says: ‘‘ The growth of the trees will be measured tine their liability to disease will be noted and their capacity for seed bearing, their behavior in pure stands and in mixture, their influence upon the forest floor, and Overton W. Price, of Washington, D. C., vice-president of the National Conservation Association, and for ten years associate forester of the United States. And all of this has been made possible by the generosity and public spirit of one man, the late Hon. William Pryor Letch- worth, who as early as 1859 began the acquisition of land in the vicinity of the Upper Falls of the Genesee. His purchases con- tinued until he secured control of both sides of the Genesee for a distance of about three miles. This tract, which includes the three great falls and the wonderful Portage Gorge, and has been greatly improved during his ownership, was presented by Mr. Letchworth in 1907 to the state of New York, he retaining only a life-tenancy in the estate, which was terminated at his death on December 1, 1910. A condition of the gift was that the permanent custody of the property should be with the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, which is now directing its development. . Letchworth was ever desirous of being of service to his fellow man, and to make'the park of greater educational value, desired to have the trees properly labeled. In the fall of 1907 the Director of the New York Botanical Garden was consulted in this matter, with the result that the writer was selected to make a study of the arboreal vegetation of the tract. The form of tree label used in the New York Botanical Garden was ap- proved by Mr. Letchworth, and in the following year a second visit was made to superintend the affixing of a number of these labels. These visits were fully enjoyed, for Mr, Letchworth 41 was a gentleman of the old school, kind and courteous, and made one feel fully at home. A series of photographs was secured during the second visit, and these used in illustrating a lecture given by the writer at the New York Botanical Garden on October 31, 1908, an illustrated account of which appeared in this JouRNAL for November of the same year. For a detailed account of the establishment of Letchworth Park and of the writer’s impressions of this wonderfully beautiful and picturesque region, the reader is referred to that article. GEORGE V. NasH. THE CHESTNUT CANKER CONVENTION. A convention called by Governor Tener to consider ways and Pennsylvania, February 20 and 21. A large number of delegates were present, representing practically all of the states where the chestnut tree grows naturally in this country, and the papers and discussions brought out much valuable information. The method of control adopted by the Pennsylvania Commis- sion is that outlined in Farmers Bulletin 467 of the United States Department of Agriculture, which recommends the cutting out of infected trees and the establishment of an immune zone. Several pathologists present endeavored to show that this method has not been sufficiently tested, and that the only proper way in which appropriations may be spent is in the scientific investigation of the disease with the hope that some effective method of control may yet be discovered, and in aiding state surveys to locate the disease for the information of timber owners. The resolutions adopted by the convention, however, favored a campaign in all of the states affected similar to that already begun in Pennsylvania, which combines scientific investi- gation and the cutting out method. It seems to the writer that the only proper procedure for the other states is to make surveys, with the aid of small appropri- ations if necessary, and to await the results of the scientific 42 experiments and tests already being carried on in Pennsylvania and backed up by ample funds. To appropriate large sums to duplicate these experiments or to apply a method of control which has not been tested and which is pretty certain to fail, would be unwise to say the least. If-scientific research has any practical method of control in store for us in the near future, it will be much casier to obtain money to put it into operation if we proceed wisely now, and do not waste our public funds on a visionary and impracticable scheme. Owners of chestnut timber in any state are advised to make the best possible use of the present growth, for it may be the last. This timber represents money and you should stand on your rights and demand a very good reason before allowing the summary destruction of this timber or the impairment of its value by a glut of the market. Utilization is the big issue. See that you are advised of the progress of the disease, appro- priating money for this if necessary, and market your timber as it approaches. Be business-like and accept the inevitable in time to make the best of it. Owners of chestnut orchards anywhere within the affected area are advised to give up at once the idea that these orchards can be saved by treatment. If the soil is suitable for apples or other fruit trees, it would be well to plant these at once between the rows. Those who have chestnut trees for shade or orna- ment on their lawns are advised to replace them with other trees as soon as they become unsightly. There is no known method of saving a chestnut tree after it is once attacked by the canker, and money spent in an attempt to do this would be simply thrown away. The writer’s reasons for believing that the canker cannot be controlled in the forest by the cutting out method are as follows: Wuy THE CHESTNUT CANKER CANNOT BE CONTROLLED. 1. It is impossible to locate all advance infections, these not being apparent even under close inspection. It is practically impossible to cut down and burn all infected trees after their discovery. 43 3. Even if these trees are cut, it is impossible to discover and eradicate the numerous infections originating from millions of spores produced on these trees and distributed by birds, insects, squirrels, wind, and rain. Even if it were possible to cut and burn all affected trees, for ten to twenty years afterwards numbers of sprouts would grow up from the roots of these trees and continue to die from -the disease and to spread the infection. 5. Supposing that it might be possible to eradicate all advance infections, what method is proposed that is at all feasible for combating the disease in its main line of advance? All of the foresters connected with the United States Government and the entire Army of the United States would be utterly powerless to oppose its progress. 6. Although the chestnut canker has been known and experi- mented with since 1905, there is not a single instance where conspicuously affected there have been cut snd burned, so that the presence of the disease is not readily apparent, but with each season additional trees will be affected and the attempt to stay the disease will be abandoned, especially when the main line of advance, which is now in northern Maryland, reaches the Potomac River. The following suggestions for further scientific investigation of the disease were made by the writer: QUESTIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION. I. The vitality of the spores, both summer and winter forms. 2. The vitality of the mycelium in the bark and wood. 3. The vitality of sprouts and their bearing on the question. 4. The food of the fungus; the decomposition of tannin by ferments. 44 5. Distribution. A large subject, involving experiments and observations over wide areas and dealing with winds, rain, insects, birds and their migration, squirrels, the transporta- tion of wood, railway ties, etc.; rate and direction of distribu- tion; nursery stock; trees in foreign countries; effects of coppicing. Origin, Nothing is known at present. Is it native or foreign? Why was it unknown until recently, and then why so violent? 7. Will it attack other trees besides species of chestnut? Much depends on this. Trees nearest the chestnut should be used for experiment. t is the future of the disease? Will it run its course and disappear? Will it become less virulent? Will resistant wn eyond the Mississippi river? How long after the death of all our trees may chestnuts be again planted with safety? Can we expect natural enemies to arise? If it were an insect disease, this might be looked for with more hope. io. Can a method of control be discovered by further scien- tific research? Most remedies suggested by unscientific persons are known at once to be valueless and need not be tried. One thing is certain, the more one knows about a disease, the more liable one is to discover a remedy. If none is possible, the sooner this fact is known, the better for all concerned. W. A. Murritt. CONFERENCE NOTES. The February conference of the scientific staff and registered students of the Garden was held in the laboratory on February 5. rrill gave a general account of the flora of the different isesities ree with specimens of some of the plants and views illustrating sa forests, educational institutions, and other ters of intere: e also exhibited a number of specimens of fungi c rere cca especially the groups which had been worked over since his return. A paper on the Polyporaceae 45 and Boletaceae prepared for Mycotoctia includes twenty-four known species of polypores and eight species new to science. The Boletaceae collected by him comprise four known species and four new ones. These were all exhibited and some of their principal characters noted. A number of specimens of Lactaria and Russula, worked over by Miss Burlingham, were exhibited and the percentage of undescribed forms was found to be very that of the eastern United States. A rather detailed general account of this expedition was published in the January number of the JOURNAL. Mr. Fred J. Seaver called attention to a number of cup-fungi and Pyrenomycetes collected by Dr. Murrill on the Pacific coast. Three species of the order Hypocreales were shown, all of which represent extensions of our known range of distribution. One cup-fungus belonging to the genus Aleuria was collected which has been seldom collected in this country, a specimen from Alabama being the only other representative of the species in our collections from North America. Also one cup-fungus belonging to the genus Lachnea was collected which may prove to be un- described. A number of common species were also shown. A. B. Stour. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. Ezra Brainerd, of Middlebury College, Vermont, has recently spent several days at the Garden in continuation of his studies on the violets of North America. eber Howe, teacher of natural science in Middlesex Snook Concord, Massachusetts, and formerly a research student at the Garden, recently received his doctorate from the University of Paris. Dr. N. L. Britton opened a public lecture course at the College of the City of New York at 4 o’clock on the afternoon of Thurs- day, February 8th, the subject being ‘Scenic and Floral Features of Cuba 46 Miss Adeline Ames, a graduate student at Cornell University, spent the month of February at the Garden studying the collec- tion of Polyporaceae with special reference to the species occur- ring in the United States. The collection of gill-fungi belonging to the herbarium of Stanford University, California, has been sent to the Garden for study. A large number of duplicates will be retained and added to the mycological herbarium. Dr. N. L. Britton, director-in-chief, attended the exercises in commemoration of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of the University of Pittsburgh on February 28; and was honored with the degree of Doctor of Laws as an “‘ eminent botanist and director-in-chief of the New York Botanical Garden,”’ together with certain other ‘‘ representatives of various institutions and individuals who have rendered distinguished services to the cause of learning and to humanity.” A collection of fleshy fungi from Sendai, Japan, has been received from Professor A. Yasuda. This is of special interest in connection with the study of species found on the Pacific coast, and may aid in determining the relationships existing between our far western flora and that of certain parts of Asia. Number 27, volume 8, of the Bulletin of the New York Botan- ical Garden was issued March 14, 1912. This number which consists of eighty-eight pages contains the report of the Director- in-Chief and other official documents. : Dr. W. A. Murrill represented the Garden at the convention called by the Governor of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg, February 20 and 21, to consider ways and means of preventing the spread of the chestnut canker. Dr. William Trelease has resigned the directorship of the Missouri Botanical Garden, which position he has held since the death of its founder, Henry Shaw, in 1880. Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, accompanied by Mr. J. F. Cowell, director of the Buffalo Botanic Garden, sailed March 2 for Cuba, where several weeks will be spent in botanical exploration. The first number of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, AT issued for January of this year, contains an interesting account of a visit of exploration to Cuba made by Dr. C. Stuart Gager, the director, last autumn. It also contains the articles of agreement between the City of New York and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences concerning the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. A comprehensive project for research on the Cactaceae has been organized by the department of botanical research of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Dr. J. N. Rose, of the idhabied by these plants in Mexico and the United States and published extensively on the family, has been appointed research associate. e has been granted a furlough from the museum, which also furnishes working quarters and facilities for handling the living collections. Dr. N. L. Britton, who began organizing a collection of cacti in the New York Botanical Garden in 1900, and has since made extensive studies of the group, has also been appointed research associate, without salary. By the action of the scientific directors of the garden he will be given some respite from other duties to enable him to participate in this work. The garden also contributes its extensive collections, and some of its explorational effort to the project. Dr. D.S. Johnson, of Johns Hopkins University, will spend several months in 1912 on the morphology and physiology of the fruits of the group, and Professor J. G. Brown, of the University of Arizona, will con- tinue his studies on the general morphology of Opuntia and Carnegiea begun while acting as assistant at the Desert Labora- tory. Other contributions will be made by the members of the staff and codperators of the Desert Laboratory.—From Science. On the evening of February 13, Dr. Forrest Shreve, of the staff of the Desert Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, delivered before the Torrey Botanical Club a very interesting and instructive illustrated lecture on “Some Botan- ical Features of a Desert Mountain Range.” In continuation of exchanges of herbarium and museum speci- mens, the Garden last December sent to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris a consignment of 185 specimens of 48 North American marine algae, including a series of unsegmented Corallinaceae. In addition to letters of appreciative acknowl- edgment from the botanists more immediately interested, this sending was met by a special vote of thanks of the professors of the Museum, which has been communicated by M. Edmond Perrier, the Director of the Museum, in the following note: Mustum NAaTIoNaL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE Paris, le 22 janvier 1912 Monsieur: L’Assemblée des Professeurs du Muséum national S enrichir les collections de notre service de cryptogamie. Veuillez agréer, Monsieur, l’assurance de mes sentiments les plus distingués Le Directeur du Muséum Membre de I’Institut de France et de l’Academie de édecine, igned] EpMonp PERRIER. Monsieur Marshall Howe, New-York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park a New-Yor Meteorology for February.—The total precipitation recorded for the month was 1.98 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 41° on the 2d, 48° on the 17th, and 62° on the 25th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 0° on the Ioth, 7° on the 13th, and 10° on the 5th. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 7 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. (Given by Dr. George E. pat 24 hepatics from the United States. pores en by Miss Caroline C. Hayn ecimens of Holomitrium from South America and Hawaii. (By cre erus.) 3 specimens of drug-plants. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 2r specimens of marine algae from Pacific Grove, ae (Given by Mr. aie , . 1 iD f } 4 specimer United States. (Given by Mr. H. H, es . 49 20 specimens ‘‘ American \ Hepaticae,” Decades IX, X. (Given by Miss Caroline C. Haynes.) I specimen of Trematodon ambiguus from Maine. (By exchange with Dr. George ee nae f. Washington. (By exchange with Mr. A. S. Foster.) 223 sapeciiens of fungi from California. (Given by Professor R. A. Harper.) 26 specimens of fungi from Wyoming. (By exchange with Professor Aven Nelson. o specimens of gill-fungi from California. (By exchange with Stanford 40: University. 50 specimens of fungi from Washington. (By exchange with S. M. Zeller.) i f fungi f: Porto Rico. (By exchange with John R. uae ) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 2 species of Euonymus. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry.) 7 orange trees from Florida. (Given by Col. F. A. Schilling.) i ) p 4 plants of Lachenalia Nelsoni. (Given by Mr. Wm. Tricker.) se ed. 160 packets seeds. (By exchange with Royal Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.) I packet seed of Thrinax punctulata, from Cuba. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) i packet seed of Pinus Jeffreyi. (Given by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.) I9 packets seeds. (By aa with University of Michigan.) 3 pac Cuba an seed. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson. I aa seed of Apodanthera undulata. (Given by Mr. Elmer Stearns.) LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM NOVEMBER r, rg911r, TO JANUARY 31, 1912. ee der naturforschenden Gesellschaft 2u Gérlitz, vol. 27. (Gérlitz,) y Mr. G. V. Nash.) ADAMS ASHINGTON IRVING caasaeaay The photographic instructor. New m.) LNUTT, H. he cactus and es epi succulents. London, 18 ANDREWS, ETHAN ALLEN, . Grammar 7 “ihe Latin language. Revised ed. Boston iss). (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim.) AKER, RICHARD THOMAS, & SI . HENRY G. A research on the pe of Australia. Sydney, 1910. ee iven ae oe N. L. Britto: Barn. R. ort in Movaiey and where to ney it. London, 1864. Flore d méridionaux dela France. Montau- M Baron, P. ALEXIS. bon, 1823. ATUT ArtHur. La photographie appliqueé & la production du type d'une famille, une tribu ou d'une race. Paris, 1887. (Giv en by Mrs. Haslett McKim.) 50 BIGELOW, Maurice ALPHEUS, & BIGELOW, as NEIcLick. Applied biol- New Y EY. ew York, 1911. (Given by Dr. N. L. Bri cues Louis ALPHONSE DE. Flore de la ui Caen, 1836. , WILLIAM BENJAM The microscope and its revelations. Ed. 5. Siadohie wae: ~ 7s Londen, ae (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim.) CassINo, SAMUEL EDSON. direct ‘or 1879. Boston, 1879; The naturalist’s directory for 1880. Boston, 1880. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim.) Catalogus plantarum existentium in hortis regiae villae yon Modoetiam. Modo- atiae, 1816. COULTER ER, JOHN Mere, & CHAMBERLAIN, CHARLES JOSEPH. Morphology of 1910. ANNE, LOUIS ALPHONSE. La photographie: traité théorique et pratique. 2 vols. Paris, 1888. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim. AZILE. Herborisations sur la MonanieNate etles environs de Sovéze et de Castres. Castres, I he book of ginden management. Philadelphia, 1873. Eper, Joser Maria. Die ra ia bee phie in ihrer Anwending auf Kunst und Wissenschaft. Ed.2. Halle a.S., 1886. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim ICHLER, AUGUST WILHE oe medicinisch-pharmaceutische ae Bat in, 1880. (Given by Mrs. McKim.) ~ Haslet EICHLER, ote WILHELM. Blithendiagramme ols. Leipzig, 1875-78. RSON, P.H. Naturalistic photography for eae - the art. London, 1889. McKim.) Guyot, JULES. Culture de lavigne. Paris, 1 Flor . Paris, no date. von Stetermark. Spezieller Theil. Berlin, 1908-11. D et adu tio microscopico-analytica muscorum frondosorum. . vols. Lipsiae, 1787- H 787-97. OPE, ART The amateur ee s handbook. Ed. 3. Chicago, 1891. (Give one Mrs. elas McK Joncmans, W. J. e pa ee Literatur. Vol. Jena, 1911 Journal du ee publication mensuelle illustrié v7 Cans générale et de technique micrographique. Paris, 1897. E) KUHNER, RAPHAEL. Element tary grammar of the Greek language. Ed. 13. New York, 1857. site by Mrs. Haslett McKim.) LeEpRuU, ANDRE PIERRE. Reise nach den Inseln Teneriffa, Trinidad, St. Thomas, St. Crux und Porto ae 2vols. Leipzig, 1811. LIDDELL, HENRY GEORGE, & mee ROBERT. Greek-English lexicon. New York, 1858. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim.) INDAU, Gustav. Krypto. oe a ae Berlin, 1911 LYELL, CHARLES. Eléménts de géologie vols. Paris, 1864. (Given uts of Australia; their structure, life maria treat- ¢ b . W. A. Murrill.) enha, oe A x des si Sea ais du jardin cone royal de Munic. Paris (1829-31 ‘a 51 nie Tuomas. Mantissa plantarum horti botanici cantabrigiensis. Cantae it — EDRICH CASIM Ueber nordamerikanische Baume und Stréucher als Gaede der eee ees eer Mannheim & RIES, FRIEDRICH. oe und Gartenkunst. ILLS, F. W. The art pes hii of interior photography. Huddersfield, 1890, (Given by Mrs. Haslett M MorELot, asi Statistique de lavigne. Paris, 1831. New York F r890. (Given b r. J. H. Baranart) OBER, FREDERICK ALBION. Guide to the West Indies ae ces New York, 08, PALLADIN, WLADIMIR IWANOWITSCH. Pflanzenphysiologie. Berlin, 1911. PAMMEL, Louis HERMANN. A manual of poisonous plants. Part 2. Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1911. pe by Dr. N. L. Britton.) PoEPPIG, EDUARD FRIEDRICH. Reise in Chili, Peru und auf dem Amazonen- strome, wihrend der Jahre 1827-1832. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1835-36. Preuss, PauL. Die Kokospalme und ihre Kultur. Berlin, 1911. RADOT-VALLERY, RENE. The life of Pasteur. London, 1911. (Given by Mr. Henry Phipps.) RIppLE, JosePH EsMonD, & ARNOLD, THOMAS KERCHEVER. English-Latin lexicon. ist Amer. — ition. ne et 7859. ag pl Mrs. Haslett McKim RoBINSON, H. P. te ed. New York, 1888. (Given - ie Haslett McKim Ro.Fe, ROBERT ALLEN, & Huesn, CHARLES CHAMBERLAIN. The orchid stud- book. Kew, 19 oss, H. Bi Paanseaaalice Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Jena, 1 Ross, HERMANN. Icones et descriptiones plantarum novarum a rartorum horti botanict panormitani. Panormi, 1896. usBY, HENRY Hurp. A manual of structural botany. Philadelphia, 1911. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton. SAGRA, RAMON DELA. Historia economico-politica y estadistica de la isla de Cuba. a Habana, 1831. SCHNEIDER, CAMILLO. GéGrtnerische hereon le. Ed. erlin, IQIT. ER, LUDWIG, & SCHROTER, CaRL J. Taschenflora des ie Wanderers. Zurich, 1892. (Given by N. L. Britton. r. STERNBERG, GEORGE MILLER. Eo eae and how to make them. Boston, 1884. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim STOCKHARDT, JULIUS ADOLPH. Die Schule ie Chemie. Ed.19. Braunschweig, 1881. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKi witzerland, i des ro Baum und Waldbilder aus der Schweiz. weite Serie. Bern, I9II. TENORE, a uae delle piante che st ane nel botanico giardino della villa del Signor Principe di Bisignano alla ae The Cincinnatus. Vol. 1. Cincinnati, 18 57. (Given by . Barnhart.) Toussaint, ANATOLE. Europe et Amérique (Nord-. ae no comparées. Paris, 1912 TRACY, ayes RUS MASON. Studies of the Essex flora. [Ed.2.] Lynn, 1892. (Given by Mrs. Haslett Mckim 52 RUTAT, EUGENE. La photographie appliquée a l'archéologie. Paris, 1879. Ce by Mrs. Haslett McKim.) TRUIAT, ENE. La photographie appliquée @ l'histoire naturelle. Paris, 1884. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim. hea ALFRED. Flora der Umgebung der Stadt Sdo Paolo in Brasilien. Jena, o A eee Juan F. Plano general de la Isla de Cuba. Bae by Brother Léon.) VocEL, H.W. Lehrbuch der Photographie. Ed. 3 arts ini. Berlin, 1878; Die ee der Photographie seit dem Jahre aa oe 1883. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim Pawaes. Livineston. Wilson's photographics. New York, 1881. (Given ree Mrs. Haslett McKim.) WILSON, EDwarRD LIVINGSTON. Wilson’s quarter century in photography. New York, 1887. (Given by Mrs. Haslett McKim.) Members of the Corporation. Epwarp D. Apams, Joun D. ArcusoLp, Grorcr F. Baxer, Evucene P. BickneE tt, Grorce S, Bowpo1n, Dr. NicHoras M. BuTirer, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Witiram G. CHoarte. A, F. Estasroox. H. C. FAHNEsSTOCK, Samvuet W. FarrcuHi1p, James B. Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Rosert W. vE Forest, Pror. W. J. GIs, Pror. R. A. Harper, Epwarp S. HARKNESS, A. HecxscHeEr, Henry R. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Huszarp, Appian IsEtin, Jr., Wa tter B. JENNINGS, Joun I. Kang, Eucene KELLy, Jr., Pror. James F. Kemp, Epw. V. Z. Lane, Pror. Freperic S. Lez, Hon. Setu Low, Davip Lypie, EpGar L. Marston, W. J. Marueson, OcpEN MILts, J. P1erront Morcan, THEODORE W. Myers, Frepreric R. Newso.p, Pror. Henry F. Osporn, LoweEtt M. PALMER, Grorce W. PERKINS, Henry Puipps, James R. PITCHER, M. F. Prant, Joun D. RockKEFELLeEr, Wititam ROocKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Dr. Recinatp H. Sayre, Jacos H. Scurrr, MortiMer L. ScuiFr, James A. ScrYMSER, Isaac N. SELIGMAN, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, Wii1am D. SLOANE, NeEtson SMITH, James SPEYER, Francis L, STETSON, CuHartes G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. Gitman THOMPS¢z, SAMUEL THORNE, Mytes TIERNEY, Louis C. T1IFFANY, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, W. K. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WintHRop, Jr. . PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- taining ie and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to members of Garden, Now i ents acopy; $1.00 a year. y yoo! logia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise ; devoted to fungi, incladmg lichens ; containing technical articles and news and notes s of general in- terest. $3.00 a year; singl ge] N in its fourth volume, Bulletin of the New York Botanioal Garden, containi g th 1 2p of tk locuments, and results of investigations arcs out in ae Garden. Free to all diate: of. re Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its eighth volume. Flora. Descriptions of the wild ome of North America, ining sic aes re the West Indies and Central Ameri Planned to be com- plete oy. 8vo, Each volume to chautel ‘of four or more parts. I $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2. = each, [Not oneal in exchange Vol. 3, part I, 1910. ectriaceae—Fime' tari Vol. ;, aap 1, 1906; cas 2, 1907. Sn aden (pars). Vol. 9, parts t and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). (Parts 1 and 2 no roger sold separat ely.) Vol. 16, part yatheaceae (pats). Vol. 17, part uf cae 9. Typha aceae—Poaceae (pars). Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosaceae Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae—Burseraceae. of the err oe eos Garden. Price to ae of the ole Ig00. e Tafnen nce O of git aaa Darkness upon a Soni and Development, by D T. ‘Nia Denial 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. ITI. Studies of ‘Getbccout iS rteros Renaine from eure: New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii+-138 pp., with 29 ates. I ol. IV. Effects of, the Rays of Radium on Fan by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 ee 1908. Contributions pe the New York Botanic al Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written b e staff, and aa from journals other than the above, Price 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. volumes. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. 146. sg be aes Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Lower California, Mexico, by Marshall A. vt fe 147. Stodies of West I ndian Plant Ew YORK zl Soni Int GA EN x PARK, sh York City APRIL, 1912 = «CN 148 JOURNAL OF New York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 41 NortH Quzen Street, Lancaster, Pa sy Tue New Era Printinc CoMPANY FICERS 1912 SrecreTarY—DR, N. L. BRITT! BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1913. PIERPONT MORGAN, THOMAS H. HUBBARD FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, GEORGE W. PERKINS, M S TIERNEY. Term expires January, 1914. EDWARD D. ADAMS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, ROBERT W. ve FOREST, JAMES A. SCRYMSER. Term expires January, 1915. ADDISON BROWN, N. L. BRITTON, ANDREW CARNEGIE, mys MATHESON, W. GILMAN Teofteen EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PusLic Parks, HON. CHARLES B, STOVER. Tue Mayor oF THE CiTy oF ae York, HON. WILLIAM J. GAY. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. ie H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. oe OF. EDWARD a SS, OF. R. R, .» NICHOLAS fe ye. BUTLER, Sse JAMES S F. KEMP, toe WILLIAM J. GIES, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. ee Se N. - BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. A. MURRILL, Assistant petits ‘or. DR. Re K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator. ILSON, Assistant Curator. DR. JOHN HEN Y: ART, ri DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Pi a Cotesions. DR. WILLIA IES, Consulting UR J. CORBETT, Superintendent, WASHINGTON DITCH. LAKE DRUMMOND. SUNSET. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vot. XIlIl April, 1912. No. 148 SOME FEATURES OF THE DISMAL SWAMP OF VIRGINIA.* The Dismal Swamp, usually called the Dismal Swamp of Virginia, lies partly in Virginia and partly in North Carolina; but it is more accessible from the former, and as most of those who have explored or visited it have entered from the Virginia side, the name of that state is commonly linked with it. Its topographic, geologic, biologic and economic features may be found described in numerous governmental reports; many his- torical events are connected with it; it figured more or less prominently in certain events of the Civil War, and it has been made the subject of numerous articles, stories and traditions published in works of fiction and in magazine and newspaper literature. e area of the swamp is about 1,500 square miles. The surface is almost level, sloping gradually from the southwest toward the northeast, with an elevation above mean tide level of from 23~12 feet, and in consequence, the drainage is so im- perfect that, throughout most of its extent, it remains constantly inundated. ertain portions, however, become more or less dry in periods of drought, and quite a large portion of its former area—some 700 square miles along the eastern border—has been permanently reclaimed in recent years, by means of drainage, ditches and canals. Near the center lies Lake Drummond, an almost circular body * From a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, September 23, 1911 53 54 of fresh water, about 234-3 miles in n diameter, with an almost uniform depth of about 6 feet. The surface is now about 22 feet above mean tide level; but previous to the completion of recent drainage operations it was somewhat higher. The lake may be reached by means of any of the several artificial channels which have been cut through the swamp. Washington and Jericho ditches are only navigable at high water, by small boats or canoes, which have to be poled carefully and more or less laboriously, by reason of the vegetation which has grown into the sides, and the trees which have fallen across in many places, during recent years. In periods of drought these ditches often become dry and may be used as foot paths or trails. The Dismal Swamp Canal, however, is a permanent, broad artificial channel, which will probably be made a part of the great interior waterway which is planned to extend from New Jersey to Florida. It is navigable for steamboats of small size and is sufficiently wide for steamboats and barges to easily pass each other. The ‘‘feeder,’’ by means of which it is connected with Lake Drummond, is also a wide channel, navigable at all times for row boats, motor-boats, etc., as far as the upper lock, within about three-fourths of a mile of the lake. This lock controls the water of the lake, and a lower one, at Deep Creek, controls the entrance to the canal at tide-water. During the past year I was fortunate in being able to visit the swamp under unusually favorable conditions, as one of a party all of whom were guests of the Lake Drummond Canal Company. The company provided transportation from Norfolk, by steam- boat, up the canal to the mouth of the feeder; thence by large rowboats, towed by a motor-launch, up the feeder to the lock near Lake Drummond, where a camp site had been prepared on the bank of the feeder, and tents and two days supply of pro- visions provided. This site was perfectly dry, in a partly cleared area on the border of the forest and was admirably adapted for the purpose. One night was spent there and the following day ake Drummond was navigated in rowboats, to the mouth of Washington Ditch, where a transfer was made to smaller boats, which were poled up the ditch to Suffolk. From thence the JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN. PLATE XC1I. ; 7 = CAMP SITE ON BANK OF “FEEDER,” NEAR LAKE DRUMMOND. 55 trip back to Norfolk was made by rail. The swamp was thus traversed from one side to the other; two days and a night were spent there, and unusual opportunities for observation were enjoyed. The camp site had been covered with a dense growth of “cane brake” (Arundinaria macrosperma), but a large area was cleared for our accommodation. This grass is an exceedingly charac- teristic feature of the swamp, forming dense thickets and growing to a height of six or eight feet. The adjacent forest consisted largely of red maple, persimmon, sour-gum, willow-oak, ash, and magnolia, with scattered trees of yellow pine, white cedar and bald cypress. One of the most abundant and striking features was the ‘‘jassemin” (Gelsemium sempervirens), whose clusters of fragrant, yellow flowers were to be seen everywhere, entwined in the undergrowth. At night the scene in the vicinity of the camp was rendered wierdly beautiful by the glow of ‘‘fox-fire’’ on the stumps of the trees and in the débris of the forest floor. I had often seen this phenomenon in other localities, but never before to the same extent or brilliancy. The phenomenon is caused by certain fungi, especially in the genera Panus, Clitocybe, and Armillaria, and also by many bacteria; but its nature is not thoroughly understood. It is commonly spoken of as ‘‘phosphorescence”’; but this is a misnomer as it is not due to phosphorus but to the process of oxidation. A better term to use would be ‘‘lumines- cence.” Undoubtedly, however, the bald cypress (Taxodium dis- tichum) is the most striking feature of the swamp. These trees never fail to excite the wonder and admiration of every observer, especially when seen for the first time. The massive, buttressed base; the peculiar processes known as “‘knees,’”’ which rise from the roots; the tall straight trunks, and the delicate, feathery foliage, mark these trees as unique in our modern flora. In many respects they resemble the redwoods and giant sequoias of the Pacific coast, and, like them, they represent the type of a genus which reached its maximum of development in past geo- logic ages and is now on the highroad to extinction. The bald 56 cypress will grow in high, dry ground; but its natural habitat is in swamps. It thrives and flourishes under conditions which would be fatal to most other trees, with the roots permanently immersed and often with the base of the trunk entirely surrounded by water. Splendid examples are to be seen on the shores of ‘Lake Drummond, where they constitute almost the sole feature of the outer zone of the lake border vegetation. Many individual trees, isolated from their fellows, grow well out in the lake, con- stituting one of its most striking features. The water of the swamp is dark-colored, but clear, resembling strong tea, and has an acid reaction and remarkable antiseptic properties. It is palatable and wholesome and keeps wonderfully well, without becoming foul. In former years it was much used on ships, especially on those about to make long voyages. That from the white cedar areas, known as “juniper-water,”’ was considered the best. Even where the ground is saturated, and the water stagnant, there is an entire absence of the odors which are generally noticeable in salt marshes and in many fresh water swamps where there is abundant decaying vegetation. ArtTHuR HOLLIcK. THE SUCCULENT PLANT COLLECTIONS. The succulent plant collections are now located in houses 5, 6, 7, and 8, of range 1. They were formerly crowded into houses 5 and 6, but on the completion last summer of the new houses at range 2, the contents of 7 and 8 were transferred there, making more room available for the succulent collections. This in- creased space has made possible a much better display of these interesting collections of desert plants. n the west side-bench of house no. 5 are the carrion-flowers, Stapelia, belonging to the milkweed family, and the South frican liliaceous genera, Haworthia, Apicra, and Gasteria. Fol- lowing these are members of the purslane family and the fig- marigolds, Mesembryanthemum, with the thistle family, repre- sented by such genera as Senecio and Kleinia, at the extreme end of the bench. The easterly side-bench holds a part of the large collection of the orpine family, the remainder of it being on the AT central bench across the walk. The central bench also accom- modates the large collection of the liliaceous genus Aloe, mainly African in distribution, the fleshy spurges, the bromeliads, and a single genus of the cactus family, Hylocereus, one of the climbing groups of that large family, to which belong some of the plants commonly known as ‘‘night-blooming cereus.” In house no. 6 are assembled the collection of century plants, Agave, and other amaryllidaceous species, and such other plants, too Jarge for incorporation in their proper places in the other houses. The dracaena family is also well represented here by Yucca and Beaucarnea. Here will be found the large cactus, Carnegiea gigantea, and other columnar cactuses, also a number of large specimens of the hedgehog cactus, Echinocactus. In houses 7 and 8 are the true cactuses. It is interesting to note that all the members of this family, with a very few excep- tions in Africa, are truly American plants. In house no. 7 are the Cerioideae, including, on the central bench, such genera as Pachycereus, Lemaireocereus, Cephalocereus, and other columnar forms; the climbing and slender columnar forms, represented by such genera as Selenicereus and Nyctocereus; the leaf-cactuses, Epiphyllum, with also a group on a side end-bench; and speci- mens of the hedgehog cactus, Echtnocactus, the Turk’s-head cac- tus, Cactus, and such genera as Echinopsis, Anhalonium, Echino- cereus, and the odd Leuchtenbergia. On the north bench are others of columnar habit, mainly of the genus Cereus, while on the south bench are the odd mamillate cactuses, known for many years as Mamullaria. Hanging over the walks is a large collection of Rhipsalis and Hariotea. One of these with round stem and branches and white berries is known as the mistletoe cactus. In house no. 8 are the Opuntioideae and the Pereskioideae. The greater part of the plants here belong to the first tribe, and represent such genera as Opuntia, Nopalea, and Pereskiopsis, the latter with large well-developed leaves. There are many representatives on the south bench of the round-stemmed opuntias, known as cylindro-opuntias, and on the other benches, still more of the flat-stemmed forms known as platyopuntias. 58 In the Pereskioideae is the genus Pereskia, the best known of which is commonly called Barbados gooseberry. To botanists it is known as Pereskia Pereskia. Pereskia Bleo, and P. cubensis, from Cuba, are other species. GEORGE V. NAsH. CONFERENCE NOTES. The March conference of the scientific staff and registered students of the New York Botanical Garden was held in the secgeel of the museum building, Monday, March 4, at 4:00 . B. Robinson gave an interesting account of Phil- ippine Botanical Explorations of which the following isasummary: Camel, the earliest of all botanical explorers in the Philippines, appears to have visited a greater number of the islands than any of his successors, and that about the end of the seventeenth century. Many subsequent expeditions stopped there, but con- fined their investigations to few localities. Cuming, however, covered much ground, and his work has been of especial value through the large series of duplicates obtained, now distributed in nearly all the large herbaria of the world In general, the Spanish botanists explored a very limited area, the country around Manila, and for about 20 miles to the north and northeast. At the end of their regime, under Sebastian Vidal, specimens were obtained from many additional parts of the Islands. Since 1902, nearly all the larger islands have been explored to a greater or less extent, especially by certain members of the staff of the Forestry Bureau, notably H. M. Curran, H. N Whitford, M. L. Merritt, W. I. Hutchinson, R. Meyer, T. E. Borden, P. T. Barnes, and R. Rosenbluth; by the botanists of the Bureau of Science, E. D. Merrill, F. W. Foxworthy, and C. B. Robinson, two of their assistants, Maximo Ramos and E. Fénix, and the ornithologist, R. C. McGregor; by the Bureau of Govern- ment Laboratories, predecessor of the Bureau of Science, which adds the names of E. B. Copeland and A.D.E.Elmer. The last of these has made extensive explorations in recent years as a 59 private collector. A. Loher, formerly of Manila, worked over many localities. The only large collection made in recent years for any outside institution was that obtained by R. S. Williams for the New York Botanical Garden. Two other private col- lectors, who have done important work, are Father M. Vanover- bergh in northern Luzon, and Mrs. Mary Strong Clemens in the Lanao district of Mindanao. .Nearly all of these have visited Mount Mariveles at the en- trance to Manila Bay, the Benguet hill region, and Los Bafios at the base of Mount Maquiling, on Laguna.de Bay. Other mountains from which much has been obtained are Pulog, Data, Tapulao and the Banajao range, in Luzon; Halcon in Mindoro; Apo, Malindang, and the hills near Zamboanga in Mindanao; Canlaon and the Cuernos peaks in Negros; and Giting-giting on Sibuyan; while districts of varying elevation more or less carefully explored are the Batanes and Babuyanes Islands at the extreme north of the Archipelago; Polillo east of Luzon; the northeastern part of Rizal Province, and Sorsogon, in Luzon; parts of Palawan, Mindoro, and Leyte. Less extended investi- gations have been made in very many places. Districts where little or nothing has been done, and from which much may reasonably be expected, are the northeast of Luzon, the Polis range in northern Luzon, Mount Isarog in southern Luzon, Samar, the northeastern and eastern coast of Mindanao, Matutum in Mindanao, several parts of Palawan, and the chain of islands connecting Jolo with Borneo. In general, the work of exploration presents no great difficulty. The climate is good, insect pests are negligible except the ants, there is nothing to be feared from larger animals, and transporta- tion is becoming easier. B 60 SPRING LECTURES, 1912. Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows: April 27. ‘Date Gardens of the Sahara Desert,’ Mr. T. H. Kearney. May 4. ‘‘The Preservation of Our Native Plants,” Dr. N. L. Mayr. ‘The Deserts and Mountains of Southern Arizona,” Prof. H. M. Richar May 18. ee in the Region of the Natural Bridges, . Utah,” Dr. P. A. Rydberg. May 25. ‘‘Some of the Plants that Live in the Sea,” Dr. M.A. June 1. ‘Condiments and Spices and Their Sources,” Dr. H. ry. June 8. ‘Orchids,’ Mr. G. V. Nash. June 15. ‘‘Four Weeks in Western Cuba,” Dr. C. S. Gager. June 22. ‘‘Poisonous Plants of Our Woodlands,” Mr. Nor- r. June 29. “Exploring the Pacific Coast—I. New York to Seattle,’ Dr. W. A. Murrill The lectures, which occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern-slides and otherwise. The doors will be closed at 4:00, and opened again at 4:15 to admit those arriving late. eum Bu ilding is reached by the Harlem Division ronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. L. H. Pennington of Syracuse University spent several days at the Garden during the early part of April working on the genus Marasmius for North American Flora. Professor J. T. Burrill, vice-president of the State University of [Illinois and one of the pioneer botanists of this country, was a 61 visitor at the Garden on March 22. Professor Burrill has been attending the centenary meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Volume 7, part 3, of North American Flora was issued in April, 1912. This part consists of a continuation of the Aecidiaceae, a family of plant rusts which was begun in part 2, of the same volume. The genus Gymnosporangium or cedar-apple rusts was treated by Dr. F. D. Kern and the remainder of the part by Professor J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University Agricultural Experi- ment Station. The entire part consists of 106 pages of text. Dr. Wilder D. Bancroft, professor of physical chemistry at Cornell University, delivered a lecture on March 15, at the chem- of local botanists on participated in the discussions which follow Dr. ae T. Moore has been elected to succeed Dr. William Trelease as director of the Missouri Botanical Garden and will enter upon the duties of the new position May 1, 1912. Dr. oore is a graduate of Harvard University and was assistant in the cryptogamic laboratory of that institution for two years. He also served for a time as instructor in cryptogamic botany in Radcliffe College and later was in charge of botany at Dart- mouth. He was employed by the United States Department of Agriculture for several years, first as physiologist and algologist and was later put in charge of the laboratory of plant physiology. In 1909 he was appointed professor of plant physiology and ap- plied botany in the Shaw School of Botany and at the same time served as plant physiologist to the Missouri Botanical Garden. Dr. Moore is the author of a number of research papers, several of them dealing with the contamination of water supplies by algae and other phases of economic botany. At the recent centenary of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Dr. C. Stuart Gager, director of the Brooklyn 62 Botanic Garden, was in attendance as a delegate from the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the University of Mis- souri, and the Torrey Botanical Club. Miss Alice Eastwood, curator of the botanical department of the California Academy of Sciences, spent two weeks in consulting the herbarium and library of the Garden in the latter part of March. A very interesting account of Miss Eastwood’s expe- riences in saving most of the Academy’s herbarium “types” at the time of the San Francisco earthquake and fire was published in Torreya for June, 1906. Permission has been obtained for the erection of a new building for the Academy in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. At the exercises in commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, March 19-21, the Garden was represented by: Dr. Marshall A. Howe, who presented an illustrated paper on “ Reef-building and Land-forming Seaweeds.’’ In this paper the important and often predominating part played by the lime- secreting seaweeds in building “coral reefs’’ was emphasized. Delegates were in attendance representing most of the univer- sities, colleges, and learned societies of North America and many of those of Europe. A snow storm followed later by rains, amounting to consider- ably less than 2 inches of water altogether in this vicinity, oc- curred on March 12, helping to bring about, the next day, a flood in the Bronx River scarcely or not exceeded by any within the memory of the older residents. The road from the upper bridge in the Botanical Garden to near the foot of the grade at the Scott Avenue bridge was under water all day on the 13th, in some places to a depth of 2 feet or more when the flood was at the highest at about 3.30 P.M. An hour and a half later the water had fallen 6 or 7 inches and it continued to fall all through the night, so that on the morning of the following day it was some 4 feet below the high water mark of the preceding afternoon, and the road above mentioned was everywhere out of water, although quite a stream was still flowing over the road leading eastward from the small wooden bridge at the lower side of the meadows. 64 this is the only genus of the cactus family which has representa- tives outside of America, a few species occurring in Africa and one with a distribution extending to Ceylon. The plants are, for the most part, epiphytic, that is, they grow upon other plants without deriving nourishment from them. Of the known species, about 55, only § occur in the Old World. Of the remainder over They boas a wide diversity in form. In some the stems are round, in the istletoe a Rhipsalis Cassutha, a native eee of ee Amer In others the stems are furnished with three to six or more abe i ent va and R. sulcata. the midrib of the joint, indicating their preferred habitat on trees, to which they attach themselves by this means.—G. ACCESSIONS. D HERBARIUM. I cotype specimen of Phyllachora Merrilli Ricker. (Collected by Mr. E. D. Merrill. 2 specimens of fungi from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor Ellsworth Bethel. I specimen of fungus from Washington. (By exchange with Mr. E. ‘Bartholo- mew.) 4 local fungi from propagating house. (Collected by i Fred - Seaver.) 40 specimens of fleshy fungi from Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. (Given by Dr. E. D. Clark.) 10 specimens of fungi from Island Heights, N. J. (Collected by aes Wilson.) roo specimens of fleshy fungi from Rochdale, Massachusetts. (Given by Dr. E. D. Clark.) specimens of woody fungi from Ohio and Florida. L. Overholts 78 he fearon specimens from British Columbia. logical Survey of Canada. (By exchange with Mr. (By exchange with the Geo- imens of eae ges rlont Dakota. (By peed with Dr. J. Lunell.) n by 2 specimens of t ( Miss Edna Scorup.) 1 specimen of Polypodium from Costa Rica. ‘(By pian with Mr. C. Bel. ) hatte 65 1 specimen of Pylaisia polyantha from Gaspe, Quebec. (By exchange with Dr. George B. Kaiser. - lichens ase hioramecaie ald ieee with _ A. S. Foster. +) By exchange with the United States aoe aaa roo specimens “* ptogamae Exsicc atae,’’ Century (Given by the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, for the Colu mbia ne herbarium.) 4 specimens of mosses from Arkansas and Texas. (Collected by Mr. B. F. Bush.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 26 plants for nurseries. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry.) 2 plants of Opuntia Pollardi. (By exchange with U. S. National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose. ollected by Dr. N. L. Britton and Mr. J. F. Cowell.) (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 11 plants of Hedychium. (By exchange with Royal Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, ae Trelay plats for the conservatories. (Given by, Miss Edna Scorup, through Dr. P. re Rydber, 3 plants of Webevoberead australis, han Dr. J. N. Ros packet seeds of enon pedata, from Cuba. an packets seed. ee excha! (By exchange with U.S. National Museum, (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) nge with Botanic Garden at ern ite Mr. E. Stea mia.) Pp ‘abor, 90 packets seed. (By exchange with Botanic Garden, Zurich, Switzerland.) Members of the Corporation. Epwarp D. ApaMs, Joun D. Arcuzoxp, Grorce F, Baker, Eucene P. BicKNgLL, Grorce S, Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Pror. Epw. S. Burczss, Dr. NicHoras M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C, F, CHANDLER, Wi1t1aM G, CHoaTE. Pau D. Cravatu, W. Bayarp CurTTING, Crevetann H. Dopce. A, F, EsTasroox. H. C. FaAHNEsrocx, SaMuEL W, FarrcHILp, James B, Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Epwarp S. Harkness, A. HEcKscHER, Henry R. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Husparp, ApriANn ISELIN, Jr, Wa ter B, JENNINGS, Joun I. Kang, Eucene KEtty, Jr, Pror. James F. Kemp, Epw. V. Z. Lang, Pror. Freperic S. Lez, Hon. SetH Low, Davin Lyne, Epcar L, Marston, J. Pierpont Morcan, THEopoRE W. Myers, Freperic R. NEwso_p, Pror, Henry F, Oszorn, LoweE.tt M. PALMer, Grorce W. PERKINS, Henry Puirps, James R. PitcHEr, M. F. Pant, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, WitutaM ROcKEFELLER, Pror, H. H. Russy, Dr. Recinatp H. Sayre, Jacos H. ScuiFr, Mortimer L. Scuirr, James A. ScrYMSER, Isaac N. SELIGMAN, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, Wi111am D. SLoane, Netson SMITH, James SPEYER, Francis L, STETSOoN, Cuartes G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. GitmMan THompse: SAMUEL THORNE, My tes TIERNEY, Louis C. TiFFANy, Grorcz W. VANDERBILT, W. K. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WintuHrop, Jr. PUBLICATIONS OF of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, co faininy nots, and non-technical ae of general interest. Free to members ‘of he Garden. To others, 10 0 cents a co, 31.00 a year. Now in its thirteenth volume. — hy te 3-00 a she ; Single copies not for sale, [Not fered in Bei Now its fourth volum: ut e New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Direct fie in 2 Chi ef and other official documents, and eaves ane seni results of Ee ial carried out in the Garden. Free ae bers of the Garden others, $3.00 per volume, Now in its eighth v Be at American Flora. Descriptions of the wild a ‘of North Americ including Gyealanes ae Vise oe en Central America. Planned to be co Ro: 5 pleted in 32 vi volumes, oa 0. alate to consist of four or more par! Papago price, $1.50 per part; a "nie number of separate parts will be so! for $2 00 each, [Not wieted ag in exchan ol. a part {, I910. Nectriacea eine taria Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907. Us: stlaginaceae. Neca ceae (oars k Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, 1907; ni 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). ely. |. 16, part 1, 1909. Op’ ioploass aceae—Cyatheaceae (pars). Vol. 17, part 1, 1909. Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). Vol, 22, parts 1 fan 2, 1905; parts3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosaceae — (pars). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae—Burseraceae. moirs of the New York Botanical Gar Price to members of the ; acDou xvi + 320 pp., w g 9 ol. III, Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from. ree New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii 138 pp., with 2 plates. 1909: Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager viii + 278 pp. , with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. : Contributions from the New York eee Garden. As of tech nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and ee Foie ural other than the above, Price, 25 cents each, $5.00 per volume. e volum| RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. 146. Phycological Peace V. Some Marine Algae of Lower Californi L. Brit 148. ie en ce ney d on Rae Wa Abr Expedition of 1905-06, etc., y P. ydber; NEw YORK gees GARDEN xX PARK, ae York er MAY, 1912 No. 149 JOURNAL oF New York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator Be TER a Bet SU Rees ah Af) hae ae Se a a ae 80 es, NewsandComment........-..-.. dee ig Sh ho ee eee 83 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 4: NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa Tus New Era Paintinc Comrany OFFI CERS 1912. nT—HON. as BROWN W CARNEGIE, SrecreTARY—DR, N. L. BRITTO: BOARD OF NAGERS. 1. ECTED MANAGERS. x Term expires January, 1913 THOMAS H. HUBBARD, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, GEORGE W. PERKINS, YLES TIERNEY. Term pcos January, 1914. RD D, ADAMS, ROBERT W. ve FOREST, JAMES A. SCRYMSER. _EDWA ADDISON BROW Term expires January, 1915, ¥ OH N. L. BRITTON, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W. J. W. GILMAN THOMPSON. X-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE Patient OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PusLic Parks, . CHARLES B. S ER. THE nee OF THE CITY OF As Yorx, N. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. ROF. H. H. Y, Chairman. PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS, a OF. R. me ook DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAM PROF. eenEMin® e ee PROF, WILLIAM J. ioe ON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. N ST F. Pe ent, Administration.) GA DR. . 2 BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. . W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. (Administration. DR. faa K. ae cae Curator 5 wering Plants.) . RYDBERG, Curator. (Flo ing Plants. HOWE, Curator. (Flowerless Plants.) (Flowerless Plants.) DR. een ‘ (Fossil Plants.) FRED J. SEAVER, Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator. ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant. V. NASH, STOUT, Director of the Ptboraariea: De JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian. Cee Curator of the Economic Collections. Se “ELIZABETH G. TTON, Honorary Curator of Mosse. Se J. GIES, Consulting Chem Custodian, pi Ga eee a ING, Museum Waren R. BRINLEY, cab Engineer. ER S. GROESB: k and Accounta ECK, Cleri ren t CORRE Superintendent of Buildings and Ground URNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN. Prats XCIII. JACK IN THE PULPIT. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Voi. XIII May, 1912. No. 149, WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION.! I. “JACK IN THE Putrit” (Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr.) (With Pate XCIIL) When the trees are unfolding their fresh green leaves in May and June, and the violets and spring-beauties are in bloom, Jack- in-the-pulpit may be found in moist woodlands and on shady banks, where the corte is soft ae loamy. It isa perennial herb, and if | ives many years and attainsa height of three feet, with a subterranean corm as large as an apple. This corm has given to the plant the name of “Indian turnip” though it is not edible, when raw, for it has an acrid taste, irricating to the tongue, on account of the acicular crystals of calcium oxalate which it contains, known as raphides. It propa- gates by forming smaller secondary corms around the older ones and in this way new plants are started. It often bears no fruit in the vicinity of New York, not only on account of the depreda- tions of children, but because it is dioecious and the proper insect visitors, on which it is dependent for pollination, seem to be lacking. Usually the leaves turn yellow and the plant disappears in June and July, though this varies in different portions of its range, which extends throughout the Eastern and Central states, as far north as Nova Scotia and Ontario and south to Florida and Louisiana. It bears what would appear to most children to be a single large flower, but is really a cluster of small simple flowers, borne at the base of a fleshy club-shaped spadix, which is enclosed by the convolute base of the spathe, the summit of 1Tilustrated by the aid of theS F he P. ti f Native Plants. 67 68 which arches over it, and is either pale green or a dark glossy brown, often striped with white. There are usually two leaves, which are three-parted, graceful in shape and beautifully veined. The leaf-stalks are sheathing at base and enclose that of the flower-cluster. The staminate plants are often smaller and paler than the pistillate and wither as soon as they have discharged their pollen. Their flowers consist of only 2—4 almost sessile, white or purple anthers, borne on the fleshy mucilaginous base of the spadix. The pistils are crowded together, without calyx or corolla, green, globose and tipped with a sessile white stigma; occasionally a few stamens may be found above the pistils. The fruit cluster, when ripe, is usually prostrate, from 1-3 inches long and the berries are bright scarlet. Plukenet appears to have been the first to figure this plant and he described it in his Phytographia in 1691 as “Arum triphyllum minus atrorubente” from plants sent to him by Ban- nister from Virginia. Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum, 1753, quoted this description and called it ‘Arum triphyllum.” It resembles some of the European species of Arum and belongs to the Araceae, a family of plants, most of which are tropical in their distribution and which includes about 105 genera and over 900 species, many of them being large and showy plants often climbing on trees and rocks. ELIZABETH G. BRITTON. THOUGHTLESS DESTRUCTION OF JACK IN THE PULPIT (WitH Puate XCIV.) May 15, 1911, two classes of boys and girls from one of the Public Schools of Manhattan accompanied by their teachers, spent a few hours in the vicinity of the Lorillard Mansion in Bronx Park. They were given permision to pick ‘wild flowers” by one of the foremen of the Park Department, and when found, at 2 p.m. within the limits of the New York Botanical Garden, all the children had large paste-board boxes and newspapers full “AION S1IV 1g (NATHVS) IVINVLOG MAYOR MAN AHL JO IWNwIOL 69 of various kinds of flowers and trees, most of them uprooted. They were confiscated, and of Jack-in-the-pulpit they had taken 410 plants! which are shown in the accompanying photograph. New signs have been posted throughout the limits of the New York Botanical Garden which read: ‘‘ The picking of wild flowers ts strictly forbidden” and the old signs read: “Do not pick or break, plant, leaf or flower.” It is hoped that these will help to prevent such vandalism! ELIZABETH G. BRITTON. FURTHER BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN CUBA To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS, Gentlemen: Under previous authorization to continue botanical exploracion in the West Indies, I recently proceeded to eastern Cuba, leaving New York on the Royal Mail Steam Packet “Qrotava” on March 2, 1912, arriving at Antilla, on Nipe Bay: March 6. I was accompanied by Mrs. Britton and also by Mr. John F. Cowell, director of the Buffalo Botanic Garden. My sister, Miss Harriet Louise Britton, was also in the party. The objects of the expedition were to examine portions of Cuba not hitherto studied by us, and to reéxamine certain areas previously visited, for the purpose of obtaining more complete specimens of some species of exceptional interest previously collected. Collections were made at Antilla and at Punta Piedra, the coast of Nipe Bay, on March 6, 7 and 8, in coastal ae and woodlands. In woodlands less than a mile inland from Antilla, we were much pleased to find many plants of the cycad, Zamia media, and we obtained a number of them for cultiva- tion here. Zamia is a very interesting genus, containing a considerable number of species, the West Indian ones all having stout stems vertically imbedded in the soil, the crown of pin- nate leaves thus appearing to rise directly from the surface of the ground, the flowers borne in short, oblong cones in the middle of the crown of leaves, some plants being staminate, others pistillate. They are poorly represented in most collections of 70 living plants, but we have now succeeded in bringing together at the Garden most of the West Indian kinds and a few from continental tropical America. The most attractive floral feature observed was in hillside woodlands at Punta Piedra, a half shrubby species of the acanthus family, with rose-purple flowers. Ripe seeds of it were obtaine On March 9, we proceeded Hon Antilla to Santiago by rail, and Santiago was made a general base of operations for two weeks. I especially desired to see the native cactuses of this and obtaining specimens for cultivation of all the species known to inhabit the region. They grow on dry, rocky hillsides along and near the sea, accompanied by a great many peculiar shrubs and small trees, a number of which inhabit only this region. The characteristic maguey (Agave) is abundant, and at the time of our visit very conspicuous with its tall panicles of bright yellow flowers, which dotted the landscape in showy masses. The immediate vicinity of Santiago and especially the unculti- vated region between the city and the sea to the south, includ- ing the hills which bound the beautiful harbor, were quite thoroughly explored and specimens were taken of most of the plants to be found there. As in most West Indian floras, the plants are very locally distributed; in many cases, small colonies consisting of only a few individuals could be found, but the number of species is large. As in other dry-region floras, many of the plants are spiny or prickly, making progress through the woodlands impossible without free use of the machete, and thus practically restricting exploration, except for special objects, to existing trails or wood roads. One of these spiny shrubs (Anthacanthus), about three feet high, was profusely covered with fine purple flowers and would be fine for cultivation, but we could obtain no ripe seeds during our visit. In this dry region, ferns and mosses were very rare, but one beautiful little fern inhabits crevices of the coastal rocks east of El Morro. Through the kind codperation of Mr. Jennings $. Cox, man- ager of the Spanish American Iron Company, we were enabled to study the vegetation in the vicinity of Daiquiri, one of the 71 mining towns of that company, a few miles east of Santiago, where we were received and hospitably entertained by Mr. G. W. Pfeiffer, superintendent. The railroads of these mines enabled us to traverse a considerable stretch of country, both on the coast and at a short distance from it, and a trip on horses into the hills supplied an additional view of the flora. One of our principal objects in visiting this place was to see the cactus of the genus Leptocereus collected near Berraco some years ago by Mr. William R. Maxon, of the United States National Museum, and one of the railroads took us directly to it under the guidance of Mr. McGill, of Mr. Pfeiffer’s staff. This genus Leptocereus has been of great interest on account of recent discoveries of undescribed species in Cuba. Three years ago, when the paper by Dr. Rose and myself on ‘‘'The Genus Cereus Leptocereus arboreus, which inhabits rocky soil on the west side of Cienfuegos Bay, and Leptocereus Leoni, discovered by Brother Léon, of the Colegio de la Salle, Vedado, Havana, on limestone cliffs in the Sierra de Anafe near Guayabal. Our examination of the plant at Berraco proves definitely that it represents a fourth still undescribed species, of which we secured cuttings for cultivation, and, by great good fortune, two fully opened flowers; these are white, and of relatively small size, the very numerous petals spread out flat, appearing at first glance like the flower heads of some single chrysanthemum, and wholly different from any cactus flower hitherto known to us. The arborescent cactuses of the region were studied under favorable conditions on the coast just east of the Daiquiri land- ing, where they are abundant, and cuttings of them were taken for cultivation. Here also we studied with great interest a fine, flowering tree of the Cuban Catalpa; it has narrow leaves and much smaller flowers than any of the northern trees of that * Torreya 12: 15. 72 genus, is low with widely spreading branches, and in many respects so different from the true catalpas that it could properly be regarded as a distinct genus. Calcyophyllum, a tall tree related to Cinchona, is rather abundant in this region and is of special interest from the structure of its flowers, one of the calyx-lobes being expanded into a large white structure, the other four being small and inconspicuous. Through the further aid of Mr. Jennings 5. Cox, we were enabled to study the vegetation in the vicinity of the mines at El Cuero near Nima-Nima, west of Santiago. A schooner was chartered for this expedition and we were cordially received and hospitably entertained at El Cuero by Mr. S. A. Barratt, superintendent. Here we studied the flora of the coastal hills and on horses ascended into the mountains, reaching an altitude of over 1,500 feet, where we found an extensive area of pine- lands with an associated flora of great interest and variety. A fine small-flowered Begonia and a striking scarlet-flowered Gesneria inhabit rocky stream banks. A shrub of the heath family related to our privet-andromeda, profusely covered with clusters of white, fragrant, urn-shaped flowers, was an object of great interest and beauty on the hillsides. Several rare ferns grow in the wet ravines; the boundaries of the pine- lands are sharply delimited, the pines occupying certain hills to the exclusion of other trees. We found that this region would make a favorable camping base for expeditions to much higher altitudes of the Sierra Maestra which are as yet little known botanically, and I hope that such exploration may be accomplished in the future. Both going to El Cuero and returning, we stopped at Cabafias Bay, a beautiful landlocked harbor, and made collections along its shores and along the adjacent seacoast. Here we were enabled to study to great advantage one of the most peculiar of the Cuban cactuses, the tall prickly-pear (Opuntia macracantha), a fine colony of which exists on a rocky bench about a mile east of the harbor entrance. This plant has an erect trunk up to 15 feet high, crowned at the top with numerous nearly hori- zontal, jointed, flat branches bearing small yellowish flowers. 73 The armament of this plant is remarkable; all the young joints observed were densely spiny, while the older joints become entirely spineless, and this spineless condition is continued down the trunk about half way to the ground, its lower half being covered with most vicious spines up to 6 inches long; it would appear that we have here a plant which has use for a spiny armament on its young parts and on its oldest, but not on those parts of medium age. The straight upright stem and widely spreading branches reminded us of semaphores, and we gave the plant the name of semaphore cactus. r. Cox also ne for us a visit to the copper-mining town, El ae and a day was spent in that vicinity studying the flora of rocky and ne hills, where many small plants of interest to us occur and where we saw the largest grove ever observed by us of the cashew-nut or “marafion’’ (Anacardium occidentale), portions of the fruit of which are roasted and eaten like peanuts or almonds. Proceeding westward by steamer during the night of March 26, our next base was at Ensenada de Mora, the port of the Cape Cruz Sugar Company, located about thirty miles east of Cape Cruz, where an extensive area of arable land lies between the sea and the western end of the Sierra Maestra and where we were received with great cordiality and hospitality by Mr. George M. Boote, administrator, and Mr. George R. Buchanan, assistant administrator, of the sugar company. We remained here four days and studied the flora of the coastal woodlands and thickets and that of hillsides and mountain ‘‘arroyos”’ up to altitudes of about 1,100 feet, horses and guides being supplied through the kindness of Mr. Boote. There is an abundant flow of pure water in certain of the mountain valleys and in them we found a luxuriant and varied vegetation, including many ferns and orchids and flowering trees and shrubs in great variety. In places the valleys are formed by steep cliffs and on these several plants of rarest being the linear-leaved Plumiera, a small tree of the dog- bane family, profusely covered with large white flowers. This genus has its greatest development in the West Indies, many 74 species being known from the different islands, and several of them are prized for cultivation in tropical gardens, though they do not flower freely nor grow very vigorously in northern green- houses; a supply of young plants was taken, however, for experi- mental purposes. On these cliffs, the Cuban melon-cactus abounds; we were somewhat surprised at finding this on cliffs three or four miles from the coast, because our previous knowl- edge of it had been confined to its occurrence on coastal rocks further east. Previous attempts to introduce this Cactus Har- lowii into cultivation with plants taken from the naval station at Guantanamo Bay had met with failure, so a large number were dug out from among the rocks at this point and very carefully packed in sacks to avoid any bruising and thus transported to the Garden. Coastal woodlands west of the port proved very interesting collecting grounds, to which we were guided by Mr. H. J. Nix, electrician of the sugar company. Here large cactuses abound, growing intermixed with hardwood trees. One of them belongs to the genus Leptocereus, and is related to the one de- scribed above from near Daiquiri; ripe fruits of it were obtained, but the plant was not in bloom at the time and its flowers are still a desideratum. One of the most interesting trees of this woodland is Phlebotaenia, of the milkwort family, with showy purple flowers something like those of our northern herbaceous gay-wings, and another flowering tree related to our fringe tree, with similar narrow white petals, is abundant. In another wooded thicket just east of the port, we were pleased to find the leafy cactus, Pereskia cubensis, hitherto known to us only from the vicinity of Guantanamo Bay; this small spiny tree would not be taken for a cactus without a knowledge of its flowers, for it ‘belongs to one of the genera which bear leaves much like those of many other flowering plants, and in this respect very different from the great bulk of the cactuses, which are leafless; cuttings of this were also taken, their spiny armament rendering the process difficult. I am glad to be able to report that the two cuttings which I brought from Guantanamo Bay three years ago are growing vigorously; they are nate the most interesting of all cactus plants in the Garden collection Our next stop was at Manzanillo, ae little time was spent 75 there, because the region is highly cultivated and available collecting grounds not very readily reached, and also because Dr. Shafer had previously done work in the vicinity. On April I, we proceeded to Camaguey by rail and devoted a week to the study of the extensive savanna tracts to the north and east of that city. We had spent one day here three years ago and at that time observed so many plants of interest that we desired to make the study more complete. These savannas are very extensive, many square miles of country being devoid of forests and the sterile soil uncultivated, except at widely separated points where smail areasof arable land occur. Most of the area is rela- tively level, but there are some hills and the region is traversed by a number of small streams and brooks, ‘‘ arroyos ” of the Cubans. Palms of several species abound and two of these, species of Copernicia, are of special interest because we found at a number of points where the two grow in proximity, many trees quite inter- mediate in features between the two species and apparently of hybrid origin. Inasmuch as hybrid palms in the wild state are unrecorded, so far as my examination of literature has gone, and in any event they must be very rare, this observation is one of the most interesting and important made during the trip. Except for the palms, the dominant tree of the savannas is a species of Pisonia, of the four-o'clock family, with dioecious small green flowers. A rare and beautiful orchid (Laeliopsis) was abundant on many of these trees, the roughish bark evi- dently being wholly acceptable to the orchid which clung to the trees in large masses, even covering portions of the trunk and branches, its clusters of large purple flowers forming a wonderfully fine floral effect. A wild vanilla vine, another orchid, climbs to the tops of the palm trees; it was not in bloom, unfortunately, but we obtained specimens of its pods. A very interesting sensitive plant, yellow-flowered and with prostrate stems, was attractive, and a supply of its seeds were obtained for cultivation; it is much hoped that these will grow, because an additional sensitive plant would be valuable for experimental purposes, and the species here found is not in cultivation. Two species of shrubs with showy pink flowers (Tabebuia), related to our trumpet vine, were abundant and conspicuous; this genus 76 has a largé number of species in Cuba, some of them forming large trees, called ‘roble’’ by the Cubans, the wood having somewhat the properties of oak. Our collections now include several un- described species of this genus, which is represented nearly throughout the West Indies and in South America. Both on the hillsides and in the arroyos, shrubs and low plants abound in great variety. Two shrubs of the pea family, both new to science and one of them apparently representing an undescribed genus, were among the prizes found here, and all together, speci- mens of some 200 different kinds of plants were collected during one week’s stay at Camaguey. Proceeding on April 8 to Santa Clara, two days were given to a restudy of the extensive palm-barrens and savannas in the vicinity of that city, and a number of plants previously collected here in incomplete condition were found in flower or in fruit, enabling us to classify some of them satisfactorily. We reached Havana on the morning of April 11 and in the afternoon of that day we visited El Parque Tropical, a park developed within the last few years under private auspices and containing many interesting plants, where we were cordially received by Don Ramén Magrifia, in company with Dr. Felipe Garcia Cafiizares, director of the Havana School Botanical Garden, and Brother Léon, of the Colegio de la Salle, both valued correspondents and coéperators in our Cuban studies. April 12 was given to a visit to the wet coastal savannas at Batabano, on the south coast, in company with Professor Carlos de la Torre, of the Havana University.. Here we found a flora with much in common with that of the Florida Everglades, in- cluding the Palmetto (Sabal Palmetto), the occurrence of which in Cuba had hitherto been uncertain. We sailed from Havana April 13 on S. S. “Saratoga,” reaching New York on April 16. All together, 932 different plants were collected during the expedition, including over 2,500 specimens, and the Garden's collections of living plants and museum and herbarium speci- mens have thus been greatly enriched. Respectfully submitted, N. L. Britr ran er TTON, Director-in-Chief. WILLIAM BAYARD CUTTING. The death of Mr. Cutting on the night of the first of March removed from the board of managers a member who had served continuously since 1896 and was an original member of the arden corporation. Mr. Cutting was born in New York City on January 12, 1850, and was graduated from Columbia College in 1869. Two years later, after obtaining the degrees M.A. and LL.B. from his alma mater he was admitted to the New York Bar and for years prac- ticed law with his brother, R. Fulton Cutting. A lawyer by profession, Mr. Cutting devoted a large amount of time to phil- anthropic and educational work and was identified with a num- ber of public enterprises. Among the organizations of which he was a director are the New York Botanical Garden, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He was also for many years a trustee of Columbia Univer- sity and was prominent in numerous commercial enterprises. During the early years of the movement to establish the New York Botanical Garden, Mr. Cutting was active in his interests in the institution, especially in the landscape and architectural problems involved. He was much interested in hardy trees and shrubs and assembled a fine collection on his estate at Oakland, Long Island. His health in recent years prevented him from much active participation in the work of the Board of Managers but he has made occasional visits to the grounds and has attended meetings at intervals. Wuereas, William Bayard Cutting, an original incorporator of the New York Botanical Garden, and a member of its Board of Managers since 1896, departed this life on March 1, 1912. Resolved: That the Board of Managers, deeply deploring their loss, desires to record his long service to the Garden as a Manager and their grief at his untimely death. Resolved: That a copy of this memorial and resolutions be sent to his bereaved family, to whom the sympathies of this Board are extended. 78 The foregoing memorial and resolutions were approved by the Board of Managers at a meeting held May 23, 1912. N. L. Britton, Secretary. THE BANANA HOUSE. No collection of plants in conservatory range I more impresses the visitor with the wonderful vigor of growth of tropical vege- tation than the collection of banana and other plants assembled in house no. 11. The stately stems and the large broad leaves, perfect in shape, are very impressive. ll the large plants here, those of commanding stature and striking in their appearance, belong to the banana family, Musaceae. The wonderful leaves of the traveler’s tree, Ravenala madagascariensis, at once arrest the attention. These are arranged in a fan-like manner, the broad flat blades borne on stout stalks several feetlong. Initsnative land, Madagascar, it serves several economic purposes. Related to this, and resembling it somewhat in appearance, is the tall bird-of-paradise-flower, Streliizia Nicolat, with its fantastic flowers of blue and white, borne up among the large leaves. Among the smaller members of this genus, never attaining the dignity of a trunk, is that known as the queen's bird-of-paradise flower, S. reginae. This is more common in cultivation and has gorgeous flowers of blue and gold. The most interesting yaaa, in this fay is the common banana, Musa sapientum, which is widely cul 1inall tropicaland warm temperate regions the world over, where it and its related species, the plantain, M. paradisiaca, furnish a great part of the food to millions of people. All members of the genus Musa are natives of the tropical Old World. Another banana, known as the Chinese dwarf, is M@. Cavendishii, of southern China. A plant of this is now forming a bunch of fruit. The edible bananas all bear their fruit in pendulous clusters, and reproduce themselves means of ‘‘shoots’”’ or ‘‘suckers’’ arising from the root, having lost the power of producing seed. Another member of this genus of economic importance is M. textilis, of the East ‘ 79 Indies, from which is obtained the fiber known as Manila hemp. M. zebrina, with purple-marked young leaves, and the tropical Asian M. rosacea, with rose-colored bracts, are both in the collection. M. coccinea, from China, conspicuous on account of the bright red bracts of the erect flower cluster, is now in flower. M. Ensete, the Abyssinian banana, reproduces itself by seeds, making no “suckers.” Bthai, or sometimes known as Heliconia, is another genus of the banana family. It is an American type, if we exclude those forms from the tropical Old World which differ so widely in habit and general appearance, and which probably do not belong to this genus. An example of this is Bihai geniculata, described a few years ago from plants in the Garden of horticultural origin. Bihai aureo-striata, from the Solomon Islands, and B. illustris rubricaulis, a native of the Pacific Islands, both have richly colored foliage and are highly decorative. Other plants forming part of this collection belong to the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Prominent among these, not for its size, for it is much smaller than many of the others, but for its economic importance, is the ginger plant, Zingiber Zingiber, of which there are several plants. It is the dried rootstocks of this plant which form the commercial ginger. Anther plant now in flower, with a similar fragrance to the crushed leaves, is the Chinese ginger, Alpinia officinarum, a native of southern China. f the same genus is the shell flower, A. nutans, of the East Indies, now bearing its nodding flower clusters which are of striking beauty, the outer parts of the flower being white, delightfully flushed and tipped with rose, while the lip is charm- ingly marked with yellow and red. In marked contrast to this is A. vittata, of the South Sea Islands, with its variegated foliage of white and green. Hedychium coronarium, the East Indian garland flower, with deliciously fragrant white flowers, and H. Gardnerianum, with yellow flowers, add another genus of the ginger family. The genus Costus also belongs to this family, and is native in both the Old World and the New. Many of these, on account of the marked spiral arrangement of the leaves, are known as spiral-flags. The Brazilian species, C. igneus, has flame- 80 colored flowers. Another decorative species is C. Malortieanus, from Costa Rica, with attractive leaves striped with a darker green, and yellow flowers beautifully streaked with r One corner in this house is devoted to a collection af piiedople plants. Many forms of this valuable plant are here brought together, some of them being highly decorative on account of their beautifully variegated foliage. GEORGE V. Nass. CONFERENCE NOTES. The April conference of the scientific staff and registered stu- dents of the New York Botanical Garden was held in the labora- of the Museum Puen Thursday, April 4, at 4:00 P.M. of a symposium on the North American Ties as follows: Professor A. W. Evans: ‘Recent Advances in our Knowledge of the North American Hepaticae.”’ Miss Caroline C. Haynes: ‘‘ Notes on the Ricciaceae.” Dr. M. A. Howe: ‘The Mitten and the Underwood Collections of Hepaticae.”’ Professor R. A. Harper: ‘‘Some Recent Advances in the Cytol- ogy of the Hepaticae.” Professor Evans introduced the subject as follows: During the past few decades our knowledge of the North American Hepaticae and of their distribution has been very materially increased. In 1884 Professor Underwood published his ‘ Descriptive Cata- logue of the North American Hepaticae, North of Mexico.” This catalogue, although largely a compilation, represented the first attempt to give a complete account of our hepatic flora and formed the basis for subsequent work. The total number of species recognized was 231, of which about 80 were more or less definitely assigned to New England. The latest estimate of our species is given by Miss Haynes in her recent “‘Sullivant Moss Society Exchange List of Hepaticae found in United States and Canada.” In this list 353 species are recognized. Miss Haynes, 81 however, omits the species from Greenland and other parts of Arctic America, which have not yet been detected farther to the southward. These species, which are known to us through the researches of C. Jensen, Bryhn, and others, number about 24. If these and a couple of other species described since January I are added, the total number known from North America north of Mexico is 382, an increase of 150 since Underwood published his catalogue. The latest estimate of the number occurring in New England is 169, more than twice the number given by Underwood. This increase in number is partly due to new explorations and partly to a more critical study of certain difficult genera. The not previously been studied, such, for example, as Yukon, the Lake Superior district, and subtropical Florida, but also in regions where our knowledge was presumably more complete. Even in eastern North America new species are constantly coming to light, and seven New England species were detected for the first time during the past year. It will doubtless be a long time before knowledge of the American Hepaticae can approach in thoroughness that of the European countries. In comparing our species with those of other regions a very striking resemblance becomes apparent between our flora and that of Europe. In fact over 200 of our species (223) grow also in Europe and it is probable that this number will be increased as time goes on. The resemblance is especially great when northern species are considered and the number of species which grow north of the United States and are not found in Europe is very small indeed. In fact, as Underwood noted long ago, the Hepaticae of the whole circumpolar region extending across Europe, Asia and North America are exceedingly uniform. When we consider the species of the southern United States the diversity becomes more and more marked due largely to the fact that our austral flora contains many tropical elements, some of which are known only from peninsular Florida, while others extend much farther northward. en we go south into Mexico and Central America and penetrate also the islands of the Caribbean Sea, the character of 82 the hepatic flora changes in a marked. degree. Although the number of individuals is no greater than in many northern regions and is probably less than in certain alpine or arctic localities, the number of species increases greatly. This is true particularly of the Lejeuneae and of such genera as Riccardia, Frullania, Radula, Porella, and Plagiochila. Our knowledge of these genera is still very incomplete indeed, and it is difficult and perhaps not profitable to compare the Hepaticae of tropical North America with those of other regions. The relationship of our tropical flora with that of Africa is certainly not close, although a few of our species are found in Africa. There is certainly nothing at all comparable with the close relationship which exists between our northern flora and that of Europe. Dr. Evans also discussed the recent studies of the morphology of the leafy Hepaticae in regard to (1) regeneration, (2) organs of vegetative reproduction, and (3) branching. Under the title of ‘‘Notes on the Ricciaceae,’’ Miss Caroline C. Haynes exhibited excellent drawings of habit and structure of several American species of the genus Riccia. The drawings of the surface markings of spores, which have been found of diag- nostic value in distinguishing species of Riccia, were especially noteworthy. Miss Haynes exhibited also the drawings for the plates that accompanied her revision of the genus Sphaerocarpos, published in 1910. “The Mitten and the Underwood Collections of Hepaticae”’ were described by Dr. Marshall A. Howe. The mosses and hepatics of the herbarium of William Mitten of Hurstpierpoint, England, were purchased by the Garden in 1906. This collection ranked among the largest of its kind and was said to contain 50,000 specimens, of which about one third were Hepaticae. For nearly half a century Mr. Mitten received for study and deter- mination most of the foreign collections of mosses and hepatics that fell into British hands, such as those made by the naturalists of the famous Challenger Expedition, the Transit of Venus Expeditions, the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, by Bishop Hanning- ton in Central Africa and by various other British explorers and 83 missionaries in remote parts of the world. These collections brought to him a great wealth of interesting forms on which new species and genera were established and these original materials or “types” add much to the value of the Mitten herbarium. A list of names of places and countries from the titles of Mitten’s published papers illustrated the wide geographic range of his studies. At about the same time that the Garden purchased the Mitten herbarium, the hepatic collections of the late Professor Under- wood were also acquired. Professor Underwood was for twenty years or more the best-known American student of the Hepaticae and he developed a collection that was especially rich in American material and in European exsiccatae. A substantial beginning has been made in combining the Hepaticae of the Mitten and Underwood collections with those of the general Botanical Garden and Columbia University herbarium. It was suggested that a desirable step in the line of progress would be the devotion of one or two glass houses to the cultivation of the Hepaticae. That a greenhouse filled with living Hepaticae can be made attractive to the general public as well as generally interesting and useful to botanists has been well demonstrated in the botanical garden at Hamburg. A. B. Stour. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. C. L. Shear, of the United States Department of Agri- culture, recently spent several days at the Garden before sailing for Europe, where he will spend several months in the study of fruit diseases. Frederick H. Blodgett has resigned the position of acting professor of biology and geology in Roanoke College to assume the duties of plant pathologist and physiologist at the Texas Experiment Station which position was made vacant by the death of Dr. R. H. Pond. Dr. Arthur Hollick, curator, returned April 16, from a six months’ leave of absence granted for the purpose of enabling him 84 to continue his work upon the flora of Alaska for the United States Geological Survey. Mr. E. W. Berry, instructor in paleobotany in Johns Hopkins University, recently spent several days at the Garden examining the fossil plant collections of the coastal plain region. A commission of distinguished -scientists at the head of the German Museum of Munich, the greatest technical museum in Europe, spent the forenoon of April 11 at the Garden inspecting the museum collections and conservatories. Among the chief members of the commission were Dr. Oscar von Miller, president of the museum, Count Podewils-Duernitz, honorary president and secretary of the state of Bavaria, Dr. von Borscht, mayor of Munich, and Professor von Dyck Professor J. C. Arthur and Dr. Frank D. Kern, who are engaged in monographing the plant rusts for “North American Flora,” recently spent a few days with Professor F. E. Lloyd at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, making it the center of field operations in the study of the alternate hosts of certain species whose life histories are imperfectly known. A series of prizes is to be offered by a member of the Torrey Botanical Club for the best popular article on some phase of our local flora covering the range prescribed by the Club’s preliminary catalogue of 1888. The first prize will be $25.00, the second prize $15.00, and for the five next best articles a year’s subscription to Torreya. More complete information can be had by addressing Mr. Norman Taylor, the editor of Torreya. In conservatory range, house no. 4, there are in flower two plants of unusual interest. One of these is Medinilla magnifica, a native of-the Philippines, where it grows in humid situations from sea-level to elevations of five or six thousand feet. Its flower clusters are of a beautiful pink, hanging in great profusion from the spreading branches. It is a stately relative of the modest little meadow beauty, Rhexia virginica, growing in sandy swamps in the eastern parts of the United States. The other plant referred to is the Honduras Sarsaparilla, Smilax ornata, a 85 native of Central America. It forms a beautiful pole plant, as shown by the two specimens in this house. The plants were secured on one of the Garden expeditions to British Honduras. In the next house, no. 5, the gasterias and aloes are in their glory, the long wand-like flower clusters of the former being especially graceful. The colors are mainly pinks and greens, beautifully blended. Of unusual appearance, both in color and form, is Gasteria planifolia; its flowers are three fourths of an inch long, the lower portion globose, white flushed with rose, abruptly narrowed into a neck which is striped with green. At the other end of the range, in house no. 11, is a plant of the Chinese dwarf banana, Musa Cavendishii, just forming a fruit cluster. In houses 13 and 14 are plants of Callistemon, in several species, now forming their curious flower clusters, much re- sembling a bottle-brush in shape, hence the common name of bottle-brush tree. In house no. 13 are two plants of the palm Trachycarpus excelsus, a native of Japan, bearing showy clusters of bright yellow flowers.—G. V. N Meteorology for March-——The total precipitation recorded for the month was 6.36 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 47° on the gth; 57° on the 14th; 63° on the 18th, and 68° on the 29th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 15° on the 8th; 21° on the 17th, and 19° on the 22d and.on the 26th. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUM AND HERBARIUM. a of fungi ‘North American Uredinales.” (Distributed by Elam Ae anes w.) § specimens of fungi. (Collected by Mr. A. B. 163 specimens of fungi from Europe. (By ae a. Dr. ouse. 3 specimens of Ceriomyces bicolor from Michigan. (By a with Professor L. H. Pennington 9 specimens of fungi from Seattle, Washington. (By exchange with Mr. S. M. Zeller.) I specimen of fungus from Alabama. (By exchange with Dr. F. D. Kern. ) I specimen of fungus from Ohio. (By exchange with Dr. Bruce Fink.) 4 specimens of Gelidium from England. (By exchange with the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.) 86 specimen of Myosotis ce from North America. (By exchange with deutaa of Har yard Universi y.) I specimen of T lare f: Nassau, N. P., Bahamas. (By exchange with Mr. L. J. K. Brace.) r specimens of flowering plants from Arkansas. (By exchange with the Bio- oa Survey, Washington, D. C.) a mens of mosses from Missouri. (By exchange with Mr. B. F. Bush.) photographs of succulent ea from North America. (By oe with de a. States National Mu oo specimens ‘‘ Kryptogamae ae atae'’ Century 19. (Given by the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, for the Columbia University Herbarium.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. I plant of Pinus Bungeana. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry.) 3 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. A. J. Manda. 3 plants of oe inermis. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, through J. Ros 2 plants of oe aquatilis. (Given by Mr. A. B. ut.) 60 plants of Coryphantha cubensis, from Cuba. aes by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 25 plants of bloodroot. (Given by Mrs. W. A. Hallock. 15 plants for conservatories, from Cuba. (Given by Brother Leon.) 361 plants ss conservatories, from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton and Mr. J. F. Cowell. Ir plants pee from seed. 52 packets of Cuban seed. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton and Mr. J. F. Co- ell.) I packet seed Cajanus Cajanus. ee by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 2 packets seed. (Given by Mr. Jas Clark.) n by Dr. H . Rusby.) 58 packets seed. (By exchange with Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg, Russia.) 26 packets tree seeds. (Given by Monterey Tree Growing Club.) LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM FEBRUARY 1, 1912, TO APRIL 15, 1912. Bary, HEINRICH ANTON DE.’ Die Mycetozo N en, Ed. Lei 1864. AUMGARTEN, PAUL voN. Lehrbuch der eee ene 2 vols. ear caiaan 1890. Bau R, ALEXANDRE. Tabl. lyti dela flore parisienne. Ed.5. Paris, RG, OTTO, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der ‘ead des Embryosackes der Angiospermen. Bamberg, 1898 REFELD, OSCAR. ‘Boisniiche Untersuchungen iiber Hefenpilze. Leipzig, 1883. REFELD, OSCAR. Botanische Untersuchungen tiber Schimmelpilze. 4 vols. 81. REFELD, 9 ‘AR. Untersuchungen aus eae Gesammtigebiete der Mvykologie. 1884-89, Miinster i. W., 1891-1908. ere pares sociely. Abstracts a reports. 1894-1903. Kendal, [1895—- 903.] 87 BROwN, Rogert. Miscellaneous botanical works. vols. London, 1866-68. N, Pflanzenphysiologische aie Leipzig, 1898. nhart.) CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PYRA! DE. Physiologie végétale. 3 vols. Paris, 1832. CANDOLLE, AUGUST! DE, CANDOLLE, ONSE LOUIS PIERRE PYRAMUS DE. Monstruosités végétales. Fasc. 1 [Neufchatel, 1841.] AP GUILLAUME, OIs, SIRE — Ss ia ARIE. Les produits coloniaux; origine, production, commerce. aris NE, LEONAR! New Zealand pin pe ae Story. Wellington, 1910. OHN, FERDINAND. Di 82. anze. Breslau, 18 tiber di. ki geschichte der mikro- scopischen Algen und Pilze. Breslau, u, 18 RWIN, CHARLES ERT. The oe forms of flowerg on plants of the same a Lee 18 Dav: ORG. Ue i die Milchzellen der Euphorbiaceen, Moreen, A pocyneen und Ascpiaern Breslau, 1872. DeETMER, WILHELM ALEXANDER. Beitydge zur Theorie des Wurzeldrucks. Jena, I mM, L. Des végétaux acotylédonés et de leurs applications. Paris, 1847. 1s, JOB BICKNELL, & EVERHART, BENJAMIN MatLack. The North American A AUL. ergleichende Untersuchungen tiber den Bau der Vegeta- tionsorgane der Monocotyledonen. Stuttgart, 1876. to) Nanna; oder; Ueber das Seelenleben der Pflanzen. 48. SCHER, JOHANN ANDREAS, De rvicino americano. Erfordiae, 1719. OCKE, WILHELM OLBERS. Die Pflanzenmischlinge. rlin, 1881. FRANK, ALBER ERNHARD. Beitrége zur Pflanzenphysiologie, Leipzig, 1868. , ALBERT BERNHA Unt chungen iiber die Erndhrung der Pflanze HE, KARL JuLius. Beitrdge ollen. erlin, 1832. Traité pratique et raisonné de Uemploi des plantes médicinales ldogne, 1850. olanico italiano, Anno I, fasc. 7, 8. Anno 2, fasc. 10-12. Firenze, TTSCHE, CA Mori tomisch-physiologische U: i ee Hookeri N. ae m Go’ E, CARL Moritz. Ue hung ub tt Vergleichung nites cede Breslau, 1843. [r845. ACH, AuGUST HEINRICH RUDOLF, Gri Die Vegetation der Erde nach ihrer eae nordung. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1 » ERNST KARL FRANZ. 4 ise) ‘ON Beitrag zur y winevallidien Nahrung der Pilze. Erlangen, 1 GUTWINSKI, Rohe: Prodromus florae al, HASSALL, ARTHUR HILL. sae eae 18 Hor garum galiciensis. Krakowie, fice A history of the British freshwater algae. 2 vols. i ORG FRANZ, , GEO La flore de Allemagne, ou etrennes botaniques pour lan 1791. ee [1791.] 88 HorFMANN, HERMANN. Phaenologische Untersuchungen. Giessen, 18 OFMEISTER, WILHELM FRIEDRICH BENEDICT. Neue Beitrdge zur ae dey Embryobildung der Phanerogamen. 2 vols. Leipzig. 1859-61. KERNER VON pre ANTON JosEPH. Pflanzenleben. 2 vols. Leipzig, ie EL, GO. Anatomie der Laubblétter und Stengel der Hypericaceae und Crtessee, Serner pees ee Typhaceae es Ss rganiaceae, Erlangen, 1896. Kis NEDICT, Beitvige zur ee s des Einflusses der chemischen LING, BE: Pen araes auf die Vegetation. Halle 18 NIGHT, 'HOMAS NDREW. Sechs oa Abhandlungen. Leipzig, 1895. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart. Knocu, EDUARD LUDWIG FRANZ. Untersuchungen tuber die Morphologie, Biol- ia rg, 1897. HL, FRIEDRICH GEORG. Die Transpiration der Pflanzen und ihre Einwirkung auf 2 ae ey ar eee Gewebe, Braw oo 1886 Koorpers, S. mokotyledonen. Jena Kraus, Guncoa: ea Kenntniss ie en und threr Verwandten. eee 72. mateur de pe any Vols. I-4; vol. 5, parts 1-5. Paris, 1908-12 Ha Theorie u oe Tia ee Flore bordelaise. Borde Il. LESPIAULT, MauricE. Notice sur les cham: ie til ae du département de Lot-et-Garonne et des landes d'Albert. Argen, UDWIG, FRIEDRICH. Lehrbuch der Biologie Paes Stuttgart, 1895. LUTOSLAWSKI, JAN. Beitrag zur Lehre von der Stickstofferndhrung der Legu- 98. ALPIGHI, MARCELLO. Die Anatomie der Pflanzen. Leipzig, 1901. (Given Dr, r. ARGGRAFF, CARL Emi Gustav. Vergleichende Anatomie der Carex-Arten mit ihren Bastarden. Leipzig, 1896. NDEL, GR: Versuche iiber Pflanzenhybriden. Leipzig, 1911. YER, ARTHUR. Das Chroptrn in chemischer, morphologischer und pene Beziehung. Leipzig, 1 OHL, HuGO von. Principles a the anatomy and physiology of the vegetable cell. London, 1852. Mout, Huco von. Vermischte ieee botanischen Inhalts. Tiibingen, 1845. ee Hans. Die Pflanze in thren jehungen zum Eisen. Jena, 1892 MorteELay, Léonce, & VENDRYES, —. eee des Isoéteae, Barden 88. Mo LLER, N. - Cari. Botanische Untersuchungen. Vol. 1, vol. 2, part 1. orn ¥872— » CARL cm niederen Pilze in aaa Bezichungen zu den Infection a a Genie ege. Miin NAUMANN, PAuL XANDER. y den es a2 ys tlze. Dresden, 1895. TONIE, HENRY. ae pes pine nzen-Morphologie im Lichte der Palae- RANTL, KARL ANTON EUGEN. nee sur Morphologie der Gefasskrypto- NE gamen. 2 vols. ini. Leipzig, 1875-8 89 PRINGSHEIM, ERNST GEORG. Die Reizbewegungen der Pflanzen. Berlin, 1912 GSHEIM, NATHANAEL. Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die Bildung d Pflanzenzelle. art I. Berlin, 1854. PuIHN, JOHANN GzorG. Materia venenaria regni vegetabilis. Lipsiae, 1785. RavIsini, RUGGERO. Die Feigenbiume Italiens und ihre Beziehungen zu einan- ee - Pannonia gignunter cnet Ross, Joun. Narrative of a second voyage in search of thwest p d of a residence in the arctic regions during the years 1829-33. London, ACHS, JULIUS VON, esammelie Abhandlungen iiber’ oe ee 2 vols. Leipzig, 1892 D’ : 10 turpflanzen und ae re Lichte neuer Forschund: Berlin, ScHuBE, THEODOR. Beitrége sur Kenniniss der Anatomie ee Pflanzen, mit besonderer Beriichsichtigung der Genistee Breslau, 1885. » Gustav. Ueber einige coloniebi ee eae é Algen. Basel, POTTKE, FRANZ. Die Stickstoffhaltigen Reservestoffe in den vegetativen oe I SPRENGEL, Kurt. a halensis tentamen novum; Mantissa prima; Mantissa secunda. Halae Saxonum, 1806-1811. TAHL, CHRISTIAN ERNST. Beitrége zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Flechten, i ig A URGER, EDUARD. Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceen. Jena, 1872. STRASBURGER, Epuarp. Ueber den Bau und das Wachsthum der Zellhéute. Sreecne GER, Epuarp. Ueber den Bau und die Verrichtungen der Leitungs- bahnen in den Pflanzen. Jena, 1891. STRASBURGER, Epuarp. Ueber Kern- ad Zelitheilung im Pflanzenreiche, nebst einem Anhang tiber Befruchtung. Jeni TAVEL, FRANZ VON. Vergleic ae ater logie der Pilze. Jena, 1892. THENEN, SALVATOR. Zur Phylogenie der Primulaceenbliite. Jena, 1911. TSCHIRCH, ALEXANDER. ce an en tiber das lorophyll, Berlin, 1884. UNGER, FRANZ ane ANDREAS NicoLaus. Mikroscopische Beobachtungen. = r) co ow SS pay T, Curt. Ueber Abhdngigkeit des Laubblattes von seiner Assimilationsthatig- Reit. Erlangen, 1808. OLKENS, Grorc. Laubfall und Lauberneuerung in den Tropen. Berlin, 1912. WALLRoTH, KaRL FRIEDRICH WILHELM. Annus botanicus sive OF Peete tertium ad Curtit Sprengelii Floram halensem. Halae, 1815. 'ARD, HARRY MARSHALL. Grasses; a handbook for in the field and laborat Cambridge, r9or. 90 WEBER, JOHANN Karr. Dié ee agin Deutschlands und der Schweis in colorirten —— en, Ed. z , 1868. WE eitriige eur eee einheimischer Pilse. 2 vols. Han- nover & ees 1893-95. NR KY, PAUL. Untersuchungen tiber die Scheiteliffnungen bei Wasser- pflanzen. Berlin, 1898. WELTEN, H. Dee Sinne der Pflanzen. Stuttgart, ae J WELTEN, HEINZ. é die Pflanzen lieben. Stuttgart, 12.) WIESNER, J Dake piers des Ci morophatls + 7% der Planze Wien, i WIESNER, JuLius. Die techni: » Harse und Balsa: penn 1869. Wie: Elemente der wissenschaftlichen Botanik. 3 vols. Wien, > WAL Untersuchungen iiber den Einfluss der Luftfeuchtigkeit auf das Weck pn alle a. S., 1898. 9 ; IN, ALBRECHT wee Puitipp, Die Morphologie und. Physiologie der rane Breslau, 1887. . Members of the Corporation. Epwarp D. Apams, Joun D. Arcuso.p, Georce F, Baker, Eucene P. Bickng.1, Georce S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Pror. Epw. S. Burcgss, Dr. NicHotas M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Witutam G, CHoare. AuL D. CRAVATH, Cieveranp H. Donce. Epwarp S. Harkness, A. HEecKscuEr, Henry R. Hoyt, Txos, H. Hupzarp, AvriAN IsExIn, Jr., Watter B. JEnnincs, Joun I. Kang, Eucenr Kg ty, Jr, Pror, James F, Keup, Pror. Freperic S, Leg, Hon. Ser Low, Davip Lyne, Epcar L, Marston, James R. PitcHeEr, M. F, Prant, Joun D. RockEFELLER, WituraM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Dr. Recinatp H. Sayre, Jacos H. Scuirr, MortiMer L. ScuirFr, JaMEs SPEYER, Francis L, Stetson, Cartes G. THOMPSON, R. W. GILMAN THOMPSOR, SAMUEL THORNE, My tes TIERNEY, Louis C. T1FFany, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, W. K. Vanversitt, Hon. Ecerton L. WintuHrop, Jr. PUBLICATIONS olor an eluding Aaah containing technical avticles and news terest. $3.00 ey single copies not for sale, [Not ool in exinnge Bulletin of of the Director-in-Chief and other thal doc poche, and mg ae, articles et results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free re members of t Garden ; to others, $3.00 per volume, Now in its eighth v ant Worth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild a is nig Pa es faye West Indies and Central America, to) vo, Each volume to consist of fow or more parts, t Rubs aed en 50p 1 part; a aes number of separate ae will be sol or $2 ach, [Not fered ine chan Bed Nec! aes pari 1910. ‘im Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part - ee Dalen healiete (pars). Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars Vol: 17, part I, 1909. enteneae Ponies (par: s). ai Vol, 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Rosaceae (pars). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Grrnaierei eo aa : ougal vi . 1903. Vol. I Te Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from mere Ne York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Stee. viii + 138 p) ( 9. 1. IV.” Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart = viii + 278 pp., with 73 ate and 14 plates. 1908. Contributions from the Ne al Garden. A series of | nical eee written by Peat or a of the staff, and reprinted from jour i other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume, Five volumes. RECEN 146. Fhyeolasicy Studies—V. ie 5 Marine Algae of Lower Califor 0, by Marsha 147. Siadica ‘of West Indian ins V, by N. L. Brit 148. List a Plants Collected on the ee Nee Expedition of 1905-06, ydber: erg. 149. Stas in Pyrophilens Sa The Viability of the Spores of a, by Fred J. Sea ‘New YORK ikea GARDEN x PARK, New YORK * JUNE, 1912 No. 150 JOURNAL oF ew York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator ae CONTENTS =i PAGE ts Needing Protection—II. Spring Beauty (Clay/onia virginica L.) 91 xploration in Oriente,Cuba ...-- +--+ eee etree 92 n’s Selectarum Stirpium Historia Iconibus Pictis...-.--+--+:+--> 99 nd Summer Flower Shows sw - - e e t t e tee 100 REAR sb ath ce ein al ee Fe) a iar te aP ALD on amen Saag yrya 8d. 104 “soy VE} Sour ice SPS ie si Me 105 : 108 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art 4x NortH Queen Street, LANCASTER, Pa sy THE New Era Printinc CoMPANY PRESIDENT- ICE- TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRYMSER, SECRETARY—DR. N. L. BRITTON BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1913 TH HOMAS H. HUB fe PIERPONT MORGAN, FRANCIS LYNDE ‘STETSON, GEORGE W. PERKINS, LES TIERNEY. Term yee January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS, ROBERT W. ve FOREST, ADDISON BROWN, JAMES A, SCRYMSER Term expires January, 1915. N. L. TON, JOHN E, a cee W. J. MATHESON, J. W. GILMAN THOMPSON. X-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE eee OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ae Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOVE THE Mayor oF THE City or New pes HON. WILLIAM J. a NOR. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. PROF. EDWARD S. Dees PROF. R. A. See DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, sie! JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES, ROF. amie: ie LEE, HON. E. L. watieoeee Jr. GARDEN ST DR. N. L. BRITTON, Eee in-Chief. pepe Bacigweicets os DR. W. A. MURRILL, “Assistant Director. (Administration.) DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. ae Plants.) DBERG, Curator. (Flowering P. HO . i S. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator. (Fossil Plants.) ee V. NASH, Head Gardener. DR. A. TOUT, Director of the Laboratories. DR. TaN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections. i ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, fon ae Curator of SSE. i ert - Bees Ce of Buildings ee ne OURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN. Plate XCV. OOM Tv ares JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Voi. XIII June, 1912. No. 150. WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION:! 2. “Sprinc Beauty” (Claytonia virginica L.). (WITH PLATE XCV.) In wet meadows, on grassy banks and even shady woodlands racemes, till sometimes they have b y as fifteen flowers. These measure half an inch or more across, have five white or pale pink petals, veined with rose-color; the stamens are five with pink anthers, and the style is three-lobed. There are two fleshy spreading sepals and the pedicels lengthen gradually from one half to an inch in length and become reflexed as the three- angled capsule matures. Half-way down the stem below the raceme, two narrow fleshy leaves, three or four inches long, clasp the stem, and a few basal ones arise from the large tuberous root which is buried rather deeply in the ground. Usually only the flowering stems are picked, so that the plant survives, but it will make no seed and stand little chance of spreading. The seeds are brown, reniform, slightly roughened, and the embryo is curved. The Spring Beauty was named by Linnaeus in 1753 in honor of John Clayton, an American botanist and correspondent, who wrote, in 1743, a flora of Virginia. It was first figured by Plu- kenet in his Phytographia in 1691. There are about twenty-five } Illustrated by the aid of the Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants. 91 92 species of Claytonia known to grow in northern North America, of which three occur in the eastern United States, one of these with broader leaves, C. caroliniana Michx., having about the same range as C. virginica, from Nova Scotia southward along the Alleghanies to Georgia and Tex They belong to the Purslane family, or Portulacaceae, with which they ea in their fleshy leaves, and flowers that bloom for a short time. The family is a large one, but the plants are usually small, es of them with showy flowers like Portulaca grandiflora, which occasionally escapes from cultivation. ELIZABETH G,. BRITTON. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN ORIENTE, CUBA. Dr. N. L. Britton, DrrEcTOR-IN-CHIEF. Sir: Embarking from New York November 15, 1910, I arrived at Antilla November 21. Crossing Nipe Bay next morning to Preston, there to await the uncertain arrival of the coast-wise steamer to Baracoa, which was reached on the evening of Novem- ber 25, I soon found myself comfortably installed in the house of my good friend and fellow-townsman, Mr. Charles Rees, of the Piloto Mining Company. Owing to the heavy rains of an unusually late rainy season, the trails were all but impassable, and the streams frequently unfordable, so that no satisfactory arrangement could be made for the establishment of a base on El Yunque, and I concluded it would be more practicable to go there afoot with the least equipage possible. Leaving Baracoa at noon, accompanied by two stout boys, wading Rio Duaba, thence to and up the narrow but very fertile valley of Arroyo Henequen, which stream it was necessary to cross twenty-one times before reaching the bohio of a tenant on Tabajo, we reached the finca of Mr. W. H. Bemis, situated high up in the foothills and close to the base of El Yunque. Some collec- tions were made along the aforementioned arroyo and in the hills before nightfall. As it rained heavily during the night, my host, who was also to be my guide, informed me next morning that it 93 would be impracticable to go to the summit for several days; consequently the morning was spent in collecting among the oothills, but as it still continued to rain, thus decreasing the prospects of an early ascent, and as the intervening streams would respond accordingly and probably make it impossible to return to Baracoa when desired, it seemed best to return at once. On the way back we found that Rio Duaba had risen considerably and was unfordable afoot. Fortunately a friendly Cuban with a mule happened along and assisted us in crossing and Baracoa was reached about dusk. Through the kindly offices of Mr. J. G. Diesend, of the Baracoa Fruit Company, passage was secured to Rio Yamuri on a passing facilitated my work among the high coastal cliffs and deep river gorge in the vicinity, also the region eastward to Cape Maisi, from which I returned by a more southerly route to Rio Yamuri and finally, after a delay of some three days due to flooded streams, returned overland to Baracoa, passing through Mata, a small hamlet situated on a beautiful little bay of the same name, This is undoubtedly the Mata referred to by Charles Wright in a letter to Dr. Asa Gray from Baracoa. On December 18, I started on another and more successful attempt to reach the summit of El Yunque, which was accom- plished the following day, but as there was attractive collecting all the way up, there was little opportunity to explore much of the top, which is flat and mostly covered with a second growth of shrubbery, having been a caffetal previous to the Ten Years War. Another opportunity to get into the Sierra de Moa region, from which so much interesting material was secured the previous winter, presented itself on December 22, Mr. Rees having invited me to accompany him to Camp La Gloria of the Piloto mining properties. The trip westward along the north coast by a small motor boat to a point on Moa Bay was a very rough one, but the route into the mountains was over a much better trail than 94 that traversed a year ago. The heavy rains, however, together with the traffic of pack animals, had played such havoc that we were frequently compelled to dismount and finally it was necessary abandon our mounts before camp was reached just about dusk the following day. The camp was situated by a small stream on an irregular plateau lying between the mountain range and Rio Yaguani at an altitude of about 2,500 feet. It was in charge of Mr. E. La Londe, assisted by Mr. W. H. Bemis, whose kindly interest in our work I had experienced on former occasions. The camp was conducted according to American standard of comfort, in so far as that was possible under the adverse conditions encountered, and they did all that was in their power to aid me during the eight days that I remained there. The region is covered with a dense growth of shrubs and small trees, a few large trees occurring along the streams. There is also an occasional old pine tree, apparently the remnant of an ancient forest, younger pine trees occurring only along some of the mountain sides. There is little or no soil, but the surface is covered with a water-soaked mat of moss and humus; trunks and branches are generally enveloped in moss also. Beneath this is a layer of earthy limonite (iron ore) deposited upon the foundation of serpentine rock. The object of the camp was to ascertain the depth of this deposit and estimate the quantity of ore available. This was done by drilling to rock bottom at the intersection of parallel lines one kilometer apart running at right angles and as every third one of these was cut through the jungle, this afforded access to an otherwise inaccessible area. s the collecting was done along these trochas, but the mountain sides were examined on the way to the camp and again nm my return to the coast. A very rocky stream was also visited and its course examined for some distance, Incidentally, I got as far east as to site Camp San Benito, visited last winter. The little clearing was covered with a dense growth of fireweed (Erigeron) and small-fruited tomatoes. On this occasion Mr. La Londe accompanied me and we were overtaken by rain and nightfall several miles from camp on a rough and rocky trocha with the dismal prospects of spending the night in the bush in 95 misery. This, however, was obviated by one of the searching parties with lanterns, etc., sent out from camp to find us, but it was well toward midnight before we reached camp. I left Camp La Gloria January 1, 1911, in a drenching rain, and, as it had been raining during most of my stay, the trail became all but impassable, so that of the seven mules starting for the coast that morning but four reached it; the others becom- ing exhausted were abandoned at various grassy plots along the trail. It was nearly dark when the storage camp on the coast was reached, and I was informed that the small sailboat which was to take me back to Baracoa had arrived a short time before and was anchored in the bay. Next morning the weather con- ditions were such that the captain would not venture out to sea that day or the following day, thus giving me an opportunity to examine the vegetation along the shore of Moa Bay. The coastal formation is of conglomerate limonite or iron stone and, to my great surprise, carried with it the vegetation known to me heretofore only from the mountains; thus tree-ferns grew within fifty feet of salt water and many mountain shrubs almost touched an occasional mangrove, Rhizophora, which occurred very sparingly at this point Early next morning our little craft ventured out and beat its way eastward with difficulty, reaching Taco Bay, the protection of which we sought for the night; Baracoa was reached late in the afternoon of January 5. My anxiety as to the condition of the moisture-laden specimens was greatly relieved when I found that they were in good condition. It required about a week of constant attention to get the material properly dried under the adverse weather conditions. The driers were kept dry and warm by a process new to me, Lizzie, the cook, having suggested the bake-oven as the proper medium to secure the desired results. In the meantime, I succumbed to an attack of a low, enervating fever, which wholly incapacitated me for about ten days and left me in no condition to attempt the contemplated trip overland to Guantanamo, which I was informed was very tedious and difficult and would take over a week’s time. But as I desired very much to collect across the island, J arranged with a boatman, 96 who was to sail around to Guantanamo, to take my luggage to that place and to stop at the town of Imias on the south coast and pick me up, I having intended to cross over on foot con- suming several days to collect along the route, but when the time came for doing this, the boat-man insisted on postponing the trip for a week; to this I could not agree, so this scheme was also abandoned. As there was a coast-wise steamer for Guantanamo in three or four days, I concluded to make the trip, at least as far as Bermejal, well across the divide near which there is said to be a grove of Juniperus, specimens of which it is very desirous to obtain, as the relationship of this Cuban tree is not well understood. This was attempted on January 30, going on horseback to Sabanilla, after experiencing considerable difficulty in crossing the swollen waters of Rio Miel. From here I pro- ceeded into the hills afoot, up a very muddy and difficult trail until after dark before coming to the shack of a friend of the Cubano I had with me. Here’ I swung my hammock for the night. Next morning the weather conditions were by no means encouraging, and it was with difficulty that I secured an addi- tional man to accompany me. The weather turned out to be worse than predicted, heavy rains and cold winds continuing all day, so that progress was slow and collecting difficult. It was after three o'clock before the next shack was seen. This we ‘entered for shelter and as we had taken no rations with us, we were glad to partake of the meager food that the occupants ‘provided. In lieu of coffee they served a concoction of the leaves of some zinziberaceous plant, well sweetened and very hot. ‘This the woman assured me was very good for colds and to prevent fever, which (as said by these people) is sure to follow such exposure as we had passed through unless some precaution is taken. No further attempt was made to proceed. We re- mained here until the next day, building a fire in the open room, in which we swung our hammock, to keep warm during the night. Realizing that it would be impossible to proceed further and hoping to return to Baracoa in time to catch the steamer which was due the next day, we started back in the morning, progress being impeded by the illness of one of the men; and it was with 97 difficulty that we reached the home of his friend, where I hired two mules, divided our water-soaked collections, and proceeded to Baracoa, arriving there late at night. The region passed through is a very rough one after leaving Sabanilla, between which and Baracoa a good road leads up the valley of Rio Miel, through a gravelly and conglomerate region. The hills south of Sabanilla are of serpentine formation, reaching an altitude of about 1,000 feet; many of the higher ones are covered with earthy, red limonite supporting groves of Pinus cubensis. South of the divide the soil is light-yellow, containing numerous small angular particles of milky-white quartz and supporting a rich vegetation. n the evening of the next day, I embarked for Guantanamo, reaching the port of Caimanera on the morning of February 3 and Guantanamo that evening. The next day being Sunday, I could not get my baggage until Monday morning. I occupied the time until February 6 in drying the wet material brought from Baracoa and making arrangements to get into the hills to the northward. In the latter, our very good friend, Mr. Theodore Brooks, aided me greatly. Leaving Guantanamo in the morning with a guide, two horses, and a pack animal, I arrived at La Perla, an extensive coffee estate in the prosperous times before the Ten Years War and adjoining Monte Verde, another coffee estate, famed as being the eastern headquarters of Mr. Charles Wright. The region is of Citrus and an occasional Jforus, prominent members of the sec- ond growth. The altitude is about 2,000 feet; the atmosphere is very humid and it is said to rain about three hundred days in the year. Ferns, orchids, and Peperomias abound everywhere and the forest floor is covered with a luxuriant growth. There are large groves of Palma Bobo, Euturpe sp. The high and extensive limestone cliffs known as the Farallones de La Perla, with its various and peculiar exposures, supported a rich and interesting flora. A small area of serpentine formation a few miles northward is covered by a pine-land flora. Monte Verde 98 itself is very hilly and contains much old pasture-land of no great botanical interest. In the ruins of the old stone mansion in which Wright lived, several large trees are now growing and the walls are covered with a great variety of ferns. The falls of Rio Palenque, also known as Monte Verde Falls, were visited and some interesting collecting was had in the rich tropical forest above the falls, The deep gorge below the falls, which is cut through a peculiar stratified formation the like of which I had not heretofore seen in Cuba, no doubt affords plant species unusually encountered elsewhere. It wasimpracticable, however, to make an examination of it at this time. My stay of about ten days in this region was under unusually favorable circum- stances, as my host, Mr. Charles Maurel, not only provided me with unusual comforts, but took the greatest interest in my work and accompanied me on most of the excursions made in this prolific region. We secured an unusually large number of specimens in spite of the almost constantly rainy weather encountered while there. I returned to Guantanamo, February 28, with a large lot of damp or wet material which required several days to dry and make ready for shipment to Santiago. Here, Mr. Jennings S. Cox, Jr., of the Spanish American Iron Company, supplied me with much valuable information concerning some of the places visited by previous botanists. He also advised me as to the most advantageous route to reach the summit of Gran Piedra, the high mountain lying some distance east of Santiago and reported to have an altitude of 5,000 feet, which, however, is probably somewhat exaggerated. Gran Piedra was approached by way of Firmeza, which was reached by the railroad of the Juragua Iron Company, whose mines are situated there. Passage on the railroad and accommodations at the officers’ clubhouse were kindly provided for me by Mr. De Beruirn Whitaker, vice- president and general manager of the company, and the various officials at the mines advised and entertained me while at Firmeza. I started for the mountain top on the morning of February 4 with a very indifferent guide and a boy, going up steep grassy hillsides. Mango in stunted form is frequent and about the only 99 tree met with, as it is very dry for the first 2,000 feet of elevation, after which the ravines become more interesting, frequently have water in them, and tree-ferns and other moisture-loving plants become more numerous as the altitude increases. The tree-fern, of which there are several species, is quite abundant about the summit, especially on the north side of some of the lower ridges. ig rock was reached late in the afternoon and a considerable Se was secured by nightfall. The night was spent under an overhanging rock, which afforded protection from rain and wind, but it was necessary to build a fire to keep comfortable. Collecting was resumed shortly after daybreak next morning in a dense fog and a dripping vegetation, and many kinds of ferns, orchids, and other plants that I had not seen elsewhere were secured. I started on the descent about one o'clock, collecting on the way down through the upper and moister region, reaching Firmeza shortly after dark with all the party well loaded with plants, but regretting that I had not made arrangements providing for several days’ stay at the summit. onday morning I returned to Santiago, dried and packed my material, and left for Antilla, from which port I embarked, arriving in New York on the morning of March 15, 1911. Respectfully submitted, J. A. SHAFER. JACQUIN’S SELECTARUM STIRPIUM HISTORIA ICONIBUS PICTIS. Through the liberality of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, the library of the New York Botanical Garden has been able to secure a copy of what is undoubtedly the most valuable single volume in modern botanical literature, that is, in the botanical literature of the last one hundred and fifty years. It is of especial value to the New York Botanical Garden, in view of the systematic botanical exploration of the West Indies by this institution for some years past, in that it is devoted exclusively to the plants of the Antillean region and adjacent South America. In the year 1752, Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin, then 25 years of 100 age, went to Vienna to complete his medical education. He was already an enthusiastic student of natural history, especially botany, and attracted the attention of the emporor, who com- missioned him to visit the West Indies for the purpose of collect- ing materials for the imperial cabinet. With several assistants, he spent about four years (1755-59) in carrying out this task, collecting a large amount of material, especially plants, both living and dried. The year following his return he published a brief enumeration of the plants observed which were either new or otherwise noteworthy; this was followed in 1763 by a folio work in which were given full descriptions of the plants men- tioned in the earlier enumeration, and copper-plate illustrations of many of them. Our recent acquisition is a later edition of the last-mentioned work, issued without title-page date in 1780 or 1781, in which the text has been entirely revised, and instead of 183 copper- plates there are 264 colored plates copied entirely by hand from the author’s original paintings, The work is beautifully done, and a number of species are illustrated which did not appear on the plates of the first edition. Of this work with hand-painted plates the edition is stated by different authorities as 12 or 18 copies, and of course it has always been extremely scarce. A copy was sold in 1818 for about $400.00, and probably not more than two or three have changed hands since that time; it is not unlikely that ours was the last to remain in private hands. There are copies in Vienna, Berlin, Gottingen, Dresden, the library of the British Museum, and the Library of Congress at Washington; but there is none at Kew, and it is possible that ours is the only copy in a strictly botanical library. Joun H. Barnuart. SPRING AND SUMMER FLOWER SHOWS. The floral exhibitions of The Horticultural Society of New York, given in codperation with the Garden, were inaugurated with the exhibition of May eleventh and twelfth. A special 101 exhibition was held on May twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth, con- sisting primarily of a large display of lilacs by Mr. T. A. Have- meyer. The exhibition for June occurred on the eighth and ninth, and the regular July exhibition will also be held this year in June, on the twenty-ninth and thirtieth. There will therefore be no regular exhibition in July, and that for August will occur toward the end of the month. The exhibitions are held in the -halls devoted to paleobotany on the ground floor of the Museum building. The prizes at these exhibitions are offered by the New York Botanical Garden, and are awarded through the exhibition committee of the council of The Horticultural Society of New York. The flowers exhibited, after delighting the many who come to view them, are donated at the conclusion of the exhibitions to hospitals and other similar institutions, thus giving many more, unable to attend, the opportunity of seeing these beautiful products of the art of the horticulturist. At the exhibition on May 11 and 12, prizes were offered for collections of the flowers of shrubs and trees, herbaceous plants, bulbs, and for wild flowers and other plants. e F. R. Pierson Co. took the first prize for the classes of shrubs and trees, Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, A. Lahodny, gardener, taking the second. Mr. Havemeyer took the first prize for a collection of narcissus. For a collection of wild flowers, the first prize went to Mr. E. B Southwick, who also secured a special prize for an interesting collection of the English daisy, Bellis perennis. Special prizes were also awarded as follows: Lager & Hurrell, for orchids; Jas. A. Macdonald, Richard Wagner, gardener, for gloxinias; L. C. Tiffany, John Miller, gardener, for four plants of self-colored calceolarias; Adolph Lewisohn, John Canning, gardener, for three excellent plants of Calceolaria hybrida. The exhibition of May 25 and 26 had for its main feature a large display of lilacs, over sixty kinds, exhibited by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, who has a very large collection of these delightful shrubs at his place at Glen Head, Long Island. The gem of this display was Mad. Antoine Buchner, with its lavender buds, opening to a white, daintily flushed with rose. Its flower clusters 102 are large and well-formed, its color clear and crisp, and the foliage perfect. Among others, the following were especially noteworthy: Dame Blanche and Miss Ellen Willmott, pure white, double; Montaigne, white flushed with lilac; Sieboldi, with creamy white buds, opening almost white, with just a faint in- dication of cream; Montgolfier, dull lilac, the involute margins exposing the paler outer surface, giving the flowers a margined appearance; Cristophe Colomb, pale lavender, large clusters; Edmund Boissier, large flowers of deep bright lilac; Reaumer, bright lilac, full clusters; Milton, deep lilac; Pasteur, deep bright lilac; Monument Carnot, almost a light blue; Volcan, full clusters of deep bright lilac flowers; and Negro, deep red purple. Mr. Havemeyer also made large exhibits of the flowers of shrubs and trees, azaleas, and of tree peonies. An interesting exhibit was a seedling hybrid of the tree peony, Paeonia Moutan, with Paeonia lutea, ans in its fully double flowers, the petals yellow, ruby att ase. Mr. John ios CL. exhibited an attractive vase of Gladiolus Panama, the flowers a bright pink; also vases of Silver Sheen and Niagara, of the same genus. The New York Botanical Garden ea an exhibit of trees and shrubs, herbaceous plants, and tulips. e exhi te held on June 8 and 9 was the largest ever given by the Society during the summer. The largest exhibitor here was again Mr. Havemeyer. he most attractive feature of this exhibition was a large and magnificent display of her- baceous peonies made i Over two hundred vases were the purest white, through pink and rose, to the deepest crimson, and in every form, from the single flower, with its center of yellow stamens, to the large fully double ones in which the stamens were entirely replaced with petals. This collection entirely filled one of the center tables, and also considerable oor space. The first prize was awarded to Mr, Havemeyer for the largest and best collection of these flowers, not less than six flowers of lL TADX Flv 1d ‘NSGUVD IVSINVLOG NYOA MAN AHL 4O TYNanofL 108 each variety; his display contained about one hundred and ninety vases. The first prize also went to him for the best six flowers each of white, light pink, rose and crimson varieties, and for the best collection of singles, three flowers of each. The F, R. Pierson Co. took second in all of these. Being a little too early for roses, only three entries were made in this class. Gen. E. A. McAlpin, J. Woodstock, gardener, took first prize with a choice collection of sixty-five varieties, the second prize going to Mr. H. Darlington, P. W. Popp, gardener, for a collection of fifty-nine varieties. A large collection of meyer, A. Lahodny, gardener, the second going to Mrs. F. A Constable, Jas. Stuart, gardener. Among the notable things in the collection of Mr. Havemeyer were some charming forms of the genus Philadelphus, commonly known as mock orange or sytinga: Lemoine’s Glory, with large striking flowers; Mer de Glace; Coquette; Manteau d’Hermine, very graceful and florifer- ous. Another pleasing plant was an azalea with pure white crowded flowers, delightfully fragrant. It resembled a compact form of Azalea viscosa. The first prize for the best collection of rhododendrons and aza- leas, or either, went to the F. R. Pierson Co., fora fine display of rhododendrons, the second being secured by Mr. Havemeyer. The class of herbaceous plants was not well represented, the single collection taking the first prize for Mr. Henry Siegel, Thos. Aitchison, gardener. Of irises, there were several entries. A large collection of fine flowers, some ninety odd vases, brought the first prizes to Mr. Havemeyer; a smaller collection of twenty-seven vases, of fine flowers, gave the second prize to Mrs. F. A. Constable. While there was not a large exhibit of orchids, there were some very choice plants displayed. Lager & Hurrell took the first prize for the best six orchid plants, six varieties. For three orchid plants, three varieties, the first prize went to the same parties, the second to Mr. Clement Moore, J. P. Mossman, gardener. A superb plant of Cattleya Gigas gave the first prize for the best single orchid plant to Mr. Moore, an unusual form of the same 104 species securing second prize for Lager & Hurrell. Mr. Moore also took first prize for a collection of cut orchids. A special prize was awarded to Mr. Henry Siegel for Lilium microphyllum, a recent introduction from China by Mr. Wilson, London. Other special prizes were awarded as follows: Mrs. . A. Constable, for vases of campanulas; John Lewis Childs, for a collection of yellow callas; H. Darlington, for a collection of gladiolus and sweet peas. An attractive display of herbaceous peonies and of flowering shrubs and trees was made by the Garden. GrorGcE V. Nasu. SUMMER LECTURES, 1o12. Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows: July 6. ‘‘ The Botanical Exploration of Cuba,” by Dr. N. L. Britton. July 13. “ Aquatic Flowering Plants,” by Dr. John H. Barn- t July 20. ‘Fossil Plants and Their Significance,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick. July 27. ‘“‘Some Floral Features of Southern Florida,” by Dr. Marshall A. Howe. August 3. “Indian Agriculture,” by Dr. A. B. Stout. August 10. ‘‘ City Trees: Their Planting and Protection,’’ by Mr. Carl Bannwart. August 17. ‘‘ Exploring the Pacific Coast—II. Washington to Oregon,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill. August 24. ‘‘ Grasses and Some of Their Uses,” by Mr. George V. Nash. August 31. ‘ Exploring the Pacific Coast—III. Oregon to California,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill. September 7. ‘‘ Plant pane and Some Means of Con- trolling Them,” by Dr. F. J. Seav 105 The lectures, which occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. The doors will be closed at 4:05, and opened again at 4:15 to admit those arriving late. The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. red J. Seaver, curator, received the degree of Doctor of mee at the Iowa State University on June 12. Professor Eduard Strasburger, the eminent plant cytologist of the University of Bonn, Germany, died May 20, at the age of sixty-eight. Dr. A. B. Stout, director of the laboratories, spent a week during June in Washington and Philadelphia, where he inspected various lines of work being done in plant breeding. Miss Emily Topp has been granted a research scholarship at the Garden for the month of August to continue her studies on variegation in Miscanthus. Professor Douglass H. Campbell, of Leland Stanford Univer- sity, California, visited the Garden June 15, on his way around the world in search of special plant material for studies in mor- phology and systematic botany. Dr. John K. Small, head curator of the museums and herba- rium, was given the honorary degree of Doctor of Science at the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of Franklin College, at Lancaster, Pa., June 13. Dr. B. O. Dodge, of Columbia University, was awarded a research scholarship for the month of June to assist him in investigations on the Ascobolaceae, a family of inconspicuous fungi not very well known in this country. 106 Mr. Fred D. Fromme has been awarded a grant of $50 from the Students Research Fund to assist him in collecting and studying the local parasitic fungi, especially those belonging to the group of plant rusts. Mr. W. W. Eggleston, of the United States Department of Agriculture, was awarded a research scholarship at the Garden for the month of May to assist in carrying on research on various poisonous plants and on the taxonomy of the plants of the apple family. The water-lilies in the aquatic garden are now in full bloom. The first blossoms appeared about June 1, and they will con- tinue in great profusion until checked by the cold weather. Castalia Marliacea carnea has flesh-colored flowers, while the variety vosea has flowers a little deeper in color, making it more striking. Of most vigorous habit, is Castalia alba candi- dissima, with pure white flowers of great size. Castalia tuberosa is another white-flowered form. Dr. E. B. Copeland, dean of the College of Agriculture, Los Bajios, Philippine Islands, paid a visit to the Garden on June 13. The college is one of the branches of the University of the Philippines, and is situated in a beautiful locality at the base of Mount Maquiling, about forty-five miles from Manila. Al- though work began only three years ago, the institution has made very great progress, and lasting results of a most beneficial nature to the islands are rightly expected, as the work is at once scientific and highly practical. Dr. Copeland leaves San Fran- cisco on his return to the East at the end of the month. Through the assistance of Professor P. Baccarini of Florence, Italy, the New York Botanical Garden has recently secured two Bizzaria plants. One of these plants is now about four feet in height and is bearing fruits which show decidedly the mixture of orange and lemon tissue. The Garden has also purchased living plants of the following chimeras (graft hybrids); Cytisus Adami, Crataego-mespilus Asnieresii and Crataego-mespilus Dardari. 107 The American Association of Museums held its seventh annual meeting in New York during the week beginning June 3. On Tuesday, June 4, sessions were held and the members were entertained at the American Museum of Natural History. On Wednesday, a morning session was held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where the members were the guests of the Museum until evening, when a session was held at the Museum of Natural History. Thursday was Brooklyn day, the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences being the host; the forenoon was spent at the Central Museum and the afternoon at the Children’s Museum. An evening session was held at the Museum of Natural History, after which the Association adjourned to meet next year in Philadelphia. A large number of the members, however, remained until the end of the week. On Friday, they were the guests of the New York ZoGlogical Park during the morning and at luncheon. In the afternoon, arrangements were provided for an inspection of the grounds, conservatories, and museum of the New York Botanical Garden, followed by a complimentary dinner in the evening by the director-in-chief, Dr. N. L. Britton, at the “Hermitage” in Williamsbridge. Dr. W. P. Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Museums and treasurer of the Association, in responding to the toast of ‘‘our guests,” recalled the fact that the first meeting, at which the association was organized, was held in New York in 1906, and that it was at the Museum of the New York Botanical Garden that the report of the committee on organization was submitted and adopted. On Saturday, the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences provided an automobile trip through Staten Island, followed by a reception at the museum building of that institution. Meteorology for April—rThe total precipitation recorded for the month was 2.28 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 80° on the 6th, 61° on the 11th, 75° on the 16th, and 70° on the 24th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 25° on the 4th, 28° on the gth, 35° on the 2oth, and 36° on the 27th. . 108 Meteorology for May.—The total precipitation for the month of May was 3.45 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded as follows: May 7, 77°; May 21, 90°; May 27, 85°. Minimum temperatures were as follows: May 1, 33°; May 14, 42°; May 23, 49°; May 31, 50° ACCESSIONS. MusEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 414 sure of lichens, hepatics and mosses from Canada. (Distributed by Mr. Ree acoun.) specimen of Tetraplodon australis from Massachusetts. (By exchange with el Frank Dobbin It specimens of F issidens from South America. (By exchange with the Natural History Museum, Paris. 1 specimen of Grimmia calyptrata from Arizona. (By exchange with Dr. C. F. Millspaugh.) 1o specimens of marine algae from California. (By hange with the Uni y of California.) a p Missouriand Arkansas. (Given by Mr. B. F. Bush.) 3 specimens of mosses from pepe er ei Be panies with Mrs. A. R. Northrop. 2 specimens of Bruchia from North America. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Cardot. 3 specimens of mosses from Washington. (By exchange with Mr. George B. Kaiser.) ro specimens of hepatics from New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. (Given by Miss C. C, Haynes.) pe ns of mosses from Montevideo, Uruguay. (By exchange with Dr. Florentino Pipes 1 specimen of Grimmia tenuicaulis from Alberta, Canada. (By exchange with Mr. George B. Kaiser. 2 specimens of the fruits of Strychnos spinosa from Miami, Florida. (Given by nds.) Mr. Edward Simmo: Members of the Corporation. Epwarp D, Apams, Joun D. ArcHso tp, Georce F, Baker, Eucene P, Bicxnett, Georce S, Bowporn, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Wi.tram G, Cxoarte. Paut D. CravatH, H. C. FAHNEstocx, Samuet W. Farrcui1p, James B. Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Tuos, H. Hussarp, Aprian IsE.tn, Jr., Wa ter B, JENNINGS, Joun I. Kang, Evcene Ketty, Jr, Pror. James F, Kemp, Epw. V. Z. Lanz, Pror. Freperic S, Lez, Hon. Sern Low, Davip Lypie, Epcar L, Marston, J. Prerpont Morean, TueoporE W. Myers, Freperic R. NEWBOLD, Pror. Henry F, Oszorx, Lowe. M. PatMeEr, Gerorce W. PerkINs, Henry Puiprs, James R. PitcHER, M. F. Prant, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, WILuiAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror, H. H. Russy, Dr. REGINALD H. Sayre, Jacos H. Scuirr, MortiMer L. ScuiFr, James A. ScryMSER, Isaac N, SELIGMAN, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, Wituram D. Stoans, Francis L, Stetson, Cuartes G. THOMPsoN, Dr. W. GitMan THOMPSON, Samuet THORNE, My es TIerney, Louis C. Trrrany, Groroe W. VANDERBILT, W. K. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. Winturop, Jr. PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garde Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, hing nots and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to members Gari To es terest. $3.00a Che 6 Bee copies not for sale. _ [ Not offered in exchange] Bulletin of the Ne n of the Director-in Chief and ‘thier official es ae and agin ani ae results of ed oe carried out in the Garden. ibe Garden ; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its eighth vol ae North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild ies of North Ai including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. ve sd Re? c pleted in 32 volumes, Roy. 8vo, Each volume to consist of fou goubscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate cate “will oe or $2 00 each, ess offered in exchange. Vol. 3, part I, 1910. ectriaceae—!'imetariacea . ae 7, part 1, 1906; Pi 1907. part 3, die: " Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiace Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pai (Parts 1 th 2 no longer sold separate ely. ) ; Vol. 16, part 1, 1909 Cyatheaceae (pa Vol. 17, part 1, 1909. Typha aceae—- Poaceae (pars). Vol, 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3and4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosacea " (pars). Vol. 25, ae I, ie part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae—Burserace Mem of the New York Botanical eee Price to members of the Garden, ee iss per hee To others, $2.00. [No offered in exchan nge. ae n Annotated Catalogue of the Flora ot Montana and the Yellowstone Paik, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 190 a he baer of en and Darkness upon Growth and Developme: y D. T.M a vi 0 pp., with 176 figures, 1 pe Ous vi + 32 gures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cakes Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, Ni York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii 138 pp., with 9. ; Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of ee on ee by Charles Stuart viii + 278 pp , with 73 figures and 14 pla cal Garden. A seri on ; me , athe than the above. e, 25.C ach, $5.00 volume. Five volumes. — RECENT Meee 25 peas BACH. 146. Eayenlone Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Lower Califo: erg. 149. Studies i in 5 Bop es. The Viability of the Spores of Pyt 0- nema, ed J. Sea es Ew YORK ee GA EN x PARK, et York © JULY, 1912 ze No, 151 | JOURNAL ; oF York Botani York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator CONTENTS iz Brotection.—I01. Wild Pink (Silene caroliniana Walt.) . . 109 ergree SPE OT ne ae aN ee eg Me 110 dient ee - Rea apes aera . 120 f Ree thie aia cis BE ee Radin a Nae Ane PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN _ Ar 41 NortH Quezn Street, Lancaster, Pa ay Tue New Era Printinc Company SEcRETARY—DR, N. L. BRITTON. BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED Bacon lates, Term expires caine THOMAS H. HUBBARD, Sunt east 3! FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, sere W. P NS MYLES TIERNEY. Term expires January, 1914. OBERT W. vz FOREST, JAMES A, SCRYMSER Term expires January, 1915. EDWARD D. ADAMS ADDISON BROWN, N. L. BRITTON, ari I. KANE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, WW ig ate ee W. GILMAN THOMPSO 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLic PARKS, HON. CHARLES B. STOVER. THE Mayor oF THE City or New York, HON. WILLIAM J. Gaaee 3. SCIENTIFIC DIREC PROF. H. ts, PROF. EDWAR BURGESS, eas PE. DR. NICHOLAS Aiea BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES, ROF, FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. GARDEN ST DR. N. L. et oe aa pe in-Chief. a R. W. A. MU LL, ‘Assistant Director. (Admi tion.) DR. JOHN K. SMALL, nee Curator of the . P. A. RYD ‘arian. e Economic Collections. TON, Honorary Paras of Mosses. DRE. Et RUSB Y, Honorary Curator of th ELIZABETH G. BRIT lerk and EN eos es precaends | Museums. eee ing Plants.) JOURNAL OF THE INBW LURK tuna Seen WILD PINK. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vor. XIII July, 1912, No. 1€1. WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION.! 3. “Witp PINK” (Silene caroliniana Walt.). (WitH PLaTeE XCVII.) Before the trees cast much shade, while their greens are still so exquisitely fresh and varied, a bright flash of color will attract the eye to the Wild Pink, growing in hilly places on rocks or often in their cracks and crevices with the Saxifrage. The beautiful rose pink and size of its flowers renders it very conspicuous, for it often makes a large patch or cushion with a number of stems about six to ten inches high, each bearing from three to five showy flowers more than an inch across. Each petal is wedge- shaped, with a long, pale white, basal claw enclosed in the tubular, 5-notched calyx and crowned at the summit of each claw by two erect, white appendages. The stamens are immersed in the tube, ten in number, five long and five short with purple anthers and slender white filaments attached at the base of the ovary which terminates in three short styles. The pod is stipitate, developing in the upper half of the withered calyx, splitting at apex into six recurved segments. The seeds are borne on a central column and are small and numerous, kidney-shaped and brown, with a rough surface. The whole plant is viscid with glandular hairs forming a ciliate margin to the leaves, which are opposite, clasping at base a swollen joint of the stem; usually each stem has three pairs of 1 Illustrated by the aid of the Stokes’ Fund for the Preservation of Native lants. 109 110 leaves decreasing in size upward. The basal shoots have longer leaves, all gracefully recurved, and forming a crowded cluster at the summit of a long strong fibrous tap-root, which often penetrates deep down into some crevice and breaks off when uprooted. For this reason the plant frequently survives, in spite of its showy blossoms, though it is not abundant any longer, where it is frequently picked. The Wild Pink was described by Thomas Walter in his Flora of Carolina in 1788, and redescribed by André Michaux in 1803 as Silene Pennsylvanica. It often grows in sandy or rocky soil on the borders of woods from Maine to Georgia in the Eastern States, along the Alleghanies, and flowers from April to June. It belongs to the pink family or Caryophyllaceae a large family of about seventy genera and over 1,500 species, which are widely distributed, mostly in temperate regions. The generic name Silene was given by Linnaeus in 1753 in reference to the viscid hairs and about 250 species are known of which many are showy graceful plants, the showiest perhaps being the Fire-pink, Silene virginica, and the most graceful, the Starry Campion, Silene stellata. ELIZABETH G. BRITTON. WINTER-KILLING OF EVERGREENS,. The destruction of evergreens in the east during the past winter has been wide-spread, due apparently to a combination of adverse conditions. The collections here at the Garden have not been exempt from this visitation. Some forms which have hitherto been considered hardy have proved unstable, while others which have been looked upon as doubtful have not been unduly harmed. In the following list of both coniferous and broad-leaved ever- greens, arranged according to genera, the behavior of various species is noted. The collection of firs, Adies, in the pinetum is located on a gentle slope facing the northwest, and subject to the sweep of the winds from that quarter. The plants here are grown as 111 individuals and not in groups, so they do not enjoy mutual protection. Here the balsam fir, Abies balsamea, of the east, burned somewhat, but the leaf-buds were unharmed, so it re- covered its accustomed appearance. It stood the test better than A. Frasert, of the southern mountains. Abies cephalonica, from the higher elevations in Greece, as a rule is in excellent condition, only individual plants having the leaves burned. Abies cilicica, from the higher altitudes of Asia Minor, is burned somewhat, but all the plants recovered. It is not as badly affected as A. Nordmanniana. Abies concolor has burned on the tips of the leaves in individual plants, but as a rule it is in good condition. Adies firma, from Japan, has stood well. Abies Frasert has the foliage badly burned, one or two plants being entirely killed. The others recovered their wonted appearance when the leaf-buds developed. Abies homolepis, sometimes known as A. brachyphylla, is a Japanese evergreen of stately and attractive habit. It has gone through the past winter with- out a blemish, making it especially desirable for this latitude. Abies lasiocarpa has burned as usual, but all the plants recovered. This has much the appearance of A. concolor, but is not so desir- able on account of its less hardy character. Abies nobilis, while always of slow growth in this region, has hitherto stood the winters well. This past winter, however, has been its undoing, for the ends of the leaves burned badly, even when growing in groups, giving the plant temporarily a most unsightly appearance. The leaf-buds are, in the main, unharmed, so its normal appearance will soon prevail. Abies Nordmanniana, of the central portions of Transcaucasia, where it forms large forests in the valleys of the higher elevations, has burned badly, even when growing in groups with other plants. Some plants have been killed. This charming conifer, with its dark rich green foliage, is too attractive a plant to dispense with simply because it occasionally burns in severe winters. Seldomis a plant killed. ies numidica has burned badly, some plants being killed. Abies Picea, the common silver fir of central and southern Europe, has not been damaged more than is usual with this species. Abies Pinsapo is a native of central and southern Spain, forming 112 large forests on the Sierra Nevada at elevations from four to six thousand feet. In exposed situations it has proved tender here at the Garden, and for this reason its inclusion in the regular collection of firs has been abandoned. In sheltered es among groups of other plants, it has done well, but is always of slow growth. In the decorative beds at the northwest of the conservatories, range I, are a number of specimens. In some cases these have come through almost without a blemish, while others, with apparently the same exposure and conditions, have been killed outright. Abies sibirica, always unstable an burning badly, is no exception this year, most plants being killed. Abies umbellaia, of Japan, is reliable, coming through the winter without a blemish. This species is intermediate between A. homolepis and A. firma, our plants resembling very much the former and are perhaps a form of it. Abies Veitchti, also of Japan, is fine, whether in groups or in exposed situations. The spruces, Picea, occupy a place in the pinetum near the firs, the slope being more to the north. The following species are in the pinetum: Picea Abies (P. excelsa), P. ajanensis, P. canadensis (P. alba), P. Engelmannii, P. Mariana (P. brevifolia), P. Maximowiczii, P. obovata, P. Omorika, P. orientalis, P. polita, P. pungens and var. glauca, and P. rubens. Of these the tiger-tail spruce, P. polita, and the Colorado blue spruce, P. pungens, and its variety glauca, stood out conspicuously on account of their hardiness. They came through the winter unharmed. P. Engel- mannii, while an excellent conifer for this latitude, is not quite as hardy as P. pungens, nor does it present the sturdy vigorous habit of that species. P. obovata is apparently a little hardier than P. Abies. P. Maximowicziit and P. canadensis have proved satisfactory. P. Abies, P. ajanensis, P. Omortka, and P. orientalis indicated dissatisfaction by dropping part of their leaves. In most cases this damage will be repaired by the development of the leaf-buds, but some plants of P. orientalis and P. Abies were so badly damaged that their recovery is impossible The genus Chamaecyparis, including also Retinispora, has proved very unstable. e American forms of this in cultivation here are: C. Lawsoniana and its variety Alumi, C. Nootkatensis 1138 and C. thyoides and its variety Andelyensis, the latter species from the east, the others from the northwest. C. Lawsoniana, even in most sheltered and favorable positions, was badly burned, and in more exposed situations practically killed. The variety Alumi is considerably hardier, burning on the tips only. C. Nootkatensis in groups or in sheltered places came through the winter in good condition, burning some in more exposed situa- tions. The white cedar, C. thyoides, was badly burned in a sheltered situation, some of the plants being killed. Its variety Andelyensis was also badly burned and killed The Japanese section of the genus, known commonly as Retini- spora, has proved very unsatisfactory. C. obtusa and its varie- ties, which heretofore have stood well, met -with disaster, ex- cepting in sheltered places. The golden forms seem to be hardier than the green ones, excepting the varieties filicoides and lyco- podioides which have stood equally well. C. pisifera and its varieties, excepting in well-sheltered places, or in groups, were badly damaged, the entire tops in some cases being killed. The variety plumosa sulphurea is exceptional in its hardiness, coming through in good condition. The varieties squarrosa and squarrosa Veitchtt burned badly, excepting when in groups or in very sheltered places. Thuya, with the single exception of T. japonica, was as un- stable as Chamaecyparis, burning badly excepting in sheltered situations. TJ occidentalis and T. orientalis, and their varieties, are not to be relied upon, excepting where protection may be afforded. The single exception in this genus, standing out markedly on account of its hardiness, is T. japonica, often found in nurseries under the name of JT. Standishti, or Thujopsis Standishii. This kept its rich deep green foliage throughout, arely killing on the very ends of the branches in some individual cases. It has been under observation here at the Garden for a number of years, and has always proved satisfactory. place on the ridge near the economic garden. These are the varieties glauca and aurea of C. atlantica, and C. Deodara. 114 atlantica glauca has hitherto kept its beautiful blue foliage intact throughout the year, but this winter its needles have burned adly, finally dropping almost entirely. The leaf-buds, how- ever, were not harmed, and the development of these soon brought the plants back to their normal beauty. The same is true of C. atlantica aurea, which, however, is never so attractive as the other variety. C. Deodara also dropped its leaves, but these leaves are replaced by the developing leaf-buds, and the plant is again attractive with its beautiful gray-green foliage. In the severe winter of about ten years ago this species was killed to the snow line. Cephalotaxus is never a decorative possibility in this latitude, and the three species growing here, C. drupacea, C. Fortunei, and C. pedunculata fastigiata, present their usual spring appear- ance. Of the two plants of the first named, one is badly burned, the other nearly killed. C. Fortunet had the tips of the leaves browned and killed, while ie ae species was badly burned and the tips of the b The Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria deporte, was one ei Sequoia gigantea, about two jest tall. This was planted late in the spring of 1911. Last winter was certainly a severe test, but it came through in fair condition. The main branches are living, the tips only being killed. Of the yews, Taxus, two stand out in bold relief on account of their hardiness. These are T. cuspidata and its variety nana (usually known as variety brevifolia), from Japan, and the Amer- ican yew, T. canadensis. In the pinetum the yew collection is located on the easterly side of the ridge near the morphological garden, a rather sheltered position. But even here the forms of the English yew, T. baccaia, burned. T. cuspidata, and especially its variety nana, and T. canadensis remained unharmed. The most rigorous winters have failed to affect the Japanese yew, its deep dark-green foliage remaining throughout the year, making of it one of the best evergreens. 115 Tumion nuciferum (Torreya nucifera), a Japanese evergreen, in plants 3-5 feet tall, came through without a blemish. They are in the immediate vicinity of the yews. Some of the dwarf forms of the American hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, were killed, but what is known as Sargent’s hemlock, Tsuga canadensis pendula, has proved entirely hardy, even in exposed situations. The pines, Pinus, have proved the most satisfactory coniferous evergreens for exposed or dry situations. These, with few ex- eptions, have come through without damage. A single plant of the loblolly pine, Pinus Taeda, which had managed to survive several previous winters, was unable to stand the extraordinary conditions of the past winter. Plants of Pinus resinosa in an exposed situation on the top of a hill were badly burned or killed, while those in the lee of the hill were unharmed. Pinus Sabin- jana and P. contorta had the ends of the leaves burned. The other pines, not including the white pines, under cultivation here, all satisfactory, are: P. austriaca, P. Banksiana, P. densi- flora and variety nana, P. montana Mughus, P. Pallasiana, P. ponderosa, P. pungens, P. rigida, P. sylvestris, and P. Thunbergii. P. austriaca, P. Pallasiana, and P. Thunbergit are especially decorative, the first two for their dense symmetrical growth, and the last for the odd curving of the trunk to be seen in some of the specimens. The white pines under cultivation are: P. Strobus, P. excelsa, P. koraiensis, P. monticola, P. Peuce, P. Cembra, and P. parvi- flora. None of these was seriously damaged. P. excelsa and some individuals of P. Strobus had the tips of the leaves burned somewhat. This was also true of the leaves of P. koratensis in exposed situations. The others proved entirely hardy, P Peuce and P. Cembra being especially attractive in their dark eel — and compact habit. g the cedars, Juniperus, J. rigida has shown itself un- Pe plants being badly burned or killed. J. communis and its variety hibernica are never satisfactory, and this winter have proved themselves especially unworthy. J. Sabina and J. horizontalis (J. prostrata) have been partly killed, but not beyond 116 repair. J. virginiana glauca is excellent, its blue foliage making it most attractive. It is also less subject to that pest of the red cedar, red spider. All the forms of J. virginiana and J. chi- nensis have proved satisfactory; J. chinensis Pfitzcriana is of exceptional merit. It much resembles in habit J. Sabina, but is much hardier and a stronger grower than that species. The Douglas spruce, Pseudotsuga mucronata, is to be com- mended in every way for this climate. Its rich green foliage has not been marred in the least. It stands drought well and it is one of the best all round conifers. Among the broad-leaved evergreens grown at the Garden the rhododendrons have suffered least. R. maximum and R. cataw- biense, even in exposed situations, have come through remarkably well. There has-been some burning of the foliage and some few plants have been killed back, but, considering the destruction so prevalent among other evergreens, these have escaped any serious damage. R. catawbiense is much to be preferred for open exposed situations. The Japanese holly, Ilex crenata, after going through many winters without a blemish, received considerable damage the past winter, in some situations. This damage was in the shape of the burning of the foliage and killing back of the younger branches, the effect rarely extending to the older wood. Some of the plants have come through almost intact, while others nearby, with apparently the same conditions to contend with, were severely burned. Certain plants have in some cases had individual branches killed, while other branches have kept their leaves green. This has not been due to exposure alone, for plants in wind-swept situations, such as the fruticetum, have presented a better appearance than some others which were much better protected. None of the plants have been killed. Vigorous new growth is making its appearance, and soon the plants will be as attractive as ever. It is the best broad-leaved evergreen we have for this climate, and because the unusual severity of the past winter did some damage to it, need not prevent its use in the future, for a similar winter may not occur again for years. From the experiences of the past winter, certain evergreens 117 stand out prominently as especially adapted to this climate, and capable of withstanding very trying conditions. which occupy the first place, not having been affected in the ae are: Abies homolepis, A. umbellata, and A. Veitchii; Picea pungens and its varieties, P. polita, P. Engelmannii; Thuya japonica; Taxus cuspidata and the wares, nana; Tsuga canadensis pendula; Pinus austriaca, P. Banksiana, P. montana Mughus, P. Pal- lasiana, P. pungens, P. sylvestris, P. Thunbergti, P. Peuce, and embra; Juniperus virginiana, especially the variety glauca, J. chinensis and its varieties, especially Pfitzeriana; and Pseudo- a MUCTON ition to the above, the following, among others, were Paces harmed, but in ordinary winters are satisfactory, and well worth growing: Abtes cephalonica, A. nobilis, A. cilicica, A. concolor, A. Nordmanniana; Picea orientalis, P. canadensis, and mortka; Chamaecyparis obtusa; Cedrus atlantica glauca; Pinus Strobus, P. koraiensis, and P. excelsa; Juniperus Sabina, and J. horizontalis, Rhododendron maximum, and R. catawbiense ; Ilex crenata It is difficult to explain just what caused this ae fatality in evergreens during the winter of Ig1I-12. study of the following tables, compiled sae the records of the co . may throw some light on the subje t will be seen from the ee table of temperatures that the unusually cold weather of last winter occurred between January 5 and February 13. Early January 5 the temperature began to drop, reaching a minimum of 5° on the 7th, remaining for 46 consecutive hours of this time below 10°. On the following week, terminating with the 14th, the temperature did not rise above the freezing point but once, on the gth, remaining for five consecutive days below 20°, and two of these below 10°, with the lowest record of the winter, — 6°, on the 13th. For the week of January 15 records above the freezing point occurred at midday on four occasions, with a minimum of 3° on the 16th. For the following week, beginning with the 22d, only once was a tem- perature above freezing recorded, on the 23d, most of the remain- ing portion of the week being below 20°. The week of January 118 TEMPERATURES. : Week of 2 Week of Maxi Minimum Number Days QxO-Igr1, Week o IQII~Ig12z, Weex 1 ams 7 32° or Below. Nov. 7 62 29 3 Nov. 6 67 28 7 14 54 at 2 13 56 24 7 ai 60 29 a 20 50 21 s 28 4 41 22 4 27 57 23 4 Dec. 5 41 7 Dec. 4 60 10.5 6 12 45 7 Ir 65 27 - 19 43 12 5 18 52 21 3 26 52 12 5 25 52 22 5 Jan. 2 53 Ir 5 Jan. 1 42 5 7 9 47 25 T 8 42 —6 7 16 46 II 4 15 49 3 7 23 52 16 3 22 53 5:5 7 30 47 ae 6 29 41 ro 7 Feb. 6 st 15 7 Feb. 5 29 t) 7 13 45 9 4 12 48 7 6 20 57 IL5 6 19 62 21 3 27 53 19 4 26 42 14 5 Mar. 6 57-5 16 5 Mar. 4 47 5 13 56.5 15.5 4 Ir 57 T 20 79 17 3 18 63 19 3 27 55-5 24 3 25 68 19 T Apr. 3 69 27.5 2 Apr. 1 80 25 I Io 60 29 3 8 61 28 I 7 61 31 2 15 75 3 ° 24 85 37-5 ° 22 70 ° 119 PRECIPITATION. 1g10 IQII IgI0 Igtt Janie cseewctee sd 6.38 1.72 Jul yetwse aia toe 0.64 1.96 POD eon Samaras 3.86 3-66 |Aug............. 1.17 6.50 Matic sa a eek 1.04 3-67 SePteeciesn ocekee 1.35 1.55 Api sg ee sie rau rages 4.39 3.15 Octetse2 oeeteeds 2.38 4.95 May vec sis s ates 2.22 1.31 NOVieies tatiana 2.83 4.52 June saccades 4.84 4.04 DeChxneccseniens 2.46 4.09 33-56 42.02 29 was ushered in with a temperature of 20°, remaining con- tinuously below the freezing point until February 2, the end of this week recording a minimum of 10°. The week beginning February 5 again recorded a temperature way below freezing, middle of the day, with a minimum of 0° on the ascending above the freezing point on the 13th. This ae the long cold period of the winter. During this period of forty days, temperatures above the freezing point were recorded on about fifteen days, these higher temperatures occurring mainly during midday. No such protracted cold spell is recorded for the winter of 1910-11, the minimum for that winter being 7°, or 13° higher than the minimum for the winter of 1911-12. A comparison of the precipitation for 1910 and 1911 shown in the above table of precipitation gives some interesting results. In 1910 a protracted drought during July, August and September, when only 3.16 inches of rain fell, was followed during October and November by a moderate precipitation, the two months totaling 5.21 inches. This moderate precipitation, after the extended drought, was readily and rapidly absorbed by the soil. In other words, woody plants were not made “ overabundance of water, the wood ripening up well. the precipitation during September was only 1.55 inches. dry spell was followed during October and November by a heavy rainfall, totaling 9.47 inches, almost twice the precipitation for the same period the previous year. This abundance of water would have a tendency to make wood soft, to retard its proper ripening, a condition not at all favorable for withstanding the unusually severe cold of the following January and February. 120 Whatever effect it is that the cold has upon evergreens, the damage is not apparent until the winds of late March and early April come. Then plants, which up to that time have appeared green and in good condition, turn to a deadly brown within a few days, and the damage which has been done is startlingly revealed. The unusual conditions which seem to stand out in the past winter are two: first, the excessive rainfall during October and November, following a dry period when the plants were inactive; and second, the unusual cold of the following January and February. Neither one of these in itself would, perhaps, have been disastrous, but the combination of the two was destructive. GEORGE V. Nasu. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. George G. Hedgcock, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, spent two days at the Garden in June, examining the collections of parasitic fungi. Dr. Howard J. Banker, professor of biology in De Pauw Uni- versity, Indiana, spent a week at the Garden in June and also in July, studying the collections of Hydnaceae. Professor Francis E. Lloyd, who has formerly spent consider- able time at the Garden and who was recently professor of botany in the Alabama Polytechnic Institute and plant physiologist to the Alabama Experiment Station, has been appointed Mac- Donald professor of botany in McGill University, Montreal, anada. Dr. Edgar W. Olive, professor of botany in the State College of South Dakota, has been appointed curator in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Dr. W. C. Co he professor of botany in the State University of North Carolina, spent several days at the Garden in July, continuing his studies of the flora of North Carolina. 121 Dr. Geo. M. Reed, professor of botany in the State University of Missouri, has charge of the botanical work in New York University during the summer term. Meteorology for June.—The total precipitation recorded for the month was 1.05 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 87° on the Ist, 3d, and 11th; 91° on the 17th; 96° on the 29th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 41° on the 8th, 42° on the 14th, and 53° on the roth. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 7 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from Kiruna, Swedish Lapland. (Given by Professor J. F. Kemp, for the Columbia University Herbarium 23 specimens of mosses from Gate, Washington. (By exchange with Mr. A.S. ) 1 specimen of Juncoides bulbosum from New Jersey. (Given by Mr. Bayard Long.) ¢ 1 t. p California. (By exchange with the University of California.) 27 specimens ‘North American Musci Pleurocarpi. (Distributed by Dr. A. J. Grout. 1 specimen of Waldsteinia lobata from South Carolina. (By exchange with ao W. W. Ashe.) specimens of the flowering branches of black-ebony from Andros, Bahamas, o Indies. (Given by Hon. George larke. specimens of flowering plants from Florida. (By exchange with Mr. Herbert R. Mills. I specimen of ree pellucida from the New York Botanical Garden. (Given by Mrs, N. L. Brit 2 specimens cet mosses from California. (Given by Mrs. W. A. Murrill.) 281 specimens mostly from Cuba. (By exchange with the United States National Museum. § specimens “‘Lichenes Suecici Exsiccati,’’ fascicle X. (Distributed by Pro- fessor G. O. A. Malme. 2 specimens of mosses from Hannibal, Missouri. (Given y Rev. John Davis.) 5 specimens of mosses from Nova Scotia. (Given by Dr. C. B. Robinson.) 2 specimens of mosses from Alaska. (Given by Dr. R. Heber Howe, Jr.) 19 specimens of fungi. (By exchange with Dr. Charles E. Fairman.) 1 specimen of Ascobolus (type). (By exchange with Dr. B. O. Dodge.) pecimens ‘North American Uredinales,”’ century 5. (Distributed by Mr. nee Bartholomew.) 122 onion a “Fungi Columbiani,”’ century 37. (Distributed by Mr. Elam (Given by Mr. Fred J. Seaver.) (By exchange with ner 29 specimens of fungi from North Dakota. 2 specimens a 3 photos of gill-fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Dr. G. G. Mr. 2 R. Joh: specimens a fate from ee United States. ong. (By exchange with Anais and Professor W. H. esa ee of ema from a York and North Carolina. (Members of the Corporation. ‘Epwarp D, ADAMs, Joun D. ArcHBoLp, GeorcE F, BAKER, Eucene P. BIcKNgLL, Grorce S, Bowporn, Pror, N. L. Britton, Paut D, Cravata, Cievetanp H. Donce. A, F, Esraproox. H. C. Fannestocr, SamueL W, Farrcuixp, Pror. W. J. Gigs, Aprian IsELin, Jr, Wa ter B. Jennincs, Joun I. Kane, Eucene Ke tty, Jr, Pror. JaMes F, Kemp, Epw. V. Z. Lang, Pror. Freperic S, Leg, Hon. Sztx Low, Davin Lyonic, Epcar L. Marston, W. J. MaruHeson, Ocpen Mizts, GrorcE W. PERKINS, Henry Puirrs, James R. PitcHeER, M. F. Prant, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, Wittam RocKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Dr. Recinatp H. Sayre, Jacos H. Scuirr, MortiMer L. Scuirr, James A. ScrYMSER, Isaac N. SELIGMAN, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, Wittiam D, Stoane, ELSON SMITH, James SPEYER, Francis L. Stetson, Cuartes G. THompson, Dr. W. Gitman THOMPSON, SAMUEL THORNE, My tes TIERNEY, Louis C. TiFFany, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, W. K. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. Winturop, Jr. PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Gard . Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, znontte res taining notes, and non- ae uci of general interest. e to members Garden. To others, 10 copy; $1.00 a year. Now i cologia, aaa “illustrated in color and ee devote terest. {3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange. 1 in its fourth volume, etin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual of et Drediors in Chief and other official documents, and taped gece enbody results 5; investigations pale out in the Garden. Fre all m of Garden a $3.00 per volume. Now in its eighth vol Sais fod North erican Flora. ea ions of the wild plants of North Ameri Bena Grand: the West Indies and Central America. Plann ia to be c Jui Ro: pleted in 32 volumes, vo, Each volume to consist of four or more p Subseiption price, $1.50 per + part j a eutn number of separate ate will b for me sae ie ot ets in exchan; ect ‘ieeaa tnaatal glo. ae. p va z oat "s 1906; ae 25 ed part 3, ae Ustilaginaceae—A ecidiace: (pars). Y om Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2 roar 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). eas I ae 2 no longer Lae d separately, ) ; r Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. (pars). Vol. 17, part I, 1909. Typhaceae—P oaceae See . Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podestempnieenee= Reet (pars). : Vol. 25, part I, 1907; part 2, ee cae 35 ae G Memolrs o New York B Price Garden, $1.00 per volume. To Mhene iy < TNot hs ese i in ex oo e, Vol. I. An Annotated Catlgue of the Flora of Montan: x + 492 dm: Pa:k, by Per Axel Rydberg. pp., with detaile Vol. IT The Influence of Ti ht and Darkness upon Cro th and Developmen by D, T. MacDougal. xvi -+ 320 pp., with 176 figures, a Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from a N i York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii + 138 p) plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Shee on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gag viii + de pp., with 73 figures and 14 Ae 1908, _ Con from the New York Bosnia Garden. A series of cal aes written ne students or oe of the staff, ae Bet from jot at than the above. Price, 25 cen h. 65.00 per vi Six volum ECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS BACH. 146. Phycological Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Lower Califor Mexico, by Marshall A. Howe. 147 ahi of we Indian Plants —IV, by N. L. Brit 148. L ae a Plants Collected on the Pee Arctic Expedition of 1905-06, A. Rydberg. 149. Sti in Pyrepiow une A The Viability of the Spores of Fred J. Sea EW YorK helio: a GARDEN ONx PARK, NEw York @ AUGUST, 1912 No, 152 JOURNAL OF EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator Ae CONTENTS ot: PAGE Needing Protection. IV. Wild Columbine (4quilegia canadensis) . 123 it of the Path System of the Garden... ...----...++> 124 Infection of the Ear... 2 2. 2 ee fe es 126 2 SC CAG ied cae eam ae A re aie rei re natal Uy ) t 1 Rh eae ae Wee oe ee Nciag seca aaah os 7h ce pple 128 wsand Comment...----- +--+ 2-2 errr rere 129 tas = Sass eae ei saw pcan te hia teeta esac 131 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 4x NortH Quaen Street, Lancastzr, Pa New Ena Painting Company OFFICERS petal PRESIDENT—HON, se OWN, hiatal Sy aes EW Bent TREASURER—JAMES A. ee YMSER, SECRETARY—DR. N. L. BRITTON BOARD oF « MANAGERS, 1. ELECTED bab ha Term expires Ses 19 THOMAS H. HUBBAR Le, Spout MORGAN, FRANCIS LYNDE paneee GEORGE W. PERKINS, MYLE’ NG S TIERNE Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS, ROBERT W. pve FOREST, ADDISON BROWN, JAMES A. SCRYMSER. Term expires January, 1915. N I. KANE, W. J. MATHESON, W. GILMAN THOMPSON. . L. BR Het dete ne RE 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGER THE ieee OF THE DE N. CH. PROF. EDWA . BUR GE Ss, PROF. R, DR. iene haere BUTLER, Bee JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES, OF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. E. L. WiEEROn Jr. GARDEN ST. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- ee ef. tpn ment, Administration.) DR. W. A. MURRILL, ope es Director. (Administration. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Maikeaink (Flowering Plants.) DR. YD i Oreos V. NASH, Head Gardener. R. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories. ae JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian. R. H. H. , Honorary Curator the Economic Prebains 's ee G. BRITTON, Honor F. A. SCHILLING, Museu ustodian ee N R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. S. G ECK, Clerk and Account (e; un Rane i ese Superintendent of Buildings iat ‘Come JouRNAL OF THE NEW YorK Botanical GARDEN. Pirate XCVIII. WILD COLUMBINE. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vor. XII August, 1912. No. 1&2. WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION.! 4. ‘‘Witp CoLUMBINE”’ (A quilegia canadensis L.). (With Prate XCVIII.) Nodding in the cool winds of spring-time, and so lightly poised on its slender stems, that it is almost impossible to take its photograph, the wild columbine adorns the rocks and ledges in May with its gay, red and yellow blossoms and occasionally is found in fields at middle elevations where it blooms until July. The flowers are pendent, about I-2 inches long, bright red, the five short red sepals overlapping five tubular spurs which ter- minate below in thickened honey-sacs and broaden out above into five short yellow petals attached around a long-exserted, cluster of slender yellow stamens, about fifty in number. These are attached in five rows to a disc at the base of the ovaries, which are five in number and hairy with five long slender styles; they develop into five follicles with long spreading points. Each follicle contains about fifteen shining black seeds attached along the ventral suture. The basal leaves are pale green beneath, three-parted and each leaflet again divided into three, toothed lobes; smaller, short- stalked, simpler leaves also grow on the flower stalks and diminish into bracts above. The stems vary in height from one to two feet and are smooth or slightly hairy above. The root is fibrous and easily uprooted and for this reason the plant largely depends on its seeds for reproduction and is likely to be quickly exter- 1 Illustrated by the aid of the Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants, 123 124 minated on account of its showy flowers. Occasionally plants are found with pale yellow blossoms growing among the normal ones. It ranges from Nova Scotia to Northwest Territory south to Florida and Texas and ascends to high altitudes in the Alle- ghanies and the Rocky Mountains. It was first described and figured by Cornuti in 1635 and was called Agquilegia canadensis by Linnaeus in 1753. The generic name refers to a fancied resemblance of the spurs to the talons of an eagle; on this account and the wide range of the genus throughout the United States, it has been strenuously advocated for the honor of being called the national flower. About fifteen species of Aguilegia are known from the United States, ranging through the Rocky Mountains into Mexico and the western states; all have showy flowers varying from white to yellow and blue, and are greatly prized in cultivation. This genus belongs to the crowfoot family, Ranunculaceae, of which about thirty-five genera and one thousand and fifty species are distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world. ELIZABETH G. BRITTON. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PATH SYSTEM OF THE GARDEN. The construction of paths through the Garden reservation provided for by the general plan approved in 1897 has proceeded parallel with the grading, drainage and planting of the grounds, and little modification has been made in the positions selected for paths at that time, the only essential modification of the general plan having been the addition of certain paths which have been found necessary. At the present time, about four- fifths of the path system as planned in 1897 has been constructed en total length of paths contemplated by the original general plan still remaining entirely unconstructed is about 2,000 feet. - 125 ditional plans approved, but not yet carried out, call for about 1,000 feet. The desirability of still further elaborating the path system at places, in order to lead visitors more closely to parts of the collections, is apparent, and this is now under study. It was early determined that the lines of travel through the natural woodlands should be trails rather than constructed paths, and a large portion of these have been provided with low railings, found necessary to prevent the increasing number of visitors from trampling the undergrowth and damaging the trunks and roots of trees. An appropriation for continuing this railing of trails has been asked from the city. Paths completed and opened thus far in 1912 include one from the flower gardens at conservatory range no. 1 through the pinetum to the path on the southern side of the driveway in front of the museum building; a path from the temporary wooden chestnut bridge over the Bronx River at the southern end of the north meadows, running northward along the river to the Upper Bridge in the north end of the grounds, and a path from the east end of the Long Bridge over the Bronx River, running northward along the river and through the north meadows to the Newell Avenue entrance at Williamsbridge, together with several short connections between these paths and others already constructed, making a total path length 1o feet in width of 3,750 feet thus far completed in 1912, and it is expected to complete and open at least 1,000 feet more during the remainder of the year. The most difficult of this construction, and that which has required the most time and closest attention, is the path along the east side of the Bronx River northward from the Long Bridge, where a rough stone wall had to be constructed for some 500 feet immediately on the edge of the river to carry this path, which has been provided with a high railing as a precaution against visitors slipping into the stream; it was well worth the time and work required, however, for it is one of the most attractive paths to be found anywhere in the Park System, and its completion now enables visitors to walk either immediately along or within sight of the river practically all the way from Williamsbridge to Pelham Avenue, passing out of the Garden reservation to the south just north of the Lorillard Mansion. 126 The Telford foundation of the entire path system has been built from stone obtained through necessary grading operations within the grounds, and sufficient is retained in the remains of the rock hill behind the museum building to construct the uncompleted portions. N. L. Britton. A FUNGOUS INFECTION OF THE EAR. The disease known as mycosis of the external ear of man is not uncommon. Cooke* describes as a new species, Aspergillus nigri- cans, which had been obtained from the human ear. Later heft again describes and also gives figures of this mou General descriptions of cases of mycosis of the external ear have appeared in various medical journals and books. One of more recent of these is by the noted specialist Ballengert, whose discussion may be here summarized as follows: The fungus forms inflammation with pains, itching and deafness. The mycelium may extend to the middle ear or even to the mastoid cells. The source of the infection is unknown. It is noted, however, that the disease is quite common among bakers and among the poor who are living in unsanitary conditions. It is stated that various species of fungi have been found growing in the ear, but the most common species are Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus. In the treatment, a long list of antiseptic mixtures and powders have been used without general success. In fact, the fungus appears to thrive in spite of treatment with the ordinary solutions * M. C. Cooke. New British Fungi. Grevillea 878. Some Remarkable Moulds. The Journal of = Ge Microscopical Club, Il., 2: 140 and Plate I, 1885. }W.L. Ballenger. Diseases of the nose, throat and ear. I911. Ta1d ‘aaqs [BINzeU syyNo}-aaIyy INoqe ‘(psousds souyItdis) asueio 1gey ay} jo sHNWy 127 of carbolic acid, boric acid and mercury bichloride. Alcohol is, however, an effective remedy, and when dropped in the ear once or twice daily for about four days it effects a complete cure. A case of infection of the ear by Aspergillus nigricans Cooke has recently been brought to the attention of the writer. In this case there has been also repeated infections with Micrococcus, resulting in small abscesses. Several physicians and ear special- ists consulted from time to time were led by this condition to overlook the presence of the fungus which was evidently of primary importance. The treatment with mercury bichloride (1 : 1,000) checked the infections due to the micrococci, but the fungus continued to develop, at times almost filling the ear cavity with mycelium and producing an abundance of spores. In this condition it was easily isolated in pure cultures. At present report the treatment with alcohol appears to have entirely removed the infection from the ear A. B. Stour. THE KAFFIR ORANGE. (Wits Fic. 1.) Reports and records of edible fruits of Sétrychnos or fruits closely related to those of strychnine and nux-vomica plants, have been current for many years. They, however, have often been seriously doubted. In the spring of 1903, Dr. David Fairchild introduced plants of a species of Strychnos from Portugese East Africa, into the Subtropical Garden of the United States Department of Agri- culture at Miami, Florida. These plants are said to represent the species Sirychnos spinosa. This plant is native of a large part of Africa lying south of the desert region. At Miami it is a spine-armed shrub of slow growth, especially in its younger stage, with a rambling habit, more or less drooping, very slender branch- lets, small leaves, and very small, as well as inconspicuous, clustered flowers. The size of the branches, the leaves, and the flowers are each and all out of proportion to the size and the weight of the fruits. These are globular, and superficially they 128 resemble an orange, even to the external coloring, whence, in connection with its geographical range, the name ‘‘ Kaffir orange.” The fruits vary from three to four inches in diameter and weigh between one and two pounds each. However, the likeness to an orange ceases with the outside of the rind. This cannot be re- moved with the fingers or with a knife, as in the case of an orange, but a hammer or some similar instrument is needed to get at the pulp within the ‘‘Kaffir orange.’’ The rind is about an eighth of an inch in thickness, hard and somewhat brittle. Within, the fully ripe pulp is of different shades of red or pink. It is sweet, and in flavor it suggests that of a good canteloupe. Unlike an orange, too, the seeds of the ‘‘ Kaffir orange’”’ are poisonous, so that in eating the pulp in which the seeds are imbedded, great care must be exercised to eliminate all the seeds. The seeds closely resemble those of the related nux-vomica plant, and they are rendered especially easy to swallow by a slimy-hairy coat which envelopes each of them. The accompanying figure representing the two specimens of “Kaffir orange’’ received at the Garden through the kindness of Mr. Edward Simmonds, Gardener of the Subtropical Garden of the United States Department of Agriculture at Miami, Florida, is as far as we know the first illustration of this interesting edible fruit. The fruits as they appear in the figure are about three- fourths natural size. Joun K. SMALL. AUTUMN LECTURES, 1912. Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows: Sept. 14. ‘Experiments in Mutation,” by Prof. Hugo de Sept. 21. ‘Exploring the Pacific Coast—IV. California,” urrill. Sept. 28. “The Upper Delaware Valley and Its Flora,” by Mr. G. V. Nash. 129 Oct. 5. ‘‘Botanizing in the Yellowstone National Park,” by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. Oct. 12. “Insect Galls Injurious to Vegetation,” by Dr. E. B. Southwick. Oct. 19. “‘Some Microscopic Water Plants,” by Dr. M. A. Howe. Oct. 26. ‘The Chemical Production of Albuminous Matters in Plants,” by Prof. W. J.G Nov. 2. “Exploring i “Pacific Coast—V. California to New York,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill. Nov. 9. ‘Horticulture in the Northwest,’’ by Mr. G. V. ash. Nov. 16. ‘The Forests of the Amazon,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby. The lectures, which occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. The doors will be closed at 4:05, and opened again at 4:15 to admit those arriving late. The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botan- ical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visi- tors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT. Dr. A. B. Stout, director of the laboratories, recently spent several days at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Professor Charles E. Bessey, of Nebraska State University, visited the Garden in July and spent several days looking over the collections and experimental work. Dr. David R. Sumstine spent a week at the Garden in July investigating certain groups of the lower fungi. Professor J. B. Overton, of the University of Wisconsin, was a visitor at the Garden on July 27, on his return from a three weeks’ visit at Woods Hole. Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director, spent two weeks the latter part of July in the Adirondack Mountains collecting fleshy fungi. 130 Professor C. E. Seashore, dean of the graduate college of the State University of Iowa and teacher of psychology in Columbia University during the summer term, visited the Garden on July 27. Mr. L. O. Overholts, of the department of botany of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, has been granted a research scholar- ship during August and September. He will devote his attention to the preparation of a list of the Polyporaceae of Ohio, with full keys to the genera and species. Professor W. G. Stover, of the Oklahoma Agricultural Exper- iment Station, has been appointed assistant professor of botany in Ohio State University for the coming year. Mr. Stover is a graduate of Miami University and was at one time a student at the Garden. Mr. P. J. Anderson, field pathologist of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, and Professor H. W. Ander- son, investigator for this Commission, visited the Garden August 14 to examine herbarium specimens and literature of fungi relating to the chestnut blight. ' Professor John Craig, head of the department of horticulture at Cornell University and well known throughout the country for his publications on this subject, died at Siasconsett, Massa- chusetts, August 12, aged 48 years. Professor Craig attended the floral exhibit at the Garden on May 25 and was much inter- ested in the large display of lilacs from Mr. Havemeyer’s collec- tion at Glen Head, Long Island. At that time, he arranged to present to the Garden a full set of duplicates from his very complete collection of peonies, on which a series of his studies extending over several years has been based Professor J. J. Thornber, of the University of Arizona, spent two days at the Garden in July looking over the collections of certain groups of the flowering plants. Professor Thornber is just returning from a year’s study in the National Museum at Washington. The large amount of damage to the foliage of oak trees by oak leaf-miners has been brought to the attention of the Garden. 131 This insect causes large blister-like spots on the leaves of different oaks, these spots, which sometimes cover a large portion of the leaf, turning brown and injuring and disfiguring the foliage of the entire tree. The blisters are caused by small larvae which work under the epidermis of the leaf and are thus protected against the ordinary treatment by spraying. The insect hibernates in the old leaves and one of the means of control which has been recommended is to gather these leaves and burn them, thus pre- venting further infection. In the Gardener’s Chronicle for 1911, G. Webb describes a successful treatment of hollyhocks against attacks of the rust (Puccinia malvacearum) by the application of a powder which consists of 1 bu. of slaked lime, 1 bu. of soot, 4 lbs. of flowers of sulphur, and 2 oz. of finely powdered sulphate of copper. This mixture should be passed through a fine sieve and the plants dusted with the powder three or four times during the growing season, in the morning while the dew is still upon them Metereology for July.—The total precipitation recorded for the month was 2.84 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 92° on the 4th, 100° on the gth, 90° on the 12th, 88° on the 18th, and 89° on the 28th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 48° on the Ist, 62° on the 15th, and 53° on the 20th and 25th ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 3 specimens of Dicranum from Connecticut. (By exchange with Dr. George E. Nichols.) pripedi gi from Massachusetts. (Given by Mrs. N. L. n.) I — of Dicranella heteromalia from England. (By exchange with Mr. H.N. 234 specimens of grasses from the western United States. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.) 53 specimens from Anguilla, West Indies. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden, Utrecht, Holla: fe 3 specimens of lichens from Washington. (By exchange with Mr. A. S. Foster.) 8 i f fi i 1 f I n United States. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.) 132 4 specimens of mosses from Missouri. (Given by Mr. B. F. Bu sh.) I specimen of moss from Pinar del Rio, Cuba. (By exchange with Dr. Eugenio ecimens of mosses from British Columbia. (By exchange with the United Sete eure Museum.) LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM APRIL 15 TO JULY 15, rgr2. ACERBI, GIUSEPPE. Reise durch Schweden und Finnland bis an die dussersten Grénzen von Lappland, in den Jahren 1708 und a Berlin, 1803. Annals 1-2 of Botany. Vols. 1-25. London, 1887-1911. ATKINSON, GEORGE FRANCIS. The study of the aed of ferns by the collodion method. New York, 1894. (Given by Mrs. N. L. n. Barry, Patrick. The fruit garden. New York, aes (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) BASKERVILLE, CHARLES. Municipal chemistry. New York, I911. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) BERGER, ALWIN. Hortus mortolensis. London, 1912. (Given by Dr. N. L. BILLL a E. R. Tobacco: iis — varieties, culture, manufacture and commerce. rtford, 1875. (Given by . H. Barnhart. pees a e Club of the ae Isles. Report. 1879-1911. Man- 9 RIDGEMAN, THOMAS. The florist’s guide. New York, 1835. (Given by rnhart. BRIDGEMAN, THOMAS. oe young gardener's assistant. New York, 1840. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhar we AUGUSTIN i ae DE. Orgenographie végétale. 2 vols. Paris, ae ASTIGLIONI, LUIGI. hee negli Stati-Uniti dell’ America septentrionale, fatio negli anni 1785, 1786,e 1787. 2vols. Milano, 17 Cramer, P, J. S. The cultivation of H. ee gage IQII. FIscHER-BENZON, RUDOLF VON. pene Gartenflora. Kiel & Leipzig, 1894. FLEISCHMANN, C. L. Der nordamerikanische Landwirth. Frankfurt am Main ao iJ 8. Forest, Fish and ae Commission. Seventh Report. New York, (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) FROELICH, C. FR. Seeley Spazierginge im Kanton Appenzell. Trogen, 850.] IQOI. pe FRIEDRICH AUGUST. Flora von Nord- und Mittel-Deutschland. Ed. 11. Berlin, 1 ae eae tage 1809-1909. s'Gravenhage, rg10. HILDEBRAND, FRIEDRICH HERMANN GusTAv. Die Le bemsuerhalinisce der Oxal- isaryten. Jena, I HItt, Joun. a di alberi curiosi ed elegante piante delle Indie orientali, e dell’ America. Rome, 1786. Hoopes, Josian. The book of evergreens. New Vork, [1868.] (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) 133 Jacquin, NICOLAUS JosEPH. Selectarum stirpium Americanarum historia tconibus . . . pictis. indobonae, 1780. (Given by Mr. Andrew Carnegie.) Jahrbicher fiiy wissenschaftliche Botanik. Vols. 1-47. Berlin and Leipzig, 1858-1910. LESQUEREUX, LEO. Untersuchungen iiber die Torfmoore im Allgemeinen. Berlin, — MEYER, ARTHUR. nine tiber die Stérkekirner. » 1895. cae Karu gag ELM VO: Beitrige zur renee vai Botanik. 4 vols. Leipzig, 1858-6 PFEFFER, sai Untersuchungen aus dem botanischen Institut zu Tiibingen. 2 vols. 1881-1888. SCHIMPER, ANDREAS FRANZ WILHELM. Botanische Mittheilungen aus den Tropen. 9g vols, 1888-1901. SmitH, Joun. A dictionary of popular names of the plants which furnish the natural and acquired wants of man, in all matters of domestic and general economy. London, 1882. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) Ss 7) RG, KASPAR MARIA VON. Reise in die Rhetischen Alpen vorziigleich in botanischer Hinsicht im Somm 06. TT RGER, Epuarp. Die Befruchtung bei den Coniferen. Jena, 1869. VoOcHTING, HERMANN. Ueber Organbildung im Pflanzenreich. 2 vols. Bonn, 1878-84. Vries, Huco pe. Naar Californiz. Vol. 1. Ed. z. Haarlem, 1906. Vol. 2. 19 as DE. Soorten en varieteten. Hoezij outstaan door mutatie. Ed. 2. Prats 1906. ‘ Members of the Corporation. Epwarp D, ApaMs, Joun D. ArcHBoLp, Georce F. Baxkrr, Evcens P, BickneEtt, GrorcE S, Bowvorn, Pror. Epw. S, Burcess, Dr. Nicnotas M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, H. C. FaHNEsTocK, SamuEL W. FarrcHi1p, James B. Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Rosert W. ve Forest, Prov. Freperic S, Lz, Hon. Serx Low, Davip Lynie, Epcar L, Marston, J. Prerrpont Morcan, THEODORE W. Myzrs, Freperic R. NEwsoxp, Pror. Henry F, Oszorn, Lowe M. PALME! Grorcz W. PERKINS, Henry Purrrs, James R. PITCHER, M. F. Prant, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, WituraM RocKEFELLER, or, H, H. Russy, Dr. Recinatp H. Sayre, Jacos H. Scuirr, MortiMer L. ScutrF, James A, ScrYMSER, Isaac N. SELIGMAN, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, Francis L, Stetson, Cuartes G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. Gruman THOMPSON, SAMUEL THORNE, Mytes TIERNEY, Louis C. TiFFANy, GrorcE W. VANDERBILT, W. K. VAnveERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WInTHROP, Je. PUBLICATIONS taining Toes, Siti non- tected eaite of general interest. Fre’ Garden aan others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its Shue Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; luda lichens ; ae technical articles and news and notes ae pe, terest. $3.00 a year; single copies not for sale, [Not offered in exchange, 1 Noe in its fourth volume, Bulletin of the New York Botantcal Garden, containing the annual repot of the Director-in «Chief and other official eaaet and Rapin ae sen results of investigations sake: out in the Gar Fre iy Garden ; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in . eighth § rth American Flora. ah dae of the wild ones of North A in tine Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to ie io} eted in 32 volumes, Roy. Hip Ea ch volume to consist of four or more part: Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sol for $2 00 each, [Not ee im exchan| Vol. 3, part I, 1910. riaceae—Fimetaria Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; ie ss 1907. part 3, eae. " Ustilaginaceae—Accidiacese (pars Vol. Q, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pss) (Parts 1 and 2 no longer sold separate ely. ) Vol. 16, part 1, 1608. Cyatheaceae (pars). Vol. 17, part 1, 1909. Ty ypha aceae—Poaceae ee, Vol. 22, parts 1 ‘and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosaceae (pars). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911, Geraniaceae—Burseraceae motrs of the ak ec aoe ae Garden. Price to members of the. “ c Gea $1.00 per volum others, $2.00. [Not offe el "5 be a Gasteeue Of the Flora of ains fom Pat Ee New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii + 138 p; plates. mae 9. Vol. Effects of the Rays of Radium 2 ened by Charles Stuart Gage viii & aa PP., ath 73 figures and 14 plates. rk ork pie Garden. A series of tec iss 5 pers written by students or members of the oe and reprinted from ‘paca othe than the above, Price, a5 cate each, $5.00 volume. Six volumes, — RECENT NUMBERS 25 Si EACH. 146. Payee Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Lower Californ 0, by Marsh: hall A. Howe. 147 Studies of West Indian Plants—IV, by N. L. B x . Lisi ey Hee lected on the Peary Arctic Eepediton of 190g bee etc., ydberg. i 149. Stas in » pois ay haa The Viability of the Spores ai: Fred. J. Sea Sie Ew YORK ble alancets GARDEN Parx, New York SEPTEMBER, 1912 No, 153 JOURNAL he New York Botanical Garden FRED J. SEAVER Curator CONTENTS : ‘ PAGE | Plants Needing Protection. —V. Bird’s Foot Violet (Viola pedata). . . . 135 ( 1 Exploration in Pinar del Rio, Cuba... . - - + ees tt tes 136 GlatchieHerbarlum. «6 2 ek ee 147 by Gennes th eres ati aeacaree Wie rene 4 ens 149 , News ndeGomment. 63.05 eos ete oe wee oe eye ee 150 PEI eee one here ey ek, Wilew ee we eh ea ee 152 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 41 NortH Quzen Street, LANCASTER, Pa Tue New Era Printinc CoMPany OFFIOERS 1912. Presipent—HON. ADDISON BROWN, Vice Piestand SaneORE CARNEGIE, TREASURER—JAMES A. sep i. SEcRETARY—DR. N. L. TTON. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1913. . PIERPONT MORGAN, GEORGE W. PERKINS, ES TIERNEY Term expires sole 1914 ERT W. pe FOREST, A. SCRYMSER. THOMAS H. HUBB. FRANCIS LYNDE Sraone MYL: EDWARD D. ADAMS, ADDISON BROWN, apa Term expires January, 1915. N. L. BRITTON, NE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W.jJ.M MATHESON, W. GILMAN THOMPSO 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ies PARKS, HON. nee B. vob THE pata OF THE CITY meets a HON. WILLIAM J. GAY NOR. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTO F. H, H. RUSB PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS, DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF, JAM P MP, PROF. WILLIAM J. GIE a ROF, yaeaeoes LEE, ON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. RDEN STA DR. - 0% Ae Director-in-Chief. betel Tn) bimeredie MURRILL, ‘Assistant Director. (Adm: ation.) DR. J sant Me Pe a Head Curator of the Wien rearer Plants.) DR. P. A. DBERG, Curator. (Fl S DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the La Boeltatians DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the mass es ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of M D i mone E co ee ee Tee ae of Bua ag Gee JOURNAL oF THE NEw York BoTANICAL GARDEN. PLaTE XCIX. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. X11] September. 1912. No. 153. WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION.! 5. “Brrp’s-FooT VIOLET” (Viola pedata L.). After the spring is well advanced, and most of the other violets have been in bloom for nearly two weeks, the bird-foot violet comes to show how lovely a violet can be! Its flowers are larger and more delicate in color than any other of our wild species, the petals spread with a jaunty air, like a pansy, and vary in color from deep violet to pale lavender or white. They stand above the leaves on long stout pedicels and when growing in masses, as they used to on the Hempstead Plains of Long Island and Todt Hill on Staten Island, are as showy as any of the Alpine violets of Europe, comparing favorably with the long-spurred pansy of the Alps, Viola calcarata. The leaves give the plant its specific and common name from a fancied resemblance to a bird’s foot. They are palmately divided almost to the base, into narrow segments which are entire, or again divided into 3-5 wedge-shaped subdivisions. There is great variability in the shape and size of the leaves and they also vary from nearly smooth to quite hairy. The rootstocks are erect and stout, scaly above, and bear a large number of leaves and flowers on each, so that the temptation is to pull up the whole plant at once. When growing luxuriantly, they sometimes reach a foot in height with a dozen or more flowers open at once. The leaf-stalks and pedicels are tinted with purple and vary from 2 to 6 inches or more in length. The two upper petals are bent backward over the short spur, the two lateral ones are spreading 'THustrated by the aid of the Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Flants. 135 136 and the lower is broader and keeled, paler and veined with dark purple stripes, the base projecting to form a spur, in which a fragrant honey is found. The stamens are five, the two lower ones spurred, and all bear an orange-colored prolongation beyond the anthers, which project and surround the green club-shaped stigma, with a very small central stigmatic surface. The ovary is'superior, one-called, three-angled, three-parted when ripe and bears the seeds in three rows on the walls. The five sepals also are unequal, thickened at base and auricled. The peculiar structure of the stamens and the fact that two of them have claws extending down into the honey-bearing spur are evidently aids in the fertilization by insects, and many of the violets are known to hybridize. Viola pedata was named by Linnaeus in 1753 in his Species Plantarum but it was first described and figured by Plukenet in 1691 as “Viola virginiana tricolor, foliis multifidis, cauliculo aphylla.” In the vicinity of Washington, D.C., and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the form known as bicolor, in which the two upper petals are dark purple, is more common. About one hundred and fifty species of violets are known from all the temperate parts of the globe. A few occur at high altitudes in the tropics. The Violaceae comprise fifteen genera and three hundred species, widely distributed; some of them are trees. ELizaBETH G. BRITTON. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN PINAR DEL RIO, CUBA.* Dr. N. L. Britton, DiRECTOR-IN-CHIEF. Sir: Embarking from New York, Saturday, November 11, 1911, I arrived in Havana the following Wednesday and reached the quaint old town of Guaneon November 17. A wind and rain- storm, which the Cubans call a “cyclone,” continued for three days, causing much loss throughout the western part of the province, by destroying the young tobacco plantations and flood- * The work here described was made possible by the liberality of Mr. Ogden Mills. 137 ing the valleys. The broad fertile valley of Rio Cayaguateje became a vast lake-like body of débris-covered water; the railroad was washed out and communication with the outside world cut off for over a week, consequently active field work was delayed until the 22d. Guane was made headquarters until the end of the year, during which period frequent excursions were made into the surrounding region, in which there are several distinct formations. The palm- and pine-barrens to the northwestward are a rolling country of clay, quartz and sandstone. It is very barren except in the depressions at the head of and along the many small brooklets, the wet places and margins of which are very rich in moisture-loving plants, such as Pinguicula, Utricularia, Drosera, Xyris and some arborescent plants such as “palma cana” Sabal sp., ‘‘manaca’’ Geonoma sp., “‘cana prieta”’ Paurotis sp. As the brooklets unite into arroyos and rivers, the royal palm becomes conspicuous in the resulting rich valleys, in which small farms (vegas) are developed; these are devoted principally to the cultivation of tobacco, a very precarious crop, of which it is said that but one paying crop in five years is secured. The higher dryer portions are mostly covered by small wiry grasses and low shrubs with “cana blanca” Copernicia sp. as the predominating feature. On flat, higher elevations, the surface of which is seen and these are usually short, much contorted individuals representing very few species. orthward and westward toward Mantua the hills become higher and rougher, shale and more quartz is seen, the pine trees are larger, often forming small forests, in which a three- leaved species occurs sparingly, and in the Cop icesions which are not large enough for cultivation the “palma cana’”’ is usually replaced by the “‘ palma barrigona” Colpothrinax Wrightw. This often occurs in large groups composed of plants of all ages, from the young with cloth-covered trunk to the 138 thickly swollen middle aged plants and the less common very old plants with a long slender prolongation of the trunk above the swollen mass. An excursion across this region to Mantua was made December 28 and 29 in a ‘‘valante,”’ the prevailing conveyance of this vicinity, which afforded an unex- pectedly comfortable method of securing specimens of the plants of this section of the island. From Mantua which, aside from the fertile lands bor- dering the river of the same name, is surrounded by a bar- ren region similar to that described above, I went afoot to Arroyos on the northwest coast, crossing a low flat ridge, once a pine forest of large tall trees of the three-leaved species. At this time very few live trees were to be seen, while hundreds of leafless ones were still standing. As there were no evidences of fire, in fact the ground covering was too scant to produce heat enough to kill such large trees, I was at a loss to account for such total destruction, until my Cuban companion explained that it was due to the strong wind of a previous cyclone. Beyond this pine land the plain gradually descends. Here richer land with great groves of ‘palma cana” and pasture lands with thickets of taller shrubs and larger trees extend to the little seaport, which was surrounded by mangrove thickets. We stayed here long enough to get some supper, returning to Mantua during the night, thus making it possible to get an early start next morning for Guane. The limestone sierra formation which has its southwestern termination in two large rock masses, one near each of the towns of Guane and Mendoza and bearing the name of the adjacent town, attains a height of probably less than 1,000 feet and is composed of a very hard black limestone which is very much broken and deeply fissured, with perpendicular precipices often several hundred feet high and eroded into strangely fantastic forms with very sharp apices. There are few pockets of red soil of any extent among these hills and their general aspect is barren, but much scattered vegetation, principally shrubs and small trees, secure a foothold in the rock crevices. Two very charac- teristic trees are common on the steep sides of these rocks, the 139 “palma de sierra” (Gaussia princeps) short and thick-stalked in its early stages but very slender in its tall, old and more promi- nent specimens, and ‘‘drago”’ (Bombax emarginatum) with smooth, green or yellowish-barked, much swollen trunk and sparse irregular branches; the inner bark of this tree is of con- siderable economic importance locally as a material for tying tobacco into bundles. It is called “majagua,”’ but is not to be confused with the bark of Paritium elatum, which is known here as ‘‘majagua real” and is also used in tying the bales of tobacco, which are entirely enclosed in ‘‘yagua,”’ the broad leaf-base of the royal palm. Neither the Cubano nor the more active Canary Islander, who have settled here in considerable numbers, venture up into these rocky hills, consequently there are no trails and the guides usually proved are unsatisfactory, being content after a little climbing to sit on a rock and decree that further ascent is impossible. As prudence suggested the inadvisability of going alone, it was not until Christmas day, after securing the services of a big negro who laughingly remarked when I engaged him, “that he feared I could not go where he would,’ that the summit of Sierra de Mendoza was reached without securing, however, many varieties that had not already been collected at lower altitudes. The reward for the exertion, however, was the finding of a beautiful cactus of the genus Mammariella, which grew in clumps in crevices of the highest rocks. It is very similar if not identical with the species that is known to grow on the rocks about the Bay of Guantanamo, near the south- eastern end of the island. The Rio los Portales which cascades its way through the northwestern base of Sierra de Guane in a row gorge, which, to my mind, is the most picturesquely beautiful spot it has been my good fortune to see in Cuba, offers some variation to the vegetation of this formation in its spray- covered rocks and moist banks which I believe are not found elsewhere. Two characteristic plants were noted, however, a white-flowered aster on the rocks and a fern-like aquatic clinging to the rocks underneath the swiftest currents of the many little water falls. 140 The valley of Rio Cayaguateje at Guane which is broad and fertile is given over to cultivation and pasture, except where occupied by shallow lagoons, the principal feature of which is an abundance of yellow water lilies, lesser quantities of a white one and a profusion of the water hyacinth (Piaropus azurea). They are often densely bordered with a very tall Cyperus and a tall thick-stemmed Eleocharis, the dried stalks of which under the name of “junca” are largely used in the manufacture of pack- saddles. . The fresh-water lake region lying south of Mendoza (Paso Real on old maps), from which it is separated by a flat ridge of palm- and pine-barrens, extends practically from Cortes Bay on the east to Guadiana Bay on the west. It is a very flat region, mostly white sand without any rocks, except a few small lime- stones near the shore of Laguna Los Indios. It supports a thin growth of a two-leaved species of pine, with several species of palms “cana blanca,” ‘‘cana prieta,’ and a silvery leaved Coccothrinax intermingled. The royal palm is very rare, being known only near the margin of Laguna Jovero and the barrigona palm occurs sparingly eastward of Laguna Herradura. The larger pine trees have been cut and sawed into lumber by portable sawmills, one of which was in operation near Laguna Herradura at this time. In the sands beneath these arborescent species and often in the bare spots in full sunshine, many varieties of small plants both herbaceous and woody occur. The lakes, of which there are quite a number, vary greatly in size, shape and depth and are grossly misrepresented on the old provincial map either as to size, outline, or location. They are beautiful bodies of sparkling, fresh, very pure water, as there are no streams in thisarea. The rainfall is filtered through the sand into these depressions. Their borders vary, some have a deposit of humus and black soil on the shore usually occupied by thickets of “cana prieta’’ Paurotis sp., extending to the water’s edge and large much contorted trees of a black-fruited “icaco” (Chryso- balanus sp.) which forms mangrove-like borders at various points, especially on Laguna Jovero. Others are bordered with shores of pure white sand and some have sandy thickets about them, 141 composed principally of an almost creeping white-fruited “icaco”’ (Chrysobalanus sp.), and a species of Afvrica. The coves of others abound in large aquatics and many of the shallow places are covered with a dense growth of a large Eleocharis. This region was crossed on foot for its entire north and south dia- meter; in fact I made collections all the way from Guane to the Caribbean coast and from La Fe on Guadiana Bay to well near the eastern side in this manner. The lakes examined were Los Indios, Jovero, Blancasales, Herradura, Bufeo, Alcatraz Grande and several lesser ones. The swamps to the south, known as Cienaga de Ramates, were crossed on December 18 by an old roadway waist-deep in water, which is slightly brackish and of a dark brown color, but little was secured from it. It is said to abound in small islands which might well repay the inconveniences and discom- forts incident to its exploration. South of this swamp is situ- ated a large area of peculiar red sandy soil, which is thickly populated, as it is one of the most important tobacco growing districts of Cuba. Las Martinas, a quaint but cleanly town, is the center of activities. Remates, prominent on old maps, is a very small place with a few wooden or thatched houses and is now called La Cayuca. I slept in Las Martinas on the nights of December 18 and 19, the day being occupied in an examination of the flora of the region southward to the coast. This consists of a gradually rising coastal lime rock covered with a dense growth of small trees and shrubs. It is broken off abruptly forming a high coastal bluff about 100 feet above the sea. This region too is grossly misrepresented on the maps, which indicate a vast swamp. The high coast of “dog tooth” lime rock was examined to the eastward in order to take another trail back into the cultivated area. The most interesting plant seen on this trip was an upright branching cactus with bright yellow fruit, probably of the genus Harrisia. The return to Guane was made December 20 via a ‘“‘guagua”’ that had been engaged to make a detour from the usual route to the camp on Laguna Jovero, in order to pick up the results of my work in the lake region. 142 As the above described region is quite extensive, barren and uninhabited with no guides available, its satisfactory exami- nation would have been a difficult proposition had it not been for the opportune presence of a corps of engineers of the Cuban Irrigation Commission, who were making an exhaustive study of the region. With a letter of introduction from Earle, who had made some special studies in the region for the commission, as well as a chance acquaintance with Sr. Augusto F. Cuervo, chief engineer, in charge of the work, I secured com- fortable quarters at their camp, situated on the shore of Laguna Jovero, where every comfort available in a well regulated camp was accorded me. The camp at the time was very short-handed so that a man could not be assigned to me, but access to the sketches of their various surveys and personal directions enabled me to go about the region with perfect knowledge and full confidence as to my whereabouts. It is to be hoped that the studies being made by these gentlemen will appear in published form in due time, as they would certainly be a distinct contri- bution to the geographical and topographical knowledge of Cuba. I here express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Cuervo and his associates for the kindness shown me during my stay with them. January I, 1912, I finished packing and moved to Los Palacios, where I was fortunate in securing accommodations with the family of Superintendent E. W. Halsted of the El Caimital Fruit Company, and which was made my base until February 8. On January 5, I went to Havana to arrange with Mr. Percy Wilson for the transportation of the Guane collection to New York with him, and after seeing him aboard the ship for New York returned to Los Palacios, which is surrounded by a flat region almost entirely given over to cultivation and pasture. The soil is a red clayey one underlined with a porous limonite rock and very low in iron. Small fresh-water lagoons are abundant; their muddy margins are usually grassy swamps and their surface largely covered by a yellow water lily, but none of the sand-loving plants secured in the region above described were observed. Many thickets were examined with indifferent results. The marsh ands along Rio Los Palacios, known as La Macurijes, were partly explored. _ 143 On January Io a trip was made on foot to the home of Pro- fessor Earle, northeast of Herradura. The interesting savanna westward of Paso Real with its mixture of pine-trees and barrigona palm (Colpothrinax Wrightiit) was crossed and many interesting plants collected. Many of them were identical with those of the lake region already described. Next morning several hours were devoted to the immediate vicinity of the Earle estate, the afternoon and a part of the night being spent on the return trip. A small stream flowing southward to the railroad proved to be a splendid collecting ground and consumed most of the afternoon. On January 17 a muleback trip was begun to the south coast passing through a level Pinus-Copernicia savanna. Southeast of the town frequent stops for collecting were made, especially at San Juan de Zayas. Our hammocks were swung in a Cuban hut at San Gabriel. That night ena the following we drank coffee out of “guira” tured savannas to the sandy pine lands near the coast known as Pinal de la Catalina and to the mangrove swamps at the mouth of Rio Los Palacios, returning to San Gabriel in the afternoon, where explorations were continued among the low river thickets. Next morning we crossed the river and the partly pastured, mostly savanna plain to and across Rio Caiguanabo 6 San Diego, thence northward across the Sabal savanna in which a few scattered pine-trees occur, recrossing the last mentioned river at Santa Monica and reached El Caimital late in the afternoon. On the 25th of January we started on mule-back for the north coast with the understanding that we were to cross the mountains in a northerly direction to Bahia Honda, but when the foot-hills were reached my “ practico”’ said it was impossible to get through as the cyclone had destroyed the trail (everything is blamed on the cyclone in these parts). I was inclined to discharge the guide and return, but having had considerable difficulty in securing one for this trip, I concluded to make the best of it and followed westwardly along an old road to a point some distance back of 144 San Diego de los Banos, where we struck a trail going north. Crossing over a low shale hill forested with large trees of the vening fertile valleys, we reached the shack of friends of the guide considerably after dark, and I learned that we were at alalon. Next morning as considerable of the route over which we came the previous evening was retraced, it dawned upon me that my guide who was well acquainted and evidently once a resident in the neighborhood had used this opportunity of scattered shrubbery, observing tree ferns and the ‘‘manaca palm in the ravines. Finally we came to the fertile limestone valley San Pedro del Caimito, followed the river for some distance then crossed a low ridge to near San Jose de Sagua, at the western base of the limestone mountain Pan de Guajaibon, said to have an altitude of 2,532 feet and undoubtedly the highest point in western Cuba. From here we crossed the eastern base of Loma Cajalbarra, a flat-topped serpentine ridge nearly as high as the neighboring ‘‘Pan”’ and said to be about 15 miles long. uch of it is covered by a deposit of earthy red limonite which supports a rather dense forest growth of large tall pine-trees, apparently identical with the pine-trees of Oriente. This region is unlike any other in western Cuba, but resembles the iron ore region of Sierra Nipe. We came to a house just before dark where we secured food and swung our hammocks in a tobacco barn. This was at San Marcos, about two miles from La Mulata, which place I had hoped to reach that night. Next day, however, I found that it was just as well that it had not been reached, for instead of there being a town as indicated on the map, there was only a small “tienda” (store) at which we could have fared no better. The north coast which is of soft limestone and sticky yellow soil was visited, 145 but nothing of note was seen or collected. From here we proceeded eastward over an old and much neglected road crossing several small rivers, whose banks afforded some addi- tional specimens and whose course would seem to justify further exploration as the vegetation is rich and of tropical appear- ance. After passing through the old town of Las Pozas, now tee by a few shacks, the sruire as ruins of an old k church and the crumbled wails of former houses, and ae Rio San Miguel, we passed over a peculiar formation of soft stratified yellow rock that seemed to be a mixture of sand and limestone eroded into small conical hills evidently very fertile, as the royal palm.grew upon their summits and sugar-cane was cultivated up the sides to the very top, but the most striking thing about them was that the tall river bank grass ‘‘cana brava”’ grew up the sides of these apparently dry hills. Near the roadside of this region was a large pool entirely covered by a dense growth of Chara. Buenaventura, the headquarters of the Buenaventura Fruit and Land Company, was reached in the afternoon. This was used as a base by Mr. Percy Wilson about a year ago, when he made an exploration of the region about Bahia Honda, and I was well received by his friends. I remained here over night in surroundings greatly in contrast to that of the several preceding ones, and I owe to Mr. John G. Keyser and to Mr. and Mrs. Gates my sincere thanks for their attention and hospitality. Next morning, Sunday, I started southward from Bahia Honda, wishing to reach San Diego de Tapia in the middle of the moun- tains early in the afternoon, and as an American concern had quarters established there, hoped to spend the remainder of the day collecting in the neighborhood, but although my practico had instructions from the folks at Buenaventura and claimed to know the way, the place was missed and we had to travel for some time after dark before coming to a Cuban home, where we stopped for the night swinging our hammocksina granary. This was called El Rosario, of which there are many in the province, and is well south of the divide as it required but a short time next morning until we had occasional glimpses of the southern 146 plain. We struck the plain somewhere north of Chirigota, where we came to the Havana-Pinar del Rio macadamized road, which we followed westward through Santa Cruz de los Pinos to Los Palacios. We crossed the Taco Taco River about noon and lunched under the shade of the iron bridge. Here the river has a soft limestone bed and some collecting was done northward along its rocky course to where it becomes a deep body of quiet water in which large numbers of big fish and turtles were seen. This trip of five days in the saddle covered a considerable stretch of country, and although many short stops were made to collect, only 150 numbers were secured, which does not indicate that the region was poor in botanical material, for it is quite the contrary, especially the well-watered fertile limestone hills south of Bahia Honda which were crossed in considérable haste and partly in the dark. However, it gave me a knowledge of the country that may be of service for future work. The siliceous formation with its attendant pine-trees extends entirely across the island, southward in the form of a sandy plain and northward in a series of shaly hills, cutting the limestone range of mountains, which extends from Sierra de Anafe, near of usually perpendicular sharp-pointed peaks of a hard black lime- stone, comparatively dry and barren of much vegetat Th eastern hills are less abrupt, compossed of a lighter eae softer and more stratified lime rock usually well watered and covered by a rather dense forest growth, and apparently devoid of the two most striking arborescent features of the western hills, the slender “palma de sierra”? and the grotesque “drago.”’ The extensive serpentine limonite formation with its large pine forest, known as Loma Cajalbarra, is entirely distinct from the rest of the afore mentioned formations, and as it had been visited by Wright in December, 1863, it may possibly harbor some of his rare pine land plants that we have as yet failed to find. At any rate it must harbor many species not occurring elsewhere in western Cuba. Pan de Guajaibon, supposedly the highest point in the western part of the island, has a somewhat different 147 aspect than the limestone sierras of either of the other groups and may belong to a different formation. Wright mentions having ‘‘climbed it twice,’”’ but what its plants are really like can only be ascertained by an ascent, which is probably not as difficult as it would seem to be. The preservation of the collections, interspersed with some short local excursions and the final packing of all accumulations, occupied the time until February 8, when I moved out to Havana, where I had to remain for several days to arrange for the ship- ment to New York of the Los Palacios collections. On February e ol Havana-Regla road, on which is supposed to be the type locality of the mysterious Cocos crispus, and my previous opinion of its being based on plants of Acrocomia was confirmed by the presence near the road of several specimens of that palm cacao a Sabaieed: J. A. SHAFER. THE McCLATCHIE HERBARIUM. The entire herbarium of the late Professor Alfred James McClatchie, of Throop Polytechnic Institute, Pasadena, Cali- fornia, has recently been purchased by the New York Botanical Garden. It contains the following specimens, many of which are valuable types: PAC Ge oS fog Saha ee tata 784 Glin miaw Sarees dailies Ghoul awk Dee teed aed 1,835 Lichen: ic.c aed cere ens Moa dia ahs ecle Baaeaa aie bee ¥ 78 Liverworts) 6c¢i23. 4203 2tas et Phe ered 22 IM OSSES ioe ction: ot 2 eiahg “Cs tt a x ee 390 Ferns 5.4. edis sac enay aia aon aden doulas Mads nee Plants’. ic ahs po deac ee eer iaeeas 2,630 AD Otaliirciicrsse wean hath setna sn eau sh alates 5,806 Professor McClatchie entered the University of Nebraska in 148 the fall of 1889, coming from Olivet College, Michigan, and received the A.B. degree the following June. Dr. Bessey states that all of his botanical work at the university was of the highest grade. Because of weak lungs, he spent most of the remainder of his life in California. His chief publications are the ‘Flora of Pasadena and Vicin- ity,” being a contribution to Reid’s ‘History of Pasadena,” printed in 1895, and the ‘‘Seedless Plants of Southern California,” printed in the Proceedings of the Southern California Academy of Science 1: 337-398. 1897. The former work is based on col- lections made by himself and his wife in 1892 and 1893, the difficult specimens having been sent to Setchell, Ellis, Morgan, Peck, Underwood, Barnes, Hasse and others for determination. Duplicate specimens are to be found in the herbaria of many of these men. The total number of species and varieties of all kinds of plants listed is 1,056, of which 62 are new, although none are described in this work. The higher fungi were collected chiefly from January to June, and the leaf-inhabiting forms during the rest of the year. Alli of the gill-fungi pronounced edible were tested by the author personally. About fifty gill- fungi remained undetermined. An idea of the scope of the work may be obtained from the number of species listed under certain groups of fungi, as follows: Tremellaceae 3, Thelephoraceae 17, Clavariaceae 4, Hydnaceae 4, Polyporaceae 19, Boletaceae 1, Agaricaceae 74, Gasteromycetes 17. n the later work on the seedless plants of southern California, the total number of species listed is 1,033, of which 630 are fungi, 81 bryophytes, and 33 pteridophytes. Of the rI02 species of Agaricaceae, in 38 genera, 7 species are here described as new, and these are the only descriptions in the work. The Gaster- omycetes are represented by 20 species in 15 genera. Other Tremellaceae 5, Thelephoraceae 23, Clavariaceae 4, Hydnaceae 5, Polyporaceae 27, Boletaceae 2. In addition to specific names and generic keys, notes on the occurrence, habitat, and host plants are given in most cases. W. A. Murri_e. 149 LAWNS RUINED BY THE WHITE GRUB. The white grub has appeared in great abundance on the lawns of the New York Botanical Garden this summer, completely killing the grass in many places so that the sod may be rolled up by hand. This grub is the larval form of the June bug or May beetle, which deposits its eggs in the grass on the lawns about midsummer. The eggs soon hatch into tiny grubs which live upon the roots of the grass for the remainder of the season and also during the two succeeding seasons, when they burrow several inches into the ground, change into the pupa stage, and emerge early the following summer as mature beetles. These grubs have been in the lawns of the Garden for several years, but they were not noticed because of the severe droughts and were not plentiful enough to entirely kill the grass. They are now so abundant that a gallon may be collected from an area seven yards long and six yards wide. We have killed great numbers of them by hand after raking off the dead sod with an ordinary garden rake, but this process is too slow and tedious for an area of several acres. A flock of starlings which lives upon the grounds of the Garden has been very diligent in destroy- ing these grubs. In many places, the dead sod is filled with holes made by the bills of these birds in their search for the grubs. By turning up the sod with a light cultivator, we have enabled the starlings to get at the grubs more quickly. A small flock of crows has also worked with the starlings early in the morning before visitors usually arrive. Several remedies have been suggested for the white grub, but none of them appears to be entirely effective in the presence of an epidemic like the present one. In the Middle West, where this grub is very common and very destructive, grass- lands are ploughed when affected and sown in corn and other annual crops. Farmers often plough a few furrows across a field and turn in the hogs, which after once started go through the entire field after the grubs. The most effective remedy is probably to plough lightly and have a flock of chickens follow the plough. Scveral chemical poisons have been suggested, 150 but these have not been sufficiently tested as yet to make a recommendation. We have noticed here that the white clover is not attacked by the grubs, and this observation is borne out by the observations of others in various states. We will therefore plough up portions of the lawn most badly affected and sow them in white clover as quickly as possible, about three quarts of seed to the acre, then top-dress with well-rotted manure after the ground is frozen. The white clover is hardy, thrives well on sterile or rocky soil, and makes a very fair lawn without an admixture of grass. Ifitis true that this clover is not attacked by the white grub, the larvae now in the ground will die for lack of food and those already in the pupa stage will emerge as mature insects and fly away, probably not depositing their eggs in the clover. After the ground is free from insects, grass seed may be sown in the clover late in the year, and it will work into the ground during the winter and germinate the following spring, resulting in the usual lawn of mixed grass and white clover. Where lawns are not conspicuous, it might be well to grow red clover or alfalfa upon them for a time, cutting off the hay for a season or two, then ploughing and sowing the usual lawn mixture of grass. In this way, the soil would be much improved and the grubs exterminated. W. A. Murri_t. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton returned recently from a collect- ing trip in the Bermuda Islands. Dr. C. B. Robinson has returned to the Philippines to con- tinue his work on the flora of the islands. He has been assistant curator in the Garden since January. Professor Girolamo Molon, of Milan, Italy, accompanied by Mr. Guido Rossati, of the Italian Consulate of this city, visited the Garden on August 21 to examine experiments in plant breed- ing now in progress. 151 Mr. Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, California, has recently sent to the Garden a dozen varieties of spineless cacti, some developed especially for forage and others for their edible fruit. Professor Guy West Wilson, of the North Carolina Agricul- tural Experiment Station, has been awarded a research scholar- ship at the Garden for the month of September to aid him in his researches on parasitic fungi. .Mr. Wilson will continue his work during the year as a graduate student of Columbia University. Mr. L. R. Waldron, superintendent of the Sub-station at Dickinson, North Dakota, visited the Garden on September 14 in order to attend the lecture by Professor Hugo de Vries. Professor M. T. Cook, of Rutgers College, New Jersey, accom- panied by his assistant Mr. C. A. Schwarze, attended the lecture at the Garden on September 14. Dr. C. Houard, maitre de conferences in the Faculty of Sciences at Caen, France, visited the Garden on September 16. Volume 17, part 2, of North American Flora was issued Sep- tember 13, 1912. This part is devoted to species of grasses belonging to the family Poaceae of the order Poales. The entire part, consisting of 97 pages, is by Mr. George V. Nash. Professor Hugo de Vries, director of the Botanical Garden at Amsterdam, Holland, visited the Garden on September 14 and delivered a lecture on ‘‘Experiments in Mutation,” after which he was the guest of honor at a dinner given by Professor R. A. Harper, of Columbia University. In 1904 he first visited New address at the Carnegie Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, gave a course of twenty-five lectures in the University of California and five lectures at the University of Chicago, and lectured at the New York Botanical Garden. He again lectured at the Garden in 1906 on his way to the University of California to deliver a second series of lectures there. The special occasion which brings him to America at this time is the opening of the Rice Industrial Institute at Houston, Texas, in October, where he will make one of the dedicatory addresses. 152 Meteorology for August.—The precipitation for the month was 2.54 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 84° on the 6th, 94° on the 14th, 92° on the 24th and 89° on the 26th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 51° on the 4th, 50° on the 17th, 57° on the 22d, and 46° on the 30t ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. from southern California, being the herbarium Mrs. A. J. McClatchie.) tly ye from Mrs. A. J. latchie. 6 specimens of plants, m McCla (By exchange with Professor 5,80 of Professor A. J. McC. a 36 specimens of flowering plants from Colorado. F. E. er 870 mens of flowering es and ferns from North America. (By exchange with Ge te ited States National Muse 5 specimens of crude drugs. re Dr. H. H. Hoan ) 2 Raraaias a woods from Colombia. (Given by fe) di. fi St. Domingo. we eecianee os Professor men ieee Urban.) specimens of Rhus from Michigan. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper.) 2 photographs of Agave Roseana from Lower California. (By as with the United States National eum. 2 specimens of panier cre and ferns from Idaho. the University of Wyoming.) 4 specimens of flowering plants from Hong Kong. (By exchange with an (Given by Dr. C. B. Robin- son 78 specimens of polypores from Rhode Island. (By exchange with Mr. H. G. MacMillan.) 53 specimens of fungi from Cadillac, Michigan. (By exchange with Dr. H. D. House. 2 specimens of Boletus from Washington, D.C. (Given by Mr. W. T. Swingle.) 2specimens of Diaporthe from Pennsylvania. (Given by Professor D. R. Sumstine.) s of fungi from Ithaca, New York. (By exchange with Cornell sp e: University, through Professor G. F. Atkinson.) n of Avisaema pusillum from New York. (Given by Mrs. N. L. hidostigium recurvans from Connecticut. (By exchange with Dr. George E. Nichols.) 1 specimen of moss from Kansas. (Given by Mr. B. F. Bush.) z2specimens of lichens from oe del Rio, Cuba. (Given by Dr. Eugenio Cuesta. 6 specimens of Sclerotium rhizodes from New Jersey. (Collected by Dr. A. B. Stout.) 1538 4 specimens of fungi from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor Ellsworth Bethel.) 3 specimens of fungi from Pennsylvania. (By exchange with Professor D. R. Sumstin 1 specimen of Chuetosphaeria brevispinosa. (By exchange with Professor G. F. Atkinson.) 2 specimens of fungi from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor Ellsworth the! 2 specimens of fungi from Alabama. (By exchange with Professor Fred. A. Wolf. 32 specimens “ Ascomycetes"’ Fascicle 50. (Distributed by Dr. Heinrich Rehm.) 1specimen of Helvella californica from California. (By exchange with F. Roorbach.) i specimen of Ustileyo Sacchari from the Philippines. (By exchange with Dr. C. B. Robinson. 1 specimen of Lachnea scutellata from Washington. (By exchange with Dr. F. C Frye.) 1 specimen of eg Lorillaydinane Murrill from New York City. Mr. L. O. Ove ts.) 2 specimens - fleshy fungi from Oxford, Ohio. Bruce Fink.) (Given by (By exchange with Professor Epwarp D. Apams, Joun D. ArcHsoxp, Hon. Appison Brown, Pror, Epw. S. Burcess, Dr. Nicnoras M, Butter, a Pe oF ica) 4 & 8 o a Samuet W. FaircH 1p, James B, Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Rosert W. ve Forest, Aprian Iszuin, Jr, Wa ter B, JENNINGS, Joun I, Kang, Eucene Ketty, Jr, Hon. Sern Low, Members of the Corporation, Davin Lyne, Epcar L. Marston, W. J. MarHeson, Ocpen Mitts, J. Prerront Morcan, Tueopore W. Myers, ERIC R. NEWBOLD, Pror, Henry F, Oszorn, Lowe tt M, PatMer, Grorcz W. Perkins, Henry Puirps, James R. PITCHER, M. F, Prant, Joun D. RocKEFELuer, WititamM RocKEFELLER, Pror. H, H. Russy, Dr. Recinacp H. Sayre, Jacos H. Scuirr, Mortimer L, ScuiFr, James A, ScRYMSER, Isaac N, SeEticman, Dr. W. GitmAn THOMPSON, SaMuEL THorNg, Mytes Tierney, Louis C. TiFFany, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, W. K. Vanpersit7, Hon. Ecerton L. WinTHRop, Jr. PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garde Jou of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, pee con- Si ae and non- Bean articles of general interest. Free to of th Ga a - others, 10 a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its eee von ologia, bimonthly, illustra ted ji in color and otherwise; devoted to fun, ngi, beens lichens ; containing technical articles and news and notes of general in- tes 3-00 a ba ; single copies not for sale, [Not offered in exchange.] Now its fourth volume, Bulletin of the New Bali Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports ¥ of the ern ee -Chief and other official documents, and te a so an a cay ig results of investigations pee ut in the Garden. Fre the Garden ; to ots $3.00 per volume. Now in its eighth v aes Nort! in Flora. Descriptions of the wild ae of North Ameri Se Gr cela te West Indies and Central Ameri ie to be mi leted in 32 Roy. aie Each volume to consist of four or more par Ssbscrption coe) es 50 per par t; a limited number of separate Bae will be = ate ach, ner ae base in Fae e. part 1, I — Fimetari : va : nae roe; cae = part 3, nies ” Ustilaginaceae—Accidiaceae_ (pa Ts Tol 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyp Agaricaceae (pars). Lists I A F ba sold had ately. Vol. 16, part I, 1909. Ophioglossaceae—Cyatheaceae (pars 8). Vol. 17, par! ve I, 1909 ; pai a 2, 1912, Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosaceae rs). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae—Burseraceae. of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the . 1903. ol. III, Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from meee © New York, by Arthur Hollick and emia Charles Jeffrey. viii + 138 p) with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures aa 4 plates. 1908. Coni 1 Garden. A series of tech- nical pre written ae eae or eagn of the staff, be: BA ase a from ene other than the above, Price, 25 c ach, $5.00 per Six volum CENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH 146. ied eae pineth Vv. eee Marine Algae of Lonel Califeeaian by Marshall A. How a Run of aoe dian Plants— V, by N. L. Britton, erg. 149. Stic in Props Sane The Viability of the Spores of Pyro: nem Fred J. Sea Ew YORK ene GARDEN xX PARK, New York airy OCTOBER, 1912 No. 154 JOURNAL oF New York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator CONTENTS ; PAGE 5 TE RS TET EBS AIGEAL HERS ANBS EIR) PUTA AC cer AAC ea a 155 in Yellowstone Park. ..-...-- SRD. Sn dic eam Seer aeons 160 ews MMOMOOMMEN bi aa so fo eae to ok sac erate hess wi ease ke 163 eer Brgy Thi gaye: aAiy Mays yg eee ney Le lense gy Ss 8 165 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 41 NortH Queen Srreet, Lancaster, Pa ny Tue New Era Printinc ComPary OFFICERS 1 ae dwaiftentis guess ey es ROWN, EW SrcreTary—DR. N, L. BRITTON BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTE ANAGERS. Term expires January, 1913. THOMAS H. HUBBARD, Jj. PIERPONT MORGAN, FRANCIS LYNDE eget GEORGE W. PERKINS, LES TIERNEY. Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS, ROBERT W. ae eee ADDISON BROWN, JAMES A. SCRYMSE Term expires January, 1915. N. L. BRITTON, ae NE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W. Jj. MATHESON, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, EXx- rhs MANAGERS. THE Pameriiie OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLic PARKS, HON. CH aie . STOVER THE Mayor oF THE City or New York, HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. ROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. swage EDWARD S. eaten PROF. R. A. HARPER, NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, tron. WILLIAM J. GIES, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. RDEN STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. ae evelopment, Administration.) DR. W. A. MURRILL, ‘Assistant Director. (Administration.) DR. JOHN K. nee es Curator of the Museums. (Flowering Plants.) RP. ¥ DR. cect AVER, Curator. uae y Plants.) il Plants. untan oe 7 eaten fear 2 of Buildings and pe * RNAL OF THE New York BoranicaL GARDEN. Puare C, ound caused by the larva of the leopard-moth in the trunk and branches of the marl left, side view of a burrow with the larva in place; right, face view of a ‘wound in a smaller branch. Reduced nearly one-half. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIII. October, 1912. No, 154. THE LEOPARD-MOTH. Wit Prates C, CI anp CII. Like many of our most destructive plant parasites this insect was introduced into this country from Europe. Its presence was reported in Brooklyn about twenty years ago, and a little later its destructive work was discovered in Central Park, New York. It is now thoroughly established in the East and is the most destructive of the wood-borers both on account of the extent of the damage accomplished by each individual and by reason of the large number of ornamental trees and shrubs which it attacks. The larva of this moth has been known and combatted to some extent in the New York Botanical Garden for several years, but it is only recently that the identity of the insect has been recog- nized. Since the identity and habits of any parasite must be known before it can be combatted intelligently the object of the present paper is to recall what is known of the habits of this insect and to call the attention of the public to the amount of damage which is accomplished by it with the hope of impressing upon them the necessity of the employment of more thorough means of suppressing the pest. LirE History. The larvae upon hatching make their way to the smaller branches, usually a crotch, and bore into the tissues of the host, increasing rapidly in size. At maturity the larva attains a length of two inches, and is a nearly cylindrical white grub with a brownish-black head and posterior segments. The larva may 155 156 be known by its large size and by the markings which consist of a number of black dots on each of the main segments, usually a pair on each side and two pairs near the dorsal side. Several writers have called attention to the migratory habits of the larva when partly grown; leaving the smaller branch in which it begins its work it proceeds to a larger branch, or in the case of comparatively young trees to the main trunk Here it bores out a large cavity often an inch wide and several inches long just under the bark. It then works toward the heart-wood, leaving a channel often one-half inch in diameter and six or more inches in length. The writer has observed one larva about an inch in length busily engaged in boring its way into the main trunk of a silver-maple about four inches in diameter a few inches above ground. The work was apparently just begun, for the cavity was shallow, and the body of the larva protruded from the new cavity half its length. It requires two years for the insect to complete its life cycle. At the end of the first season the larva is half-grown and has made its way to one of the larger branches. The caterpillar remains in a dormant state during the first winter and resumes feeding the next spring, and toward the end of the second summer attains its fullsize. The second winter is passed in this condition and the next spring they form their pupae near the surface. The adult, which is a large white moth with black spots, emerges in the early summer, being most abundant in late June or early July. The eggs are deposited either singly or in masses in the crevices of the bark, each adult depositing five hundred to one thousand. PLants ATTACKED BY THE INSECT. It is claimed by some that this insect attacks practically all deciduous shade-trees and many shrubs. A careful study of this insect in the New York Botanical Garden during the past season has shown it to be present on various trees and some shrubs, but some trees have thus far seemed to be free from the pest. The following account may be given of the plants attacked and the amount of damage resulting from this insect in our grounds: JOURNAL OF THE New YorK BOoranical GARDEN. Prare Cl. Unsightly scars resulting from the wounds made by the feopard-moth. 157 The trees most commonly attacked are the maples, especially the silver-maple and the sugar-maple. It is difficult to find a maple which does not, or has not, harbored one or more of these borers. When entering the small branches the latter are weak- ened and often broken. If not broken, the bark originally cover- ing the excavation made by the insect soon decays, leaving large holes in the sides of the branches, retarding their growth and often killing them thus disfiguring the tree. When the insect has entered the main trunk the attempts on the part of the tree to heal the wound results in the formation of large unsightly scars. These wounds are also the gateways for the entrance of other insects and fungi, and the wood is gradually decayed, weakening the tree and destroying its beauty. As the trees become older the insects restrict their attacks to the branches rather than the main trunk. A large amount of damage has also been done to the ash-trees by thisinsect. It is difficult to find an ash-tree one to three inches in diameter in our grounds which has not been attacked by one or more of these borers and usually in their main trunks. One or two of these borers in the’ main trunk of a two-inch tree will so weaken and disfigure it that the tree is worthless. Probably more damage has been done to the young recently planted ash- trees in the Garden than to any other tree, doubtless due in part to the fact that more individuals of this tree are planted than of the other favorite hosts of this insect. The box-elder is also a favorite host for this insect and damages to this tree are similar to those of the maples. This is probably of minor importance, since the box-elder is not so commonly planted. A few sepcimens were also obtained from cultivated shrubs, Spiraea sp. and Viburnum opulus. The basswood is also subject to considerable injury. A number of large larvae have been removed from the main trunks of bass- wood trees planted in conspicuous places in our grounds, although on the whole this tree does not seem to be attacked to the same extent as the ash and maple. Several specimens were also obtained from the main trunks and smaller branches of the pin oak. 158 In various places this moth has been reported as doing great damage to the elm. Although there is some evidence outside of the Garden that the elms are attacked, so far not a single elm has been found to contain this borer within our grounds. Of course it has been impossible to examine the branches of the larger trees, and although it has not yet been found on our elms it is probable that the elm is also subject to the attacks of this insect. It has been reported as attacking the tulip-tree, but none of our trees have thus far been found to be infected. The sycamore also seems thus far to be free from it. MertHops oF DETECTING ITS PRESENCE. During the early process of the boring the partly digested wood is thrown out of the opening made as the larva enters the tree and falls to the ground below. After the cavity becomes sufficiently large the opening is carefully closed by a whitish semitransparent web-like membrane. The opening through which the larva entered the tree being at this time completely covered, it is difficult to detect the point of attack except as guided by the droppings below. The wood around the wound however is usually darkened by the flow of sap, so that this will aid in locating the exact spot. The droppings are so char- acteristic that one can be reasonably certain of the presence of these insects by examining the ground underneath the tree. Guided by this the exact point of attack can also be located. On one occasion the position of a large borer was located in the trunk of a young ash-tree and a small hole was cut to make sure of the presence of the insect. Having no means of removing the larva it was left until the following morning. At this time the same tree was visited and it was found that the larva had carefully recovered the hole made into its burrow. It was again opened and the larva—in this case about two inches in length—was removed. The first step then in determining the presence of these insects is to carefully examine the ground under the tree for their char- acteristic droppings. It is then only the matter of a little time to locate the point at which the insect has entered the tree. JOURNAL OF THE NEW York BoTANICAL GARDEN. PLATE CII. Basswood broken as a result of a wound caused by the leopard-moth 159 MEANS OF CONTROL. The ‘‘key-note”’ in the control of this pest is “eternal vigi- lance.’ As has already been mentioned, it is comparatively easy to detect the presence of this insect, but unfortunately it is not usually detected until the worst of its damage has been done. If, however, young and newly planted trees were closely inspected during the summer it is possible that many of these larvae could be detected before they have penetrated far into the tree. If the trunk of the tree could be protected the smaller branches could be pruned off when infected without ruining the entire tree. The destruction of the larvae even after the damage has been done to the tree would still be beneficial in preventing the spread of the insect, and this is no small item, since a single adult is able to lay a large number of eggs. In several cases during this season the larvae have been detected just as they were penetrating the bark, and destroyed. In such cases a double purpose is served, the destruction of the larva and the protection of the tree ‘attacked. There are two ways of destroying the larvae after they have entered the tree—(1) by injecting a poison such as bisulfid of carbon into the burrow and stoppping up the hole with putty and (2) by removing the larva with a wire provided with a hook or barb at the end. It is as easy to remove the larva as to kill it with poison, and this is probably the surest means of getting rid of it. The channels are nearly Fereaae and so large that there is no difficulty in reaching them in this w: The smaller infested branches on old trees sahauld be removed and destroyed, and small trees which are badly infested in the main trunk should be replaced with healthy ones of the same kind, or as is still better, with those which are free from the attacks of this insect, if such trees can be found. The ash seems to be especially susceptible to this as well as to the ash-borer and it is doubtful if it should be planted to any great extent unless plans are made to guard it closely against these enemies. Local control of this insect in parks ought to be easily effected, since it is claimed that the adult female cannot fly far, but is often blown from one tree to another. If this is the case local 160 inspection of trees and destruction of larvae should yield bene- ficial results. Most strenuous means should be adopted for the detection and control of this insect in cities and parks, since it threatens the destruction of many of our most valuable shade-trees. FRED J. SEAVER. BOTANIZING IN THE YELLOWSTONE PARK. Miss Julia T. Emerson and Miss Winifred J. Robinson spent six weeks in July and August, camping and horseback riding in Yellowstone Park with a party under the direction of Professor Shattuck, of the Department of Geology, Vassar College. They made a collection of flowering plants for Vassar College and a small collection of fleshy fungi and mosses for the. New York Botanical Garden, taking photographs of many of these plants and the localities where they were found. ark boundary, about fifty miles from Cody, is marked by a military station, where every one who enters is properly registered. Miss Robinson had permission from the Department of the Interior to collect and remove plants from the park and carried a letter from Colonel Brett, military director of the park, instructing the soldiers to this effect. On the fifth day of July, when the party left Cody, Wyoming (6,000 ft. elevation), the mesa above the town was yellow with beyond that the cactus disappeared, the gray mountain sage giving the prevailing note of color except ae alfalfa and other crops were made green as a result of irrigation. From such desert-like conditions it was startling in one day to climb to Sylvan Pass and see the yellow adder’s-tongue piercing the edges of the snow-banks, and delicate blue and yellow violets 161 blooming in the middle of July. Near Lake Yellowstone in the long grass of the marshes the shooting-star suggested our culti- vated Cyclamen in color and form. Here too were the white smartweed and a dwarf yellow evening-primrose. A blue lily and a light yellow Anemone grew where water from the roadside springs trickled down. It was a most stimulating experience to climb from some 7,500 up to the 10,000 ft. of the summit of Mt. Washburn, and one’s eyes were bewildered in turning from the ever-widening view which, in the dry mountain-air stretched for fifty to seventy miles, to the variety of rock- and light-loving plants which made the roadside “with their beauty gay.” At the foot of the mountain there was an abundance of the low larkspur which is so injurious to cattle in the West, especially when it is uprooted after rains, so that they eat the root as well as the leaves. Along the slopes grew what might have been a snow-drop save for its yellow color. Higher up a yellow and a small red stonecrop formed their rosettes among the rocks. The white phlox, which had been seen in snowy patches along the tree-lined roadside, became small white stars, while at the bleak windy summit a crustaceous lichen formed the only vegetation. The descent on the southwestern slope of the mountain was through an Alpine garden, rivalling the high meadows of the Tyrol in splendor of color, in which the forget-me-not and other intensely blue flowers gave the prevailing tone. At Lost Creek a large-flowered member of the carrot family made the banks white and the beautiful pink blossoms of the twin-flower hid among its green leaves upon the pinnacled rocks, from which Lower Falls sent its white shaft down (100 ft.) to the water-worn boulders below. Close to the mud-geyser on the road to the cajion of the Yellowstone River, a little yellow Gerardia grew on the crusty lime formation in spite of the sulphurous odors which had killed the trees in the neighborhood. In the upper geyser-basin and at Mammoth Hot Springs the marvel was that so many things should grow in the vicinity of the geyser-cones. There were acres of the bluest of fringed gentians in Gibbon Meadows and these, 162 as well as the purple leek, grew in riotous profusion between Lone Star Geyser and the stream near it, while more wonderful was the luxuriant growth of green algae in the small stream near Fountain Geyser in water so hot that one could not bear to put his hand into it. In the flat lands near the smaller lakes to the south, the lodge pole pine woods were stretches of gray and blue, for here the blue lupine found most congenial conditions in the sunlight sprinkled through the scant tufts of needles and had a perfect background in the gray trunks. At Shoshone Lake the yellow pond-lily blossoms were of very large size and brilliant yellow, shading into deep orange, while rain made the shores of Lewis Lake abound in fleshy fungi about the first of August, species of Boletus Russula, and Lactaria being represented. At Snake River on the southern boundary of the park the coral honeysuckle gave pleasing change in color after the predominance of blue and yellow flowers. Here the sergeant of the military station had made a very decorative frieze of pressed and mounted plants for his room. The trees in the park are lodge pole and limber pines, fir, spruce, two species of poplar and willows. The forester in charge takes the utmost pains to prevent forest fires, which are a great menace to the beauty of the park, though the timber is not merchantable. The weight of the winter’s snow was evidenced by the curving branches of the pines and the height (ten feet or more from the ground) at which beavers had gnawed off the tops of the trees for their dams. Honeysuckles, species of Viburnum and Spiraea, wild currants and gooseberry bushes, and the white flowery raspberry grew along the wooded roadsides, while the sage-bush with stems six or eight inches in thickness grew in the drier, open and wind- swept areas. The mosses were apparently represented by only a few species and but one liverwort, a Marchantia, was observed. Altogether the effect of the massing of such quantities of a given kind of flower was more like what one sees in England than anywhere in the eastern United States. , a 163 NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Professor B. M. Davis, of the University of Pennsylvania, visited the Garden recently to make observations on the work in plant breeding. Professor C. C. Curtis is taking his sabbatical year of absence from active service at Columbia University. Dr. Jacques Huber, director of the Goeldi Museum of Natural History and of the Botanical Garden of Para, Brazil, who was in the city to attend the Third International Rubber Exposition, was a recent visitor at the Garden. Professor Francis E. Lloyd, recently elected MacDonald Pro- fessor of Botany in McGill University, Montreal, visited the Garden on September 27. Dr. W. A. Murrill recently spent two weeks collecting fleshy fungi at Lake Placid in the Adirondack Mountains. Mr. John F. Waby, head gardener of the Botanic Gardens at Georgetown, British Guiana, visited the Garden on Thursday, September 19. He has been located in Georgetown for thirty-five years, Dr. Ira D. Cardiff, formerly of Columbia University and the Garden, has recently resigned his position of professor of botany in Washburn College to accept the position of professor of plant physiology in Washington State College and physiologist to the Experiment Station at Pullman. Dr. F. D. Heald, professor of botany in the University of Texas, has resigned to accept the position of pathologist to the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Commission, Philadelphia Professor J. W. Harshberger, of the University of Pennsylvania, visited the Garden on October 9, to examine some of the south Florida specimens in connection with his studies in the phyto- geography of that region. Dr. C. A. Darling, of Columbia University, spent the summer in Europe, visiting a number of the principal botanical centers. 164 In addition to the many asters which may be used to brighten the herbaceous border in the fall, there are four other plants especially desirable at this time of the year. One of these is Polygonum polystachyum, a vigorous grower, with an abundance of feathery masses of white flowers, having a fragrance some- what resembling that of the common buckwheat, a relative of which it is. Stems three or four feet long are produced, each terminated with a flower cluster, the flowering period extending over several weeks, beginning in September. Another plant, sometimes known as the hardy A geratum, which will add a touch of blue to the fall border, is Conoclinium coelestinum, or Eupa- torium coelestinum as it is often called, a native of the south- eastern United States. The color of the flowers is much like that of the common Mexican Ageraium conyzoides, but this has the advantage of being a hardy perennial, while the other is a tropical annual. Another excellent blue flower is Aconitum Fischeri, a native of northern Asia. Its richly colored flowers appear late in August or early September, and continue up into October. One of the latest blooming of the sunflowers is Helianthus Maximiliani, of our own western country, and is the fourth of the quartet referred to. It is a tall stately plant, with drooping leaves, excellent for the rear of the herbaceous border. Its habit is graceful, and its starry bright-yellow flowers continue in profusion until late in the fall. In a bed devoted to the crowfoot family, on an elevation in the herbaceous grounds, are two trees of the North American papaw, Astmina iriloba, a member of the custard-apple family, Anonaceae, largely represented in tropical countries. These have matured a few fruits this fall. To those who like it, the fruit appears delicious, but it is an acquired taste with many. The tree grows naturally, chiefly in river valleys, from western central New Jersey to western New York, southern Ontario, Michigan, and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. It was very common along the banks of the Susquehanna River, at Harris- burg, Pennsylvania, where the writer lived for many years. At its best development it reaches a height of twenty feet and a trunk diameter of ten inches. The flowers are borne on the wood 165 of the previous year. The six petals are at first green, later becoming purple. The fruit, ripening in the autumn, is cylindric- oblong, and is four to six inches long and about one and a half inches in diameter. It is yellow when ripe, and is filled with an edible pulp and many flattened dark brown shining seeds, placed transversely. The genus Asimina is confined to the North American continent, some seven or eight other species occurring in the southeastern United States, especially in Florida.—c. v. N for the month was 3.80 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 90° on the 6th, 91° on the oth, 80° on the 16th, and 72° on the 26th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 60° on the 5th, 51” on the 13th, 48° on the 22d, and 37° on the 30th. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 2 specimens of Vitiaria from Panama. (By exchange with the United States National Museum). 26 photographs of specimens of the genus Siruthiopteris. (Given by Miss Jean Broadhurst. 4 specimens of boxwood and wood-cuts. ce ed Miss Alice Donlev y.) 1 drawing of tt pe speci f Wall (From the Royal Gardens, Kew, Englan 554 specimens from the Mexican boundary. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.) I sp of fe oe Lapponicum from Mt. Marcy, New York. (Given by Mr. a : White.) I specimen of the fruit of Cocos datil from Mexico. ag by Mr. J. C. Harvey.) 14 specimens of flowering plants from New Mexico. (Given by Professor . erell.) 1 specimen of Tetraneuris herbacea from Illinois. (By exchange with Field Museum of Natural History.) imens of Malpigiaceae from Panama. (By exchange with the United ae cree Museum. 1 walking-stick made of cocoanut-wood from Venezuela. (Given by Mr. W. O. Walcott.) 2 specimens of the fruits ey seeds of Canavali caribaea from Tobago, West Indies. (Given by Mr. W. E. Broadway.) Ce ae of specimens : Rubus. (By exchange with the Berlin Botanical Garden.) 166 150 specimens from North Dakota. (By exchange with Dr. J. Lunell.) specimens of flowering plants from Utah. (By exchange with Professor A. O. Garrett.) I specimen of Sambucus from Pennsylvania. (Given by Professor D. R. Sumstine.) 3 specimens of Rubus from the eastern United States. (Given by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie. I specimen of a moss from Arkan: (Given by Mr. B. F. Bush.) I specimen of Lycoperdon pers from Cee (Given by Mrs. Eloise Roorback.) Io specimens of polypores from Okazak, Japan. (By exchange with Mr. J. Umemura.) 1 photograph of Lycoperdon giganteum from Japan. (Given by Professor A. Yasuda.) € fact ford, Ohio. (Given by Mr. L. O. se ; specimens of fleshy fing from Stockbridge: Prey cee (Given b: D. D. Fi eld. mens of fungi from the Catskill Mountains, New York. (Given by Miss ieee Willey. 775 specimens of plants from sa and Oregon. (By exchange with the United ee National Mus 255 s “My eh Bo ae (Distributed by R. Maire.) 2 specimens ae fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Mr. George L. Fawcett.) 1 specimen of fungus from Colorado. (By exchange with Dr. F. D. Kern.) 3 specimens of fungi from North Dakota. (By exchange with Dr. J. F. Brenckle. 38 specimens of fungi from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor Ellsworth Bethel.) Io specimens of fungi from Iow (Given by Dr. F. J. Seaver.) Io specimens of fungi from nt Virginia. ee ee an Professor John L. Sheldon. 5 specimens of fungi from Ohio. (By pee with Professor B. Fink.) 3 specimens of fungi from Wisconsin. (Given by Dr. B. O. Dodge.) 31 specimens from New York. (Given by ee F. J. Seaver.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 6 plants of seca vaerium. (Give Mr. W. A. Manda.) 31 cactus plants for conservatories. 3 plants, 1 each of en gigantea, eae Oe and E. Wislizenti. (Purchased from Dr. R. E. Kuntze. 15 plants ‘ ntia. (Purchased from Burbank’s Experiment - Farm.) 8 plants for conservatories. (Given by Miss E. M. Kupfer.) ene from Montariosa Nursery.) 15 plants of Fragaria. (Given by Miss E. Kupfer. Ibs. (Given > ant of Bougainvillaea. (Given iy = G. Batchelor.) 167 5 Cuban cactus plants for conservatories. (Given by Brother Leon.) i plant of Mamillaria nivosa from Grand Turk. (Given by Mr. C. B. Frith.) a 2 2 t=] ine a on ° 7 ° ie} a oO * < sy to} ja ® a cd tz) =a > =] oq o < = > 25 @ a q o * ® A io] te . (Bye 1d.) 6 plants of Mozinna sessilifolia from Texas. (Given by Mr. J. W. Drummond.) 1 plant of Carex planteginea. (Given by Mrs. J. R. Delafield.) plant of Opuntia. (Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal and Mr. G. Sykes.) 22 plants of Dionaea muscipula. (Given by Mr. M. F. von Klein.) 14 orchid and cactus plants from Cuba. (Given by Mr. Manley Fitch Gates.) 30 plants of Drosera. (Given by Mrs. L. E. Frank. 9 bulbs from South Africa. (By exchange with Dr. C. hamberlain.) 2 plants of Opuntia. (By exchange with U. S. Dept. of Yeates through Mr. S. M. Tracy. 67 Cuban plants. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 2 plants of Mamillaria vivipaya. (By exchange with U. S. National, Museum, through Dr. J. N. Ros 142 cactus plants - conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. National Mu- seum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) plants of Opuntia. (By exchange with U. S. National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 2 plants of Gormania oregana. (By exchange with U. S. National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose 8 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry.) 716 plants derived from seeds from various om vi source I packet seed of Xanthoceras ih a (By eae with Fairmont Park.) 4 packets of Mexican palm s. (By exchange with Dr. J. C. Harvey.) 7 packets of Hawaiin seed. “Give by Mr. W. J. MacNeil.) 7 packets of seed. (Given by . H. Rusby.) 5 packets of seed. (By exchange with Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, India.) 4 plants of Dionaea muscipula. I1§ plants from Cuba. ie by Dr. N. L. Britton and Mr. J. F. Cowell.) 60 pints 108 ee Sanaa bean by Mr. R. Boeder.) (Giv y Dr. C. C. Curtis.) ; a ilies, (By exchange re ae Wn. Tricker.) I plant of Aerides virens. (By exchange with Messrs. Knight & Struck.) 2 orchids for conservatories. (By exchange with Messrs. Lager & Hurrell.) 4 plants of Nephrolepis muscosea. Pierson 45 plants of Comptonia peregrina. (Collected by Mr. James 125 plants for outdoor collections. xchange with Buffalo Botanic Garden.) I§ plants of Hevea brasiliensis, (Given by Messrs. Henderson & Korn. 5 plants for conservatories, from Cuba. (Given by Mr. H. J. Nix. 71 South African bulbs. (Given by Miss Ferguston, through a E. Billings.) h 3 plants of Vinca major aurea. (By exchange with Mr. Wm. Tricker.) 2 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Buffalo Botanic Se ) 9 plants of Agave. (By exchange with Missouri Botanic Garden.) I plant of Liparis ee (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) 27 plants from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 450 plants for outdoor collections. (punehacd: } 168 24 Costa Rican plants. (Given by Mr. i Wercklé.) 4 cuttings of Pereskia Nicoyana from Costa Rica. (Given by Mr. C. Wercklé.) 16 plants for conservatories. (By ene yen Bureau of Plant Industry.) _ cactus cuttings. (By exchange with U. S. . Museum, through Dr. J. N. 2 cactus plants for conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, . N. Ro: I plant of Trollius laxus. (Given by = he ae ) mh ata, by I plant of Helonias bullat (Given ‘o. L. Fra 1 plant of Leucothoé Catesbaei. (Give: eo ae H. P. Kelsey.) I plant of Phlox amoena. (Given by Messrs. G. = Fisher and G. W. Keitt.)} 5 plants of violets. (Given by Miss iat Mulford.) I plan ubus procumbens. (Given by Mr. J. ee Otis.) 1,751 plants derived from seeds from various sources. 5 seeds of the Nipa palm. (By exchange with the Daven of Agriculture, Manila.) 2 packets of Utah seed. (Collected by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. 3 packets of Cuban seeds. (Collected by oa N.L. Britton and Mr. J. F. Cowell.) i Dr. y . H. Rusby. I packet of seed of Mimosa platycarpa. (Given by Mrs. W. P. Cockerell.) i by B. W. Hunt.) d I packet of seed of Strongylodon lucidus. (Given by Mr. W. J. MacNeil.) x packet of Ipomoea seed. (Given by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell.) 6 packets of seed from Costa Rica. (Given by Mr. C. Wercklé.) 10 packets of seeds. (Given by Mrs. Francis Brown, pea Miss E. Billings.) i packet of Bidens seed. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) d P mt : ee : 4 3 : | | _ Epwarp D, Apams, - Joun D, Ancuzoz, -Grorce F, Baker, Eucengz P. Bicxnx11, Georce S, Bownorn, Pror. N. L. Bartron, “Hon. Apprson Brown, Pror. Epw. S. Burcess, Dr. NicHotas M, Butter, AnpREW CARNEG Pror. C, F. CHANDLER, Wiiram G. Cxoarez. Paut D. Cravatu, H. C, Fannesrocx, Samuet W, FatrcHixp, James B. Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Rozert W. ve Forest, Avrian Isexin, Jr, Watter, B. JENNINGS, NE, Joun I. a Evuczne Ketty, Jr, e Pror. James F. Kemp, Epw, V. Z. Lanz, Prov. Frevertc S. Leg, Hon. Szru Low, Members of the Corporation. Davip Lyoie, Epcar L. Marston, J. Prerront Morcan, W. Myers, Freprertc R. NEwBOLp, THEODORE Pror. Henry F, Oszorn, Lowe. M, PALMER, Grorce W. PERKINS, Henry Puipprs, James R. PitcHER, M. F. Prant, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Jacos H. Scuirr, Mortimer L. Scutrr, James A. ScrYMSER, Isaac N. SELIGMAN, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, Witu1am D. Stoane, Netson SmMitTH, James SPEYER, Francis L. Stetson, Cuar.res G. THomPson, Dr. W. Gitman THOMPSON, SAMUEL THORNE, Mytes TIERNEY, Louis C. TriFFany, Gzorcr W. VANDERBILT, W. K. VANDERBILy, Hon. Ecertron L. Winturop, IR. PUBLICATIONS of the New York B otanical Garden, hagraie di iustrated, ¢ pas notes, eae non-technical apc of general interest. Garden. To ot! Io cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in aE cares a ig Myc ‘cologia, bitouthies ‘liunirated 4 in color and ete des to facta lichens ; ; containing technical articles and news ai s of general ii t 7 erest. $3.00 a year; single copies ale for sale. [Not offered i fn eer in its fourth volume, Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results a eee rei t out in the Garden. Free to all members of Garden ; to others, $3.0! volume. Now in its eighth volume, Noi = American ae Descriptions of the wild plants of North Am in ae escinnds the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be co! pleted i volumes, oy. 8vo, Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Bsbsciption price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for a. aa plates ved i in exchange. Vol. Ape 1910. Nectriaceae—Fimetari Re | Vol. 7, vase a 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, aie ” Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiacea y (pars). ¢ Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). (Parts 1 and 2 no longer-sold separately. i Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. O ioglossaceae—Cyatheaceae (pars). Vol. 17, part 1, 1909; part 2, 1912. ‘Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). aot 22, parts I "and 2, 1905; parts 3.and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosa o “Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, I9II. Gennes: See 9% 3. ns from reer Ne York, by Arthur Hollick zr Edward Charles jai viii + 138 p, plates 1909 Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures an 14 plates. 1908. from the New York eee Garden. A series of tech: cal papers written ad Baha or agence of the ~ and reprinted from jou Bates than the above, Price, 25 c ach, $5.00 per volume. Six volumes. ECENT oe 25 CENTS BA 146. Phycological _ Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Tae Californi Mexico, by Marshal , ars! ae 1 A. How 147. ae of West Indian Plants— TV, by N. L 148. Li ut of a ants eee on the Peary Arctic aint of 1905-06, e y P. A. Rydber, : 149. Studies He pyeruilens Fungi—III. The Viability of the Spores of Pyro- nema, by Fred J. Seaver. ay NEw YORK ah dbealton GARDEN Park, New yon NOVEMBER, 1912 No, 155 JOURNAL oF New York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator NBS. \ career Sa) ° CONTENTS PAGE cal Explorations i in Santa Clara and Oriente. .... Appiby pent tiple rcree 169 ea a Paintings GiventotheMuseum.. ...... 172 p Fungi in the Adirondacks. ........-- Har yaa Yt Mmnibitionss . as ees eds pos we es ig deuriarsy te Shee aos 179 umn Lectures, ror2. tt es oT oreD MMMeCOINMION es hr whee akin dbs ee eel ee 8 we ne 182 Occ OSes SA Ee 0) Gee ee CURE eae * 183 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art 41 NortH Quzen Street, Lancaster, Pa py THe New Era Printinc ComPany FIOERS 1912 R TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRYMSER, SEcrETARY—DR. N. L. BRITTON. BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. oe expires ee 1913 THOMAS H. HUBBAR TERPONT MORGAN, FRANCIS LYNDE SeTaae Peace W. PERKINS, MYLE S TIERNEY. Term expires January, 1914. EDWARD D. ADAMS, ROBERT W. DE ee tt ADDISON BROWN, JAMES A. SCRYMSE Term expires oote 1915, N. L. BRITTON, J KANE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, MATHESON Ww. an W. GILMAN THOMPSO: 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS, HON. CH. sear B. pas OVER. THE Mayor oF THE C F NEw Soa ON. WIL Seen i Cas 3, SCIENTIFIC aatiai PROF. H. H. Tcheae PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS, oe R. A. HARP: DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES, ROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. R, GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. ager ee Chief. eae ae DR. W. A RILL, ‘Assistant Director. (Administration.) SE (Flowerle: : DR. ARTHUR oe ae “Caner (Fossil Plants.) age S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant. ERC Assis C DR. A. OUT, Director of the Laboratories. DR. 7 EeNoEe BARNHART, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Pale ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Cie ator om ss JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIII. November, 1912. No, 155, BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN SANTA CLARA AND ORIENTE Dr. N. L. Britton, DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF,. Sir: Arriving at Sancti Spiritus, February 13, where I had gone by rail from Havana, I found that the quarters at the hotel were such that it would have been impractical to remain there, so I had some difficulty in finding a suitable stopping-place until the Rev. H. G. Smith solved my problem by taking me into his own home, where he and his good wife did everything to make me comfortable. To them I owe much gratitude. Mr. Smith also helped me in various ways during the time I remained there. The surrounding region, which is given over almost exclusively to pasturage, was, at this time, quite dry. The various thickets also examined, but little was found along their banks. ne plant association. Here an upright cactus, probably a Harrisia, was of interest. The chief object of my coming here, however, was to examine the flora of the Banao Hills, but I found that I was at a poorly selected base for that purpose, being too far distant, so that little information concerning them seemed available and no one : 169 170 appeared to know of a guide with knowledge of the region. The meeting of Sefior Rafael Garcia-Rijo, who has large holdings in the region, resulted in suitable arrangements to get into these distant hills. He became greatly interested in my work, and introduced me to Mr. John B. Roosevelt, a retired American engineer, who had done considerable surveying in that region and was pleased to accompany me Accordingly we left Sancti Spiritus at daybreak on February 27, with two good horses provided by Mr. Roosevelt, going southward through a series of pasture-lands, crossing several small rivers and low ridges of what appeared to be micaceous shist formation, the flora of which was examined from time to time and some collections made. The town of Banao consists of a very few cheap houses, and like many other rural towns of the island has seen better days, but it would probably make a tolerable base for a more complete examination of the hills. To the north and west the hills are principally of limestone formation. Eastward and northward toward Sancti Spiritus, the hills seem to be of serpentine and micaceous shist. Lomo Obispo is the most prominent and highest of these, but as it looked very dry and was said to be entirely under pasturage, I did not think it advisable to spend the time necessary to reach and ascend it. From Banao we passed around the southern side of the hills, crossing over some of the foot-hills covered almost exclusively by ‘‘corojo,” Acrocomia fusiformis (Swartz) Cook, intermingled with low spreading trees of ‘‘guao,’” Comocladia sp., the rough bark of which is a favorite habitat for a bright rose-colored orchid, probably a Broughtonia, which grew in considerable abundance and by its bright rose-colored flowers, added a brilliancy to portions of the otherwise dull landscape. A variety of small shrubs but scarcely any herbaceous plants were seen in this association. Passing northward, after having forded Rio Higuarojo, across an old and long-abandoned sugar plantation, La Seiba, through forests, most of it seemingly of second growth, we reached the home of Mr. William R. Harrison, on the banks of Rio Unimaza, just before dark, having, it was said, traveled sixty miles that day. Mr. Harrison, his father and a brother 171 each have a home on the old Pitajones tract, and are engaged in planting coffee in the forests, both virgin and second growth. Their method is quite different to that practised in Oriente, as they remove very little of the forest growth the first year and undergrowth as the coffee plant requires the space. This method is an inexpensive one and is used by the Cubans, some of whom it is said have been very successful with coffee. The valley of the Rio Unimaza is quite broad and fertile in this vicinity, its altitude being about 1,000 feet. It is very thinly settled, but there are abundant evidences of a former prosperity, such as a very large individual of the Mexican rain tree, Pithecolibium Saman, in the forests and that African pest, Dichrostachys nutans, \ocally called ‘‘aroma,’”’ forming thorny, impenetrable thickets of great extent, some of these trees attain- ing a trunk diameter of six inches. In the forests, especially along the streams many interesting plants were seen and collected. The surrounding hills vary considerably; some are very rocky, quite dry and barren; others being moister, support a rich growth of trees and smaller plants. I got as far north as Ciegos de Ponciano where, in a rich rocky valley, I saw for the first time the Cuban walnut, Juglans cubensis, a fine large tree with a trunk diameter of three to four feet. I remained here until the morning of March 3, during which time the Harrisons did all they could to aid me. One of them usually accompanied me on my excursions into the forests, and to them I owe my sincere thanks. Returning to Sancti Spiritus by the same route, with frequent stops for collecting and at a place called Rincon, secured specimens of the leaf fiber of the “‘ corojo ”’ in two grades; the finest called ‘‘ pita corojo”’ is stripped from very young leaves of this spiny palm. It is plaited into bridles, and various other parts of harnesses. ‘‘Cascara corojo”’ is a coarser grade and is used to make rope. Several days were required to dry and pack the collections preparatory to moving on to Manzanillo in Oriente, the environs of which are mostly sugar-cane plantations or pasture-lands and little was obtained in the hill or coastal thickets which I examined. I operated as 172 far inland as the town of Yara mostly through pasture-land on dry savannas with discouraging results until March 14, when I moved on to the historic town of Bayamo, the immediate vicinity of which I found to be quite similar to that of Man- zanillo, and as the foot-hills of the Sierra Miestra are a con- siderable distance to the south and as I was due to join your party at Santiago, I spent but two days—February 15 and 16— afield there, passing on to Santiago where I made an excursion to San Juan Hill and the river valley beyond, until I joined you on March 21, after which I participated in the various excursions by yourself and Professor Cowell as far as Ensenada de Mora from which place I returned to Santiago April 1, packed and shipped to Antilla my own collections, and those of your party left at Santiago. Having a day to spare, I went as you suggested to Holguin in quest of a further supply of that rare little cactus, Coryphantha cubensis Britton, discovered by me several years ago on a ser- pentine hill northwest of town. This was secured on March 4 with the kindly assistance of my good friend Angus Campbel after five hours of diligent search. A few other plants not collected in this region heretofore by me were also secured. Next evening I arrived in Antilla and sailed the following day from Nipe Bay, and arrived in New York, April 10, I912. Respectfully submitted, SHAFER. CHINESE TEA PAINTINGS GIVEN TO THE MUSEUM A series of twelve Chinese paintings representing the culti- vation and preparation of tea were presented to the Garden early in the year by Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, of this city, one of the members of the Garden Corporation. They were brought from a century ago, and were probably painted about the middle of the eighteenth century. Dr. Sayre says they used to hang in a large hall in his old home and are associated with the earliest 1738 recollections of his childhood. The pictures are in their original frames and measure 23 X 28 inches; the canvas used is of very high grade and the brush work exceedingly delicate. The perspective is excellent, showing that the generally accepted idea that Chinese artists are lacking in this respect is incorrect. These paintings have been renovated and carefully mounted in four panels placed on the broad landing between the main floor and the second floor of the museum, directly opposite the main entrance of the building. At present, they are not arranged in series, but are grouped so as to give harmonious and pleasing effects and to display each picture in the best light. Taking the panels in order from left to right and the pictures from top to bottom, the subjects represented are, as follows: Tea leaves being carried from the fields in baskets by laborers. Tea leaves being tasted by women to determine their quality Women receiving baskets of green leaves from the field cid taking them to the uring house. Field of tea plants with women picking the leaves Tea leaves being dried over slow fires, mainly by women. Women assorting the finer grades of tea. Laborers planting tea. Cheaper grades of leaves being dried over fires by men. Grading, packing, and shipping the dried t Laborers preparing the soil for the planting of tea. Sprinkling the small tea plants with liquid manure. ringing tea from a rural plantation to a tea merchant, the ceremonies accom- anying a sale being indicate The usual tea-picking scene, reminding one of cotton-picking in the southern United States, is notably absent from this series. The presence of so many women and the comfortable houses figured indicate that the better grades of tea are being handled. The word ‘“‘tea’’ in China may represent a wide range of vari- ations, from the costliest products of the real tea plant to the cheapest substitutes made from the leaves of willows and other wild shrubs and herbs. W. A. MurrILe. COLLECTING FUNGI IN THE ADIRONDACKS. Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrector-1n-CHIEF. Sir: Following your instructions, I spent the last half of July and the first half of October, of the season just passed, in the Adirondack Mountains making a general collection of fungi. An attempt was made to get complete descriptive notes from the fresh specimens of most of the gill-fungi collected, to be used later in publication, and in this I was assisted by Mrs. Murrill, who made sketches of many of them in their natural colors. Lake Placid was selected as a base and excursions were made by boat and otherwise to desirable collecting regions in the vicinity. Many different kinds of localities were visited, such as pure forests of pine, balsam, and spruce, tamarack swamps, sphagnum bogs, sugar-maple groves, deciduous woods, mixed coniferous and deciduous woods, open fields, and exposed, mossy hilltops. The higher mountains were not visited because we were not there at the proper season for collecting above three thousand feet. It was not our expectation to add many novelties to the known fungous flora of North Elba after the long and brilliant work of Dr. Charles H. Peck, state botanist, in that region, but we hoped to increase our knowledge of this flora and to enrich the Garden herbarium with well selected and well preserved specimens of as many species as possible. The collection obtained was greater than we had expected, comprising 1,175 field numbers and about 2,000 specimens. any of these grew on living tree trunks and fallen timber and are of special interest in connection with the care and protection of the state forests situated in the Adirondacks. Others repre- sent edible or poisonous species of gill-fungi and are interesting to those who advocate a wider use of members of this group of plants for food. A majority of the species are different from those found in the vicinity of New York City, belonging as: they do to a more northerly phytogeographic area extending from eastern Canada and New England westward to the prairies and southward along the Alleghanies. The fungi of this area have 175 many points in common with those of northern Europe, being largely of common origin, and the two areas must be studied together before either can be properly understood mycologically. Our thanks are due the manager of the Grand View Hotel and the officials of the Lake Placid Club for many courtesies extended during our stay in that delightful region. On our return from Lake Placid, we stopped at Albany to represent the Garden at the dedicatory exercises of the magnifi- several hundred peta from educational institutions located in various parts of the wor A list of the polypores and boletes collected at Lake Placid is here appended. It contains most of the wood-destroying species of the region and may serve as a check list for foresters and others interested in this destructive group of fungt. THE POLYPORES AND BOLETES OF THE LAKE PLACID REGION, Numbers below 400 refer to July collections, and those above 400 to collections made in October. The list of boletes is rather small because most of these plants appeared in August. POLYPORACEAE. ANTRODIA MOLLIs (Sommerf.) Karst. 318. On deciduous wood. BJERKANDERA ADUSTA (Willd.) Karst. 373, 466,575. On dead deciduous wood; not common. CERRENA UNICOLOR (Bull.) Murrill. 332, 630. On deciduous wood. COLTRICIA PERENNIS (L.) Murrill. 385. Common COLTRICIA TOMENTOSA (Fr.) Murrill. 4719, 899. About conifer- ous stum em SERIALIS (Fr.) Murrill. 355, 587. On coniferous wood, CoRIOLUS ABIETINUS (Dicks.) Quél. 320. Very common on dead balsam fir and other coniferous trees. CorRIOLUS BIFORMIS (KI.) Pat. 364. Seen only once. CORIOLUS NIGROMARGINATUS (Schw.) Murrill. 329. 176 CoRIOLUS PROLIFICANS (Fr.) Murrill. Very destructive to fallen timber. CoRIOLUS PUBESCENS (Schum.) Murrill. 423, 758, 1046. One beech log was covered with milk-white sporophores which threw down a distinctly cream-colored spore-print, while an- other beech log nearby bore avellaneous sporophores which were thinner and yielded no spore-print, possibly because immature. CORIOLUS VERSICOLOR (L.) Quél. Very destructive both to living and dead timber. DAEDALEA CONFRAGOSA (Bolt.) Pers. 325. An interesting and very variable species. ELFVINGIA FOMENTARIA (L.) Murrill. A common and con- spicuous species. ELFVINGIA MEGALOMA (Lév.) Murrill. 376. A very common and conspicuous species. FoMES POPULINUS (Schw.) Cooke. 302, 900. On sugar maple trunks and stumps. Fomes roseus (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke. 841. Common on coniferous logs. FoOMES UNGULATUS (Schaeff.) Sacc. A very common and con- spicuous species. FOMITIPORIA PEREFFUSA Murrill. z59. This species sometimes covers the entire under surface of deciduous logs. This speci- men grew underneath a beech log. FOMITIPORIA PRUNICOLA Murrill. 378. Common on standing trunks of Prunus pennsylvanica. FUSCOPORIA FERRUGINOSA (Schrad.) Murrill. S2z. On decidu- ous logs. GLOEOPHYLLUM HIRSUTUM (Schaeff.) Murrill. 14, 742, 742V. Common on coniferous stumps and logs. Also found on a dead spot caused by borers in a trunk of Prunus pennsylvanica growing at the edge of coniferous woods. HAPALOPILUS RUTILANS (Pers.) Murrill. 333. Collected once, on birch. HEXAGONA STRIATULA (Ell. & Ev.) Murrill. 392, 365, 374. On beech and maple logs. 177 INONOTUS RADIATUS (Sowerby) Karst. 649, 653, 669,876. The typical form was found on birch and alder, while the variety described by Peck in 1873 from Indian Lake as Polyporus glomeratus occurred only on maple. IRPICIPORUS LACTEUS (Fr.) Murrill. 305, 965. IscCHNODERMA FULIGINOSUM (Scop.) Murrill. 403, 5412, 660. The usual dark, resinous form occurred on stumps and logs of conifers, while the paler, larger form so common on the under side of basswood logs was here found about four feet above the ground on a dead standing sugar maple trunk in an open field PHAEOLUS SISTOTREMOIDES ao b. & Schw.) Murrill. 274. At the base of a living lar PIPTOPORUS SUBEROSUS ie Murrill. 375. Common on birch trunks. POLYPORUS ELEGANS (Bull.) Fr. 327, 348. Not common. PoLyporus Fissus Berk. 982. Seen only once. This species develops much better farther south. PoLyporus PoLyporus (Retz.) Murrill. 690, 737, 1077. Com- mon on birch sticks and other dead deciduous wood. PoRIA ATTENUATA Peck. 64. A resupinate species described from Croghan, New York. It occurs throughout the eastern United States on deciduous logs and is distinguished by its beautiful rosy-isabelline color. PORODAEDALEA Pint (Thore) Murrill. 303, 346, 386. Very destructive to conifers. PYCNOPORUS CINNABARINUS (Jacq.) Karst. 372. Not rare. PYROPOLYPORUS IGNIARIUS (L.) Murrill. A very common and conspicuous species. TYROMYCES ANCEPS (Peck) Murrill. 879. On the south side of a balsam fir stump in a field. Described in 1895 from speci- mens collected by E. A. Burt on a dead hemlock trunk at Stony Brook, Massachusetts. T. Ellistanus Murrill is related, but has larger tubes Tyromyces balsameus (Peck). Tyromyces crispellus (Peck) Mur- rill. 859. Cespitose on coniferous stumps. Described from the Adirondacks by Peck in 1878 as Polyporus balsameus, and from Osceola, New York, by the same author in 1885, as 178 Polyporus crispellus. By a study of fresh specimens, it was possible to combine the two names and to place the species definitely in the genus Tyromyces. TYROMYCES CHIONEUS (Fr.) Karst. 310, 487, 578, 1026. Not rare on dead deciduous wood. TYROMYCES GUTTULATUS (Peck) Murrill. 357, 574, 689, 824, 890. This exceedingly well named species was rather often seen on the tops of stumps of various conifers. It is fragrant, and astringent and slightly acid at first to the taste, becoming bitter after being held in the mouth about two minutes. TYROMYCES SEMIPILEATUS (Peck) Murrill. 133. Collected only once, but not rare on deciduous wood in the eastern United States. BOLETACEAE. BOLETINUS CAVIPES (Opat.) Kalchb. g7o. Abundant in one spot in low coniferous woods. BoLETINus Picrus Peck. 68172. BoLetus CLINTONIANUS Peck. 780. Under a white pine in moss and grass CERIOMYCES AURIPORUS (Peck) Murrill. 567, rror. CERIOMYCES CoMMUNIS (Bull.) Murrill. 295, 367, 362, 592. on. CERIOMYCES SUBGLABRIPES (Peck) Murrill. 276. Indry maple woods. CERIOMYCES SUBTOMENTOSUS (L.) Murrill. 238, 377. CrrIomyces viscipus (L.) Murrill. 296. Common. GYROPORUS CYANESCENS (Bull.) Quél. 1082. ROSTKOVITES GRANULATUS (L.) P. Karst. 390. Rather com- SUILLELLUsS LuRiDUS (Schaeff.) Murrill. 298. TYLOPILUS FELLEUS (Bull.) P. Karst. 400. Common and large. TYLOPILUS GRACILIS (Peck.) P. Henn. 34. On dead coniferous wood. Tubes melleous, becoming brownish when bruised; context cremeous, unchanging, of nutty flavor. Respectfully ave W. A. Murri1t, yee Director. 179 FLOWER EXHIBITIONS. The Horticultural Society of New York, in codperation with the Garden, held its exhibitions as usual during the summer and fall, in the halls devoted to paleo-botany on the ground floor of the Museum. The premiums for the July and August exhibitions were offered by the Garden, to be awarded by the exhibition committee of the council of The Horticultural Society of N York. The exhibitions were well attended and gave aes to many people. This was especially the case on Sunday afternoons. The flowers at the close of the exhibitons were distributed to hospitals and other similar institutions. The usual July exhibition was held a little earlier this year, taking place on the last two days of June. The premiums offered were for roses, Japanese irises, sweet peas, herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees, and vegetables. Open-to-all and non-com- mercial classes were provided for irises and sweet peas Mr. A. P. Stokes, of Noroton, Ct., Andrew Whitelaw, gardener, won the first prize for roses, the second going to Mr. H. Darling- ton, of Mamaroneck, N. Y., P. W. Popp, gardener. Scott Bros. secured the first prize, open to all, for twelve vases of Japanese irises, with an exhibit of superb blooms, Mr. John Lewis Childs, of Floral Park, N. Y., taking second. Six vases of sweet peas, in the open to all class, won the first prize for Miss M. T. Cockcroft, of Saugatuck, Ct., Adam Pater- son,gardener, the second going to Mrs. J. B. Trevor, of Yonkers, N. Y., Howard Nichols, gardener. Miss Cockcroft also took the first prize for a vase of sweet peas, Mr. H. Darlington, second. To Mrs. F. A. Constable, Mamaroneck, N. Y., James Stuart, gardener, was awarded the first prize for a collection of flowers of herbaceous plants. A large collection of the flowers of shrubs and trees gave the first prize to Mr. T. A. Havemaeyer, of Glen Head, N. Y., A. Lahodny, gardener, the second to Mr. H. Darlington. To Mr. James A. Macdonald, Flushing, N. Y., Richard Hughes, gardener, was awarded the first prize for six vases of Japanese irises, in the class for non-commercial growers, the second to Mr. 180 T. A. Havemeyer. Among non-commercial growers, for three vases of sweet peas, the first prize was secured by Miss M. T. Cockcroft, the second by Mrs. J. B. Trevor. he classes for vegetables were open to all. Twelve vegetables gave Mrs. J. B. Trevor the first prize, and Mrs. F. A. Constable the second. Six vegetables brought the first prize to Mr. James . Macdonald, the second to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer. Special mention was made of a collection of miscellaneous plants exhibited Mr. John Lewis Childs. Special prizes were awarded to: Mr. Louis C. Tiffany, of Oyster Bay, N. Y., John Miller, gar- dener, for twelve chrysanthemum blooms; and to Mr. T. A Havemeyer, for collections of lilies and hydrangeas. arden exhibited large collections, not for competition, of the flowers of herbaceous plants and of shrubs and trees. The August Exhibition was held Saturday and Sunday, August thirty-first and September first. On account of Monday, the second, being Labor Day, the exhibition was continued through that day. It was primarily an exhibition of gladioli, for which most of the premiums were offered; a few premiums were offered for montbretias. Prizes were offered in classes open to all and for non-commercial growers. There was a large and magnificent display of these attractive flowers, filling the two long center tables and several side tables. The flowers were in excellent condition at the close of the exhibition and were sent to hospitals and other institutions. A large collection of gladioli, excellent flowers, exhibited by Mr. John Lewis Childs, almost filled one of the long center tables, and secured for him the first prize for a collection of named varieties, in the open to all class. For twelve varieties, three spikes of each, in the same class, the first prize was awarded to Mr. Arthur Cowee, of Berlin, N. Y., for a collection of superb flowers, the second going to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer. r. Cowee also captured the first prize, in the class open to all, for the best vase of any white variety of gladiolus, twenty-five spikes. The first prize for a table center piece went to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer. The prizes offered to non-commercial growers were won as follows: For a collection of named varieties of gladioli, the first 181 by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, the second by Mr. H. Darlington. For six varieties of gladioli, two spikes of each, the first by Mr. Havemeyer, the second by Mr. Darlington. For a vase of any white variety, six spikes, the first by Mr. Havemeyer, the second by Mr. Darlington. For a vase of any pink variety, six spikes, by Mr. Havemeyer. The first prize for a collection of montbretias, in the class open to all, was won by Mr. John Lewis Childs; that for non-com- mercial growers by Mr. H. Darlington. The exhibition of Saturday and Sunday September twenty- eighth and twenty-ninth, was also held in the Museum building, New York Botanical Garden. This was arranged mainly for dahlias and asters. The inclement weather just previous to the time of the exhibition so damaged these flowers that few were fit for exhibition purposes. Mr. H. Darlington won first prizes for the following: collection of fifty dahlias; collection of twenty-five dahlias; and for five each of show, ai cactus, and peony- gage vase of ten single dahlia: he Garden made an exhibit of the flowers of herbaceous a EORGE V. SH. LATE AUTUMN LECTURES, 1912. Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock as follows: Nov. 23. ‘Recent Exploration in Bermuda,” by Dr. N. L. Nov. 30. ‘A Botanical Expedition to Cuba,” by Dr. W. A. ec. 7. ‘Some Floral and Scenic Features of Jamaica,’ by Dr. M. A. Howe. Dec. 14. ‘The Vegetation of Southern Florida,” by Mr. G. V. Nash. The lectures, which occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. The doors will be closed at 4:00, and opened again for a moment at 4:15 to admit those arriving late. 182 The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. P. A. Rydberg, curator, is spending several weeks studying in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Dr. John K. Small, head curator, left New York, October 31, for southern Florida, where he will spend several weeks studying the flora of that region. Professor Hugo de Vries will accompany him on this expedition. Dr. Arthur Hollick, curator, has a three months’ leave of absence from the Garden and will spend the time in a continu- ation of his studies of the fossil flora of Alaska. The work will be carried on at the United States National Museum. Mr. Stewardson Brown, curator of botany in Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, spent several days at the Garden in October and November studying recent collections of Bermuda plants, Dr. Fred J. Seaver gave a lecture before the Horticultural Society at the American Museum of Natural History, Oetobet 26 on ‘Insect Parasites and Some Means of Controlling Them Miss Vera Charles, of the United States Department of Agriculture, visited the Garden in October to examine the collections o Dr. W. A. on assistant director, represented the Garden at the dedicatory exercises of the new State Education Building held in Albany, October 15 to 17. Mr. Frank Meyer, agricultural explorer for the United States Department of Agriculture, visited the Garden recently. will soon sail for China where he will conduct botanical explora- tion in the interior for the next three or four years 183 The regular meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club held in the museum on October 30 consisted of a symposium on the flora of Bermuda. The subject was introduced by Dr. Britton and the discussions were participated in by the various persons who have collected and studied the plants of those islands. Professor Jules de Schokalsky, president of the Section of Professor Vladimir Doubiansky, curator of the Imperial Botan- ical Gardens of St. Petersburg, visited the Garden on October 21 to examine the herbarium and museum and to arrange for an exchange of museum material from desert regions. . Britton, director-in-chief, accompanied by Mrs. Britton, atenced and participated in.the exercises in connection with the unveiling of the tablet on the oldest and largest tree on the island of Manhattan at Inwood. The tree is a tulip and measures 19 feet in circumference and is probably more than two hundred years old. The autumn lectures to the 4B and 5B pupils of the public schools were held during the latter part of October and early November. The weather was unusually favorable and the lectures were well attended. Meteorology for October —The total precipitation recorded for the month was 3.44 inches, of which two inches fell within two hours on the 23d. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 82.5° on the 6th, 73° on the 18th, 69° on the 2Ist, and 74° on the 30th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 39° on the 2d, 42° on the gth, 36° on the 16th, and 38° on the 26th. There was no killing frost during the month. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 256 specimens of flowering plants from Quebec. (Given by Professor C. S. Williamson.) x specimen of Drepanocladus uncinatus from Connecticut. (By exchange with Dr. George E. Nichols.) 184 3 specimens of mosses from Ithaca, Wisconsin. (By exchange with Dr. J. M. Greenman.) 3 specimens oo f ce) d Michigan. (Give: wel Dr. H. D. House.) Washington. (Bye ee with Mr. A. S. Forster.} _ specimens of mosses from herbarium of J. J. Crooke. ee by Dr. N. L. Britton.) f Gal. t. Martin, West Indies. (By exchange a a Botanical ie Utrecht, ae ) II specimens of h cs from New England. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.) 6 specimens of fake ee from Mantoloking, New Jersey. (Given by Mrs. F. M. P. Pearse.} Iz specimens of fleshy fungi from Bronx Park. (Collected by Miss Mary E, Ea ee f Vaccinium Sintenisii from Porto Rico. (By exchange with the ea See Garden, Berlin, Germany.) 2 photographs Cavendishia pau and C. latifolia. (By exchange with the Royal Gardens, Kew, London, land. specimens of Rub $s from oo America. (By exchange with the Royal cena! isuehani Bertin, Germany.) g plants from Guatemala. (By exchange with Professor D.A. Cocker I3 specimens a gill-fungi from Plandome, New York. (Given by Dr. W. S. Thomas. 15 ganas of fleshy fungi from Stockbridge, Massachusetts. (Given by Mr. D. D. Field.) I specimen of Fissidens ip lvanicus f Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. A. F. Krout.) 1 photograph of the hie oa Vaccinium caracasanum. (From the Botani- cal orden Brussels, it f photograph of the sane specimen of Vaccinium pachyphyllum. (From the Reva Gardens s, Kew, ate Engl and.) Thib. 2s mens, 1 TZ. domingensis. (By exchange with the me Seen Garden, Berlin, Germany.) I photograph of Satyria clonantha. (From the Royal Gardens, Kew, London, England.) 1 specimen of fungus from California. (Given by Professor J. C. Arthur.) 60 specimens of fleshy fungi from the Bronx. (Collected by Dr. W. A, a ) 19 specimens of flowering plants from Utah. (By exchange with Professor A. O. ett.) 3 specimens of flowering plants from Vermont. (Given by Miss Margaret Slosson.) I specimen of Pinus Banksiana from Michigan. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper, through the United States Forest Service.) I oe of Ostrya virginica from New Vork. (Given by Mr. M. J. Breiten- bach 1 trunk of Hevea secure from Ceylon. (Given by Mr. F. Crosbie Roles. ) 2,152 specimens from Pin 1 del Rio, Cuba. — by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 93 te ms of flow acer from Porto (By exchanne with the Agricultural Eecingt ae. Porto Rico, cae fale es.) 185 @from North Dakota. (By exchange with Dr. John Lunnell.) 534 specimens of Sprehatte plants from South Dakota. (By exchange with Professor S. S. Visher.) 2,000 specimens of fungi from the Adirondacks. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Murrill.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 1 plant of Persea Persea. (Given by Mrs. Noble.) 1 plant of Crinum sp., from Vera Cruz, Mexico. (By exchange with Dr. J. C. Harvey.) to plants of Opuntia. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, through Dr. J. Rose.) 142 plants for conservatories, from Bermuda. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton and Mr. Stewardson Bro 96 cactus plants aa western Kansas. (Collected by Dr. J. N. Roseand Mr, Wm. R. Fitch. a I plant of Marica. (Given by Mrs. John P. Althoff.) seen for Be collections, (Given by re - Kittredge.) plants o! evea brasiliensis. (Given by Federated Malay States, through ister exibition ) 4 plants of Hevea brasiliensis. Siti by N. ¥. Commercial Co.) 24 cen for conservatories. (Given by German Kali Work: 6cycads. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Saeriu arn Ireland.) Gilman Thompson.) I plant of Peristeria elata from Panama. (Given by Dr. J. F. Kemp.) 4 plants of Epidendr um from Jamaica. (By exchange with oe ea of Agriculture, Jamaica. plants derived from seeds from various source i packet seed of Passiflora from Bermuda. ee by Dr. N. L. Britton and Mr. Stewardson Brown.) Ir packet seed of Cocos Datyl, from Mexico. (By exchange with Dr. J. C. Harvey.) I packet of Cuban seed. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) I packet of seed of Xiphidium xanthorrhizon. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 2 packets palm seeds from Mexico. (By exchange with Dr. J. C. Harvey.) LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JULY 15 TO OCTOBER 15. ARDEN, STANLEY. L'Hevea brasiliensis dans la Peninsule Malaise. Paris, 1904. BarLey, FREDERICK MAns A synopsis of the Queensland flora. Third supplement. Brisbane, 1890. BAILEY, FREDERICK MANSON. Catalogue of the indigenous and naturalized plants of euaee Brisbane, 1890. Y, FREDERICK MANSON. Lithograms of the ferns of Queensland. Brisbane, 1892. BAILey, LIBERTY HypE. The principles of agriculture. New York, 1898 Bary, HEINRICH AN DE. Lectures on Bacteria, Ed.z. Oxford, TON 89 ERNAYS, Lewis ADOLPHUS. Cultural directions for Queensland. pie ‘son the cultivation of useful plants suited to the climate of Queensland, First series. Bris- ey 186 Brown, JOHN CroumsBie. Forestry in Norway: with notices of the physical tdi of the country. Edinburgh, 1884. N, JouN C Forestry in the mining districts of the Ural mountains Brown, JOHN CROUMBIE. Forests and moisture. Edinburgh, 1877. eee Joun Croumsis. Hydrology of South Africa. London, 1875. 'N, JoHN CroumBrEe. Introduction to the study of modern forest economy. ROWN, Foe Croumsie. Pine plantations on the sand-wastes of France. Brown, JOHN CROUMBIE. Reboisement in France with a view to arresting and oe the destructive consequences and effects ef ie torrents. London, 1880. BIE. hool of forest engineers in Spain, indicative of a type for a eas ie school of os try. Edin BRowN, JOHN CROUMBIE. Water supply a ae Apia and facilities for the - ‘i : rdam, 1907-11. Conn, HERBERT WILLIAM. Agricultural bacteriology. Philadelphia, 1901. ‘(OOKE, MorpeEcal Cusitt. Illustrations of British fungi. (Hymenomycetes.) n, 86. CorRENS, CARL JOSEPH ERICH. Die neuen Vererbungsgesetze. Berlin, 1912. CROOKSHANK, EpGar M. A text-book of bacteriology . 4. London, so DETMER, WILHELM. Das kleine Dhvisenphoiaecke Proktikum. Ed Jena, Tgr2 Peacuceny JouNn. All about rubber and gutta-percha. Ed. 3. Colombo, 1899. Garden annual, almanack and address book for 1882. London [1882]. Gisss, JOSEPH. Colton cultivation ... the barrage of great rivers . . . adapted to the cultural soils of India. ondon, 1862 Handboek ten dienste van de suikerriet-cultur en de rietsuiker-fabricage op Java. Vol. 4. Amsterdam, 19 Hand-list of ferns dnd ia allies cultévated in the Royel Gardens [Kew]. London, 1895. Pres hids cultivated in the Royal B d jens [Kew]. Ed. 2. London, ae Cart. In der Tropenvelt. Leipzig, 1 OOKER, JOSEPH DaLTon. Himalayan journals. Dan OI. eee WILLIAM JACKSON, & BAKER, JOHN Gea ene Silicum. 74. I nares oe of botanical nomenclature pects by the international botanical congresses of Vienna, 1905, and Brussels, roro. [Ed ena, [9I2. Kossowicz, ALEXANDER. Einfiihrung in die pier aa oh Part 3: Igl e Linnean society of London. 1905-11. ea Joun. A ers to our knowledge of seedlings. Popular edi- 6. plaabess ecu aun a aes Fig ea en caoul- chouc .. . suivi deli vols. Paris, 1880 187 ATHUSE, OTTO. Bau und Lebensthétigheit dey Pflanzen. Ein Leitfaden fiir Reine Uebanien in Prima. Leipzig [1912]. AXWELL-LEFROY, H. Indian insect pests. Calcutta, 1906. Mededeelingen uit 'slands plantentuin. ols. I-12. aa 1884-1894. Meyer, ARTHUR. Die Zelle der Bakterien. Jena, 1912. Moszru RTE or Praktikum systematische Botanik {1. Angiospermae]. Berlin, Morris, DANIEL. pane eee on the plants yielding commercial india-rubber. 1695. RIS, DANIEL. The colony of British Honduras. London ae WILLIAM SurEetps. Food for plants. [Ed. 10.] New ate {1907]. NATHANSOHN, ALEXANDER. Allgemeine eae Leipzig, HANN. The collector's handbook of algae, pane ere ae lichens, mosses . . . with instructions for . formation of an herbarium. - 3. iS 0) Nrous ‘qianey ALFRED ALFORD. Text-book of tropical agriculture. London, 18 nate uide to the museums of economic i [Royal Gardens, Kew.| No. 2. Monocotyledons and cryptogams. London, Official guide to nee museums of economic Hina [Royal Gardens, Kew.) No. 3. Timbers. Penden: h [Royal Gardens, Kew.] Ed. 5. London, 1892. PEARSON, Henry C. Crude rubber and compounding ingredients. Ed.2. New ork, 1909. PRESTOE, RY. List of duplicate plants in the government botanic gardens, Trinidad. November, 1894. ort-of-Spain, 1874. Prodromus at bed oe (Ed. 2.] ols. 1 and 2 eta: Queens. I. Vols. 1-25 fincomplet vole t on the progress and condition of i: royal is at Kew during the year 8. 2 > 4 2 pe fs} T. Lebensbedingungen und Vegetationsverhdltnisse der Mitlemeerlinder und der atlantischen Inseln. Jena, 1912. ae Epv. Pflanzengeographische Monographie des Berninagebietes. Leipzig, 1912. SAUSSINE, — La premitre année d’agriculture tropicale. Paris, 1900. SETCHELL, WILLIAM ALBERT. Laboratory practice for beginners in botany. New ork, 1897. [StIncLair, AUGUSTUS CONSTANTINE, & FyFE, LAURENCE R.] Handbook of Jamaica for 1881, Kingston, 1881. SINC ONSTANTINE, & Fyre, LAURENCE R. Handbook of Jamaica for 1886-87. Kingston, 1886. Singapore, Botanic Gardens. Index of plants, 1912. Singapore, 1912. SmitH, HAROLD HAMEL. The future of cacao planting. London, 1908. TAHL, CHRISTIAN ERNST. Die Blitzgefihrdung der verschiedenen Baumarten. Jena, 1912. Stusses, WILLIAM CARTER. ied cane. Vol. 1. [New Orleans, 1897.] STARL Musci and hepaticae of the ie is Sut ILLIAM ee aes to ar second edition - ou s Manual of Botany. New York, 1 188 R-WourF, GERTRUD, & TOBLER, FRIEDRICH. Axleitung aur mikro- Pence Untersuchung von ce sis ali Berlin, 1 TRIM ENRY. étannins. A monograph on is as preparation... RIMBLE, and uses of the vegetable caine with en ence to the literature of the subject, 2 ee Sareea Sa Adc ae list of the ie both native. and exotic, growing in the aa party er Peradéniya, Ceylo Colombo, Tryon, HENRY. ‘eport on insect a eae pests. No.1. “ Bulstane: 1889. Vries, Huco pE. Het verdelen van kultuur-planten. Haarlem, 1908. Wacner, ADOLF. Vien diber vergleichende Tier- und Pflanzenkunde. Leipzig, aa W. iG, JOHANNES EUGENIUS BuLow. A handbook of systematic botany. ee 1904. IECHMANN, FERDINAND GERHARD. Sugar analysis. Ed. 2. New York, 18 RIGHT, HERBERT. Hevea brasiliensis .. its botany, . cultivation, chemisiry and diseases. Ed. 2. ‘colombo, 1906. . Wricut, HERBERT. Rubber cultivation in the British empire. London, 1907. ¥ _ Epwazp D. Apaqs, Grorcr S, Bowporn, Puor. N. L, Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Pror. Epw. S, Burczss, _ Dz, Nicnoras M. Butter, _ AnpREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C, F. CHANDLER, Wituram G, Croats. Pavut D. Cravatx, Cievetanp H. Donce, A, F. Estasroox. H. C. Fannestocx, Samuet W, FarrcHixp, James B. Foro, Henry W. ve Forest, Ropert W. vez Forest, _ Hon. Sern Low, Members of the Corporation. Davip Lynic, Epcar L, Marston, W. J. MarHeson, Pror. Henry F. Oszorn, LoweEtt M. PALMER, Grorcr W. PERxKIns, Henry Puirrs, James R. PitcHeEr, M. F, Pranz, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, WItuiaM ROCKEFELLER, Pror, H, H. Russy, Dr. Recinatp H., Sayre, Jacos H. Scutrr, Mortimer L. ScuiFrF, James A, ScrRYMSER, Isaac N. SELIGMAN, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, Cartes G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. Gitman THOMPSON, SamurL THORNE, Myuegs TIERNEY, Louis C. TiFFANy, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, W. K. Vanpersitt, Hon. Eczrton L. Winturop, Tr. PUBLICATIONS OF Journal of the New Yo fic Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con taining ees ae non- testis) pase of general interest. Free to members’ of the Gar es artis 1.00 a year. Now inits thirteenth volume. Joule, Hines illust Bea in color and otherwise; devoted to including cheat containing technical articles and news and notes of general in- terest. $3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] No in its fourth rola Bulletin o jel tk Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- ie Chiet other official documents, and bey articles eatnet results oo “vestigations ciel out in the aa en. Fre all members of the Garden S, $3.00 p ume, Now ini ts eighth alate North American Flora. “oe of the wild plants of North America, inc sing "Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be com pleted in 32 volum Roy. 8vo, Each volume to consist of four or more parts, aaa price, sr. 50 per part ; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.0 a plas ot offered in exchan; : Vol. ae I910. Nectriaceae— e—Fimetar eae. tad Vol. 7, ee 2 1906; part 2, 1907 ; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae ars Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). (Parts 1 ae 2 no longer sold separately. Vol. 16, part I, 1909. ipa ap igs fe epee (pars). Vol. 7 part L, 1909 ; part 2, 1912, Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). Vol, 22, parts 1 pal 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosaceae (pars). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. G i B e f the Hees York Botanical Gard e to members of the Garden, $1.00 per volu To others, $2.00. [Not offered it in veda nge. | ol, An Ainge Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone aoe Lie Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed wi 1900. ‘ The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, — ry D it sine: - xvi-+ 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. n Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii 138 pp., with 9. ; . IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gages of viii 4-278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. jig oor butions fri Garden. A series of tech al papers written ed students or dap, of an ce and scorned from journals vol vag pikes than the abow . Price, 25 cen’ h. $5.00 olume. In its seventh volume, § CENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS 5 BACH. be 150. The ie Saha noe the Ch Serial Arrangement in mie uatilis, by A, B: »e 151. stud ies on the Rocky “Mo nee Flora—XXVI, by P. A. Rydberg. 152. as Genus Struthiopteri is and its Representatives in North America, by fee urst. 153. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—X XVII, by P. A. Rydberg. it 154. Gana Studies of Soils Subjected to Dry Heat, by F. i. Seaver and E> Clark : NEw YorRK vaddeubes ty GAR DECEMBER, 1912 No. 156 JOURNAL OF New York Botanical Garden EDITOR FRED J. SEAVER Curator PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NortH Queen Srreer, Lancaster, Pa New Era Printing Company FFIOERS 1 PresipenT—HON. ADDISON BROWN, Vice-PREsimENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—JAMES A. sien MSER, SEcrRETARY—DR. N. L. BR BoARD oF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED NA! Term expires ee 1913. THOMAS H. HUBBARD, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, FRANCIS LYNDE Cee be W. PERKINS, YLES TIERNEY. Term ae January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS, ROBERT W. DE ae ADDISON BROWN, JAMES A. SCRYMSE Term expires January, 1915. N. L. BRITTON, é JOHN I. KANE, yeonens CARNEGIE, W. J. MATHESON, W. GILMAN THOMPSON. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE Puvaiueue OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOVER. THE Mayor OF THE CITY 0 pet York, HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR. 3. ee ae DIRECTORS. OF. H. H. R' Re shea PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS, a F. R. A. HARPER, DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, olan JAMES F. KEMP, . PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. DEN STAFF DR. x i BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. Segre s Administration.) ILL, Assistant Director. (Administration. DR. nae K. ‘SMALL, Head Curator of the M: ACHES: pS a Plants.) DR. ‘OUT, Director of the Laboratories, 5 DR. fue ee BARNHART, Librar: ¥ DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of th mre Cotton ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary abate of Mos. JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape E S. GROESBEC. ler. Accou' ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Sisberintedend of Buildings oa “criae ‘vdnWwaag ‘ANVIST AANOD AO ISVOD (Sapojpydoud vrjaofaucno yz) UAAINAAV’] AVE JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIII. December, 1912. No. 156. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN eae WitH Prates CII, CIV, CV, CVI, To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. Gentlemen: For the purpose of further studying the flora of Bermuda, and the presumable origin of the plants composing that flora, I spent the period from August 26 to September 21 on those islands, accompanied by Mrs. Britton and by Mr. Stewardson Brown, curator of botany in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; and accompanied by Mr. Brown, and by Dr. Fred J. Seaver, a curator of our museums, the period from November 29th to December 14th, was given to the same investigation; I had previously given three weeks to thisstudy with Mrs. Britton and Mr. Brown, in the autumn of 1905,* during which period a large portion of the land area of about 19/4 square miles was studied and collections aggregating 427 field numbers were made. These were supplemented by Mr. Steward- son Brown in the winter of 1908 by 231 field numbers and again by him in the spring of 1909 by 66 field numbers,f and further by a collection of 85 field numbers by Miss Delia West Marble, also in the spring of 1909. The two expeditions of 1912 obtained over 650 field numbers. A total of more than 1,450 separate collections of plants have thus been made during the progress of this investigation and these aggregate over 5,000 specimens. Previous to 1908, the collections of Bermuda land plants avail- able for students in New York consisted only of a few specimens * See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 153-158. 1905. t See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1909: 486-494. I910. 190 preserved in the herbarium of Columbia punietiss obtained by Mr. I. F. Holton in 1854 and presented by him to Dr. Torrey, and a small lot brought back by Professor ee F. Kemp in 1885, contained in the same herbarium. he collections ob- tained during the present expedition have made the representa- tion of the Bermuda flora at the New York Botanical Garden the best in the world; a nearly complete duplicate set of the her- barium specimens has been deposited at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Attention has been given to the study and collecting of all land plants, cryptogams as well as phanerogams. To Mr. Benjamin D. Gilbert’s ‘Revision of the Bermuda Ferns"’ published in 1898,f we have added no species. Mrs. Britton’s work on the mosses has added greatly to the known species growing in Bermuda. An account of the ner was published by Professor A. W. Evans in 1906; one species has since been added. Dr. Marshall Avery Howe of our staff visited Bermuda in the summer of 1900, and made large collections of marine algae, but other visits at different times in the year are necessary to make his knowledge of the algal flora measurably complete. There is little known as yet about the microscopic algae. merous lichens collected are now being studied by ee L. le and others The fu ws i is not eon tas known. A considerable specialists. "The “Challenger’’ Expedition obtained only 23 species of fungi, but there are very many more. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard O. Dodge collected some 40 species in the summer of 1911. Our second trip of 1912 was especially organized for the study and collection of these plants by the presence of Dr. Seaver, who obtained over 150 species, which are now being studied. Biologically, and as regards origin, interest centers on the species native to this little archipelago, so far separated from * See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 45-48. 1885. ft See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 593-604. 1898. } See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 129-135. 1906. JouRNAL OF THE NEw York BOTANICAL GARDEN. Piate CIV A BermMupA RED CEDAR asda bermudiana) HARRINGTON House, BERMUDA. DEMIC BERMUDA SPECIES. “SHIGN] ISH#M FHL AGNV VaINO1Y NI TOS AVINAIS NI and00 HLOg ‘vanwurg ‘NMOL S,WIMONY AVAN ‘(apddn2-sag vaowmodg ys) AYOTO-ONINYOW HOVEG 4O GNV (DJDauz7 YWDaDUDD) NVRA “AVG dO SANIA HIIM INAG GNVS 191 other land both in distance and by the abysses of the ocean. The approximate number of these known up to the present time is indicated in the following table. Flowering plants 1§0 species, of which about 10 are endemic, Ferns and fern allies 19 aoe Ne 4 * - Mosses and moss allies SI o ae st “ ae Lichens : 50 “ a ome 6 “ . Fungi 175 ne “ “atleast 8 ‘ - Al 250 “ “some § “* oe About 695 About 36 Some species of land plants recorded as observed in Bermuda many years ago cannot be found there now, and these have either been obliterated by the destruction of their habitats, or some of the old records are erroneous. Some species ee regarded as native, seem more likely to have been introduc The endemic flowering plants, ferns and mosses now increased by subsequent study from my estimate of 11 in 1905 to 16 or 17 yet too imperfect to yield a similar conclusion, but this appears likely, and the five endemic algae are American in affinity. Excluding the endemic lichens, fungi and algae, the nearest living relatives of the endemic species appear to be as follows; : this suggested relationship need not imply that the Bermuda species have been derived from the others, but common ancestry is probable. 1. Eleocharis bermudiana Britton,* Bermuda Spike- tush, nearest to Eleocharis — oe of the southeastern United States and West I *Eleocharis bermudiana ara n. Culms slender, weak, 3 dm ee or less; spikelet thicker than that of £. ae the cas trigonous achene short- * beaked shes. Type from ns Shore Road, Bermuda (Brown and ae: No. Sea) 192 2. Carex bermudiana Hemsley, Bermuda Sedge, nearest to Carex Walteriana Bailey, of the southeastern United States. . Sabal Blackburnianum Glasebrook, Bermuda Palmetto, nearest to Sabal Palmetto (Walt.) Lodd., of southeastern United States, Bahamas and Cuba. . Peperomia septentrionalis S. Brown, Bermuda Peperomia, nearest to Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) Dietr., of Florida and the West Indies. Sisyrinchium bermudianum L., Bermuda Iris, related to Sisyrinchium alatum Hooker of Mexico more closely than it is related to any species of the United States or the West Indies. . Eleaodendron Laneanum A. H. Moore, Bermuda Olive- wood, nearest to Eleaodendron attenuatum A. Rich., of Cuba and the Bahamas. 7. Ascyrum macrosepalum S. Brown,* Bermuda St. Andrew’s Cross, nearest of A. linifolium Spach of Florida and the Bahamas. w > o an 8. Chiococca bermudiana S. Brown, Bermuda Snowberry, Blolly, nearest to Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc., of Florida and the West Indies. g. Erigeron Darrellianus Hemsley, Bermuda Fleabane, ap- parently related to Aster falcatus Klatt., of Centra America. Io. Juniperus bermudiana L., Bermuda Red Cedar, nearest to Juniperus lucayana Britton, of the Bahamas. 11. Adiantum bellum Moore, Bermuda Maidenhair-fern, nearest to Adiantum cuneatum Langsd. & Fisch., of South Amer- ica. Recently recorded from Guiana, but the equiva- lency not yet proven. 12. Diplazium Laffanianum (Baker) Christensen, Governor Laffan’s Fern, nearest to Asplenium Mildet Kuhn, of the South American Andes, according to Gilbert. cyrum macrosepalum S. Brown, u. Differs from A. linifolium Spach, by the larger leaves; broadly ovate, ‘earsaned sepals which are 10-12 mm. lo — m. broad in the ich are greenish brown instead of g and 7 black and larger, nearly 1 mm. long, a ae in proportion to their length. Frequent in marshes and on hillsides. Type from Paget Marsh, Bermuda (Brown and Britton, No. 1136). JOURNAL OF THE New Yorx BOoTaNnicat GARDEN. PriaTE CV) BERMUDA TAN-BARK (Elaeodendron Laneanum) NEAR CASTLE HARBOR, BERMUDA. Learnt Reowrna Sores 193 13. Dryopteris bermudiana (Baker) Gilbert, Bermuda Shield- fern, nearest to Dryopteris asplenioides (Sw.) Kuntze, of and perhaps not specifically distinct from it. 14. eae Seeliacas (L.) Underwood, Ten-day Fern, ap- parently nearest related to Dryopteris ampla (H. & B.) Kuntze, of the West Indies and tropical continental America. 15. Campylopus bermudianus R. S. Williams,* Bermuda Cam- pylopus, nearest to Campylosus tortuosus (Hampe) Paris, of the West Indies. 16. Tortula bermudiana Mitten. The affinity of this presum- ably endemic Bermuda moss has not yet been satis- factorily determined. 17. Crossotolejeunea bermudiana Evans, Bermuda Hepatic, nearest to Crossotolejeunea paucispina (Spruce) Steph., of Brazil and Guadeloupe. The following species have been described from Bermuda specimens and supposed to be endemic: 1. Rynchospora domuccensis A. H. Moore is Rynchospora distans (Michx.) Vahl, of the southeastern United States and Cuba. 2. Limonium mie (Hemsl.) Britton is Limonium carolin- ianum (Walt.) Britton, of the eastern United States. 3. Euphorbia eee Millsp. is Euphorbia Blodgettit Engelm., of Florida, Bahamas, Cuba and Jamaica. 4. Galium bermudianum L. is the same as Galium hispidulum Michx. of the Southeastern United States and the Baha- mas. The native species of flowering plants, ferns and mosses, other than the endemic ones, all exist on the American mainland or on West Indian islands. About eighty per cent. of them grow in Florida or the West Indies, or in both these regions. The greater portion of the native land flora has, then, come to Bermuda from the southwest. *Campylopus be permudianus R. S. Williams, n. sp. Forming dull green tufts about 4 cm. high, smaller than C. tortuosus; leaves 6 mm, long or less, about one- third as a as those of C. torluosus, the costa only about one-half as aie Paget Marsh, Bermuda (Stewardson Brown, No. 651). 194 I reject, as merely fanciful, the theory that Bermuda area of land and shoal has ever had land connection, either with the continent or with the West Indies. An analysis of the native flora excluding the thallophytes, indicates that the transportation of all its species may reasonably be referred to one or the other of three methods. 1. All the halophytic (salt-loving) species, and those with ruits which can retain vitality in . water have floated to Bermuda. These number 41. the marine algae have come in the same way. 2. Hurricane winds sweep all light objects in the course of the storm to great heights in the atmosphere, from which they slowly fall over very wide areas. To this transportation through the air may confidently be referred spores of all land cryptogams, and seeds and fruits of flowering plants appended so as to float readily in the air, such as those of some grasses and composites. In this category some 83 species are to be included. migratory birds, carrying seeds and fruits swallowed by them for food, or mechanically attached to their bodies and thus transported in flight, are to be referred the function of bringing the smaller-seeded species of the native flora, other than those transported by water or wind. These number about 97. & 4 ° N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief. CONFERENCE NOTES. e November conference of the scientific staff and registered ae of the New York Botanical Garden was held in the laboratory on the afternoon of November 4, with Dr. Murrill presiding. Mr. F. D. Fromme gave a report of the studies which he made during the past summer under a scholarship granted by the New York Botanical Garden. In the collection and study of parasitic fungi particular attention was given to the rusts. Collections JOURNAL OF THE NEW York BOTANICAL GARDEN. Pate CVIL. BERMUDA PALMETTO Pen Blackburnianum), PEMBROKE MarsuH, BERMUDA, At NDEMIC BERMUDA SPECIES. 195 were made in the vicinity of New York City, at several points in New Jersey and at Woods Hole and the nearby islands on the coast of Massachusetts. Some fifty species of rusts in all were collected on seventy hosts. All forms were collected in duplicate. One set will be added to the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden and the other will be sent to Professor Arthur. Some of the forms obtained are especially interesting and will prove a valuable addition to the collection in the herbarium. ere was also given by Dr. A. B. Stout a summary of his observations during the past year on bud variation in Coleus Blumei. In these studies two plants which produced bud sports during the autumn of 1911 were used as parents and cuttings from both the parent stock and from the bud sports were grown to determine the constancy of the leaf coloration and the tendency to produce new bud variations. The leaves of the parent plants have a color pattern of green, red, and yellow with the yellow strongly developed toward the margins of the leaves. On these plants, and on plants grown from cuttings, several branches appeared with the leaves lacking the yellow blotches. One parent plant has produced two bud sports, one with no yellow in the leaves and one with the leaves almost entirely red in color. This plant now possesses three different kinds of branches in regard to leaf coloration. One of the plants grown from the first series of cuttings has produced several branches bearing leaves with the green at the margin and the yellow in the center. The color pattern has been reversed. Two other plants have produced branches showing the color pattern arranged in the stem and leaves as a sectorial chimera. Living plants showing these different kinds of variation were exhibite Pedigresd cuttings of these plants will be grown for a continued and a more intensive study of the phenomena of bud variation. A. B. Strout. 196 NATURE-STUDY LECTURES TO PUBLIC SCHOOL CHILDREN. The nature-study lectures, with accompanying demonstra- tions, to the pupils of 4B and 5B grades of the Public Schools of the Bronx were given in the lecture hall of the Museum Building of the Garden during October and November. The course included ten lectures which were delivered by Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. H. H. Rusby, Dr. M. A. Howe, Mr. G. V. Nash, and Dr. F. J. Seaver, assisted by six teachers as dem- onstrators. With the exception of the lecture on the afternoon of November 7, which was abandoned on account of inclement weather, two lectures were held on each lecture day, the first commencing at 10:15 A.M. and the second at 1:45 P.M. The accompanying table of attendance was prepared by Principal Stevens of Public School 44. ao 4B Lectures. 5B Lectures. | ie M. P. M. Total. | A. M, Lectures, | P. M. Lectures. Total. Lectures, Lectures. B a a a a 6) a Ohya) Bey Be le fg Ee & a | a a ae pais) epee | 14 |403} 26 634 40 1037 | 9 241 16 436 25 | 677 13/255 fete) 000 255 j 349 18 465 814 329 12 641 53. | 1202 Nae | 78 2132, Grand total; both grades ice is one swale eae SA ee Se " 13I 3424 NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. Ezra Brainerd, of Middlebury College, Vermont, spent several days at the Garden in November in continuation of his work on violets. Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, curator of botany in The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, spent several days at the Garden in November compiling notes for a second edition of his ‘‘ Flora of West Virginia.” 197 The BULLETIN of the New York Botanical Garden volume 8, number 28, was issued November 23. This number contains the following papers: ‘‘ New Species from Bolivia Collected by R. S. Williams,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby; ‘‘The Polyporaceae of Mexico,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill, and ‘Additions to the Paleobotany of the Cretaceous Formation on Long Island,’”’ by Dr. Arthur Hollick. This number contains the descriptions of 143 species previously unpublished. The regular annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science was held in Cleveland, Ohio, Decem- ber 31, 1912, to January 3, 1913. Representatives from all of the leading scientific institutions were in attendance and partici- pated in the reading and discussions of scientific papers. Meteorology for November—tThe total precipitation recorded for the month was 2.47 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded as follows: 65° on the 6th, 74° on the 12th, 68° on the 21st, and 52° on the 30th. Minimum temperatures were recorded of 25° on the 4th, 32.5° on the 1oth, 26° on the roth, and 22° on the 28th. The first killing frost of the season was on November 3. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 1 specimen of Herpotrichia nigra from Colorado. (By exchange with Dr. F. D. Kern. 75 specimens, “‘ Fungi Dakotenses,”’ fascicles 5, 6 and 7. (Distributed by Dr. J. F. Brenckle.) I specimen of Nectria Ipomoeae from New Jersey. (By exchange with Dr, M. T. ok.) I specimen of Tub iM Kern, 4 specimens of fleshy fungi from Staten Island, New York. (Given by Dr. B. O. Dodge.) I specimen of Hydnum Caput-ursi from Staten Island, New York. (Coll. by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) 30 specimens of fungi from Marshfield, Oregon. (By exchange with Dr. H. D. House 15 specimens of fleshy fungi from New Jersey. (By exchange with Mrs. F. M. Pearse.) 2 specimens of fungi from Indiana. (By exchange with Dr. F. D, Kern.) garis from Indiana. (By exchange with Dr. F. D. 198 (By exchange with Dr. F. D. oe (Collected by Dr. F. J. Sea I specimen of fungus from Porto Rico. er.) (By poet with 150 specimens of fungi from New York. I specimen of Porodisculus pendulus from Pennsylvania. Mr. Paul J. Ander: 34 specimens of ane from Washington. (By exchange with Mr. S. M. Zeller.) 4 specimens of fleshy fungi. (Collected by Professor R. A. Harper.) 36 specimens, of aie fungi from Yellowstone National Park. ae exchange with Dr. W. n.) 22 specimens 3 of faa from Seattle, Washington. Zeller.) 960 oe sa flowering plants from Jamaica, West Indies. Mr. William Harris.) 18 specimens o fungi from Porto Rico. 6 specimens of Drepanocladus from Montreal, Canada. (By Professor H. Dupret.) I specimen of Papillaria nigrescens from Florida. (By exchange with Mr. Severin Rapp (By exchange with Mr. S. M. (Collected by (By exchange with Brother Hioram.) ¢ xchange with f South Dakota. (By o. with Mr. S. S. Visher.) by Dr. C. B. Robinson.) a specimens of mosses from Pictou, Canada. (Giv ae exchange with Brother 68 specimens of flowering plants from Porto Rico. Hioram. 2,500 specimens from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, Mr. John F. tes and Miss Harriet L. Britton.) 93 specimens of flowering plants from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Agri- cultural caus Station. San Piedras, Porto Rico.) ants from Cuba. (By Sarat with Brother Leon.) Nor the herbarium of J. H. pl. 120 specimens of mosses ation th America. (Fro Hart.) 2 specimens of Alriplex and Eriogonum from the western United States. by Dr. E. L. Greene.) 353 specimens of flowering plants from Nevada. (Collected by Dr. A. A. (Given of Phi bulate f. ork. (Given by Professor J. F. Kemp. 2 specimens of mosses from ce nem (By exchange with ries H. Dupret ing plants from Colorado. (By exchange with Mr. George Osterhout.) 1 specimen of ihe Linaria showing spurred and spurless peloria. (Given tum.) o << cal cm is} =a i=} - 2 3 specimens of Chamaesyce from Louisiana. (Given by Mr. E. C. Wurzlow.) 2 museum specimens of Holacaniha Emoryi from peas fe by Dr. R. E Kunze.) I specimen of Juniperu. by Dr. N. L. Br: oe 6 specimens of dru (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) I specimen of ieee Deans from Louisiana. (Given by Mr. E. C. Wurzlow. 85 specimens, mostly Cacti. (By exchange with the Smithsonian Institution.) b li fi Harrington Sound, Bermuda. (Given 199 p fi Stockbrid Massachusett C. Dr. N.L. Britton.) 350 specimens Cacti. Sse es from aie ade culeivation in the green- houses, mostly by R. S. Willia: Pp Macleania insignis, Thibaudia laurifolia, and Vaccinium cordatum. ar the Botanical Garden, Brussels, Belgium 1 specimen of Sophoclesia nummularifolia. (By ex chaos with the Botanical Garden, Gerine Germany.) 5 specimens, with photographs, of Cavendishia glutinosa, C. Graebneriana, C. Wercklei, C. costaricensis, and C. Hoffmanni. (By exchange with the Botanical ies Berlin, Germany. men (By exchange with the United ee Department of pings ure I Pa 2 Eug Dr. N. L I Se ee nee plum. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusb ecimen, with photograph, of Vaccinium fissum. Pear Botanical Museum, Munich, Germ: ‘y speci: s of flowering plants from Russia. e.) a uniflora from Harrington House, Bermuda. (Given by y-) (By exchange with the any. 2 photographs of Vaccinium eriocladum and V. micranthum. (From the De- Candolle Herbarium. photograph of Vaccinium Myrsinites. (From the Museum of Natural History, nes France.) specimens, with photographs, of Vaccinium angustifolium and V. angusti- folium glaucescens. (From the Royal Gardens, , England.) ime mosses from North and South America. (By exchange with 5 specimens of Hejadea from Maine. (By exchange with Miss Annie Lorenz.) Io specimens of marine algae. (By sar See wit . A. 14 specimens of ferns from America. (By barium, Paris, France.) 4 specimenis of lichens from Washington. (By exchange with Mr. A. S. Foster.) 1,500 specimens from Bermuda. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, Mr. Stewardson Brown, and Fred J. Seav er. 100 specimens “ Uredineen,"’ fascicles XLIX and L. (Distributed by H. & P. Sydow. Mrs. Weber- van- Bosse.) xchange with the Bonaparte Her- 25 a “Phycomyceton et Phycometen,” fascicle VII. (Distributed by H.& P. yao 35 specimens 3 "Ascomycetes," fascicle 51. (Distributed by Dr. Heinrich Rehm.) m B iven by Dr. N. Britt Texas. (Distributed by Mr. ea Ruth. a m the Everglades and Miami River, Florida. (Gi a | of iaded aurea from an open well near Miami, Florida. (Given by Mrs. fies ae 2 museum specimens from Cuba. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wils: mn.) 114 specimens of flowering plants from Tobago, West Indies. aban by Mr. W. E. Broadway.) INDEX. cilicica 111, 117 oncol II, 117 firma III, 11 sheen homolept III, 112, 117 lastocarpa nobilis oe 7 elie rpieeiis III, 117 numidica IL Acer macro lun um 3 Agave 24, 57, 64 Aitchison, Thos. 103 Ider 2, 3, 10, pete Aleuria Alfalfa ne 160 loe 57 Aloes Alpine violets 135 Alpinia nutans 79 cinarum 79 vitatta 79 Isberg, C. L. 18 Alsophila 14 muscaria Amanitopsis dette 5 pares aus k 115 nae Miss “Adeline 46 Anacardium occidentale 73 Anderson, Mr. P. J. 130 pera Prof. H. W. 130 mi Anthac pes The Leiwont Park 39 Archidiu Arisaema anion 67 rmillaria abolannnipees ane Prof. J. C. 16, 61, 84, 195 Arum 68 "piphyllee um 68 Arundinaria Hea ili 55 Ascyrum lintfoliu mac opopalan 2 Aspergillus flavus 126 umigatus 126 niger 12 igri iCans 12 ae 127 Azaleas 102, Io Baccarini, Prof. P. 106 ess 55 er, Dr. H. J. Bannwart, Mr. Carl ak 201 Barbados gooseberry 58 orscht, Dr. v Barnes 148 Fst al , ae in Bermuda Barnes, P. T. 58 (Pls. CIIL-CVIL.) 189 Barnhart, Dr. J. H. 104 exploration in Cuba 23 Ja acquin’ s Selectarum stirpium his- exploration in Cuba, Further 69 oria iconibus pictis 99 exploration in Oriente, Cuba 92 Barratt, Mr. S. A. 72 exploration in Pinar del Rio, Cuba Barrigona palm 143 13 Basswood 157, 177 explorations in Santa Clara and Beaucarnea 57 Oriente 16 sani I Botanizing in os Yellowstone Park 160 Bego Bottle-brush an 85 Beli Perens ror Box-elder 15 Bem tv. W. H. 92, 94 : Brainerd, Dr. agi 45, 196 Satins Mr rR. C. 15 Brandegee, Bermuda, Botanical exploration in Brett, Ca. a6 Pls. CIII—CVII.) 189 pals i: G. Thoughtless destruction campylopus 193 ack in the pulpit (Pl. XCIV.) fleabane 192 hepatic 193 wid plants needing protection. iris 192 Jack in the pulpit (PI. XCIIL) enamel 192 67; 2. Spring | beie ¢ 1, XCV.) olive-w 91; 3. Wild Pi (Pl. XCVIL.) palmer oO coreg 109; 4. Wild columbine peperomia 192 XC .) 123; 5. Bird’s-foot 2 violet (Pl. XCIX. > cae cag 8 cross I92 Britton, Miss L. 69 Britton, Dr. L. 1, 17, 23, 26, 45, ood ie 193 , 04, 107, 136, 150, Snowberry 192 169, 174, 181, 183, 19 oe I9I Botanical exploration in Bermuda Berry, Mr. E. 16, 84 (Pls. CIIT~ ap nee es Bessey, Prof. C. E. 129, 148 Charles Finney Bihai 79 geet: lopment of a an system “oureo-iata 79 e Garden genicul funier botanical exploration in tustris Bais 79 Cuba 6 Birches 1, 2, 176, 177 William Eas Sore 877 Bird-of- -paradise-flower 78 Britton, Mrs. = TA 46, rs 150, 183, ueen’s 78 189, I Bird’s-foot violet 135 romeliads ses ild plants needing pro- ronx River flood 62 tection (P]. XCIX.) 135 rooks, Dr. Charles 36 Bizzaria plants 106 rooks, Mr. Theodore 97 jerkandera ae 175 roughtonia i Blair, Prof. . 16 rown, Prof. Blakeslee, Dr. A. F, 16 Mr. Stewardson 182, 189 Blodgett, y! ‘ar Blolly 192 uchanan, Mr. G. R. 73 Blue spruce, Colorado 112 uckwheat 164 Boletes of the Lake Placid region, The urbank, Mr. Luther ro, 151 polypores and 175 urlingham, G. S. 18, Boletinus cavipes 178 on a of. T. J. 60, 61 ictus 178 177 EO ae 2 - eee pee 18 Clintonianus 178 luteus 5 Cacti, spineless 10, 151 Bombax emarginatum 139 Cactus 57 Boote, Mr. G. M. 73 Harlowit 74 B orden, T.E. 58 Cactus, hedgehog 57 Cactus, melon- 74 mistletoe 57, 64 ry) , Bermuda 193 ee 8 Jama ica 25, maica Cafiizares, Dr. F. i Canker, chestnut 1-43, 46, 130 conve n, The chestnut 41 Ce Me Andrew 99 ae se a 57 ie eae 56 ter, Mr. 6 it 73 Ca. stalie an candidissima 106 arliacea carnea 106 Cedar-apple rusts 61 oe Pees 114 I2, Ti Bermuda ie 6. es oe 116 Fortunei 114 pedunculata fastigiata 114. Cereus 57 26 he flowering of the Ja- 5 202 neha night- Sena 57 Cer isdaesh auri po fe 178 communis 1 subglabripes a subtomentosus 178 viscidus 178 ‘ervena unicoloy 175 Chamaecyparis 112, Ir wsoniang hee! 113 2, 113 obtus Noothatnsis ra, II3 se ‘ilico id tycopodioides II3 pisifera 113 plumosa rd 113 Char Veitchit 113 thyoides 113 Pec ias 113 ie Mis Nae 182 Chai vee t 4 er 3 convention, The Childs, Mr. ] L. 102, ae vere Chimeras 1 Chinese dw: ae ae 78, 85 ass ginger plant 79 eis int Cc ie er mn Chrysanthemum Chrysobalanus 140, 141 nchona 72 ings given to the Museum alba 192 diana 192 m 7I, 180 Gols. "oiling fungi on the Pacific LXXXV.-XC.) 1 eg 140 i aie Miss M. T. 179, 180 vispus 147 us Blum ree fungi t ‘a ne pole: 174 th coast (Pls. L XC. Collections, The succulent plant 56 203 Colorado blue spruce 112 Colpothrinax ees 137, 143 Coltricia perennis 175 tomentosa I ie Columbine, wild 123 Wild plants ee ain (Pl. XCVIIL.) z Common banana 7 plantain 25 silver fir 111 Comocladia 170 Conference notes 1 14, a 44, §8, 80, 194 Conoclinium coelestin 16 Constable, Mrs. F. a 104, 179, I oat eae aoe see N. Y. Bot ae Convention, The chestnut canker 41 r. M. T. 36, 151 E. B. 14, 58, 106 ao en 176 Cor: Corn rnuti 124 Corn cubensis 172 S79 ceeicanals 80 1, .D. Crata aego-mespilus Acne 106 106 ar aterellus planes enrre 5 Cr oe a 143 uses 63 ej beymudiana 193 paucispina 193 Cryp nica 114 lora i MicAl é Botanical exploration in Pinar del Rio 136 Botanical expl ave in Santa Pr sr and Orient urther see ion in 69 Cites Hae 144 walnu uervo, Sr. A. F. 142 uming 58 up-fungi 45 urran, H. M. ‘urrants, wild 162 urtis, ae C. C. 163 ea Aree - . B. ating, Wit oe 77 hea ‘yathe yeads re) ‘yclamen 161 yperus te) bald 55 pripedium reginae 18 ‘ytisus Adami 106 ante ee 176 ils 2 rcf. B. M. 16, 163 fj n the Buivit. houghtless (Pl. XCIV. evden of the path ee of the Garden 124 pace nutans 171 Die see J. G. 93 oe Diplasium Loan 192 Dismal Swamp of Virginia, Some fe he (Pls. XCI., cae - t Il. Dodge, Dr. B. 3 ras aaah Mrs. B.O.1 Donors Althoff, Mrs. J. P. 185 0 . J. 184 Dr. N. L. 19, 184, 198, 199 ritton, Mrs. N. L. 20, 38, 121, 168 oadhurst, Miss Jean 165 roadway, Mr. W. E. 165 rown, Mrs. Francis 168 ush, Mr. B. F. 108, 132, 152, 166 lark, Dr. E. D. 64 lark, Mr. J. L. 86 larke, Hon. G. H. 121 3 204 Donors—Cont tinued acs seat ell, Mrs. W. P. 168 a, Dr. Eugenio, ‘tsa ene Prof. ae D. A. 165, 168 » Dr, C. C. 167 Curtis, Davis, Rev. John 12 Dearness, Mr. John 19 Delafield, Mrs. J. R. 16 odge, Dr. 197 Donlevy, Miss Alice 165 Dowell, Dr. guston, Field, Mr. 7 184 Fisher, Mr. G - 168 Gates, Mr. M. German Kali Works ag Greene, Dr, E. L. Hallock, Mrs. - A aS Harper, aoe Harper, D RM. ae 152, 184 Harris, Mr. Wim Harvey, Mr. eC. Henderson & Ko or Messrs. 1 167 168 Sf Prof. Gs 121, oe 198 a ee ae bee tin a Mess. Henderson & 167 Krouw pe Dr. on . 1 198 66 i Nevins, Mrs, ie sell H. 199 | Coumerciah a 185 Nicholas, Dr. F.C. 3 Dono ae inued Pearse, Mrs. F. M. P, 9 Robinson, Dr. C. B. 19, 121, 152, 198 Roles, Mr. F. C. 1 Roorback, oe ae 166 Rusby, Dr. H. H. 20, 48, 86, 152, I 99 monds, Edw 08 losson, Miss Mae ae 184 mall, Dr. J. K. 3 Valcott, Mr. W. O. Mik Williamson, mee f, C. S. 183 urziow, M. oe 19, 198 juda, b Sp ae 193 Dwarf banana, Chinese 78, 85 yellow cveniogeprmaove 161 ryck, Fry 84 Eads 13 Ear, A fungous infection of the 126 205 ca Prof. F. S. Mr. W. W. 106 der 157 iabiendon allenuatum 192 192 aneanum Eleocharis 140, 141 albida 191 bermudiana 191 Elfvingia fomentaria 176 megaloma 176 Ellis 148 Elm 158 Elmer, A. D. E aati Miss r . 27, 160 Engelmann 13 seacees aa IOL wII4 Epiphyllum 57 Erigeron 94 Darrellianus 192 calyptus 9, Eupatorium coelesinu a Euphorbia bermudia: Blodgetti: Eutur pe 97 Evans, 82, I90 Prof. A. W. 80, Ev ae ee es bs Evergreens, Winter. ene of 110 Exch: hanges Agricultural Experiment Sta orto Rico, West a ies a 108 Anderson, Mr. P. J. 1 she, Mr. W. Atkinson, Prof. G. F. 153 Baker, Prof. C. 8 Banker, Prof. H. J. 37 Bartholomew, Mr. E. 64 Belhatte, Mr. C. 37, 64 Bethel, Prof. Ellsworth 64, 153, 166 Biological Survey, Washington, Bona aparte Herbarium, Paris, Fra Bodies y Garde: Utrecht, Hol- land 20, 131, 184 Botanic Garden, Bonn, Germany Botanic Garden, Budapest 65 Bo Aes ic ae rden, Karlsruhe, Ger- any 6 Exchanges—Continue Botanic ery St. Petersburg, Russia 8 Botanic Garden, Taber, Bohemia Botanic Garden, Zurich, Switzer- and 6 land Brace, J 86 Brenckle, Dr. J. F. 166 Brotherus, Pref. V. F. cam Buffalo Botanic Garden 167 Bureau of Agriculture, Mai 168 patie of Pl. ae Industry, Wash- ington, D. C. 49, 65, 86, 131, 167, 168 Bush, Mr. - Cardot, 1 Ju ae 08, 199 Carnegie Muscun, Pittsburgh, Piiaciet ines 19, 38 ham shais ,D c . 167 lements, Prof. F. E. 152 ockerel es T. D. A. 184 ook, 1907 a Univers 152 esta, Dr. Eugenio 132 Da avis, Dr. Joh avis, Prof. B. M. 37 Department of Agriculture, Ja- maic ee Dixon, “Mr. . N. 131 Dobbin, Mr. “Bras 108 me) Felippone, Dr. Florentino 108 ield Museum of Natural History 165 Fink, Prof. Bruce 2. 153, Boag Foster. i ie A. S. 9, 65, 199 53 A. O. Geolog al pee - oon 20, Gaul, Miss H. M. 167 x ® oq a ‘g me) r O Dr. Herbarium of ia Soaeesite 86 Hioram, Brother 1 ee House, Dr. H. D. 85, 122, 152, 197 aes 7 & Lager, ne 20, 38, sane uve Mr. J. R baud Dr. G. B. ey we 6s: 108 , Dr. F. D. 20, 85, 166, 197, eae 206 paar a mares inued ight & Struck, Messrs. . 20, 167 pear eres waned 20, 38, 167 Langton, Mr. Thomas 38 Leon, Brother Long, Prof. W. Lorenz, Miss Annie Lunell, Dr. John 64, 166, 185 MacMillan, Mr. Manda, Mr. A. J. 86 Manda, Mr. J. A. 20, 38 emminger, Mr: = R. 38 Mills, Mr. R. Millspaugh, Dr. c ae issouri Botanic aa 167 tural History Museum, Paris 108 Nelson, ee Aven 49 Zz 2 a aN roa 5 6 es is a > Roth, Dr. Geor; Royal Botaicdl ic wien Berlin, Germany 165, 184, 199 Royal Botanical Museum, Munich, Germany 199 Roy: . rea Garden, Calcutta, India 167 Royal ‘Boranie Garden, oe Dublin, Ireland 49, 65, 1 Royal Gardens, ‘Zew ee se Laboratory, Oa Canada Sheldon, Prof. J. L. 166 Smithsonian Institution 198 oa Universit: oa 49 Stephani, Mr. Franz 37 Struck & Knight, vee 20, 167 Sumstine, Prof. D. R. 153 Ty . Wm r. Jer Uz. S. Department 7 Agriculture 167, U.S. National Museum 20, 37, 38, 65, 86, 121, 131, 132, 1§2, 165— 168, 185 University of California 108, 121 University of Michigan 49 Exc Gee erent 1, Mr. = M. 38, 49, 85, 198 Exhibitions ele 179 xplor Ber: ee Botanical © Is. CHL _CVIL. cs in Cuba, Botanical 2 in Cuba, Further botanical 6 9 in Oriente, Cuba, Botanical 92 in Pinar del Rio, Giese “Retna 136 ae Ae in Santa Clara and Oriente, Botanical 169 N. v. Bo tanical Garden Fairchild, Dr. David 1 Features we rs Distal Vir, Some (Pls. Swamp of XCl., xCIL) 3 Fénix, E. 58 Fern, Bermuda maidenhair- 192 ‘ae uda ee i an 160, 162, 163 Flower exhibition 179 shows, Spr pre and summer (PL. xc “VI. 100 Flowering of i Jamaica candle- wood tree, The 25 Flowery raspbery, white 162 Fomes Lar ses pains oe pee cars pode 176 prunicola Forget-me-not ae a. 1, es oe 93 W. 58 ungi, cup- 45 207 Fungi, na I, 12, 174 fies! ae a 129, 160, 162, 163 gil. . oe I, 46, 148, ule in the oe Collec’ nm the Pacific coast, V.-XC.) 1 ing 174 Geledne poi us I, I Fungous eee of the ear, A I Further agesias Gyleriien in gone pies Jerruginosa 176 Gager, Dr. C. S. 18, 47, 61 Galium ann 19. ispidulum 19, Garcia- a Sefior ie 170 Garden ei, oo nt of the path the cer Garland cee East Indian 79 Gasteria 56 planifolia 85 asterias 85 ates, Mr. I45 & M AUSSIO brinceps ae ay-wi ¢ Sena sempervirens 55 entians, fringed 161 eonoma 13 erardia 161 esnevia 7 ies, Prof ae 129 ilbert, Mr. ill- eae ae 5. il, es ae a 174 inger p uae Chine Gladioli 104, 180. ee Ni Gasara 102 anama 102 Sin v Shee Glowpom hirsutum 176 Glo: ae ae ww 63 angium 61 rus cyanescens 178 Guns all, Mr. C. H. a Supt. E. Ww. 142 annington, Bishop 8 7 apalopilus rutilans 176 Hariota Harkness 9, 11 Harper, Pref. R. A. 17, 35, 36, 80, 151 er, R. M. 3 Harris, Mr. William 26 oo I ae fe Har: R. a 171 Harshberger, oT J. W. 163 Has ee Mr. T. A. rorI-103, 130, I7Q-181 Hawkweeds 4 Haworthia 56 aynes, Miss C. - 80, 82 eald, Poe Ma ieee Berm da a7 ictus, Jacquin’s ctarum stirpium O90 ur ne 83, 104, 182, 197 a atures of the Dismal mp of ee (Pls. XC XCIL) 5 Selec’ Hollie” Dr, Arthu: Som Sw Heilyhoc Holly, Fapanese os Holton, eS Honduras sane 84 ass _ 7 162 ficeies ae ilies 26 H ops 9 Hop-tree 26 orne, W. T. 1 Horticultural Society 100, Io1, 179, 182 Houard, Dr. I5I ouse, H. owe, Dr. M. 48, ae 62, 80, 82, 104. < 29, 181, 190, R. 4 ¥ ydran ye opienk: eburneus § 208 Hylocereus §7 Icaco 140, 14T Ilex Raphi nape II7 Indian turnip 67 fee of the bd A fungous 126 177 : 2 Ir 177 I eae Ee I 77 Jack-in- oS we 67, 69 ughtless pee of (PI. xCIV, 6 Wild plants ades protection (Pl. XCIIL.) 67 ene Prof. H. S. 57 Jacqui: - 99 Facquin s Selectarum stirpium historia iconibus pictis 99 Taniaien are pals 25, . The ee eine of the re James 27 Japanese cedar 114 holly 116 Jassem: SI hibernica 115 hoivntls oo 117 luca. ohaia II rigida 11 ‘abina 115, 116, 117 ae ae 116, I17 glauca 116, 117 Kaffir orange 128 T F. D. 16, 61, 84 r. J. Killing of sets Winter- 110 Kindber; Ku st E. A. 18 Lachnea 45 Laelia an boletes of the rE. 9 77 oe a maple 3 ee ur 161 awns ruined by ee white grub 149 Leaf-miners, oak cea see N. vy; ee anica] Garden des school children, Nature- 196 557 Leon, Brot! hee rT 24, 25, 71, 76, Leopard-moth, The a C3 “ch 155 Lepidium virginicum 2 Leplocreus pe aI, rboreus 71 ophanes 27 Lewisohn, Adolph ror Libocedrus pe 9 PCAs Colomb 102 Dame Blanche 102 Edmund Boissier 102 Mad. hei Buchner 101 Milto: Miss filen es 102 Volcan 102 ae 63. oe 180 ond- I water- 106, 140, 142 Lilium inane ed ba) Limoniu vie adalat 193 193 efr Lindberg 27 Linnaeus 27, 68, 91, 110, 124, 136 Live-oak 9, 11 BE. Lloyd, Pref. F. E. 84, 120, 163 Loblolly pine 115 Lodge pole as e 162 Loher, A. 5 pees pansy 135 Lupine 162 Macdonald, a - A. 101, 179, 180 Mai 5 Verde Don Ramon 76 y 70 Maidenhal-fer, Bermuda 192 Malpighia 25 aple 3, 5, 10, 157, 176-178 large-leaved 3 red silver- 156, I sugar- 157, an 176, 177 ve eee 3 Ong Merritt, .5 ee 56 209 Meteorology, see N. Y. Botanical arden Mexican rain tree 171 Meyer, Mr, Frank 182 Meyer, Michau x, André 110 Mi. ii Mi Millspaug! h, Dr. F. C. 196 95 eee ae 8 S57, 64 Mitten, ME William 82, 83 a pine 9 Moore, Mr. yee mae 104 Moore, ea os I3, 61 organ Mare ani ane Moss, resurrection 4 te h 6 Mossman, J. P Moth, The ipa. (Pls. C.-CII.) 155 Lake PI Murrill, Mrs 1, 6, 4. Mu rrill, Dr. W. A. 17, 44-46, 60 128, 129, 163, 181, 182, 194, 197 gre tea paintings given to the um 172 Collecting fungi in the Adiron- dacks 17 EE fungi on the Pacific Seana -XC.) 1 bias dive ue anker c ntion 4 The McClatchie ee IA7 Pp nd boletes of the 17S 4 ap ie) > ® a o 5 =| o 2 BE g Sa per 78, 85 ccinea 79 Miseun.. Chinese tea paintings given to the Myginda eae 24 Myrica 141 Narcissus 63, IOI Nash, ee . V. 37; 60, 63, 64, 85, 104, 129, X51 65, ca 196 a exhibitions I 210 Nash, pd and ee flower shows (Pl. XCVI.) 1 The banana has The Letchworth ek Arboretum 39 The succulent plant collections56 Winter-killing of evergreens 110 Nature- See lecture to public school chi oes Newberry New York Serer Garden Accessions 19, 37, 48, as 85, 108, 121, is 31, bess oe 183, 197 oe rk ations es 23, ae 92, 136, 4, 189 To Sable ice children, 183, 19 Meteor ee 1911, December 195 Sears August October ale 12I; uly ia eptember 165; rology staff, scholars 12 23, 69, 92, 136 169, 174, Temperature, see Meteorology Nichols, Howes d 179 Ni earls, cereus 57 Nix, Mr. H. 4 Nopalea 57 Nortante - guianensis 36 North ps Ficra 15, 16, 27, 60, 61, 84, 151 papaw 164 Notes, news and comment I5, 35, 45, — 83, 105, 120, 129, 150, 163, 196 WNytléterets a Oak 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 76, 130, 131 leaf-miners 130 live- 9, II - 55 Octoblepharum 27 Ocnothera 16 Olive, Dr. E. W. 16, 120 Olive Bene Bermuda 192 Ca ns 18 Opunt 157 macracantha a Orange, Kaffir The Kaffir “ie. 1) 127 -trees 12 Orchid, ey 18 avanese I Oriente, uae peauiaa exploration in Bodie in Santa lara an Overholts, Mr. L. Overton, Prof. J. B explorations 169 4 130 . 129 Pachycereus 57 a (Pls. XXV-— Paeonia lutea To outan 102 Paintings given to the Museum, Chinese tea 172 Palm 9, II, 12, 24, 75, 85, 140, 144, 14 a i barrigo royal 137, 139. 140, 145 Palmetto 76 135 eee 135 aa North aes 164 Paphiopedilum Alcides 3 insigne 18. Harefield hall 18 Wm. McKinley 18 Parasitic ae 106, 120, 151, 194 139 ean of the 0 iH. ai a 177 Peck, Pn of. M Eee Peltostigma ptel 25 Peltost ia soles ed 26 annie . 60 Peon: s 102, 1 104, 130 tree ie rrr 192 Septentrionalis 192 Peperomia, Bermuda 192 a ail! grass 25 Pesskia a Pi ate hie eae 17, 38 Phragmipedium 18 Cleola 18 ale be azurea 140 Pi. “Abie 12 ajanensis II2 alba brevi if ia pet nee 112, 117 Eng oe 112, 117 w S55 Pineapple plants 79 Pinguicula 137 Pink, fi 7 d I09, 1 Wild pias pease protection (Pl. XCVII.) 1 7 143 austriaca 115, 117 11 Pinus, Banksiana 115, 117 Cembra 117 11s none Ss 17 speestris I : fa 117 hae IIS unbergit 115, 117 Piptopors suberosus 177 Pis Pisco Saman 171 ochila 82 te eas The succulent 56 Plant, ginger 7 9 Chinese 79 itive 75 Plantago major 25 aes ale m 25 Plaats, Binzava 106 y 57 needing protection, Wild. 1. Jack the pulpit (Pl. XCIII.) 67; 2 phe beauty (Pl. X ) or; 3 ee Pink (Pl. XCVII.) 109; 4 ‘olumbine Pl XCV 123; 5. Bird’s-foot ‘le a XCIX.) 1 pple 79 Platyclinis ee 18 Plukenet 68, 91, 136 Plumiera Podewi. cae citied a 84 Poisonous fun: ne Pole pine, lodg Polygonum pa 164 Polypodium 15 ellu elegans I Siss glo: meratus 177 Polyporus 177 212 Pond, Dr. R. H. 83 Y. Botanical W. 4 ar 72 art yellow evening- 161 - 160, 161 a 2 Prunus pennsyiva: 176 Pseudotsuga oa 116, I17 taxi, bate Ptelea trifoliata 26 Piclealeaved Soon Public ool children, ae es to, 196 saci i . the staff, scholars, and tudents of the New York Botan- eas during the year 26 Nature-study IgIt Puccinia oie 131 Puffballs Purdie, William 26 Purple leek 161 Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 177 Pyropoly porus igniarius 177 Queen's it tac flower 78 Quercus Garryana 6 Radiovitiaria 15 82 Radula Rain tree, Mexican 171 Rainfall, see N. fee Botanical Garden amos, Maximo 58 Raspberry, ari flowery 162 Ravenala _ gascariensis 78 ed ceda , 116 ene 192 clover 150 r 3.6, 7 aple 55 pider 116 tedwood 10, - teed, Dr. tees, Mr. Charles fe 93 teid 1 teports, see N. = Botanical Garden ure tion mo: Celinispora a a hamnus Purshiana 3 hexia virginic hipsali i Rhipsalis, Cassutha 64 entaptera 64 Regnellit 64 ombea 64 pak 64 Rhizophora 95 Rhododendron pia 116, 117 maximum 116, Rho Seats ae 36 Riccardia Riccia 82 Richards, Prof. H. M. 60 tobinson, Dr. C. 6, 58, 150 tobinson, Miss W. J. 18, 160 kcosevelt, Mr. J. B. tose, Dr. J. 47, 70 kosenbluth, R. 58 Roses, 12, 103, I Lossati, ui () stkovites granulatus 8, 178 Royal palm 137, 139, 140, 145 tusby, H. H. 60, 129, 196, 197 ush, Bermuda spike- fussul 162 OMUCCENSTS 193 Sabal 137, 143 Blackburnianum 192 Palmetto 76, Sage-brush -bus St. Andrew's cross, Bermuda Santa re nd Oriente, Tctahical rations in 169 Sargent's s ihe k IIS Sarsapar ie Honduras 84 ea 109 Say: De R. H. Schotalshy. Pro. Tule a ee Scholars, and students the Ne York Botanical Bey len durin: the yea a Publications of the s tal, 2 School nidien, Nees lectures to public 7196 ua Sch e, Mr. C. I Scott . 179 Serymser, Mr. J. 35 . E. 130 Re e 45, 104, 105, 182, 189, I The iecpaae a atl (Pls. C.-CIL.) Sedge, Bermuda 192 Sedum 160 218 Selby, A. D. 18 ra en stirpium historia iconibus pic! je Jecauie: $8 99 Selenicereus 24, Semaphore cactus 73 +75 Botanical exploration in Pinar del io, a 13 Botanical exploration in Oriente, Cuba Botanical explorations in Santa and Oriente 169 160 Shaw, Hen: 6 Shear, nie Cc. L. 83 Shell flower 79 Shield- ee pecs 193 Shooting-star Shows, Sp Sean and summer flower (Pl. XCVI. Shreve, Dr. Hone t 47 Siegel, ‘Mr. Henry 103, 104 Silene 110 wi s 63, 161 Society Horticultural 100, Ior, oc 182 e fea of the Dismal Swamp of Vitg ja (Pls. XCI. xXCIl cee Sour-gum an San ne E. B. ror, 129 Spanish m Spiral-flags 7 Spring and ane flower shows (PI. XCVI.) .) 100 -beauties 67, 91 ae beauty, Wild aie needing pro- tion (Pl. XCV.) 9 s Rie 3, 112, 162, 7 ado blue 112 Color Douglas 11 durin, Publi- cations of the Stapelia 56 Starry campion 110 Stevens, Dr. F. L. 1 Stevens, Princi Aen cipal 196 Stirpium istoria ae pictis, Jac- n’s Selec Stokes, Mr Ps Stone, M Stonecrop 16 St Vanes B. 17, 104, 105, 195 A fungous eee of the ear 126 Conference n 14, 27, 44, $8, 80, I Stover, Prof. W. G. Strasburger, ives ieduard I05 Streli izia Nicolai York Botanical during the year Igr1, Publications of the staff, scholars, 03, 179 He a New Succ! dient a parades The 56 Sugar-cane 145, eae 157, 1 176, 177 Suillellus luridus 1 Su er wer Cane Spring and ( CVI.) 100 S tine, see D. 35, 129 S 164 Swi a of Virginia, Some features of he Dismal re XCII.) 53 Sweet peas 104, 179, a. 158 Syrin Tabebuia 75 Tamarack pee Tan-bark pha aaa Loe 55 Tax 14 By aia ¥ canadenst cuspidata 114, 117 evi, Tig nana 114, 117 214 Taylor, Mr. Norman 60, 84 Tea 172, 173 paintings given to the museum, Chinese 172 Temperature, see N. Y. Botanical Garden Ten-day 93 er, . J. 130 Thoughtless destruction of ae in the pulpit (Pl. XCIV.) 6 Thrinax 24 punctulata 24 Thujopsis Standishii 113 Thuya 113 an Tiger tail cen 1I2 Tomatoes ae opp, Mis: 05 Torre, Prof. ae ee la 76 Torrey, Dr. 190 -ferns 9, 14, 95, 99, 144 fringe 74 hop- 26 eae rain 171 The ‘fo owering of the Jamaica ood 25 158, 183 renee Prof. William 46, 61 Trevor, Mrs. J. B. 179, aii fs Trumpet vine 75 Tsuga ae pen ea la 11 - 117 lip: ; Tulip tree ae I Tumion nuciferu Turk’s-head cactus 57 co. eee win-: Topas jeu 178 a I a gutltulatus 178 semipileatus 178 Underwood, Prof. 80, 81, 83, 148 Utricularia 137 Vanda tricolor Suavis 18 Viclet, ris teat 135 ae Aap needing pro n Pl. ge ) age Violets 4, 67, 135 eer 160, 191 Ipine 13 Virginia, oe features of the Dismal Sw vamp cf (Pis. XCI., XCII.) 53 Williamsii 15 Vries, Prof. Hugo de 128, 151, 182 Waby, Mr. J. F. 163 Wagner, Richard ror Waldron, .R. 151 Walnut, Cuban 17 Walpers 26 Wa ites, Thomas 110 Warnstorf, 27 Wa per aces th 140 140, 142 Webb, G. Whea es 3 Whitake er, De Beruirn 98 White, ea I, 3, 6, 55, 56, 116 clover 150 flowery Sp nee 162 grub 149, 150, grub, Lawns fae by the 149 215 White lady-slipper 18 phlox 161 ape 15, 178 Whitelaw, Andrew 179 Whitford, H. N. = Wild columbine 1 Wild ae Had loners (Pl. XCVIII.) 1 se lant cae protection XCVII.) x cage i pro as « Jack in the pulpit (Pl. XCHL) ae “ Sprite beauty (PL XCV.) 9 3. we oo ae XCVIL.) ie, 4. lumbine Pi. xc Ly ] saa s-foot ee (Pl. oe yi Williams, Mr. \. Williams, Mr. R. Ss. no 27, 28, 59, 197 Willow 2, 3, 5, 162, 173 oa Wilson, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Daniel 12 Wilson, Pro! . W. IS Wilson, Mr. ‘Percy 15, 142, 145 Wilson, Mr. Percy. Botanical explora- tion in Cuba 23 The flowering of ge Jamaica candle pis, tree 2 Wilson, Dr. W. P. 107 Winter-killing a evergreens 110 Woodstock, J. Wright, “Mr. Charles 93, 97, 98, 146, 147 Xyris 137 Yasuda, Prof. ta 46 sss Daan ee ee: dwarf 161 16 pine 55 eee Park, Botanizing in tle 160 Yew American Il4 II Yucca 12 sais 4 dia 69 Zeller, M r.S.M.3 Zingiber Zingiber 79 Members of the Corporation, Epwarp D. Apams, Davin Lyn, I Joun D. Arcuso.p, Epgar L, Marston, Hon. Appison Brown, Freperic R. NEwsoLp, Pror. Epw. S. Burcess, Pror, Henry F, Oszorx, Dr, Nicnotas M, Bute, Loweit M. PaLmer, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Georcr W. Perkins, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Henry Pures, Wituram G. CHoate. James R. PitcHer, Paut D, CravarH, M. F, Prant, CreveLanp H. Dopce. Joun D, RocKEFELLER, A. F, Estasroox. Wi1u1AM ROocKEFELLER, H. C, Faunestocx, Pror, H. H. Russy, Samuzt W, FaircHip, Dr. Recinatp H. Sayrz, Jauzs B, Forp, Jacos H. ScuiFr, _ Henry W, ve Fonzsz, Mortimer L. Scuirr, f _ Roser W. ve Foresr, James A. ScryMszR, Pror. W. J. Gres, j Isaac N. SELIGMAN, Pro. R. A Harper, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, Epwarp S, Harkness, Wizuramu D, SLoanr, A. Hecxscurr, Netson SmitH, Henry R, Hoyt, James SPEYER, THos. UBBARD, F 1s L, STETSON, Be Appian Iszun, Jr., Cuartes G. THOMPSON, _ Watrer B. Jennines, Dr, W. GitMAN THOMPSON, Joun I, Kane, SamugL THORN: _ Evceng Ketty, Je., Myzzs Trzrney, Pror. James F. Kemp, Louis C, TiFFany, Epw. V. Z. Lang, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, d _Pror. Freveric S. Lex, W. K. Vanversitt, . Hon. Seta Low, Hon, Eczrton L. WintHrop, PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- taining Hae, news, and non-technical pee of ce interest. Free to all’ mem- bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in ex- change.] Now in its fourtee nth volume. Mycologia, bim onthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fun, ngi, including lichens ; containing technical articles and news and notes of general in- terest. $3.00 hae single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in fifth Spina ulletin of th ew York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of ihe Director-in- "Chief and other official documents, and technical eet embodying results of investigations carried cat in the Garden. Fr - mbers of the Garden ; to others, $3.00 per volum Now in its eighth volum North American Flora. Descript ions of me wild haat ik North America, including Greenland, | the West Indies and Central America. ne d to be com- pleted in 32 volumes, Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more pai arts. Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a rea number of separate ae will be sold for $2.00 xa oe offered in exchan Vol. 3 Igto. Nectria seas Wanisarieeen Ae. ( Vol. rs ne 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, 1912, Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae pars Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). (Parts 1 ade se no longer Sad ee ately. ) ; Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. ath e (pars). Vol. 17, part I, 1909 ; par 1912. Typha Goan Padcei (pars). C 22, parts I "and 2, eae, gies 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosaceae - (pars) Vol. 25, part I, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. G B Memoirs of the cases =e jotanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00 per volum others, $2.00. Ee ot offered § in Sechaage ol. I. An Ansoted catlogue “of the Flora of Montana bo the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The sone of ‘Light and Darkness upon Growth fd Development, y D. T. MacDouga’ vi + 320 pp., with 176 figures, 1903. Vol. III, Studies of “Creta ‘aceous Conifer rous Rewine from ree ea New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii 138 pp., with 29 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii = es pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908, butions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series o nical papers aca Aas student ts or members of the staff, and Egat from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. eventh volum RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS E. 150, The Individuality of the Chromosomes and their Serial Ren in Carex aquatilis, by A Ae Stout. 151, Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—XXVI, by P. A. Rydberg. 152, The genu: dace and its Representatives in North ‘Asnetles by Jean r 153. Studies on the Roc cky Mountain Flora—X XVII, by P. A. Rep erg. 154. Biochemical Studies of Soils Subjected to Dry Ileat, by F. J. Seaver and E. D. Clark, NEw YORK salad sd GARDEN Xx PARK, ne York Oiry WS ESE . aN x SSRN Bea TES = ran wY NSS ween a Sate tke Een Ess fr ADRS ts oar sama turers Seer 1 t wile et etend die om ow fy phen tee a Ges : ee arr rare orem hee: ea phen ae ie A BOP, Lae py “ Se eae A Z ed pn Le gee; Soars ‘iis ad ee “an torre B34) Splat bo “Me oe - DE has ts ‘ ode dp hrillfy cae 7. Pete ee hoe ogee ‘de bbb hs ipeigp foes eel ‘me atl gd. Lenore gen Selden state tpeere eet eect ice Arte Sass oo ence wopeen iaee. = nn nen pen otic. ne ten Journar OF Tue New York Boranicat GarpEN VOLUME XIV, 1913 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davip Lypic Funp BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DaLy JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories VoLumME XIV WITH 20 PLATES 1913 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NortH Qugen Strest, Lancaster, Pa. y Tus New Era Painrinc Comrany PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY. LANCASTER PA. OFFICERS 1913 PresIDEHNT—W. GILMAN THOMPSON c SrcretTary—-DR. N. L. BOARD oF MANAGERS 1. ELECTED MANA s Term expires January, 1914 €DWARD D. ADA AMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST NRY W. ve FOREST Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BRITTON W. J. MATHESON ANDREW CARNEGIE W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires January, 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD FRANCIS a ee STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS MYLES TIERNEY EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS HON. LOUIS FLA R THE Mayor oF THE City oF New York HON. ARDOLPH L. KLINE 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EUGENE P. BICKNE PROF. pare - GIES PROF. EDWARD S. B ROF. R. A. es DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF, JAME: THOMAS W. CHURCHILL PR OF. Teeoeaic S. LEE GARDEN Sinan DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration ) DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director (Administration DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Cur. f the Museums (Flowering Plants ) DBERG, ae (Flowering Plants ator (Flowerless Plants ) (Flowerless Plants ) ICK, Curator (Fossil ts ) ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Asst RCY LSON ¢ Curator ORGE, V. NASH, ‘dener ST q rector of th aboratories J WALTER S. ‘GROESBECK, Clerk and pine Members of the Corporation Fritz AcHELIS. Epwarp D, ApaMs Cuartes B. ALEXANDER Pror. James F, Kemp Epw. V. Z. LANE Prov. Freperic S. Lez Hon. Ser: Davip Lypi¢ Epcar L. Marston GrorcE W. PERKINS Henry PHIpes James R. PITCHER Grorczk W. VANDERBILT W., K, VaNpDERBILT TABLE OF CONTENTS. JANUARY No. 157. The Charles Finney Cox Collection of Darwiniana Catalogue of the Cox Collection of Darwinia i Plants Notes, News and Comment. No. 158. FEBRUARY Winter F lowerin fon Sah g Further Botanical Explorations in Pinar del Rio, Cuba Publications 1 the Staff, Scholars and Students of the New York Botanical Garden ar 1912 during the Conference Notes....... Notes, News and Comment Accession No. 159. Marcu e Sta g-Horn Fer: Accessions APRIL No. 160. Wild Plants Needing Protection—6. Wild Azalea (Azalea nudifiora L.)..... Report of Exploration in Tropical Florida. on. The Cedar of Leban Not Notes, News and Comment Accessions . No. 161. May Wild Plants Needing Protection—7. Pink Moccasin Flower (Cypripedium i acaule Aiton)...... Cactus ee in the West Indies. ohn Inn Insurance a ae. Conference Notes. . Notes, News and Comment. essions No. 162. JUNE dison Brown....... Ad 119 ee inn Nesding Protection—8. American or Mountain Laurel (Kalmia The esha Bark-B: The May Flower Exhibition vii 126 viii CONTENTS Nature- ae Lectures During the Spring of 1913 Sum: mer Lectu: IQTZ3.-....- Notes, New: a Comment: ae. eaerGincdoencaatees No. 163. JuLy Wild Flowers Needing Protection—9. Flowering Dogwood (Cynoxylon act «++ 133 John Pierpont Mor. The Lantern-slide cic. The June Flower Exhibition... 00.00... ccc ete ec ener etree Notes, News ae Comment iii.cees kd cee een ES SR Sa Seed oes ACCESSIONS sony B ® Mycolo; tr: including lichens ; Saks ning technical articles and news and ote of g terest. $3.00 a kn ; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange, arden. e Gar ae ; to other. eae eh volume. Now in its eighth volume siirehionick Flora. Descriptions of the wild es ©: Soe Seg he West Indies a Central America vee Ro E pleted in 32 volumes, ae ach volume to consis of four ©: Subscription price, Sr AO pe per “par tse ee number of separate parts “will ey for $2.00 each, [Not offered in exchan Vol. 3, part I, se Nectriacea ae Mela c é Vol. 7, rat 1; 1906; part 2, 1907 ; part 3, Baa) ” Ustilaginaceae—Accidia (pars). Voi. 9, parts 1 and 2 eh 1910. Poly A 9,1 iE 3; ye = (Parts I and 2 no pases aid cep tely. ) er 16, part I, 1909. Oph ioglostcese—Cyathe eaceae (pars). - 17, part I, 1909 ; eet 2, 1912. Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). val. 22, parts I ‘and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Rosace (pars). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911, Geraniaceae—Burser ac Ni rk Botanical Ga Garden, $1.00 per volume. others, $2.00, [Not offered in exchange. ] n jotated Catalogue of the Flora of Mon’ Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detail a vi + PP: 76 figures. 1903. Vol. III, Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from gery York, ut Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp plates. y Vol. ‘Effects of the Ra ays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart viii + ec pp. ; ine 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908, Contributions from t! ait New York Botanical Garden. A series ots t nical papers a tid students or members of the staff, and reprinted from jov other than the above, Price, 2 = cents each, $5.00 per volume. In its seventh RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH 150. The Individuality of the Chromosomes and their Serial Arrangement aquatilis, by A. eo 151. Studies on the Rocky ntain Flora—X XVI, by P. A. peers 152, as lee Struthers and its Representatives i in North Am roa 153. Studies on ihe ocky Mountain Flora—XXVII, by P. A. Rydberg, 154. ep a esiah cai of Soils Subjected to Dry Ileat, by F. J. Sear NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN _ BRONx PARK, New YORK FEBRUARY, 1913 No. 158 JOURNAL oF New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories CONTENTS PAGE REBAR Dee a Manic) Yalh len le) bhiis en Melee lie Vale abies phere bie Botanical sceioratliine in Pinar del Rio,Cuba......... 44 ms of the Staff, Scholars and Students ie the New York Botanical den es RNS) YORE XOLR css eo lew ee ee eae sls cone 49 RN eR Gitar ois gel xb nue Wine elf i@ase a wo ee 56 , News Ge METNTIaTEPN EEE ear aN oo Mapish mec cg Sereater naa e Seles 57 ere Ee ee SER i a Neo ay oy ge Me 59 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 4x NortH Quen Street, Lancaster, Pa. ny THz New Era Pruntinc ComPANy OFFICERS 1913 eeEw Ee PresipENT—HON. ICE- W CARNEGIE TREASU SgcreTaryY—DR. N. L. BRITTON BoARD OF MANAGERS 1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1914 ¢ EDWARD D. ADAMS OBERT W. ve FOREST } ADDISON BROWN AMES A. SCRYMSER P HENRY W. ve FOREST , Term expires January, 1915 JOHN I. KANE E W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON erm expires January, 1916 N. L. BRITTON ANDREW CARNEGIE THOMAS H. HUBBARD GEORGE W. PERKINS J. PIERPONT MORGAN FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON MYLES TIERNEY . EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT OF TH’ H HON. WILLIAM 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTO .R Chairman PROF. EDWARD S. BURGES . R. A. HARP se PROF. JAMES F i DR. NICHOLAS Apr oi BUTLER PROF. WILLIAM J. PRO. F. FREDERIC oe mee vee E. L. WINTHROP, jr. 4 GARDEN STAFF DR. et Pe BRITTON, Director-in-Chief enor Administration ) . W. A. MURRILL, eli Director reapesiiins the Museums le ering Plants ) DR. jouw K. pops i Curator Bie Curator ‘lowering Plan WE, Curator (Flowerless a PERCY W. GEORGE. V. NASH, Hei DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Hien ARAH H. HA oe « Economie i fide oie Honorary Curator S. ‘GROESB E' er matiorn ey cones ‘Suaasetendent of Buildings sie Gaua *urnyaoIyNig ay} uy ‘£161 ‘Arenuef ur woolg [[NY ur ‘yDoR vI77uog SnjhaoD ‘{NU-JazeY WIwISY FUL TXO SLv1¢ NaCdUVD ‘IVOINVLOG NYO, MAN AHL JO TyNanof JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV February, 1913 No. 158 WINTER FLOWERING The high temperature of the present winter, unprecedented in weather records, has been remarkable, and has forced a number of plants into bloom out of their normal season. The most marked instance of this is Corylus pontica. A nee specimen of this in the fruticetum, an illustration of which accompanies this article, was in full blo n January 24, and still continues in flower. The no ee time ao flowering of this species about here is late in March or early April. On December 19 a plant of Forsythia intermedia in the fice was noted with about a dozen flowers fully expanded, its normal flowering period here- abouts being at the end of April or early in May. The following ee normally ee in late aie or early May scattering flowers as late as January : Cydonia pam pan Fence eee cue Rus aromatica; and Spiraea Thunbergii. Daphne Mezereum, with a normal flowering period in this neighborhood of early April, was nee in ae on the above date. Ribes fasciculatum and Ribes diacantha, latter an early May bloomer, at the same time had well- sleveoped leaf-buds, so that a decided greenish tinge s given to the plants. The only one of the bulbous Re a in bloom was Galanthus nivalis, the oe a few scattering flowers in various parts of the gro This abnormal ae may be a matter of considerable interest, but the phase of it which particularly interests the [JouRNAL for December, 1912 (13: 169-215), was issued elas 4 es {JournaL for January, 1913 (14: 1-42) was issued February 13, 3] 44 writer is the after-effect on the plants themselves. It will be noted that all the plants affected are early bloomers, among the earliest in the gardens. This is to be expected, for it takes but little additional heat to start plants of this kind, their ower-buds and leaf-buds being already well developed. If the final result is only the destruction of the bloom for next spring, no permanent injury hee have been done. What the general effect will be of the open warm weather, a if followed by severe weather later, is a matter of much concern. While this weather persists the wood cannot properly ‘‘ripen”’ and be in a condition to withstand severe cold. A gradual increase of cold would probably avert the difficulty. It is to be hoped that this is not prophetic of the destruction of our evergreens, aa not until the warm winds of March and April come can this be determined. The winter of 1911-12 was especially severe on them, and this followed by equally or even ore severe weather the present winter, is not a condition to be looked forward to with much confidence GrorGeE V. Nasu. FURTHER BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN PINAR DEL RIO, CU rR. N. L. Britton, DrRECTOR-IN-CHIEF, Sir: Embarking from New York, Saturday, July 20, 1912, avana was reached on the following Wednesday and the city of Pinar del Rio next day. Here I looked up Mr. S. T. Holmes, whose acquaintance I had formed on my first trip to Cuba in 9 M olmes gave me helpful information concerning the region in which I was to operate. He also introduced me to a local banker, Sr. Ricardo Cuevas, who gave me a letter to the proprietors of ‘‘La Central” in Sumidero. Sumidero was reached by “‘guagua”’ on a macadamized road traversing over clay and mica-shist hills and oe Cerro de Cabras n Friday evening. The next day was spent in securing suitable quarters and arranging my equipment. 45 My first collections were made July 28 on the lower sierras, close by the village, and during the following weeks that I remained there frequent excursions were made to the various types of sierras, some of which I ascended, others were crossed, some were gone around and I passed underneath one of them. They vary in height to about 1,000 feet, rising abruptly from the valley of Rio Cuyaguateje, which at this point is about 250 feet above sea-level; they are isolated, in groups, or in short ranges and in several instances cut across the valley, compelling the river to pass underneath them through caverns; at another place the river forces its way through a deep narrow gorge. Smaller streams also encounter such barriers before reaching the main river and pass into caverns, or disappear at the foot of an inter- rupting cliff. : e sierras are solid rock masses of hard, dark-colored lime- stone similar to those near Guane, visited by me last winter. They are pe bare, especially on their southern and oe faces. The most prominent trees are ‘Palma de Sierra Gaussia princeps, ‘‘ Drago,” Bombax emarginaium, a large serene ing-topped Ficus, and ‘‘Bonita de Sierra,” Spathelia Brittonii, a eee neeiien hard-wooded tree, attaining a height o about 30 feet with a maximum trunk diameter of four inches; its leaves, all nie on the top and at this season terminated by a large panicle of numerous, small rose-colored flowers, making it a very striking object as it is perched at inaccessible points high up on the side of a bare sierra. They are not abundant, but occur in scattered individuals. After the tree has ripened its fruit, it dies; the dry trunk remains standing for several years, as the wood is very durable. I was informed it is highly prized for fence posts. An arborescent cycad, Micrecycas calocoma, also occurs among loose rocks on top of some of these sierras, especially on one about 700 feet altitude on the west boundary of La Guira, where it is called ‘‘Palo de Chivo.”’ At this point it d in aa ae numbers and all sizes from young was foun trunks six inches tall to old ones probably twenty-five feet by eight inches in diam No inflorescence or fruits rewarded a diligent search. sine tall specimens that had their tops 46 blown off by a previous storm were sending out tufts of leaves along their sides. Another feature of these barren rocks is the great quantity of bromeliads, of which there are at least six species, representing several genera. They cling to the sides and tops of the cliffs to which es often impart a distinct coloration, reddish or yellowish. Some of the larger ones, called “ Curujei,” accumulate considerable water, often six to eight ounces, at their leaf bas This is sometimes drunk by the thirsty climber, whose canteen has —. empty. If there is no contamination of decayed organic matter, the water is quite wholesome. Three creeping cactuses representing the genera, Selenicereus, Harrisia and Leptocereus; the first being especially abundant, the last is new and quite rare and seems to occur only on the top of the highest rocks; the flowers and fruits of the first two are well known, but the fruit of the last is unknown and is apparently seldom formed, as I secured a number of withered flowers, which are quite small. I siacee the blooming season was just past; no young fruit, however, was found. Thickets about the base of many of these oe. Pee those that have been burnt over were a mass of color due to the profusion of reddish flowers of a woody vine, Bignonia Sagraeana, reminding one very much of the Bougainvillea of our northern conservatories. went as far northwest as Sierra de Francisco, which is the most northwesterly of the limestone sierras. Beyond this there are silicious hills with open pine woods and live oak thickets. I got partly up the side of Sierra de Francisco and found it more densely wooded than the sierras to the south. Further progress was prevented by a terrific rain and thunder storm, which made the return to Sumidero very unpleasant and we barely escaped being marooned on the wrong side of the river, which was rising rapidly ee became unfordable for several days thereafter. Northeastward of Francisco are two massive peaks known as Gramales. They are probabl yl, 200: feet in altitude and similar n ir good view of the southwestern side of Pan de Azucar, which seems 47 to be the highest point in this region and, unlike the rest of the sierras, has its rock mass rising out of a foot-hill formation ie probably covered with soil, for there are forests and cleared ae upon it. This region, no doubt, would be worthy of aces err On my return to Sumidero, I encountered a mber of the tall cycads at a head of a ravine in the pinelands ees which our road pas uring my stay at ss ei Brother Leén, of Colegio de la Salle, Havana, well known to us on account of his knowledge of the Cuban flora, honored me by a visit and remained my guest for nearly a week, during which time four full and very strenuous days were spent afield; two of these were devoted to the lime- stone formations, and as Brother Leén had seen very little of the silicious and pineland flora of the island, two days were spent in following up the course of Arroyo del Sumidero, through the Pi- nales to a source high up the side of Cuchillas de San Sebastian, which we also ascended to its summit, an altitude of about I,200 feet and from where an extended view and a better knowledge of the position of the various sierras was secured. In addition to the pine trees, most of which have been destroyed by fire or high wind, the features were thickets of live ee called “En ncino,” by the Cubans, and a great variety of shrubbery among these are at least i species of ne caeesty a low myrtaceous shrub with a pleasant-tasting aromatic fruit called eis bito del Pinales,”’ was very abundant; nsiderable riety of grasses also occurred on the dry hills — ef mois des near the stream a trailing Lycopodium, two climbing ferns and a tree-fern were frequent. On this trip nightfall over- took us on the cuchillas, several hours from the village, but the fortunate occurrence of fat dry pine wood, from which our practico prepared a smoky but very useful torch, saved us the = experience of spending a night in the woods un- As our time and energy on these four days was abou aie divided between the limestone formation and the ee formatian, the collections made should serve as a fair indication of the comparative richness in species of the respective floras; fifty-seven numbers were taken in the limestone formation and 48 one hundred and thirty-three in the silicious. Very few plants were found to be common to both formations, the Cuban walnut, Juglans insularis, to our surprise being one of these found on oth. On September 5, having packed and shipped the entire collec- tions and my outfit to Pinar del Rio by caretta and arranged for the shipment by rail from there to Havana, I went on horseback to Guane, for the purpose of seeing the sierras lying southward of these that I had already seen or examined about Sumidero. I found that they are very extensive south of Luislazo; a range extends westward to Mal Paso, where the river cuts its way ough a narrow gorge, after which it ae a broader valley separating two ranges running north and s . The western range diminishes gradually and terminates at os Acostas; the eastern range is more massive and extends further south, termi- nating abruptly with a southern exposure several miles wide at Punta de la Sierra. From this hasty and often distant view I had of these mountains, I concluded that the general formation was quite similar to those I had already examined and that the same species of plants occur among them with the exception that there are a number of fissures or canyons which may contain running water, in which case a different and richer plant association is to be expected. Southward of Punta de la Sierra the valley of Rio Cuyaguateje broadens and is bounded by silicious hills, once, no doubt, covered by pine forest, but now quite barren of any arborescent flora. Occasional protrusions of the lime rock occur in the valley, the most extensive being in the vicinity of Teneria, where it is distinctly stratified horizontally and forms a low about seventy-five feet high, extending about half a mile rues nally across the valley. Southward and several miles to the east of Portales rises Sierra Guane, about which I collected Jast winter. Occasional clumps of lime rock are seen along the roadsides. One of these, which covers about 100 square feet and is not over fif- teen feet high with a fresh-water spring at the base, rises out of a level field and is shaded by a number of large mango trees. This was literally covered with a triangular creeping cactus of the 49 genus Hylocereus, bearing hundreds of large white flowers and numerous scaly red fruits, its close companion being the large- leaved Anthurium recussatum. This rockery was entirely natural and its plants had every appearance of being native, but its proximity to several houses and the presence of mango trees leaves one in doubt as to whether the cactus was really native Guane was reached late in the afternoon, Pinar del Rio the next day and Havana the day following. To Don Ramon Barrero and Don Filipe Ortiz, proprietors of “La Central,” who las special quarters for me at their “‘Establecimento Mix and showed me every kindness, and to Sr. Fernan ed os, of Sumidero, a one interest in m ee was encouraging as well as very helpful, I owe my sincerest gratitude; also to Brother Leén, who as usual showed me kind and helpful attention while in Havana. mbarked from Havana September I0 and arrived in New wa on the 14. Respectfully submitted, SHAFER. Baars eae OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS ‘ad TUD S OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICA ona DURING THE YEAR 1912 Andrews, A. L. Notes on North American Sphagnum—II Bryologist 15: 1-9. Ja 1912;—III. Bryologist 15: 63-66. Ju 1912;—III. Bryologist 15: 70-74. 5 1912 Arthur, J. C. Cultures of Uredimeae in 1910. Mycologia 4: 7-33. Ja 1912 New combination from the genus Euphorbia. Torreya II: 259-261, ew names ton gamopetalous plants. Torreya 12: 33, 34. Fagr2. Cultures of Uredineae in 1911. Mycologia 4: 49-65. Mr i912. Aecidiaceae es N. 161-187, 211-268. Ap Banker, H. J. Type cae in the Hydnaceae—l. The genus 50 Manina. Mycologia 4: 271-278. Au 1912;—IlI. Steccherinum. Mycologia 4: 309- 318. N igr2. arnhart H. Honorary members of the Torrey Club, The genus Te I2: 90, 9I gI ——— Jacquin’s Selectarium stirpium historia iconibus pictis. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13:99, 100. Jl 1912. Report of the Librarian. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 45. Mr IgI2. Benedict, R. C. Carl Frederik Albert Christensen: some bio- graphical notes. Am. Fern Jour. 2: 53-57 {IHust.] Berry, E. W. American Triassic Neocalamites. Bot. Gaz. 53: 174-180. pl. 17 +f. I gi2. Some ancestors a the persimmon. Plant World 15: My tg12. —— Notes on the genus omg es Bull. Torrey Club 39: 341-348. pl. 24, 25. +f. 1 2. — Correlation of the one sae = formations. _ Vina Geol. Surv. Bull. 4: 199. I tributions to the te ozoic flora coastal oie II. Texas. pl. 30- of the Atlantic Bull. Torrey Club 39: 387-406, t Picsescsue ane from the Blue Ridge in Virginia. Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 34: 218-223. f. 7-5. Au 1912. Bicknell, E. P. he ferns ae flowering plants of Nantucket—- IX. Bull. Ties Club 39: 69-80. Brainerd, E. Violet hybrids ae species 6 the palmata group. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 85~97. pl. 5-7. I9I2. Britton, E.G. Leucodontopsis Card. Ao R. & C.). Bryologist 15: 26-28. f. r Mr — Notes on the mosses of ne “Baolowet 15: 28, 29. Mr 1012. paca ee destruction of Jack-in-the-pulpit. N. Y. Bot. Gard. , 69. pl. 94. Je 1912. Wild plants oes protection—I. “ Jack-in-the-pul- pit” (Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr.). Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 67, 68. pl. 93. Je 1912;—II. “Spring Beauty” (Clay- Jour. 51 tonia — L.). Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 91, 92. pl. 9 Jl 1g12;—III. “Wild Pink? ? ie caroliniana Walt.). “Tour N. a toe Gard. 13: 109, 110. pl. 9 Au ae Wild Columbine” (A quilegia ee 1), Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 123, 124. pl. 98. S1912;—V. “Bird’s-foot Violet” (Viola pedata L.). Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 135, 136. pl. 99. 2. Britton, N. L. Studies of West Indian plants—IV. Bull. Torrey Club 39: I-14. 1912. ——— Charles Finney Cox. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 21-23. F 1912. [Illust.] he genus Hamelia Jacq. Torreya 12: 30-32. F 1912. Further botanical exploration in Cuba, Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 69-76. The preservation of our native plants. Craftsman 22: 377-386. ‘4 1912. [Illust. — Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year I9QII. ea N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 Britton, N. L., & ae jJ. N. Undescribed species a Cuban ca ee Torreya 9 Broadhurst, J. ren ee peepnaGon experiment. Torreya 11: I9QI2, A biometrical study of milk streptococci. Jour. Infect. Dis. 10: 272-284. y 1912. The genus Siruthiopteris and its ee in North America—I. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 257-278. pl. 271, 22. Jl 1912;—II. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 357-385. pl. 26-29. Au Igt2 Coker, W. C. The plant life of ee S.C. ee Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 27: 169-205. pl. 1 The seedlings of the live oaks and ce oak. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 28: 34-41. pl. Dodge, B. O. Methods of culture and Soc of the Archicarp in certain aes of the Ascobolaceae. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 139-197. pl. ro-15 +f. 1,2 : Artificial nee of Ascobolus and Aleuria. Mycologia 4: 218-222. pl. 72,73. Jl 1912. 52 Eggleston, W. W. Plants to be ene for in Vermont. Bull. Vermont Bot. Club 7: 17-20. My cena n of Cyrus G. Pace Bull. Vermont Bot. Fromme, As _ Sexual fusions and spore development of the flax rust. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 113-131. pl. 8, 9. Ap 1912. Harper, R. A. The structure and development of the colony in Gonium. Trans. Am. Micro. Soc. 31: 65-83. pl. 5. Ap 1912. S t tions of the germ plasm. Science II. 35: 909-923. Je 1912 Harper, R.M. The diverse habitats of the eastern red cedar and their interpretation. Torreya 12: 145-154. Jl 1912. Hollick, A. odern aspects of paleobotany—II. Relation of paleobotany to botany. 3. Ecology. Am. Nat. 46: 239-243. Ap 1912 Some features of the Dismal Swamp of Virginia. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 53-56. pl. or, 92. Ap 1912 Additions to the ralesbotay or the Cretaceoiis Forma- tion on Long Island. No. I 1,N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 154- o. N Iog12. anges and inconsistencies in the spelling of local place- names by the States Geol. Surv. Proc. Staten Island Assoc. Arts & Sci. 3: 109-112. F 1912. Howe, M. A. The aes of “coral” reefs. Science II. 35: eee My Ig912 eef-building and land-forming seaweeds. Proc. Acad. Nat. = Philadelphia 54: 137, 138. 1912. Howe, R.H. Further notes on the North American pean of the genus Usnea. Bryologist 15: 29, 30. gi2 The lichens of the Linnean a i remarks on Acharian material. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 199-203. My 1912. [Illust.] ———— Oropogon loxensis and its North American distribution. Mycologia 4: 152-156. f. 1, 2. My 1912. ——— Some lichens from Nantucket Island, Mass. Rhodora 14: 88-90. My1 Kern, F. D. ee N. Am. Fl. 7: 188-211. Ap 53 Maxon, W. R. On the identity of Cyathea multiflora, type of the genus Hemitelia R. Br. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 545-550. pl. 35. Notes on the North American species of Phanerophlebia. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 23-28. hre e ce! -_ I w club-mosses from eae Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 56”: 1- -——— The jelatonship of Asplenium ee Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16: 1-3. pl. 1, 2. F 1912. A new fern from Panama. Am. Fern Jour. 2: 21, 22. F 1912. A new name for a Hawaiian fern. Am. Fern Jour. 2: 19, 20. F 1912. Studies of tropical American ferns—No. 3. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16: 25-62. pl. 18-34 Murrill, W. A. Illustrations of fungi—X. Mycologia 4: 1-6. pl. 56. Ja 1912;—XI. Mycologia 4: 163-169. pl. 68. Jl 1912;—XIJI. Mycologia 4: 289-293. $1.76. N 1912. Collecting fungi on the Pacific Coast. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 1-14. pl. 85-90. Ja 1912. The Agaricaceae of tropical North America—V. Myco- logia 4: 72-83. Polyporaceae and Beads of the Pacific Coast. Myco- logia 4: 91-100. Mr 1912 e Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—I. Mycologia 4: 205-217. Jli912;—II. Mycologia 4: 231-262. Au 1912;— III. Mycologia 4: 294-308. : The chestnut canker convention. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 41-44. Mr 1912. The McClatchie herbarium. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 147, 148. 12 —— Lawns maid by the white grub. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13:149, 150. S 1912. Chinese tea a eag es to the museum. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: Collecting pe in the rca Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 174-178. N 1912. 54 Report of the Assistant Director. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 18-23. —— The Polyporaceae of Mexico. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 137-153. N 1912. Nash, G. V. The Letchworth Park arboretum. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 39-41. Mr 1912. — The ie os collections. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 56-58. Apl —_—— The banana ie Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 78-80. Jer gI2. eae of evergreens. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 110-120, Aul (Poales) eae (pars). N. Am. Fl. 17: 99-196. S 1912. Report of the Head Gardener. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 24- 1912. Robinson, C. B. a bryophytes and lichens. Bryologist 15: 32,33. Mr.1 Robinson, W. J. A en study of the Pteridophyta of the Hawaiian Islands—I. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 227-248. pl. 18- 20. 1912. Rusby, a H. Report of the Honorary Curator of the economic collections. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: gI2 ort of the ching of the Scientific See Bull. N.Y. “ Gard. 8 gI al Pure oat Law upset by a jury. N.Y. Times. 2 Ju 1912. —_— ae Senna Case. N. Y. Globe and Commercial Adver- tiser. 7 Je — Bu renee of epantneae of the College of Pharmacy of the City of N.Y. 1-56. 15 Je 1912 —— College of Pharmacy. Report of the Dean for the aca- demic year aed June 30, 1912. Ann. Rep. for Columbia University for 1 The sino of the Food and Drug Law. N. Y. American. 7 Ju Dr. R. E. pee as a successor to Dr. Wiley. N. Y. Times. 7 Au 1912. 55 The Richardson Pure Food and Drug Bill analyzed—I. Newark Evening News. 9 Au 1912 The penis Gre and the Law. Jour. Am. Pharm. Assoc. I: 947-9 New pe = Bolivia, collected by R. S. Williams— IJ. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 89-133 19 Rydberg, P. A. A list of plants pice on . Peary Arctic Expedition of 1905, 1906 and 1908-1909, with a general de- scription of the flora of northern ae he and Fae Torreya 11: 249-259. Ja 1912; Torreya 12: 1-11. Ja 1912. ‘pipactis vs. Peramium. Torreya 12: 89,90. Ap 1912. Phyto: panes and its relation to taxonomy and other branches of scie Torreya 12: 73-85. p Igi2. Seaver, F. J. The e genus Lamprospora with ae of two new species. Mycologia 4: 45-48. pl. 57. Mr Studies in pyrophilous fungi—III. a os of spores of Pyronema. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 63-67. fl. 4. -—_— The genus Lasiosphaeria. Mycologia 4: 115-124. pl. 66, 67. My 1912 The leopard moth. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 155-160. pl. 100-102. O1 nt Oa ga aes mm views regarding the relation of bea to other phases of botanical work. Totreya 12 262-264. N 1912. Seaver, F. J., & Clark, E. D. Biochemical studies on soils sub- jected to dry heat. Biochem. Bull. 1: 413-427. pl. 7. Mr 1912. Slosson, M. New ferns from im America. Bull. Torrey Club 39: ge ei pl. 23. Jl igi2. Small, J. K e kaffir orange. cn N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 127, 128. f. 7. gt2 Report of the Head Curator of Museums and Herbarium. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 31-36. Mr 1912. Stout, A.B. A sclerotium disease of blue joint and other grasses. Univ. Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Sta. Research Bull. 18: 207-253- f. 1-8. Mr 1912. 56 —— A fungous infection of the ear. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: ee, 127. Report of A Director of the laboratories. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 The ae are of the chromosomes and their serial arrangement in Pe are Archiv fiir Zellforschung. 9: 114~-140. pl. 71, Williams, R. 8S. ne ie Sull. & Lesq. in North America. Bryologist15: 10. Ja 1912. [Illust.] Ww Or sean mosses from Panama. Contr. U. 5. Nat. es 16: 2 F 1912. —_— The genus ee Doz. & Molk. in America. Bryologist 15: 31. Wilson, P. Notes on Rutaceae—VI. Species of Spathelia. Torreya 11: 262-264. f. 1-5. Ja 19 Botanical exploration in ae ean N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: cee F Igt he scans of the Jamaica candle-wood tree. Jour. a Gard. 13: 25, 26. F 1912. CONFERENCE NOTES A monthly conference of the scientific staff and registered students of the New York Botanical Garden was held in the main laboratory on January 6 ir. Guy West Wilson presented some of the results of his studies under the topic ‘‘ Notes on Peronosporales.”” The report was confined in the reain to a discussion of certain species of the genus Peronospora. As an introduction the essential taxonomic characters were discussed. These include the suet of the odspore, the color, form and size of the conidia and the form, size, and development of the conidiophores. One of He most important and constant characters is found in the form and size of the ultimate branchlets of the ee ee Or The odéspore characters do not show a sufficient range of variation, generally in determining species, while the size and number of 57 conidia vary sufficiently with ecological conditions to make it sana to depend on them alone for differential characters. T. s of Peronospora on five families of hosts were dis- cussed, a especial reference to the American species. The Leguminosae harbor four species of the genus, two being Amer- ican and all European. One of these, P. trifoliorum, is of some are strictly Americans and of rather restricted range. The ink Family harbors six species, three of which are found in ee merica, one being endemic. On the Cruciferae three coarse are recognized, one European, one P. parasitica, appears to be cosmopolitan, and an undesctibed species ee be strictly American. On various Cen podiaceous hosts there occur three species of ene rat being fee and both rather widespread, but by no means among the more abundant species of the genus. ane separated as early as 1852 as separate sae these have been frequently ae together uch confused by mycologists. The third species, P, ae is confined to beets in Europe t the conclusion of the discussion of this report, Professor R. A. Harper and Professor H. A. Gleason gave interesting accounts of the sessions of the various botanical sections of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, recently held at Cleveland, Ohio NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Dr. N. L. Britton, director-in-chief, sailed for the wes Indies January 25, on an exploring expedition, accompanied by Dr. J. N. Rose, Dr. J. A. Shafer, Mrs. Britton, and Miss Delia eae Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director, visited ee at Cornell University on January 15, and Professor Peck a Albany on January 17, to examine types of some of the poisonous species of fungi 58 The New York State Forestry Association was organized at Syracuse on January 16, and interesting papers were read by Messrs. Pinchot, Pettis, Bristol, Moore, Dennis, Mulford, oe and others. Dr. N. L. Britton was elected president and D ugh P. Baker secretary for the Aaa: year. The ee was represented at this meeting by rill. Professor A. H. Evans eee . Garden on January Io to examine the mycological herbarium and to consult with reference to methods for mounting and preserving fungi. An important collection of Porto Rican fungi has recently been sent in for determination by Dr. John R. Johnston. Dr. Mel T. Cook, of the New Jersey E i t Station, spe wo days oo the past month ue various books in the ae libra: Professor 2 T. Blakeslee, Professor W. L. Bray and Mr. E. C. Ewing were visitors at the Garden recently. Meteorology sor January. — The total eal for the month was 2.49 inches. Maximum temperatures for each week were as follows: 59° on the 3d, 62° on the 12th, 60° on — 17th; 58° on the 26th, and 57° on the 31st. The minimum ae were 26° on the 2d, 17° on the oth, 20° on the 14th, 22° on the 22d, and 25° on the 2 I servatory range no. I, house no. 5, the fig-marigolds, Fee themum, are coming into flower and will continue in bloom for several weeks. This is a large genus, native of southern Africa, containing about 300 species. These plants present a e lo lupinum, has similar leaves. Others, like M. echinatum, have the cylindric leaves covered with hairs, and still others, as in M. barbatum, have a tuft of long hairs at the apex. linguaeforme and M. pustulatum, the fleshy leaves are long aaa tongue-shaped. While M. Zeyhert and many others are tall bushy plants, bearing a profusion of richly colored flowers, white, pink, yellow, or purple. They are of easy culture, growing 59 well in an ordinary greenhouse, and are deserving of more gen- eral cultivation, blossoming freely in the early months of the year.— N In house no. 13, the Cherokee rose, Rosa laevigata, is again coming into bloom. This is a delightful rose, a native of China. It has become extensively naturalized in the southern states and in the West Indies. This is not hardy in the latitude of New York, but fortunately it has passed on its beautiful blossoms to that charming rose, Silver Moon, a hybrid, of which it is one of the parents. The hardiness of this new rose is derived from its other parent, Rosa Wichuratana, which stands the severest winters we have had. The Cherokee rose is also known as R. ternata Poir., R. nivea DC., R. cherokeensis Don., R. Hystrix Lindl., and R. amygdalifolia Ser.—G. V. N In house no. 7, the different species of the genus Rhipsalis are coming into bloom. These are epiphytic cacti, resembling in this respect many of the orchids, though far removed from them in botanical relationship.—G. V. N ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 7 photographs of type specimens of marine algae in the Agardh herbarium. (From the University of Lund, Sweden.) . ; Sid BR h Columbi (Collected by Professor John Macoun.) 34 specimens of mosses from the Yellowstone National Park. (Given by Miss Julia T. Emer. 20 specimens at flowering plants from Mexico. (Given by Prince Roland Bonaparte.) 142 specimens of lichens from North America. (From the herbarium of J. H. Hart.) 2 specimens of Florida arrowroot starch. (Given by Miss Ruth N. ee 8 specimens for the economic museum from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. Shafer. minate cone of Cycas cerci ee oe plant cultivated in the conserva- trie o the New York Botanical Gar 3 specimens from Wisconsin. ie exchange with the Field Museum of sso Histo specimens ‘of mosses from the United States. (By exchange with Professor ree Nelson.) 60 pecimens of mosses from Illinois. (By exchange with the Field Museum fo Nata History. 2 specimens of flowering plants from Nebraska. (By exchange with Rev. J. Ss.) I specimen of Dicranum flagellare minutissimum. (Given by Dr. A. J. Grout.) 2,753 specimens of mosses. (Being the moss ee a. : a Allen.) I specimen of Eucladium verbanum from Italy. (By exchange with Mr. H. N. 1o specimens of Podostemaceae from tropical America. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden, Utrecht, Holland.) of Vaccinium Thibaudii from tropical America. (By exchange with Russia.) 7 specimens of lichens from the aie States. (By exchange with Professor Aven Nelson, ) fl ing plants from Michigan. (By exchange with the Field Museum of Natural History.) 50 ens ‘ Phytotheca Boreali-Americana,” fascicle 38. (Distributed by colina ole, ea Setchell.) mosses from I pshi d Pennsylvania. (By exchange ae =A T. a Bs os Krout.) I specimen of Abies balsamea from New York. ‘(Given by Mr. John C. Galvin.) 3 specimens of mosses from Canada. (By exchange with Brother Leon.) specimens of North American plants, mostly from Mexico. (By exchange with the United States hae Museum.) 40 specimens of grasses from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leo ¢ n.) I specimen of icons ate from Minnesota. (By exchange with Pro- 6 specimens a lichens from South Dakota. (By exchange with Professor S. S. Visher. PLANTS AND SEEDS 1 plant of Dendrobium platycaulon. (By exchange with Fairmont Park, Phila- delphia. 3 plants for conservatories. (By aad a nee oue Park, Pele aha i O. on.) 2 cactus cuttings, (By exchange es pee eee Cateuta, pe 3 plants for conservatories. Pa hie cha: eues bee eae ight. 216 lilacs and other shrubs he d Given by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer. 1 plant of Lupinus. (Given by Miss Genevieve R. Watson.) 10 cactus plants for conservatories. (By exchange nk oc S. Nat. Museum, through Dr. N. Rose. 38 plants of Opuntia and Cereus for conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. neal hrough Dr. J. N. Ros 626 herbaceous plants for new decorative beds at Conservatory Range 1. de. 3.136 miscellaneous bulbs for decorative beds. (Purchased.) 340 lily bulbs for new decorative beds at Conservatory Range 1. (Purchased.) 61 rubs and trees = hardy collection. (By exchange with Board of Park hester, N. Y. 2 plants of Dracaena oe s Lindeni. (By exchange with Mr. A. J. Manda.) 3 cactus plants for con: ee (Given by Mr. Randall Comfort.) 3 cactus cuttings for conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 1 Opuntia monacantha, (Given by Mr. Koltz 125 Washington plants for hardy collections. ae exchange with Park Com- mission, Spokane, Wash., through Mr. J. W. Duncan. 25 plants of Butomus umbellatus. (Given by Brother as 2 plants of Echinocactus Lecontei. (Given by Dr. R. E. 66 plants for conservatories, mainly orchids. (By oe Git Missouri er’ Garden. plants for conservatories. — by Mr. F. - een, ene Opuntia Lindheimeri. at. Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) a bulbs of Bletia sp. from Mexico. (By ce with Dr. J. C. Harvey.) plants derived ae seeds from various source I packet seed. (By exchange with Missouri er ee By exchange with P ission, Spokane 23 feces seed. “(By eicaae with Board of Park Commissioners, Rochester, ox: 2 packets of seed. (Given by Miss Genevieve R. Watson.) T packet of seed of Silene sp. from Bermuda. ieee by Dr. N. L, Britton.) packets of seed, from Durban Bot. Gard., S. Africa. (By exchange with h Dr. C. I packet of seed of ae Wrightii. (By exonaiiee with Buffalo Botanic en. LABORATORIES 2 Zei h i bj tiv , 1/12 of] immersion. , 1/12 oil immersion. : en tz No. a Hoggnen oculars. Stufen micrometer ocular. Members of the Corporation Fritz ACHELIS. Epwarp D. ADAMS Cyartes B. ALEXANDER Joun D. ArcHBOLD GrorcE F. BAKER Evucene P. BickNneLt Gzorce S. Bowpo1n Dr, Nicnotas M. BuTLer AnpREW CARNEGIE Pror. C. F. CHANDLER Wituram G. CHoaTe Paut D. CravaTH H. C. Faunestocx SamueL W. FarrcHiLp J. Horace Harpinc Pror. R. A, HARPER Epwarp S. HarKNESss T, A. HaveMEYER Taos H. Hussarp Aprran IsELin, JR. Water B. Jennincs Joun I. Kang Pror, James F, Kemp Epw. V. Z. Lane Pror. Freperic S. Lee Hon, Seta Low Davip Lypic Epear L. Marston W. J. MaTHESON Emerson McMILiin OcpEn MILts J. Prerrpont Morcan J. Prerront Morcan, Jr. GrorcE W. PERKINS Henry PHIpPrs James R. P1TcHER M. F. Prant. Epwin A. RicHarD Dr. RecinaLtp H. Sayre Jacos H. ScuiFF MortiMeErR L, ScuiFF James A. ScRYMSER Isaac N. SELIGMAN James SPEYER Francis L, Stetson CuHaRLES G. THOMPSON Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON SAMUEL THORNE My es TIERNEY Louris C. TrFFANY Grorce W. VANDERBILT W. K. VANDERBILT Hon. Ecerton L. WintHrop, Jr. Journ of the Ney oe ee arden, monthly, illustrated, taining aaa news, and non-technical articles . f gene ane Free to all m bers of the Garden. To tees Io cents a copy; $1.00 [Not offered in change.] Now in its fourteenth volume gia, bimonthly, illust trated | in color and otherwise aes $3.00 a r; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange. n its fifth volum B w York Botanical Garden, containing the anata of the Dirertors -in-Chief and other official documents, and ee articles results of investigations ee out in the Garden. Free to all members Garden ; to others, bh iis olume, Now in its eighth one North Am lora. Descriptions of the wi =e plants of North Am including Gre caland, tes West Sige ae Use ntral Ami Planned to be pleted in 32 volum Roy. me to co! tae of four or more: be Pap ete price, ae 50 per par: a limited nite of separate parts will or $2.00 aan CNT Nee nge. Vol. A: IgIo. ectriaceae— Fim Vol. 7, ae 1906; part 2, 1907; part ee me ” Ustilaginaceae—Accid (pars). Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae ia I pe 2 ue paes "sold separately. ) Vol. 16, par! 1s 19 te Se eel e (pars). Vol. 17, ee 1909 ; 4 Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). Vol. 22, parts : ‘and 2 aoe ean? 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—R (pars). Vol. 25, part I, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, ae Geraniaceae—Bureciy Memolrs of the ney ae cas anical Gar Garden, $1.00 per volume. To S, eis CNet 3 ffered i in eee : ol. I. An ‘Anuaeated bam of the Flora of Montana and the Ye Park, a Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. rkness npr I 209. Vol. I of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuai viii a 8 PP., ey 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. bution mor us Nace York Botanical Garden nical panes eaten by st ts or members of the staff, and rented fant J other than the above. fies ae cents each, $5.00 per v polnat In its seventh NUMBERS 25 CENTS EAC: 150, The eng A of the Chromosomes and their Serial Arrangement aquatilis, by A. tout. 151. Studies on the Roc y Mountain Flora—X XVI, by P. A. Rydberg. 152. s radhuist uae and its Representatives i in North America, 153. Studies on Rocky Mountain Flora—X XVII, by P. A. ye 154. Biochemie! Studies of Soils Subjected to Dry Heat, by F. J. Sear D. Cla New YorRK mgt cag belgie BRONX , New Yo MARCH, 1913 No. 159 JOURNAL oF EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories _ PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 4r Norra Qugen Srreet, Lancastzr, Pa. Printinc CoMPANY PAGE OFFIOERS 1913 Pre: —HON. ADDISON BROWN. oe pene ANDREW CARNEGIE TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRYMSE: SEecreTARY—DR. N. L. BRITTON BoARD OF MANAGERS 1. ANAGERS F ELECTED M Term expires January, 1914 : EDWARD D, ADAMS ROBERT W. ve FOREST . ADDISON BROWN JAMES A. SCRYMSER 4 HENRY W. ve FOREST Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BR JOHN I. KANE ee Can W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires January, 1916 HOMAS H. HUBBARD GEORGE W. PERKINS i PIERPONT MORGAN FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON MYLES TIERNEY 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGE THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF Niele a Parks R ILLI ‘AYN 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS a R Chairman PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS PROF. R. A. HARPER DR. NICHOLAS cee BUTLER PROF. JAMES F. KEMP i: PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES PROF, FREDERIC S. LEE : 4 THOMAS W. CHURCHILL GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration ) DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director seme a ration DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums (Flowering Plants ) DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator Cowen Plants DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curat iy ee Plants ) nts ) erie t 30559 ot, , Director of the Laboratories DR. JOHN HENDLEY pores Bibliographer RLOW, Librarian IR, EL ely mueee pret oe rator ee e Economic mane ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mos. nginee: RS. GRO ESBE ECK, Clerk and pce ‘SUID UJOH-Fe7S yeIAas SurMoys z ‘on a8uey AIOPVEAISUOD UI MITA TINO SLv1g NATNVA TWOTTW TA WIA oe atte an meee ne JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV March, 1913 No. 159 THE STAG-HORN FERNS Few common names of plants convey so exact and definite an idea of the plant as the name stag-horn or elk-horn ferns, ot which the species of the genus Alcicornium are universally kno From plate CXII, which represents a section of panes range no. 2 at the New York Botanical Garden, with the swinging baskets hanging above the walks between the other plants, each basket clasped by an Alcicornium, the likeness of these ferns’ fertile leaves to branching antlers may be clearly seen. Nor does the likeness stop here, for in size also the leaves of many of the species rival or exceed the elk’s horns. A. coronarium is known to spread its leaves to an extent of fifteen feet in its native forests, and other species are not far behind. me Alcicornium itself signifies horns of the elk. It was Pee ca to the genus in 1826 by the French writer Gaudi- chaud, on page 48 of Freycinet’s ‘‘Voyage Autour du Monde sur l'Uranie et la Physicienne,’’ Desvaux, a year later, in 1827, bestowed on the genus the name Platycerium, by which it became widely known, but ena Alcicornium, as the earlier name, should have the right o Gaudichaud’s silied to ee plants was not by any means the first mention of them in botanical literature. As early as 1705 Plukenet figured and described a stag-horn fern from Africa and eighty years later Miiller followed with one from Siam. There came others from various countries, until today thirteen species are known. Only one of these, A. andinum, is from (Journat for February, 1913 (14: 43-61) was issued February 26, 1913] 63 64 America. This comes from the mountains of Bolivia and Peru. Four species, A. Ellisti, A. baccarat A, Stemaria and A. angolense, come from Africa, and the first two of these are known only from Madagascar. Two species, y oon and A. Veittchii, come from Australia. One species, A. Wallichiw, is confined to India, one, A. Willinkit, supposedly to Java, and one, A. sum- bawense, supposedly to Sumbawa, although some doubt has been expressed as to whether these last two may not prove to be identical. The remaining three, A. grande, A. coronarium and . bifurcatum, are variously serie in tropical and sub- temperate countries of the Ol or plate III a young Pies of the American species is represented. From this some of the characteristic marks of the stag-horns can be seen, notably the manner of growth, the coarse dissimilar fertile and sterile leaves, and the more or less netted porangia are spread in large patches on the surface of the leaves, the spore-bearing area varying in position in the different species. Scattered about the leaves or mixed with the porangia, sometimes forming a woolly or pernariag covering, minute stellate hairs or scalesoccur. Seen through a sages these sometimes suggest tiny oe pond-lilies or the blossoms of a double-flowered many-petalled Star of ae em. Others are ee octopoid in shape. These scales are often deciduous. The fertile leaves are sometimes produced in bas but in A. Willinktt they are produced in threes, and i . Veitch in a cluster which sometimes contains eleven. me of the stag- horns hang their oe in 74 they are said to fall straight down. A. Hillit and A. Veith hold theirs stiffly up In the last three species aa in A. bifurcatum the eon areas are confined normally to the lobes of the leaves. In Stemaria they form broad mats, each close to the sinus between the lesser forks of the leaf and extending into them. A. Wallichit is peculiar in having the spore-bearing area on the under surface of an extended convex lobe which is produced in a sinus between forks of the leaf. In A. coronarium also the spore-bearing area is in a sinus between forks of the leaf, but its position is unique. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Pate CNIII Photograph of a Young Specimen of the American Stag-Horn Fern Alcicornium andinum. 65 It occupies the concave surface, forming a sort of lining, of a half-cup shaped receptacle attached to the leaf by a distinct stalk. In two of the African species the likeness of the leaves to antlers must be said to become extremely vague and fanciful, and in a third to fail completely. These two are Madagascar’s endemic species, A. Ellisii and A. ieee ene and the third is A. angolense. A. Ellistt was received first from a missionary on the Island, the Rev. Mr. Ellis, and ee his name. It has fertile leaves with two rounded lobes at apex, and with the spore-bearing area reniform. A. madagascariense has fertile leaves with irregular apices showing a tendency to fork, and the spore-bearing area irregular in shape, following the outline of the leaf. A. angolense and its occurrence in the Congo have been well described by Monsieur Emile Laurent in the Revue de VHorticulture Belge et Etrangére, in 1902. Writing of the ferns of the forest, he says, ‘‘There also are some which twine about the stems [of palms] (several Lygodiums), or which install them- selves on the large horizontal branches (Polypodium trichoides), or which are attached to trunks = trees like gigantic nests of birds; these are the Platycertums.’ Of A. angolense Monsieur Laurent writ “T have never encountered this on nee eae of Stanley Pool Nae It is, on the contrary, very aa scattered ond there, o me bord ot of the Lulua, of the sane of the eRe ane and in the great ue forest, of which it is certainly one of the characteristic species. Stanley, in his celebrated tour of the dark continent has remarked of it and designated it in his book under the name of fern with elephant's ears, an appellation perfectly justifiable. The ears are the spore- bearing leaves, they are entire, and constitute an exception in the genus Pisiicens um; they sometimes reach a length of 80 cm. and a width of 60. The sterile leaves constitute a girdle of an extreme elegance applied to the trunks and the branches. I remember discovering thousands specimens in the month of December, 1895, in a woody ravine between the Sankura a the Lorami; they formed on the long branches of the trees a con- 66 tinuous mantle of a very peculiar greyish sea-green. It was one of the pera landscapes I have seen in the upper Congo. Each year, at the rainy season in the region of dry periods, at the time of i pee precipitation in the great forest, the Platyceriums produce at first some sterile leaves, then others that carry the spores. The first are placed against each other; the most ancient, long since dead, persist in the form of an over- turned mass, which, together with the roots, constitute a great sponge destined to retain the water streaming along the branches and the trunk. It is a precious reserve which prevents the plant from drying up completely in the intervals of dryness, for there are short aed deprived of rain, the same as in the equatorial forest. Thus may be explained, in the case of many epiphytic lant the ae a which characterize the species of regions having an abbreviated dry sea: The fertile leaves are not divided and carry on ae nan ae a large paver of light chestnut-red occupied by the spore-bearing tissue Many, possibly all, of the species of stag- nigra are to be found in cultivation in greenhouses. Six are represented at the New Stemaria and A. Willinkit. ee ae range no. 2 may be reached by following the road past the east end of the Museum Building, turning to the right and crossing the left of the two bridges over the river. A short footpath a little way beyond, turning to the left past the hollow where the Japanese double- flowering cherries blossom in the spring, leads directly to the conservatories. The stag-horns are mostly in the central house, hanging in their ie among the tips of the tree-ferns. few young plants, offshoots from the large ones, have been de- tached and tacked against the greenhouse wall. arge plants are grown imbedded in peat, with which the time on the outside of the peat. These are merely taken off, together with a handful of the peat, fastened up somewhere, and the peat kept damp. There are a number of plants in the greenhouse, raised in this way, that are now as large as the 67 parent plants. In one of the side houses of - conservatories, opening out of the central house, a few plants of A. Stemaria and A. angolense, in various stages of ae are to be seen, side by side on a low bench, where they form a curious contrast to each other. Although A. Stemaria belongs to the antlered group of the species, its first little leaves are entire. They are so thickly coated with their starry scales that they have a hoary look, especially on the back and tip, not unlike that of young mullein leaves. Later this covering wears off more or less, and the fully grown fertile leaves are branched, thick, stiff, and leathery, with a smooth, highly polished, dark green upper surface only lightly dusted with the infinitesimal silvery stars. A. angolense is a very different looking plant. Each specimen bears one pair of sterile leaves and one of fertile. The pair of fertile are carried, as in all the stag-horns, directly in front of the sterile. They vere slightly, rise a i. and then fold over and hang downward, strikingly like the flaps of the ‘‘ele- phant’s ears.” aoe are rather thick but ae ea a bright green, conspicuously veined upper surface. The under surface has a pinkish-white woolly look, and the spore- see area appears first as a slightly raised merely deeper-hued spot. The sterile leaves are bright green both sides, and the veins visible, but veiled by a thin coating of slightly discolored scales, which gives them a russet or purplish aspect. The photograph shown on plate CXII is taken of a section of the central house. It shows a plant of A. Stemaria, on the left, and gives a clear view of two plants of A. grande. The plants of the latter species are the largest of the stag-horns in these con- servatories, and the most showy in aay ass making the others appear pee beside them. Their characteristic conspicuous sterile leaves projecting in masses ae the baskets, with the fertile leaves hanging far below, can be seen from the illustration, MARGARET SLOSSON. New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. 68 SPRING LECTURES, 1913 Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o’clock, as follows: il5. ‘Explorations in Mexico—-I. Veracruz to Jalapa,” . A. Murrill. April 12. ‘‘Botanical Observations of on Ornithologist in the Mr. C. W. Beebe. pril ig. ‘Flowers for the Sane Garden,” by Mr. G. V. April 26. “Salient Features of Native Trees,” by Dr. N. L. y 3. “The Scenery and Flora of Colorado,” by Dr. F. ay 10. ‘Some Pacific Coast Seaweeds,” by Dr. M. A. Howe. May 17. “The Flora of the Rocky Mountains,” by Dr. P. May 24. “Botanic and Scenic Te of the Dells of the Wisconsin River,” by Dr. A. B. Sto 31. oo Their ithe and Care,”’ by Mr. G. as. ‘The jeeeaiee which occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern-slides and otherwise. Doors closed at 4:00; late comers admitted a TI useum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars B i i i den, Bronx Park. Visitors aie by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third a CONFERENCE NOTES he February conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered ce of the New York Botanical Garden was held in the ms of the Museum Building, February 3, Dr. Murrill presidin The am for this conference was as follows: Notes on the Flora A el Florida, Dr. John K. Small; aos of 69 Fossil Plants, Illustrating Method Employed by the U. S. Geological Survey, Dr. Arthur Hollick; Preliminary Correlation of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Fossil Floras of Alaska, Dr. Arthur Hollick. Dr. John K. Small gave a short description of recent botanical aoa es in aes Florida, referring especially to the Florida Ki on the position and extent of the Florida Keys and — oo. division into a Upper Sand Keys, Upper Keys, Lower Keys and Lower Sand Keys. These form a curved chain of islands which may ne described as follows: At the northeastern end of the chain are two sand islands, namely Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. These two bodies of sand are really mere detached portions of the slender coastal peninsula of sand-dunes extending along the eastern side of canary Florida. Seven miles south of i Biscayne a second of islands appears. These are composed of coral rock, a Ha from Soldier Key, for a distance of about one hundred and twenty miles, to the West Summerland or Spanish Harbor Keys. The islands are for the most part greatly elongated and adjacent mainland. The third natural group of islands begins with No Name Key and Little Pine Key and extends in a westerly direction for a distance of about thirty miles, to Key West. The islands of this group are composed of Miami Limestone, and although irregular in shape, the long axis is nearly north and south, thus also differing from those of the previous group. The fourth group of islands lies to the westward of Key West and reaches well into the Gulf of Mexico. They are composed of si e Upper Sand Keys maintain, for the most part, a sand-dune and hammock flora which is related to that of the coastal peninsula north of them. The Upper Keys are naturally clothed with a dense hammock growth of tropical hardwood shrubs and trees, and palms; they closely resemble many of the Bahama islands. The Lower Keys are more varied in their vegetation, supporting large areas of pineland and palmland, as well as extensive hammocks. ir vegetation nee close relationship to Cuba, and the ona are almost identical 70 with those of the Miami Limestone Region or Everglade Keys. The Lower Sand Keys are little more than sand-bars, and they support, like the ocean side of all the Florida Keys, only, or mainly, the characteristic strand-flora of most of the West Indies. e e chain is surrounded by tropical waters. The western extension lies in the Gulf of Mexico, while the inner side of the reef is bathed for its entire length with the same waters attenuated into the Bay of Florida, Blackwater Sound, Barnes Sound, Card’s Sound, and Bay Biscayne. The outer side of the reef is swept by the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. Thus we find here a tropical flora made up almost wholly of West Indian elements, and closely related to the floras of Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Cuba. The results of recent ee prosecuted on these tropical islands was illustrated with some of the specimens collected and summarized as follows: five peice a species, one West Indian tree added to the arboreous flora of the United States, several West Indian herbaceous plants new to the flora of Florida, and about twenty-five species of flowering plants new to the Florida Keys. Dr. Hollick, who could not be present, submitted papers which were read by the secretary of the conference n the first paper the various methods of illustrating fossil specimens were described and discussed and various examples of such work were displayed. These included pen and ink drawings, brush drawings and ordinary photographic work, all of which do not ae the best of results and are for various reasons unsatis- coe however, a method has been employed by the United States Geological Survey which produces satisfactory pictures of almost any subject. The specimen is treated with ammonium chloride, by directing a fine spray, like a fog, over the entire surface, which is thus coated uniformly and evenly white. This eliminates all color interference, and by placing the specimen at an angle in a strong bright light every inequality appears either as a depression or an elevation, in clear, sharp 71 black and white, and a perfect Lae eae may thus be secured. very finest veins are brought into view in this way, a features which are not visible to ie unaided eye, in the a are frequently clearly shown in the photograph. Sa taken by this process were — to the confer The following statements by Mr. Ridgway of ce ame States Department of Geology give detail the method employed in securing these photographs: ‘‘The fine results obtained are largely due to the unusually good negatives made in our labora- tory and to the superior quality of velox paper used in printing. Average and thin negatives are printed on ‘Regular Velox’ and intense negatives are printed on ‘special Velox,’ a paper made anand for the Survey. In regard to the method used for oduc producing the vapor-coating on specimens: In carrying out the process now used, two small bottles containing the coating liquid are required. One contains hydrochloric acid, and the oth ammonium hydrate. These two ae are securely held to- gether with a wooden yoke and glass tubes are inserted which connect them in such a manner that when blown into at one end the fumes of the two chemicals are united, cane chloride of ammonium salt, which is deposited on the specimen fter the specimen has been photographed ae oo or coating, is readily removed by moisture of the brea In the second paper Dr. Hollick referred to the collections of fossil plants made by him in 1903 in Alaska, and those made subsequently by other parties in the a of the United States Geological Survey, and to his recent work of arranging, studying and describing the specimens. Heretofore no Cretaceous flora has been described from Alaska, and only a very few Tertiary species. The results of the recent work indicate the differentiation of at least two Cretaceous and two, or possibly three, Tertiary floras, suaegin several hundred species, a large number of which are new spec Considerable difficulty was experienced in trying to ie these floras, exactly, with known fossil floras from other parts of the world, for the reason that they contain so many new species 72 and, also, certain unique floral associations. They represent the time interval between the Lower Cretaceous and the Miocene Tertiary, and may be more or less sae nea correlated with the Great Falls, Dakota, Montana, Laramie, and Fort Union formations of the western states, ie aes Potomac and Raritan of the Atlantic coast, and the Komé, Lower Atané, Patoot, and Upper Atané beds of Greenland. o A. B. Srout. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT The Garden recently ani a Pellerin of three hundred and seventy Clare Island, Ireland, in eannuation of exchanges with the Royal Gardens, Kew, England Messrs. David G. Fairchild and Walter T. Swingle, of the United States Department of Agriculture, recently made a visit at the Garden, especially inspecting the experiments in plant breeding now in progress in the experimental greenhouse. 1] Pas The British Museum recently sent the Garden a 1 of the plants gathered in North America, chiefly in Mexico, during the earlier part of the last century, by Theodor Hartine. This valuable addition to our collections is now being mounted for the herbariu A Journal Club for the review of botanical literature has been organized recently at Columbia University for the benefit of the various botanical departments of the University, the New York Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Club meets twice a month. The first number of the Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin has appeared, beginning with January, 1913. The Bulletin is a monthly and will contain various items pertaining to the Missouri Botanical Garden that are of popular interest, especially to the residents of St. Louis 73 e Executive Committee of the New York State Forestry Association, recently organized at Syracuse, held its first meeting at the New York Botanical Garden on March 15 Dr. William Trelease spent a week at the Carden early in March studying the collections of Quercus. He was in Europe most of the winter, visiting various important pened Dr. E. P. Felt, state entomologist, spent March 7 at the Garden investigating the hemlock bark beetle ae a destructive cactus insect which he recently described. Dur the same week, inspectors from Albany ex: ae the ee ee in the Garden with reference to the control of the hickory bark beetle. e annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America a in paar during the Christmas holidays, Dr. Marshall . Howe, curator, New York Botanical — was elected vice- noe ie of the Society for 1913. Dr. r Hollick, curator, New York Botanical Garden, was ae treasurer of the Society, an office that he has held continuously since the organization of the original society in 1894 with the exception of a few months at the beginning when the secretary of the Society acted as its treasurer. Dr. Robert A. Harper, Torrey Professor of Botany in Columbia ides waa is one of the councilors of the Society for 1913. Among the new members elected at the Cleve- land meeting were Dr. a B. Stout, director of the laboratories, ew York Botanical Garden, and Mr. Norman Taylor, curator, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The next meeting of the Society will be held in Atlanta, Georgia, in December of the present year. r. E. G. Arzberger, formerly on the botanical staff at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, spent several days at the New York Botanical Garden during March. H. Love, of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, and Dr. George H. Shull, of the Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, have been recent visitors at the Garden 74 On March 6 the new Curator-in-Chief of the Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences, Me William Henry Fox, visited the New York Botanical Garden in company with Dr. C. Stuart Gager, mmissioner at the Roman International Exhibition of Art and History (1911). He was appointed Curator-in-Chief of the Brooklyn Museum in January of the present year. Aaron Aaronsohn, director of the Jewish Agricultural Ex- periment Station in Palestine, delivered an interesting address on American Museum of Natural History on the evening of Feb- ruary 15. The so-called ‘wild wheat,” which Mr. Aaronsohn and certain eae in the study of the Gramineae believe to Naneue the progenitor of the modern cultivated TF is d to be the ae wild plant of thousands of acres on the soe of Mt. mon in Palestine. It flourishes in a region ere the al is only five or six inches a year, while the ciel wheats require a minimum of about fourteen inches to mature a crop of grain. Experiments in hybridizing are tine made with the hope of obtaining a wheat that shall com- of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agri- culture, were present and spoke of the importance of the work of the Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station to American agriculture and especially of what it would mean to develop a variety of commercially valuable wheat that could be grown in parts of the western United States where a successful culture of wheat is now impossible on account of a scanty rainfa A.H 75 A conference to discuss the control of the hickory bark-borer was called by the Commissioner of Agriculture at Albany on ebruary 24. This conference was attended by the principal entomologists and mycologists in the state, and the following resolutions, prepared by Messrs. Merkel, Levison, Deming, Felt, Herrick, Parrott and Murrill, were unanimously adopted: WHEREAS, The hickory bark-borer is at present eaegeas injurious and destructive to hickory trees in and around New York City, and has already destroyed and is eee the destruction of thousands of valuable trees; an WHEREAS, It has been demonstrated in several instances on a large scale that the maa bark-borer can be practically cna therefore, Resolved, That w c erey pecans sess the Commis- sioner ei poe to t uch s as y be necessary bring about the ae of foie eae of the agri- cultural law relative to insect pests and diseases, with particular reference to control of the hickory bark-borer; and be it further Resolved, That the thanks of the conference are hereby tendered to Commissioner of nel Huson for his courtesies and for the calling of this conferenc The New York Botanical aa was represented at this conference by Dr. Murrill, who reported the loss of several hundred fine hickory trees. It is probable that a concerted movement will be made at once to prevent the further ravages of this insect in the vicinity of New York City by cutting out all hickory trees now infected. The beetle is native and wid spread, but it does not exist in any other section, so far as we know, in such numbers as to cause an epidemic. Nut growers have become aroused in this matter because, the chestnut tree having been destroyed, many of them had begun to turn their attention to the growing of the hickory, and efforts have been made to introduce hardy varieties of the pecan. The value of the annual importation of the nuts in the United States approxi- mates $15,000,000, and it is believed that much of this money may be kept within the country if the proper means are taken to develop our own native species of nut-bearing trees. 76 The hickory tree is not only valuable for the nuts it produces, but also for shade and for lumber. If used immediately, the attacks of the bark- “e do not Be eu injure it, but the wood is very perishable when left standing. Dead trees soon become both the larval form and the mature form of this insect may be destroyed in the affected trees during the winter season, or before the beetles escape in the spring very much simplifies the matter of control. It has been repeatedly proven that by cutting out all infected trees in a given locality the number of insects may be so reduced as to fall an easy prey | to their pheas enemies. It is the plan to publish a the hickory bark-borer in the June number of the. JouRNAL.—W. A. M ing is making an early start, as manifested by the un- Guin early appearance of the flowers. A walk around the grounds of the Garden on March 18 disclosed the following com uv Ss, of Europ hat one Minor, the latter having been in bloom for over a week; the common snowdrop, Galanthus nivalis, and the giant snowdrop, G. Elwesii, ee ally in constant bloom since January; the glory-of-the-snow, Chionodoxa Luciliae, its flowers of glorious blue just appearing Among the shrubs Pieris japonica is one of the first to make its appearance. A clump of these in the west border, near the Woodlawn Road abutment, is full of slender racemes of white flowers. The hazel-nuts are among the first of the shrubs break into flower, and this year they are a little earlier than 1. Two American forms, Corylus americana and C. rostrata, with the European C. As ellana, are now in full bloom, their tassels dancing in every wind. The common alder of our — and pond-sides, Alnus eee is in full tassel, and the “ pussies” on Salix discolor and on the osier willow, Salix ee are just creeping out. One of the showiest shrubs, quite marked in 77 its profusion of small yellow flowers, is Cornus age: of China and Japan, known to the Japanese as san Tw specimens are in the fruticetum collection. pene rinted species is Cornus Mas, of southern Europe, known as the Cor- nelian earn This is just opening its flowers, but is not as showy as the At ame range I, in house no. 4, Medinilla magnifica is again in its annual raiment of pink, its handsome clusters of house. This is readily propagated from eae and it is well worth more general cultivation. In house 5 the aloes are still n bloom, and also many of ure orpine family. Fouquieria ea alluded to in a previous journal, is still in full anne in no. 6. In house 12 Coelogyne cristata, an orchid from the Hima- layas, is a sheet of white. In house 13 the sweet aa Citrus aurantium, is just opening its sweet-scented blossoms, and the lovely blossoms of the Cherokee rose still add a pone to this hous N Meteorology for February.——The total precipitation for the month was 2.91 inches. Maximum temperatures for each week were as follows: 41° on the 4th, 41° on the 9th, 51° on the 15th, and 60° on the 20th. The minimum temperatures were 12° on the 7th, 9° on the 13th, 17° on the 18th, and 13° on the 26th. ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM specimens of marine algae, chiefly from Ireland. (By exchange with the Pos Gardens, BOM Eng land.} Staten Island. (By ee with Dr. A. J. Grout.) rsh. I specimen of spent Zamie. (Given by Mr. A. B 448 ie of hepaticae, meu from oe ea by Miss Caroline C. Hayne: I specimen of fungus from Wyoming. (By exchange with Professor Aven Nelson. 10 specimens of mosses from South Dakota. (By exchange with Professor S. S. Visher. 9 specimens of mosses from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leon.) 78 49 specimens ‘‘ Musci Europaei exsiccati,”’ series 18. (Distributed by Dr. Ernst er.) s “Kryptogamae vant ald century 20. (Distributed by the m, Viel : 120 specimens from bans ‘an. a oui Cruz. (By exchange with the Field um of N: History.) I museum specimen i ely ly pear tubers. (Given by Mr. C. F. Sulzner.) 50 specimens ‘'Phycotheca ae i -Americana,”’ fascicle 35. (Distributed by Messrs. Collins, Holden, a Setcheil. ff fi a (Given by the Herbarium of Prince Roland . Bouspar te.) 8 museum specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) I specimen of lichen from the Yellowstone National Park. (Given by Miss Julia T. Emerson.) Members of the Corporation Fritz ACHELIS. Evucene P, BIcKNELL Grorce S. Bowpo1n Pror. N. L. Britton Pror. Epw. S. BurcEss Dr. Nicuotas M. ButLer ANDREW CARNEGIE Pror. C. F. CHANDLER Writiam G. CHoaTE Paut D. CravatH CLEVELAND H. Dopce Grorce W. Fotsom James B, Forp Henry W. ve Forest Rozsert W. DE Forest Epwarp S. HARKNESS T. A. HaveMEYER A. HEckscHER Henry R. Hoyt Tuos H. HussarD Aprran IsELIn, JR. Watter B. JENNINGS Joun I. Pror. Freperic S. Lee Hon. SztH Low Davip Lypic Epcar L. Marston W. J. MaTHESON Emerson McMILiin OcpEN MILLS J. Prerront Morcan J. Prerpont Moraan, Jr. GrorcE W. PERKINS Henry Puiprs James R. PitcHER M. F. Prant. Epwin A. RIcHARD Joun D. RockEFELLER Witriam ROCKEFELLER Pror. H. H. Russy Dr. Recrnatp H. Sayre Jacos H. ScHiFF Mortimer L. ScuiFF James A. ScRYMSER Isaac N. SELIGMAN Apert R, SHATTUCK Henry A. S1EBRECHT WitiamM D. SLOANE Louis C. TIFFANY GrorceE W. VANDERBILT W. K. VANDERBILT Hon. Ecerton L, WinTHRop, Jz. PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Gard Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustra ee ote, news, and non-technical articles of ace interest. dade on all bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; ayear. [Not change.] Now i volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted e including lichens ; ; containing technical articles and news and notes of terest. $3.00 a AS single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exces in its fifth volum Bulletin of ae ew York Botanical Garden, containing the annual of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles emb i i ee to all members North American Flor: Tecape ions of the wild plants of : eae Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to ted in 32 volum Roy. ae Bach volume to consist of four or more p Stbscrpton price, re 50 per part; a ee number of separate parts will be for Lae each, [Not ofered i in excl chan; “ise , part I, 1910 acene nai ace; Vol. 7, part I, 1906; ae C 1907 ; part 3, Tones i " Ustiluginadeee een Tol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae ( (Pans I and 2 no longer sold separately. nto Vol. 16, ae 1, 1909. ioglossacene—Cyathea ceae (pars). Vol. 17, part 1, 1909; part 2, 1912 phaceae—Poaceae (pars). ike 22, parts : cd 2, 1905; parts 3 aa fi 1908. Podo: stemonacese—Fot (pars) . Vol. 25, part I, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, IgII. Geraninene—Burers emoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Prici een $1.00 ore volume. To others, $2.00. fNot offered i in exchange] Annotated eee of = Flora of Montana and the Yellow. are by B Per ‘dea Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed one 1900. — Influence of Tight ac eS ne Growth and Develop xvi 20 aa y. 3 aad; s fr York, by Arihur Hollick and Edward Charles Je me viii + 13} 9. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart ¢ viii aa pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 190) oe from the New Garden. cal nares written by students or Payee of ee staff, and repented fom a u athe than the above. Price, 25 centseach. $5.00 er volume, Initsse RECENT NUMBERS 25 harks ACH eh 152, The pend hs uthiopteris and its Representatives in North Ane oadhur: 153. Studies on the R ocky Mountain Flora—XXVII, by P. A. Be erg. 154. Biochemical Studies of Soils Subjected to Dry Heat, by F. J. bere lark, 155. Polycodium, C. B. Robinson, NEw YORK pare. GARDE Pe ARK, NEW YO! he ee APRIL, 1913 No. 160 JOURNAL OF EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories CONTENTS oe PAGE leeding Protection—6. Wild Azalea (Azalea nudiflora L. ) 79 c 81 86 89 go 94 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 41 Norts Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. sy Tue New Era Printinc COMPANY OFFICERS 1913 PrESIDENT—HON. ADDISON BROWN. Vicr-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE SEcRETARY—DR. N. L. ON 4 Boarp oF MANAGERS 3 1. ELEC MANAGERS Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS ROBERT W. vE FOREST ADDISON BROWN JAMES A. SCRYMSER af HENRY W. ve FOREST : Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BRITTON JOHN I. KANE ANDREW Soe ae W. J. MATHESON . GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires January, 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD GEORGE W. PERKIN J. PIERPONT MORGAN FRANCIS LYNDE pes MYLES TIERNEY 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS HON. CHARLES B. STOVER THE Mayor oF THE City oF NEw York See eae EDWARD S. BUR GESS" PROF. R. A. ee NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER dete JAMES F. KEMP i ane WILLIAM J. wes ES ROF. et tee S. LEE f HOMAS W. a ae L DEN STAFF DR. ue eo vor ane Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration ) . W. A. MURRILL, aR EN Director AGRE istration DR. Rees K. eae Head Curator of the Mus s (Flowering Plants ) DR. P. A. RYDBERG, pts fot tHinwestig Plants ) 5 ‘dener OUT, Director of the Laboratories z ae JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, adie ey ARAH H. HARLO rari DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the connate mee. ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mos Engineer ER S. GROE SB ECK, Clerk and Accountant WILD AZALEA JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV April, 1913 No. 160 WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION* 6. ‘“Witp AzaLza” (Azalea nudiflora L.) WITH PLATE CXIV About the end of May, when the snow-balls are in bloom and the dandelions have gone to seed, with their exquisite balls of then the wild azaleas brighten the gloom of the woodlands with their ara colors. In the region about New York City, it is wn wild honeysuckle’ from the shape of its flowers, which a long tube filled with nectar. The flowers vary in color from pale pink to deep rose-color and grow about ten in a cluster at the summits of long naked branches, which usually arise in clusters from the stem. These shrubs sometimes attain a height of from two to six feet, and once were abundant in open woodlands in Greater New York, particularly in the Bronx and on Staten Island, though on account of their showy color and fragrance they are often ruthlessly broken. The flowers are large with es exserted stamens and with the tube, the pistil the filaments darker-colored. The 5-parted limb of corolla is ene ed, the two upper divisions spreading, the lowest being the broadest and overlapping the two narrower lateral ones. The pedicels and tube are quite hairy as well as the short green calyx. The ovary also is hairy and the style is over two inches long, ee pcan and ee in a disc- * Illustrated by tl ion of Native Plant {JourNaL for March, 1913 (14: 63-78) was issued March 29, 1913, J 79 80 shaped stigma. The five long stamens are inserted with the corolla at the base of the tube, and a deep hairy groove extends down the center of each lobe of the corolla to the nectar, at its base. The leaves are oval or obovate, tapering to a short eal and unequal in shape and size; usually five to seven are bor: at the summits of naked branches, like the flowers ee a an unsymmetrical rosette. Azalea nudiflora was described by Linnaeus in 1762 in the second edition of his ‘Species Plantarum” and he cites Peter Kalm’s description. In Kalm’s travels under the date of May 5, 1749, he says: ‘‘Early this morning I went to Rapaapo, New Jersey which is a great village, inhabited by Swedes. . . . The Mayflowers, as the Swedes call them, were plentiful in the woods wherever I went to-day; especially on a dry soil, or one that is somewhat moist. The Swedes have given them this name, be- cause they are in full blossom in May. Some of the Swedes and the Dutch call them Pinxterbloem (Whitsunday flowers) as they really are in blossom about Whitsuntide. The English call them Wild ae and ata distance they have some similarity he Honeysuckle, or Lon Dr. Linnaeus, ther botanists, ai it an Azalea. pe en re now open, d ‘Ww ornament to the woods, ee little inferior to ie flowers of the Honeysuckle and Hedysarum. They fit ina circle round the stem’s extremity, and have either a dark o or a lively red color; but, by standing for some ame, the sun bleaches them, and at last they get a whitish hue.’ This species ranges from Maine to Florida and Texas, ascends to 3,000 feet altitude in Virginia and has been reported from Canada. About forty species of Azalea have been described from North America and Asia, many have been cultivated for their beauty, and many hybrids are known. Seven species are known to grow in the United States, of which the orange-colored Flame Azalea of the Southern States is the showiest and the White Swamp Azalea the most fragrant. The Heath Family or Erica- ceae, to which they belong, tnehides about fifty-five genera and one thousand and fifty species, widely distributed, mostly in cool temperate regions in which the Laurel and Rhododendrons are 81 our most familiar and exquisite members of this most charming family of plants. ELIZABETH G. BRITTON. REPORT ON EXPLORATION IN TROPICAL FLORIDA Dr. N. L. Britton, DirREcTOR-IN-CHIEF, Sir: According to your instructions I left New York for tropical Florida on the first day of last November. I proceeded direct Miami, where by prearrangement I met Professor Hugo de Vries, of the University of Amsterdam, Holland, and ie com- municated to him your invitation that he be a guest of the Garden during his sojourn in southern Florida. Professor de Vries had h eae + in the di : pas Be rough our systematic exploration of subtropical and tropical Florida and the West Indies as described in the various reports on exploration hereto- fore Lapis in this Jour He wished to see personally the vegetable and ae phenomena of that region. ne entering upon our field work, Mr. Edward Simmonds, who is in charge of the Subtropical Garden of the United States Department of Agriculture at Miami, kindly placed the labora- tory building of that station, and its facilities, at our disposal for a working and collecting headquarters. I wish to thank Mr. and Mrs. Simmonds for doing all in their power to promote our botanical work about Miami. I wish to particularly thank Mr. C. F. Sulzner, of Miami, and his family, for numerous courtesies, and for the almost constant use of his motor-boat and automobile, and especially for companionship in the field. The intimate knowledge both of the land and of the waters of Bay Biscayne and the vicinity, eat by Mr. Sulzner, was of 7. value to us in economizing time and saving trouble. Through Mr. Sulzner’s codperation Pee: de Vries was enabled to see with but little discomfort many points of interest in a compara- tively short tim Our first ee of the Everglades was made through the Miami drainage canal. This dredged channel enters the 82 oe at the source of the west fork of the Miami River, and runs in a northwesterly direction for many m canal 1 brought about the draining of the Eversades adjacent . For the most part it is cut through the its overlying deposits which seem to consist chiefly of areas of varying extent of sand, marl, or peat. The banks of pure lime- stone which are thrown up on both sides of the canal by the dredge rapidly develop a luxuriant plant covering. Herbaceous plants of many families and morning-glory vines often completely hide the rock, while in other places shrubs, such as the common- elder, the cocoa-plum, the Florida trema, and the tree-potato ow in d asse! the most oe phenomenon, in this connection is this: that banks of pure limestone are able to develop within a few months’ time, and maintain apparently with increasing vigor, such a luxuriant growth of herbaceous plants and shrubs waters of Bay Biscayne were examined for their plant and al he both by means of a water-glass from the boat, and by wadi uch to interest Professor de Vries was found on the shores of Virginia aah and Key Bay Biscayne in connection with their piss Nantia A few h nstorms oe rather persistent strong north winds interfere a to some extent with our movements. he several visits of Professor de Vries to the aa Garden already referred to were ae interesting to on account of the original ideas of Mr. Simmonds and ee application in connection with plant seer and culture. Successive days were devoted to visits to the homes of Mr. John oar and Mr. Charles T. Simpson near Little River, of Dr. Russell N. Nevins near Miami, and of Dr. John Gifford and Mr. Kirk Monroe near Cocoanut Grove. I wish to thank these gentlemen for kindly showing Professor de Vries things of interest on their respective preserves A day was spent in the Geinity of what was at one time Camp ion. The contrast caused by the evolution of conditions in this homestead country from absolute wilderness to relative 83 civilization within a few years was here particularly striking. en we first explored this region, less than ten years ago, Camp Longview like other similar survey stations, and even less remote points, was in the midst of a wilderness, and several days distant from Miami, only accessible by obscure trails through water and over rocks in the forests broken here and there by narrow arms of the Everglades. Today these points are nearly all under cultivation and easily accessible within a few hours time by both the main line of the Florida East Coast Railway and the finest roads in the wor The last day of Professor de Vries’ sojourn in the Miami region, the weather being somewhat favorable, was spent in examining the phenomena and life at Cape Florida and on and about Soldier Key. There we first found coral growing in position, although the sea was too rough to permit of an examination of the more ee is coral-beds on the outside of the reef. apie aus also prevented a good view of the so-called “‘sea- err ee Bay Biscayne Key, ae on ave Professor de ’ departure, on a calm day, did we find the patches of Besutfully ae corals growing outside of Baer’s Cut below Miami. About the middle of November I accompanied Professor de Vries to Key West. Observations, and collections of plants, were made at various points toward the eastern end of that island. Among the specimens collected there are many repre- sentatives of the same species found on the island in the early t of the last century by Dr. Blodgett who then resided on Key West. Dr. Blodgett was . pioneer botainst of that region and the most thorough collector of the flora of Key West. The aaa Dr. Blodgett collected eae ie which are preserved the herbarium at the Garden, form the foundation of our ae of the flora of Key West. ene it, our knowledge of the native plants of the island would be rather incomplete, for subsequent destruction of many of the original hammocks seems to have obliterated all traces of some of the more interest- ing West Indian plants that grew there. However, our recent collections on the island indicate that there are interesting discoveries awaiting a more detailed research. 84 At Key West Professor de Vries and I separated. When eee de Vries took the boat for Cuba, I proceeded to Big Pine Key. Upon reaching this island I encountered an epidemic of mosquitoes which made existence almost impossible. How- ever, with occasional periods of relief in the breezes along the beach, I managed to make a large collection of the plants growing in the interior of the island. Several species new to science were found in the pinelands and also some West Indian plants not before collected in the United States. Your communication relative to the collecting of the seeds of ee mer s of the Everglade Keys for experimental purposes in Bermuda awaited me at Miami upon my return from Key West and Big Pine Key. A week was devoted to securing the desired seeds, and the seen herbarium specimens, from within a radius of about 6 miles of Miami, with the excep- tion of one day on which a se rainstorm came up from the tropics, and during which high winds also prevailed. Nearly eight inches of rain fell during the day! This deluge brought so that collecting in that region was made impossible for some eeks. Beginning with the following week collections were made in the vicinity of a canal recently dredged through the mangroves and sand-dunes between Bull’s Island and ie head of Indian Creek on the peninsula opposite Miami. The flora of the hitherto ane a parts of the Mangrove-formation was very interesting, an e growth of the various halophytes with their several shades i green on the recently excavated sand of the canal-banks was luxuriant beyond anything I had before observed. As in the case of the banks of the Miami drainage canal, the recently made banks of pure lime-sand supported an exceptionally luxuriant growth of plants. Following this, a canal recently dredged from Snapper Creek prairie to the was investigated. These new channels through land hitherto not easy of access always show phenomena of s ecial interest and yield good results in the way of ie of speci A four days’ expedition to Big Pine Key and the acer keys was planned, but stormy weather defeated its accomplish- 85 ment. As an alternative Boca Chica Key was selected for investigation. any desirable specimens were gathered on this little-known island, and among them was a West Indian tree not before found in the United States. Several excursions were made a boat some miles into the Everglades where specimens of peat were secured for our eco- mic museum. Then the sand- see along Indian Creek were visited for the purpose of making certain observations, and for securing specimens of the rare Okenia hypogaea mentioned in a previous report, and whose growth on the occasion of other visits had been obliterated by hurricanes or heavy storms. The p was now found in perfect condition of growth, ae a ranging from seedlings to full-grown plants were obta . This plant belongs to the four-o’clock family and is eee known only from southern Mexico. It is a trailing or creeping vine, and like the peanut, pushes its flowers into the sand by means of the recurving and elongating flower-stalks, and then matures its fruits about six inches beneath the surface of the soil. A sur- prising discovery was made relating to its flow The c alyx is generally bright rose-purple, and the flowers - ‘die seedlings are one to one and a half inches in diameter, while those of the grown plants are uniformly less than a half inch in diameter. There too we secured museum specimens of the apparently edible tubers of the prickly pear, Opuntia austrina, a species of cactus discovered in that region several years ago I returned to the Garden at the end of the first week of Decem- with the results of the expedition which may be briefly ne as follows: Numerous field observations the accomplish- ment of which faa become desirable through the study of collec- tions previously made in tropical Florida, a dozen museum speci- mens which we had not been able to obtain on previous expedi- tions, and a collection of approximately eighteen hundred her- barium specimens representing about three-hundred and ninety- six field numbers. In the latter named collection are five species new to science, one tree new to Florida and at the same time new to the tree-flora of the United States, several West Indian plants new to the flora of Florida, and about twenty-five species new to the flora of the Florida Keys. 86 Our collections from the Florida Keys are very interesting and valuable in themselves, but even more interesting in connection with the observations made there, in indicating what discoveries wait a more concentrated search under favorable weather con- cies freedom from insect pests, and proper means of trans- portation. Respectfully submitted, J. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium. THE CEDAR OF LEBANON ma: ara example of this interesting tree, on the estate of Mrs. Col . Huntington, at Throgg’s Nec Y. City, is shown in ie accompanying illustration. This specimen is in full vigor, although over one hundred years old, standing sturdy and strong, with many years of life before it, unless the hand of man should cut short its career. This tree is about seventy-five feet tall, with a maximum spread of branches of about sixty-five . The branches have a peculiar flat shape, giving a sort of terraced effect to the foliage. Judging from illustrations, the tree on the Huntington estate equals, if it does not exceed, in beauty and dignity any of those in cultivation in Euro Imagine the dark green foliage, the tall straight trunk over a our feet in diameter, and the broad spreading branches extending to the ground, and you have a picture of this tree as it now is. It has stood there for one hundred and twenty-three years, having been brought to this country, so the story runs, from Palestine, in 1790, by Philip I. Livingston, the former owner of the present Huntington estate, and a great lover of the choice in horticulture in his day. Then but a small tree, it has flourished in its present site until it now bears the reputation of being the finest specimen in this nt There are other smaller trees in Central Park and ae Parle Another was planted at Woodlawn, near Princeton, N. J., by the late Judge Field in 1842. This was thirty-six feet high in 1859, and thirty years later it had eee a height of fifty-four feet and a trunk diam- JouRNAL OF THE NEw YorK BoTaNicaL GARDEN Plate CXV Cedar of Lebanon aoe on ae estate of Mrs. Collis P. Huntington, Throge’s , New York Cit 87 eter of a little over two feet. Another fine specimen was on the grounds of the old Prince Nursery at Flushing, N. Y., which in 1889 was about sixty-five feet high. This would seem to indicate that this tree is hardy from the lati- tude of New York City south. Perhaps it is the favorable loca- tion of the trees at Throgg’s Neck and Flushing near the waters of Long Island Sound which may account for their vigorous growth and long life, but an effort to cultivate it in this vicinity would certainly be worth while. Its aes proven o as shown in the illustration, would make it 1 in any par The specific name Libani refers to Mt. Lebanon, with which this tree is associated in biblical history. For centuries it was believed to be confined to the Kedisha valley at an elevation of about 6,000 feet. This ae is about fifteen miles from the Syrian port of Beirut. any travellers from western Europe had visited this valley in the few hundred years past, the reports brought back by them indicating a gradual diminish- ing of the number of trees. A scientific investigation of the conditions at Mt. Lebanon was finally undertaken in 1860 by ir Hooker. He found that there were about four hundred trees in the valley, covering an area some twelve hundred feet in diameter, with one or two outstanding trees not far from the rest. They formed nine groups located on as many hum- mocks of the moraine on which they occur. They varied in size from six inches to thirteen feet in diameter. The smallest trees he was able to find were of the small diameter mentioned above, indicating that favorable conditions for the germination of the seed must occur at great intervals. Since that time many other localities have been discovered, and it is now known to occur commonly on Mt. Lebanon, ee on the western slopes, in detached groves, in some cases com- prising several thousands of trees. Vast forests of it are one known on the higher slopes of Mts. Taurus and Anti-Taurus in Cilicia. Here it grows between 3,000 and 6,000 feet altitude, occurring at the lower elevations with Abies cilicica. In 189 Walter Siehe, in a report upon the conifers of the Cicilian Taurus, 88 says that the Cedar of Lebanon occupies the higher slopes where snow lies several feet deep for nearly five months of the year. The forests, he further relates, are of impressive grandeur, the intense stillness only broken from time to time by the cry of the alpine crow, or by the crash of a mighty boulder, started in its descent by the passing of some wild goat. He reports the wood as highly prized in that region, being strong, and aegea the quality of exposure to the weather without wa ti also fragrant and free from the attacks of insects. ff ie used for the interior woodwork of the Greek churches, and for the manu- facture of the better kinds of household furniture. This is exactly the reverse of the opinion held of the wood of these trees grown in England, where it is reported as “light, soft, brittle, apt to warp and by no means durable.’”’ This difference may be due to environment, the greater altitude and the anaes of the snow blanket in its native home accounting for That this is the cedar of Lebanon of the Bible ae seems some doubt, for those on Mt. Lebanon are some fifteen miles from the coast, so that they could have been transported to Jerusalem only with the greatest difficulty and expense. Be this as it may, during the sixteenth century it became the custom to make pilgrimages to the cedars of this mountain. The pilgrims carried way so much wood for the construction of crosses and taber- nacles that the religious authorities of that time put a stop to it by see: excommunication to any one who injured the trees. The rigor of this edict was an remitted on one day in the year on a was celebrated the Feast of the ale when an altar was built under one of the largest and oldest tre cedar of Lebanon was introduced into pee in England about 1683, according to Aiton, when the trees were planted in the Chelsea Botanic Gardens. Its first appearance Plantes. If report be true, its first introduction into this country was in 1790, by Philip I. Livingston, as indicated at the beginning of this article. Here at the Garden we have under cultivation in the pinetum two of the three known species of the genus Cedrus. These are 89 the Mt. Atlas cedar, Cedrus atlantica, of northwestern Africa, and the Deodar or Indian cedar, Cedrus Deodara, of the aware Region. Specimens of both will be found on the ridge in t vicinity of the economic garden, but a short distance ee of the museum building. May this noble specimen of the Cedar of Lebanon, now standing in stately dignity on the Huntington estate, the beloved and prized of all tree-lovers, be preserved to us for many, many years. Its destruction would be not only a loss to its immediate neigh- borhood, but to the whole city and the country wide, for a tree of this kind has much more than a local interest. All tree- lovers know of this wonderful specimen, and value it as one of the choicest and rarest representatives of arboreal vegetation in this country. GrEorGE V. Nasu. CONFERENCE NOTES The conference of the scientific staff and registered students of the New York Botanical Garden for the month of March was held in the main und on Mar Professor R. A. Harper gave a ie ave report of the experi- ments in corn ae a which he conducted at the Garden’s wea plot during the past summer. A large number of hich were obtained were displayed to show the various enomena associated with xenia. The results were discussed cae in relation to unit-characters, dominance and segre- gat Dr. ‘Mawshall A. Howe spoke of ‘‘The Marine Algae of Peru,” his remarks being based upon a collection of algae made in eru by Dr. Robert E. Coker, of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, and sent to the Botanical Garden for determination. other species obtained have apparently not been reported except from the original collections made from fifty to ninety years ago. It was remarked that although Peru lies wholly within the tropics 90 its marine flora is essentially of a temperate character and not at all tropical in the usual sense of that term. It appears that the Humboldt current brings the cold waters of the South Temperate and Antarctic regions northward along the western coast of South America and that the nearly constant temperature of the ee ocean may be compared to the summer temperatures e Atlantic at New York or of the Pacific at Monterey, tee a. The larger, more conspicuous soma are kelps, closely related to species that occur on the coasts of eee Oregon, and Washington. Most of the specimens eee discussed by the speaker belonged to the class known as he rown algae NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Dr. Beverly T. Galloway, who for the past twelve years has been Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry, has been appointed assistant secretary of agriculture. Messrs. David Fairchild, Walter Swingle and O. F. Cook of the Bureau of Plant Industry spent March 6 at the Garden, where they inspected the collection of palms and the plants which are being grown in the experimental work int plant breeding. Dr. E. A. Burt, ce of natural history in Middlebury College, Middlebur t., has been appointed librarian and mycologist of the nade Botanical Garden. The appointment will date from next September. Dr. Alexander W. Evans, Eaton professor of botany in Yale University, visited the Garden on March 25 to consult the Mitten collection of Hepaticae Bulletin no. 29 of the New York Botanical Garden appeared March 18. This bulletin contains the annual report of the Director-in-Chief with other official ee pertaining to e Garden 91 Professor L. H. Pennington, of Syracuse eae spent several days during the Easter vacation in the Garden her- barium for a continuation of his studies of i genus Marasmius. Miss Gertrude Burlingham also spent some time examining specimens of the genus Russula. The results of the studies on these genera will appear in the next part of ‘North American Flora’’ dealing with fleshy fungi. The Garden has recently received nearly 1,000 specimens of fungi from Mr. Lars Romell, of Stockholm, Sweden. Mr. Romell is probably the best authority on the fleshy fangs of northern Europe. During the past summer he has been col- lecting higher fungi in the vicinity of Femsjo, in southern Sweden, where Elias Fries spent his early life and did much of his most careful and important work on fungi. The specimens recently received from this region are a valuable addition to the herbarium .N. ritton, director-i -in-chief, Mrs. N. L. Britton and ee ae poeta led for New York City from the West Indies on April 12. a J. A. Shafer, who accompanied Dr. Britton on the recent explorations, returned to New York City, April : bringing various collections for the New York Botanical art Dr. J. N. e, who participated in the expedition, ne sready returned ¢ to Washington, D. C. An account of will appear in a future number of the JOURNAL. C. F. Millspaugh, curator of botany in the Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago, spent several days at the Garden in April identifying botanical specimens. Mr. John F. Cowell, director of the Buffalo botanic garden, and Mr. Jo Dunbar, assistant superintendent of parks, Rochester, N. . visited the Garden, and spent a day inspecting the hardy collections of shrubs and trees. The collection of 92 conifers at Highland Park, Rochester, under the care of Mr. Dunbar, is one of the finest in this country. The Third National Flower Show was held at the New Grand Central Palace, in this city, from April fifth to thirteenth, the last day an extension of time in compliance with the demand for further opportunity to visit this wonderful exhibition. It was the largest flower show ever held in this city, if not in this country, and the management deserves great credit for bringing it to so successful a termination. It was broad in its scope, plants and wers of many kinds being on view. A large collection of Australian acacias, dene in form and delightful in color, was eatu exhibits of orchids, representing many thousands rane ae nimportant part. Foliage plants, eerie airs ferns, dracaenas, cycads, and many others were t in abundance. One of the greatest features was t ae ae of roses, pee specimens, in the opinion of experts the finest ever show One vase of Killarney Queen was a triumph of the eaten s art, with its long stems, six to seven feet, clothed with rich foliage, and bearing blossoms fully six inches across when fully blown. A large pyramidal group of roses, eae about 2,200 blossoms of several kinds, was the admiration of all. Nothing like it had ever been seen in this city. ae and sweet peas were ee in great abundance, and hundreds of pots of bulbous plants, including hyacinths, tulips, and daffodils, added the charm of their brilliant colors The attendance was large, night and day. Many of the visitors were prominent — and indicated their great interest in ee by more than one visit. e great interest of the influential people 7 this city in matters pertaining to horticulture e abundantly evident. It is to be hoped that New Yor s come into her own in matters horticultural, and that the success of this great exhibition means a great awakening in this art, not only in this city, but elsewhere in the country.— V_N. 93 The Forsythias in various parts of the grounds are oo fine this spring, aaa those in the fruticetum, where some specimens of F. intermedia measure about eighteen feet across. These plants are ei with their clothing of yellow. Besides F. intermedia, of which there are several specimens in the frutice- tum, three others are to be found there: F. suspensa, with its long drooping branches, the individual flowers on long stalks — a particularly effective plant to train up a post at = corner of a porch Fortunei, of a lighter color than F. media, and with the flowers more scattered; and F. vira ee in habit much more compact than the others, with deep yellow flowers which are curiously reflexed, giving the plant an appearance quite different. For ee and abundance of flowers F. intermedia is the best. This is a hybrid between F. viridissima and one of the forms of F. con. The crocuses are gone, and the daffodils and bes are coming to take their place. There are so many forms of both of these that we will have them with us for several on way to the end f May. In the arboretum the weeping cherries are in full bloom, as are the Japanese rose-bud cherries, Prunus subhirtella. The Japane cherries have their buds well along, and a warm spell, after ae abundance of rain, will bring them into bloom with a rush. Their dainty blossoms are borne in great profusion, and the collection of Japanese cherry trees, in the vicinity of Eonertvatory ange 2, is one of the features at this time of the year. N. Reantiae for March—tThe total precipitation for the month as 4.97 inches. Maximum temperatures ss each week were as ie 68° on the oth, 55° on the 14th, 66° on the 21st, and 78° on the 25th. The minimum temperatures were 14° on the 7th, 27° on the 12th, 27° on the 18th, and 25° on the 29th. In the thirty hours between 10:00 P.M. of the 7th and 4:00 A.M. of the oth, there was a rise in temperature of 54°. 94 ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 26 specimens of mosses from France. (By exchange with Brother Leon.) i specimen of “‘light-wood”’ from South Carolina. (Given by Miss Alice Donlevy. z specimen of Viola emarginate from South Carolina. (By exchange with Dr, Thomas P. Bailey. 469 giant of flowering plants from Missouri and Arkansas. (Collected by Mr. B. F. I specimen of hepatic from Wyoming. (By exchange with Professor Aven Nelson. ecimens : ferns from Brazil. (By exhcange with the Herbarium of Prince 7 specim Roland Bonapar 75 sp merican mosses from the Herbarium of Leo Lesquereux. (From the University of Neuch4tel, Switzerland. 60 specimens ‘‘Aigae Adriaticae Exisccatae’’ fascicles 1 and 2. (Distributed al est. 22 a of flowering plants from Louisiana. (By exchange with Professor 9 anes of drugs. (Given by nek ia H: Rusby. } “ : eal Nor p h Carolina, South Carolina and Florida. (By exchange with Dr. John W. ca eens LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM OCTOBER 15, 1912, TO MARCH 15s, 1913 E: AKES. Orchidaceae. Illustrations and studies of the family Orchidaceae. Fasc. 4. Boston, 191 Centralblatt fiir Bacteriologie und Parasitenkunde. Vol. 1-26. Jena, 1887-99. EMENTS, FREDERIC EDWARD, ROSENDAHL, Car OTT oS BUTTERS, FREDERIC Kr Minnesota trees and shrubs. Minneapolis, 1912. (Given by Dr. N. L, 9 KE, MORDECAI CUBITT. Freaks and marvels of plant life. London, 1882. Ga by Mr. Herbert A. Brooks. ACHNOWSKI, ALFRED. Peat deposits of ee their origin, formation and uses. Columbus, 1912. (Given by Dr. Arthur Holli RLING, CHESTER ARTHUR. Handbook e ‘the wild and cultivated flowering plants. New York, r912. (Given by Dr. C. A. Darlin; ER, HEINRICH Gustav ADOLF. Syllabus der peaseuaie Ed. 7. cea Igi2. R, HEINRICH GUSTAV ADOLF, & PRANTL, KaRL ANTON EuGEN. Die etic Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten. I. Teil. Lichenes. Leipzig, 1907. (Given by Prof. Bruce Fink.) Tes annual ies of ae commissioners of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, Brooklyn, 1861. (Given r. J. H. Barnhart.) Hug, pe aeae ial oe es ‘phologice et tomice disposuit, Parisiis, 95 HUMBOLDT: iauonnes een aa VON, pilin, narrative A travels to the 3 vols. London, 1852 53. (Given by Mr. Charles a Eames.) Journal of horticulture, cottage eae and home farmer. Vol. 60. 1878. London, UNZE, OSKAR E. Kleine Laubholzkunde. Ein Handbuch fiir den girtnerischen Unterricht. Ed. 2. Stuttgart, 1 LisTER, ARTHUR. f the M Ed. 2. cies N. L. Britton.) , THOMAS. Common wayside flowers. London, 1880. (Given by Mr. Els i" Brooks.) London, 1911. (Given Mo.iscy, Hans. Leuchtende Pflanzen. Ed. Jena, 1912. Mixer, Karv. usct venezuelenses na Berolini, 1879. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) RRAY, ANDREW. The pines and firs of Japan. riiger 1863. REHDER, ALFRED. The Bradley bibliography. Vol. 2, pt. 2. Cambridge, 1912 1, Martin, & SHROTER, CARL. Vom Mittelmeer zum Nordrand der Sahara. cae ee Frithlingsfahrt nach Algerien. Ziirich, [1912 ILHELM. ‘erminologie der Ent twicklungsmechanik der Tiere und prey Leipzig, 1912. Sar DO, PiER'ANDREA. Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. RTH, AuGust. Arabisch Pflanzennamen aus Aegypten, e TOBLER, eee ad Cate Hedera. Studien iiber Gestalt und Leben des — seine Art d 1912 KER, CHARLES EDWARD. ens pa imi and theiy modes of trans- aries London, r9ro. WIELER, A. een und Kalkmangel im Sad den. Berlin, 1912. WILLIAMS, JOHN HARVEY. Guardians of the Colu: ILSON, EDWARD LIVINGSTON. Wilson's cyclopedic -bholoaraphe. Rev: Ed, New York, 1901. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart. Wi R, UBERT. Botan ane Hilfsbuch ie Pflanzer, Kolonialbeamte, Tropenkauflate und Forschyngsreis isende. Wismar, 1912. Members of the Corporation Fritz ACHELIS Davip Lypic Epwarp D. ADAMS Epcar L. Marston CuarLes B, ALEXANDER W. J. MATHESON : Joun D. ArcHBoLn Emerson McMILtin 3 GrorcE F. BAKER OcpEN MILLs Eucene P. BicKNELL J. Przrpont Morcawn Grorce S. Bowpo1n J. Prerpont Morgan, Jr. Pror. N. L. Britton THEODORE W. Hon. Appison Brown Freperic R, NE D é Pror. Epw. S. BurcEss ROF. Henry F. Osporn . Dr. Ni S M. BuTLer LoweEtt M. PALMER ; ANDREW CARNEGIE GrorceE W. PERKINS Pror. C, F. CHANDLER Henry PHIPPS Wittram G. CHOATE James R. PITCHER | Paut D. CravaTH M. F. Prant CLevetanp H. DopcE Epwin A, RicHARD A. F. EstaBroox Joun D. RocKEFELLER H. C. FaHNEsTocK WItiiaAM ROCKEFELLER F SAMUEL W. FarrcHILD Pror. H. H. Russy . Grorce W. Fotsom Dr. REGINALD H. SAYRE James B. Forp Jacos H. ScuiFF _ Henry W. ve Forest Mortimer L. SCHIFF } Ropert W. ve Forest James A. ScRYMSER Pror. W. J. Gres Isaac N, SELIGMAN J. Horace Harprnc Abert R, SHATTUCK / Epwarp S. Harkness Henry A, SIEBRECHT | Pror. R. A. HARPER Wi1aM D. SLOANE | T. A. HavEMEYER NELson SMITH i A, HEecKscHER James SPEYE Henry R. Hoyt Francis L. STETSON i Tos H. Husparp CuHarLes G. THOMPSON _Aprran IsELin, JR. Dr. W. Grtman THOMPSON i Water B. JENNINGS SAMUEL THORNE Joun I. Kang Myers TIERNEY j Pror. James F, Kemp Louis C. TIFFANY Epw. V. Z. Lang Grorcz W. VANDERBILT Pror. Freperic S. LEe W. K. VANDERBILT Hon. Szta Low Hon. Ecerton L. Winturor, JR. PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Gar Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrat taining notes news, and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to ee of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not ange, xen in (oS g sie a Eaacy = 5 > ® ® = a < ° 2 = Mycologia, Spinco nthly, illus rated 4 in color and otherwise; devoted isla lichens ; containing technical articles and news and notes o! terest. Ke ae r; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchang: in its fifth v e, maid ar the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual xe of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em! results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members ee others, Be per volume, () i um lora. Descriptions of the wild plants eneee Greens at West Indies and Central America Planned pleted in 32 volume: y. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more'p Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts wi 01 ot offered in exch: nge. | 1. 3, part I, 1910. Nectriaceae—Fimetariac Ae. Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, rites Ustilaginaceae—Aeci S Vo 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars (Parts 1 ae 2 no oe sold Seava =) y ue Eb 6, part Ophioglossaceae—Cyatheaceae (pars). 17, part Een 3 part ee 1912, Typha cone! Pega (pars). val, 22, parts : ‘and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Ros (pars). Vol. 25, part 1, fea part 2, 1910; part 3, I9QII. Gerantaceac Bur e fo) er volum To others, $2.00. [N ol. An Aunoteted Catalogue of the Flora of Montan pat a Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., Mee detailed map. 1900. — Vol. II. The 5 neuen of Light and Darkne upon Growth and Developt by D. T. wie ougal. xvi-+ 320 pp., with 176 ae 1903. Vol. III, Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous emaine from fee York, by Arihur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii + 13 plates. 1969. Vol. IV. Effects of oe ee of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart viii ioe pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. utions from t! the New York Bot. anical Garden. A series cal uae wits by ones ts or ene of the staff, and reprinted fi from thee than the above, Price, 25 cents each, $5.00 per volume. In its seventh RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH 152. anes genus ‘Sines and its Representatives in North America, 3 roadhu: 153. Studies on the R ocky Mountain Flora—XXVII, by P. A. ap berg. ; 154. Biochemical Studies of Soils Subjected to Dry Heat, by F. J. Seaver . Clark, 155. Polycodium, C. B. Robinson, E NEW YORK pies GARDEN — NX PARK, New YOR a Lael MAY, 1913. No. 161 JOURNAL oF New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories AGE PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art 4x NortH Qugen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. sy Tue New Era Printinc CoMPAny ‘ OFFICERS 1918 tM PRE Vice Psion ANDREW eer TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRY Seereiane N. L. Poe BoARD OF MANAGERS Ae E ANAGERS Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST : Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BRIT W. J. MATHES ANDREW Gaaweeli W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires January, 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD FRANCIS ee STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS MYLES TIER 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ee PARKS Hi HHARLES B. STOVE THE Rasen OF THE City or NEW wae HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR 3. SCIENTIFIC ee ed Dee a = SB Chaim PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS F. WILLIAM J. GIES ae NICHOLAS ae ee Bae R. A. HARPER HOMAS W. CHU PROF. JAMES F. KEMP Ce on FREDERIC S. LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief ee Renee DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant ieee r (Administratio: DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums (Rowerng Pata R. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator Gues Plants ) DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator (Flowerless mae DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosse. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist seum Custo JOHN R. BR an Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Acco ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PLATE CXVI JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV May, 1913 No. 161 WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION* 7. “Pink Moccasin FLOWER” (Cypripedium acaule Aiton) Wir Pirate CXVI From the middle of May to the middle of June the “Stemless Pink Moccasin” or ‘‘Two-leaved Lady’s Slipper” may be found blooming in moist woods and on the borders of swamps or on drier hillsides in pine woods. It comes when the orchards are in oom, beginning with the violets, anemones and wake-robins and in colder, more northern, hilly regions may still be found when the laurel and the roses are just unfolding. It is probably the most common of all the Cypripediums, having the greatest range, extending through British America from Newfoundland to Winnipeg and North West Territory, and is even supposed to have been one of the species recorded by Dr. Richardson from Arctic America. It also occurs sparingly in as United States from eens to Kentucky and Tennesscc. he flower is large and showy, pendent on a long stalk, about a iS high, with two large ve leaves: they taper down to and clasp the base of the flower stalk and are in turn enclosed in a thin brown bract; there are five prominent parallel veins and both surfaces of the leaf are pubescent with short glandular airs. Arching over the flower at the top of the scape is a single lanceolate bract, about 2 inches long, covering the ovary * Illustrated by the aid of the Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants. (Journat for April, 1913 (14: 79-95), was issued April 26, 1913.] 97 98 which is curved, strongly ribbed and glandular hairy; the large brown calyx is composed of two united sepals, the lip showy uC. ts oo a nes with darker lines, it is deeply split above with the aperture closed by the downward and inward curving of the sides; there are also minute short glandular hairs on the outside, but within - hairs are white and longer, becom- ing rigid and bent downward as they approach the anthers, sek: to attract and direct the movements of insect visitors come in search of nectar. When th ia reach the oe the two viscid sacs adhere to their backs and are thus carried off to some other flower, where they are a d against the roughly ane stigma and thus accomplish cross-fertiliza- tion. One sterile stamen is expanded into a heart-shaped bract, which is bent downward and inward covering the stigma an effectually preventing all exit, except by the apertures on each side of the anthers. The capsules when mature, are large, about I-1. s inches = and produce numerous small seeds, but they ar where vi abundant, as the showiness which insures (tits ee insects, defeats its eee through the siamese of children and some selfish older oo who pick all they can find no matter how few there may Cypr ecu acaule was named by Aiton in a Coie of the plants grown at Kew in 1789 from ee introduced by Wm Hamilton, Esq., in 1786, from North America. He cites Pluke- net’s figures and description published in 1769 who described it as ‘‘Helleborine Calceolus Mariae dicta Caroliniensis, bifolia.” Catesby in his Natural History of North Carolina in 1748 figured it in colors and says of it: “This plant produces the most elegant flower of all the Helleborine tribe, and is in great esteem with the North American Indians for decking their hair, etc. They call it the Moccasin Flower, which also signifies in their language, a shoe or slipper.” It was formerly found in the wilder portions of Greater New York, on Staten Island and in Van Courtland Park, but is becoming extinct, on account of its showy flowers, which are 99 usually picked close to the root, as in the accompanying illustra- tion Evizanetu G. Britton. CACTUS STUDIES IN THE WEST INDIES To THE Screntiric DrrEcTORS. Gentlemen: Pursuant to permission given by you, I was absent from the Garden for the period between January 25 and April 17, 1913, engaged in further studies of the West Indian flora, with special reference to the cacti, in continuation of our codperation in the cactus researches of the Carnegie Institution of Washing- ton. It has become necessary, in the progress of these investiga- tions, that a more complete and accurate knowledge of the West Indian cacti be obtained, and my own studies of the general flora of the West Indies required further field work. he expedition was organized jointly with Dr. J. N. Rose, research associate of the Carnegie Institution, and after con- sultation with Dr. D. T. MacDougal, its director of botanical research. Dr. J. A. Shafer accompanied me as a field assistant; Mrs. Britton and Miss Delia W. Marble were also in the party and rendered valuable assistance in collecting, preserving and recording specimens; Dr. Rose was aided by Mr. William R. Fitch, and ce by Mr. Paul G. Fae of the staff of the United States National Museum Our first stop was at St, Thomas, a the Danish Islands, which we reached on the steamer “Guiana”’ on January 31. Dr. Rose and his assistants proceeded south on the “Guiana” to the British Island Antigua, where important collections were made y them, the plants of Antigua being but poorly represented in American museums; they also made studies and collections on St. Kitts and St. Croix, rejoining our party on St. Thomas on February 25, bringing with them living specimens of all the cacti found, together with other kinds of living plants, and many useum and herbarium specimens. We made St. Thomas a base for the botanical exploration of 100 the Virgin Islands; the ladies stayed at the attractive oF Charlotte Amalia. I chartered the sloop ‘West Indian" and cruised with Dr. Shafer to windward as far as Tortola; we anes five days on St. Jan and visited several of the smaller islands of this beautiful archipelago, still almost unknown to tourists. ing views of islands and sea had from the higher elevations—about 1,500 feet on St. ps mas, somewhat less on St. Jan, and about 1,800 feet on Tortola—are well worth all the time required to reach them and the winter climate at sea-level is perfection; for those fond of sailing or fishing, time can be spent delightfully; there are a number of sloops available, and as all the trade among the Virgin Islands is by sail, expert boatmen are readily secure our objects was the study and collection of the interest- ing little round cactus known to botanists as Mamillaria nivosa, which inhabits certain headlands and cliffs in these islands. We were guided to of the localities known for it, Little St. James Island, - the ae . A. B. Romig, of the Moravian mission at Nisky, St. Thomas, who has much interest in botany; we are indebted to him for valuable aid and advice and for delightful association. We subsequently found the Mamillaria nivosa on other islands, and shipped many to the Garden for public exhibi- tion and scientific study. Reaching Tortola February 13, we passed ee Danish to British jurisdiction, separated only a narrow w We were cordially received by Mr. W. C. Fish a eerie instructor for 2 Virgin Islands in charge of the Botanical Station at Roadtown. Five days were given to exploration and collecting on io and on smaller islands nearby, including a visit to the small area of primaeval forest remaining on tha’ island at ‘‘High Bush,” where many rare and characteristic species of the native flora are still preserved; I was much please to learn that steps may be taken toward the permanent preserva- tion of this high altitude flora and the aren reforestation of enuded areas adjacent; on St. as ther scarcely any virgin forest remaining, and but ie on St. ee reforestation work on all these islands would be of great advantage to their inhabitants 101 Leaving Dr. Shafer to make supplementary collections on Tortola, Mr. Fishlock and I started on February 18 on the mail schooner ‘‘Lady Constance” for a five days’ cruise farther to windward, the “West Indian” standing by; of how the Danish sloop emcne outsailed the mail boat, eae us to transfer to the foreign sloop off Virgin Gorda at three o’clock the next pea kaa is no ead to narrate, but it will hey go down n history of Virgin Island s s. Our goal, the soot fe ate island Anagada, ae of all the Aaa to windward, was thus reached helo midday on Feb- ruary nem physiographically and geologically, is totally dif- ferent from all other islands of the archipelago; it is an essentially level coral-limestone and limestone sand cay, at no point over 30 feet in altitude above the ocean. Its native flora contains many species not known to occur on the other Virgin Islands, and, as a whole, it is strikingly Bahamian in relationship, paralleling its Leia structure. We spent two most interest- ing days her collected specimens of 123 species, but we le arly a areas. A complete botanical survey made by means of visits of ten days’ or two weeks’ duration at intervals of three months would reveal most of the species, and would be notable contribution to geographic botany; the flora is highly specialized, and very few specimens from Anagada are preserved in any museum or herbarium. Two kinds of ae exist wild, whose botanical affinities are as yet unknown, neither flowers nor fruit of them have been erly ee palmerio aie the other a thatch- fe ee T, ie. The Indian” raced across the Anagada Channel under the aie moon a February 20, and the next day was given to study and collection on Virgin Gorda, an island also hemmed little known. Our time being limited, most of it was taken up at ae elevations in the vicinity of the Valley eres among the great masses of granitic rocks which orm a striking and uaa physiographic feature; cleavage ie erosion 102 have left these rocks in rectangular pieces as large as houses, so that from the sea, the aera of approaching a ruined city is easily obtained and a nearby cay of the same structure bears he name “Broken Jerusalem,” aad 4 o have been given by buccaneers. The flora proved interesting, and we found speci- mens to collect all the day, and wished that we might at some future time explore the forest at the higher altitudes, previously visited by Mr. Fishlock. A critical botanical survey of this island is also very desirable Returning to Roadtown, Tortola, in the evening of February 21, we found that Dr. Shafer had succeeded in making interesting pea aided by Mr. B. R. Fouseca. The next day was given to the care and packing of plants and specimens and to ces at the Botanical Station. A pleasant and instruc- tive interview with Commissioner Jarvis concluded our sale exploration of the British Virgin Islands, and on Fe y 23 we set sail for the west, aes at the east end of St. Jan, and also at Lamosure, on the south side of that island, to call on Mr. A. White, owner of oe ‘West Indian,” to whom we are indebted for codperation and hospitality. We reached Char. lotte Amalia, St. Thomas, the next morning. Dur iene the ladies had made collections at the higher nana and o the north side of St. Thomas, using donkeys for Raaenees 14 and the combined accumulation of living plants and of prepared specimens was extensive; this was much further augmented the next day by the arrival of Dr. Rose and his assistants from St. Croix, when the members of the expedition were again united. Several days were now required for care, study and packing; short trips were made, for special purposes, and nineteen boxes were delivered to the steamship company for shipment to the Garden. Dr. Rose and I concluded, after consultation, that the cactus investigations would be most effectively prosecuted by a second subdivision of the party; I uncietOne proceeded on March 1 with r. Shafer on the “West Indian” to Fajardo, Porto Rico. The i came to San Juan on (ee steamship ‘‘ Prasident”’ on March 5, Dr. Rose and his assistants continuing on the same vessel to 103 Santo Domingo, while Mrs. Britton and Miss Marble went across Porto Rico on the motor-bus to Coamo Springs The flora of Porto Rico is, in ae better known aaah that of the Virgin Islands, and, wit e exception of that of St. Thomas, much better an in museums and _ herbaria. Preis ious to the annexation of the island by the United States, t had been studied by Spanish and by German botanists, and its botanical literature is considerable, eae by the publica- tion, between the years 1903 and I911I, of the valu ng “Blor eee written by Professor ia of the Berlin eae arden, a critical list of the flowering plants and ferns only, but without descriptions of the plants, and thus not applicable to general use. Soon after the Sie occupation, visits were made by botanists from the New York Botanical Garde the Field Museum of Natural History, 7 Uni pias and t United States Department of Agriculture, and collections ee between 1899 and 1906, which added much to the earlier Spanish and German work. More recently resident American botanists ies supplemented these collections and it has become apparent that Professor Urban’s list is not a complete catalogue, while there is no comprehensive er dealing with the lower les ele t Professor A. W. Evans’ studies of the liver- The recent establishment of the College of Agriculture i ae ee of Porto Rico, and the diffusion of knowledge by it and by the schools, make the preparation of a descriptive flora of Porto Rico an educational necessity, and further a work highly desirable; the same considerations apply t zoology and to the geology of nie colony and a complete nee and natural history survey would be of great value, not alone to Porto Ricans but as an important contribution to scientific knowledge. Dr. Shafer and I gave five days to studies and collections in the vicinity of Fajardo, reaching the mountain forest above Rio Arriba, where, among many trees of interest, we found the spiny coyure palm a bearing clusters of its beautiful bright red fruits, a quantity of which was secured for germination at home at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Mayaguez; 104 another palm of eastern Porto Rico was found on the wooded ills near Ceiba, but with leaves only; this is a silver thatch (Coccothrinax), previously studied here by Sintenis, who also failed to obtain either flowers or fruit, so the actual botanical affinity of the species still remains to be determined. The night- blooming climbing cactus of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Hylocereus trigonus) is very plentiful on coastal bluffs at the Fajardo playa. Coming south and west on the coastwise steamer ‘‘ Ramos” we reached Ponce on the morning of March 8, a beautiful and interesting trip, the ship aes at several ports; we were joined dies on Mar The dry cactus region from Ponce to Guanica was aa a a week; specimens of all the species were shipped to the Garden, and large collections of the general flora were made at Ponce, Penuelas, ea Hekos oe nilla, and at Guanica and vicinity, where we y aided Dr. Morse and Mr. Rubinstein, of the staff of the great sugar- mill, and found many species of interest, including several addi- tions to the flora of Porto Rico. One day (March 14) was devoted to studies of the mountain forest at Alto de la Bandera, on the new carretera from Adjuntas to Jayuya, at an altitude of about 2,000 feet, which we reached by motor car from Ponce; this proved the pecan of the trip, for in this ele: forest, made up of many kinds of trees with the noble ‘‘palma de Sierra’’ (Acrista mont) dominant, we collected specimens of not fewer than 213 species, a result submitted as a record-breaker in botanical a ork. Orchids ene and clothed the tree trunks; ferns in great variety and luxuriance were everywhere, from small filmys up to tall pe cea species; mosses and liverworts carpeted the banks and logs, lichens were abundant and fungi numerous, while the kinds of flowering shrubs and climbers were unexpectedly large; that we came out to the car saturated by a mountain shower, and dried up in the subsequent sunshine were only incidents of this joyous experience, and we came into Ponce at dinner time with both the inside and the outside of the motor, full of packages of spoils. For a view of the high altitude flora, we commend 105 subsequent collectors to the slopes and valleys of Alto de la Bandera Leaving Ponce March 16, a further eae of the party was made; Shafer went across Porto Rico to San Juan to arrange for a C= trip, while the ladies Rene me to oamo Springs; after passing Juana Diaz we espied a range of rough limestone hills several miles to the north of the road, which were capped by a slender palm, observation of which through field-glasses indicated that it was of special interest; Mrs. Britton ie aes climbed up to it and obtain ned its ripe w the entire trip. Fart on towar oamo, we restudied the type tree of the cat purple-flowered “palo de tortuga (Phlebotaenia Cowellit) found by us here in 1906, a one of the most elegant of all trees when in bloom Sailing from San Juan, March 18, on the steamship ‘ Phila- delphia,”’ Dr. Shafer and I reached the Dutch Island Curacao in the early morning of March 20. For one fond of the ocean, this voyage is delightful, but the trade-winds are strong and the seas high, the southern course of the ship bringing the trade-wind nearly abea The force exerted by the trade-wind on the waters of Caribbean Sea, constantly pushing the ocean's Gulf Stream, was very impressive and the experience was one I had long desired; the Gulf Stream is an old friend from the Straits of Florida to the North Atlantic, and to view its origin in the waves of the Caribbean was most interesting. Almost as soon as the ‘Philadelphia’? was tied up at the uaint, clean and substantial city of Willemstad, the active venerable United States Consul, Mr. Cheney, came aboard, and we were introduced by him to Mr. Northcote, our Minister to Venezuela, who was proceeding to causa Mr. Cheney’s advice, and his introductions to prominent Curassavians made our seven days’ stay profitable and delightfu 1. We visited many parts of the island and were most hospitably received and cordially assisted. The many miles of roads are in excellent 106 condition and motor cars took us rapidly from one point of interest to another, enabling us to study many different hills, valleys, cliffs and plains. Cacti\exist here in almost — numbers of individuals, but i nee than a dozen spec larger are great much-branched columnar kinds (nave of ee reaching 30 feet in height and formidably armed all over, bearin —. fruits, and extensively planted for hedges and fences. ich are essentially impenetrable. The smallest is a sae little prickly pear inhabiting the surface of rough limestone rocks (ne curassavica), ane known only from here, but it has relatives in Porto Rico and in the Virgin Islands. The rarest, and the plant which we most panes to nd, is the one described by Linnaeus under the name Cactus mamillaris, which has been lost to science for ets many years; it is a small, nearly uae noe the type of Haworth’s genus Mamillaria, of which over 100 species ie been described mostly from Mexico and ae pecans United States; to recent botanists it has been unknown except from old descrip- tions, and illustrations, and where it came from has been un- certain, but after reading pre-Linnaean authors I was convinced that Curacao was its home, and so it proved, for on March 23, in the late afternoon, on scaling a steep craggy limestone hill, we found the plant growing in large numbers in and among the rocks at the level summit. Our excitement and our satisfaction were great, for at last we knew the type species of Mamillaria, and it bore both its little cream-colored flowers and its bright red little pear-shaped fruits at the same time, to welcome eo rapidly moving to different parts of the island we were able ain a general knowledge of its botanical features and to collect herbarium specimens of about 250 species, and two large boxes of living plants, including a representation of all the cacti found; these I considered of sufficient importance to send Dr. th, and he therefore pro- ceeded north on the ‘‘ Philadelphia,” sailing March 27. Iaccom- panied him to San Juan and spent the afternoon of March 29 at the Experimental Station of the Sugar-growers Association at 107 Rio Piedras upon the invitation of Mr. J. R. Johnston, pathologist of the station, a valued correspondent of the Garden, who has made collections of Porto Rican plants for us and will continue his botanical studies. Mr. Crawley, director of this important institution, also assured me of his interest in our work met Mrs. Britton and Miss Marble at ee on March 30; they had made additional collections about Coamo Spr The establishment of a ioe m et eer pereran College at Ma: ayagiiez, u under the able direction of Professor F. L. Stevens, adjoining the pera Experiment Station, has made this city the insular center of information about plants. We remained there until April 10, making collections in western Porto Rico, accompanied most of the time by Mr. W. E. Hess, plant propagator of the Experiment Station, ee detailed for this service by the director, Mr. May, and part of the tim Professor Stevens, who is making a special mire of the pra ungi. Our trips included a visit to the coast at Joyada, w we saw the great groves of the hat palm, ‘palma de eee (Inodes causiarum) and the hand-weaving of the Porto Rican hats. days’ excursion to the mountains at Maricao and the Monte Alegrillo proved fertile in results botanically, for 281 species were collected besides the many fungi taken by Professor Stevens, and here we had another fine experience in the primaeval forest dominated by Acrista monticola. A number of plants endemic in Porto Rico grow only in this interesting region. Professor Stevens and I agreed that this was the best site for a mountain biological station and then events moved rapidly, f t a meeting of the Trustees of the University which he attended a few days later, he was awarded a preliminary appro- priation for such a station, and at a fortunate interview with Mr. Wilson, Commissioner of the Interior at Mayagiiez, he was promised the necessary land; this is surely unparalleled rapidity in the establishment of a scientific station, which cannot fail to add greatly to botanical, horticultural and agricultural knowledge in Porto Rico; that our northern institutions will cordially codéperate with Professor Stevens in its use and development goes 108 without saying. We also reached the mountains at Lares, and between that town and San Sebastian visited the home of the rarest and most beautiful of all Porto Rican palms, described by Mr. O. F. Cook some years ago from foliage alone, under the name Cocops rivalis. We were very fortunate in finding one large tree bearing clusters of immature fruit, and from this the relationship of this palm may now be determined. The Mesa mountain at Mayagtiez hoa specimens of several plants un- recorded as growing in Porto Ric Returning to San Juan April 10 we were able to visit the fruit region between Bayamon and Vega Baja on the 11th and to make a considerable collection on wooded limestone hills at epee completing the field work of the New York part of the expedition, which secured and brought to the Garden 3,152 pone collections of plants, including over pee oe We sailed on the ‘‘ Caracas” from San Juan on Apri With additional field work and through the es of Professor Stevens, Mr. Johnston, and other insular botanists, it will be possible to prepare a descriptive flora of Porto Rico for publication within a few years. The botany of the small islands Mona and Desecheo, west of Porto Rico and of Cayo de Muertos off Ponce, is unknown, except for fine specimens of Mamillaria nivosa and Phyllanthus mii ele brought to me from M by Messrs. E. D. Noble and Marc Lejeune; no recent ie have been made on Vieques, but a few a from that island are preserved in European museums. In the mountain forests and coastal thickets, trees and dibs aieee exist which have not yet been identified botanically, while the lichens and fungi have scarcely yet been studied nor collected. The marine algae are pases known, and the fresh-water algae not at all. The botany of Porto Rico thus offers an inviting field for further investigation, ose and his assistants made a successful visit to Santo o and secured large collections « on the southern and chez. The region about Azua is extremely dry, the annual rainfall in recent years being only about 8 inches; the 109 town is in the middle of a great cactus desert consisting of more than a dozen little-known species. Respectfully submitted, N. L. Britton, ' Director-in-Chief. JOHN INNES KANE Mr. John Innes Kane, a member of the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden since 1896, died at his home in New York City on February 1, 1913. r. Kane eae the Garden continuously as Chairman of the Membership Committee of the Board of Managers, and until recently was a member of the Executive Committee. e wa: much interested in botanical science, and prior to the establish- ment of the Garden, he had taken much pleasure in botanical studies at Columbia College. During the period of planning and throughout the earlier construction work of the institution, he attended nearly all the meetings of the Board and of the committees of which he was a member, and made frequent visits to the grounds in Bronx Park. More recently, his health p vented active ee ation, but his interest was always main- tained. He c uted liberally to el funds needed for scientific and oe work, and qualified as a Fellow for Life. Resolved: That the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden deeply eine their loss in the death of their esteemed are John Kane. Resolved: That this ae and resolutions be spread upon the sie of the Board, and that a copy be sent to his bereaved family Memorial and resolutions adopted by the Board of Managers April 24, 1913. N. L. Britton, Secretary. 110 INSURANCE OF GREENHOUSES It will be of general interest to know that the glass of the large Conservatory Ranges Nos. 1 and 2 in the New York Botanical Garden has recently been insured against all direct loss or damage by wind-storms, cyclones, or tornadoes, covering also breakage by hail, at its full value, including cost of resetting. The rate is 114 per cent. for a period of three years, and the policy is issued by the Globe & en Fire Insurance Company. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief. CONFERENCE NOTES The April ees of the Scientific Staff and Registered Students of the New York Botanical Garden was held April 7. The topics for = ae were presented by Dr. P. A. Ryd- berg and Dr. . Sea Dr. Ry fad ae it advisable to put in record some of his pee during several trips to the Rocky Mountains under the head of ‘ Hake a Notes on the Rocky Mountain Region.” He presented before the shed the first part of his discussion of the eae region e Rockies. The alpine region roughly speaking is the region aan the perpetual snow and the timber-line. A perpetual snow-line cannot be spoken of in the southern Rockies; even the highest peaks do not have a perpetual snow cap, like for instance Mt. Shasta or Mt. Hood. It is probably due to the amount of moisture and precipitation. Snow, if present, is in the form of snow-drifts or small glaciers. The amount of snow does not always depend upon the height of the mountain. The Snowy Range of Colorado has more snow than the much higher Gray’s Peak, Sierra Blanca, or Mt. Massive. In the Canadian Rockies and the Selkirks the conditions are different and more like the Alps. The peaks have perpetual snow caps and glaciers extend far into the valleys. In northern Montana is found the only glacier regions of the Rockies. The lower limit of the alpine region is the timber-line, which 111 is really no well defined boundary line, but the transition zone between the two regions. Different authors have fixed the timber-line differently. rest Line, that is where the continuous forest stops. 2. The ae aa where the tree ceases to form communities of larger or smaller s ree Line, ane i arboreal species cease to form trees. 4. Absolute Timber-line, that is where these species disappear altogether even as “krumho is superfluous to Bae more than two of these lines, the a line and the absolute timber-line. The region between ese two is a transition zone, or better, a zone of strife. continuous warfare goes on between the forest and the alpine grassla Then fe treated the factors that are governing the timber-line. The conditions that have been given as causing or modifying the aa lin . The es temperature during the growing seaso I re Rockies there are no records of the lowest eee that the trees can stand, but in general the arborescent flora dis- appears where the mean peer wale during the warmest month of the year does not rea oC 2. Short growing season. In the arctic region this factor acts parallel to the preceding, but not so in the alpine region heads of the valleys where the snow drifts are formed during the winter and melt late in the summer and along glaciers and perma- nent snow, the frost is kept longer in the ground and the growing season is naturally shortened. Therefore, the timber-line is much lower in the valley heads than on the slopes. . Late frost on at of lack of aes ays from the snow oe frost often kills large tracts of conifers which alot produce a second crop of shoots in the same season. . Strong desiccating winds. This ae is much more important an usually estimated. The trees of the timber-line and especially those few isolated stragglers above the real forest- line show great effect from the wind. The trees are not only low, stunted, ragged, with enormously digngated branches spreading 112 on the ground, but a one-sided, telling at a glance ind th the direction of the . On the wind-swept sides of the mountains the timber he not reach oe far as high and in many places there is no timber at all. In the Abajo Mountains of southwestern Utah, for instance, ce is no timber above the semi-arid cedar-pifion belt of the foot-hills 5. Deep snow. As the desiccating ane lower the altitude on the wind-swept regions, so does the snow in the heads of the valleys, not only by shortening the growing season, but also by smothering the tree vegetation. Herbs and low shrubs can stand to be covered over by snow much better than trees, for their growing season does not begin before the snow is practically the ground. While the tops of the trees may be above the snow and exposed to the summer heat much before the snow- covered roots and lower branches have been melted, the lower portion of the tree is cut off from the air while the upper portion is already in vital activity. It is easier to distinguish trees stunted ae the action of wind than those stunted by the smother- gs n the former the lower branches are enormously peeeen cae with the upper, while in the latter the lower branches are dead or covered by fungi or their mycelium. The usual condition in the Rockies is that wherever there is a large valley head where the snow has chance to lodge, this is always devoid of trees, except in places of higher ground where the snow drifts have not been so 6. Form of precipitation. In high altitudes it is too rare to hold much moisture and the rain falls at the least lowering of the temperature. The rain falls, therefore, in the form of mists or in light and fine showers which only wet the surface. Nowhere in the Rockies is the moisture very great. In the foot-hill region and on the surrounding plains, the temperature in the summer is too high to allow any precipitation. These zones are also arid. It is at middle elevation that the precipitation is the greatest. e air here is dense enough to hold more moisture and the temperature low enough to aes precipitatio: 7. Large mountain masses. In the Swiss ie observations have also been made that in regions of large mountain masses 113 the timber-line is higher up than on isolated mountains. This observation seems to hold good in the Rockies. In the isolated Belt Mountains and Crazy Mountains of Montana, the timber- line is lower than in the main Rockies. In the Wasatch and La Salle Mountains of Utah, the timber- line j is lower than in the Rockies of Colorado. Even in the Rockies, the timber-line is ey where the mountains are more massed. For instance at — it is higher than on Pikes Peak, Sierra saat or ee o adequate explanation has been made and D Kobe ae no suggestions to make. 8. Exposure to or protection from direct sunlight h identl diss: great influence upon the altitude of the dimberhae. 9. Physiographical Barriers. To these may be counted snow- drifts and the glaciers already Senne Besides fee are the sees cliffs and rock-slides. Meeting one of these barriers the timber ceases to grow sometimes a thousand feet lower ie the physiological timber-line. Alpine plants are often found in the crevices of the cliffs and among the rocks in such places. 10. Oecological Barriers. Sometimes an oecological timber- line is mentioned, 7. e., w the bacteria in the soil and other ganisms necessary for am growth of trees cease to exist. Theses it is ) to see that such a timber-line may exist, but practically there is no information regarding its existen in the Rocky eae ag from the merely phy: ree ones. conomic timber-line. In Switzerland there exists an economic timber-line. The alpine meadows are used for summer a for sheep and goats. These animals make ees on the new trees and hinder the spreading of the mee but i many ae the subalpine forests are actually cut down by man to make room for more pastures. Such economic hie line cannot be spoken of in the Rockies After having discussed the causes oi the timber-line, it is easier to define what an alpine plant is. In short, it is a plant that can endure the climate of the mountains above the timber ine. It is, therefore, a plant that requires less temperature 114 during the growing season than the forest trees or can stand a shorter growing season, or is less affected by frost, and besides can stand better desiccating winds, ae snow, less precipitation, etc., or a combiation of such conditio Some authors claim that ae and arctic plants are ener but this is not necessarily so. Not a few arctic and alpine plants require a good deal of moisture, growing only below snow banks or in springy or boggy places. Even a few aquatic plants are eee Then Dr. Rydberg shortly discussed the fo: oe of t he alpine flora and gave the following formations: T! ae Formation, Mountain Crest Formation, Mountain ae For. mation, Alpine Meadow Formation, Alpine ] Formation, and Alpine Lake and Pond Formation. To these may be also added two rather local formations, the cliff eres and the snow-drift formatio Dr. F. eaver ae specimens of the hickory barkbeetle and eee briefly the life history and habits of the insect. Attention was called to s of the natural enemies of this in- jurious insect and also ser means of controlling it. An illustrated account of this pest will appear in a later number of the JOURNAL. A. B. Stour. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Mr. E. G. Arzberger was granted a scholarship for the month of May to make an anatomical study of Coleus with respect to the distribution of the colored tissues. Mr. A. C. Fraser, of Cornell University, has come to the New York Botanical Garden to assist during the coming summer in the experimental work in plant breeding. Mr. William H. Lamb, of the United States Forest Service, recently spent a few days at the Garden consulting arborescent specimens in connection with his work in Forest Distribution. 115 Dr. William Trelease, recently director of the Missouri Botan- ical Garden, has been appointed professor of ee in the paige of Illinois at Urbana. He succeeds Dr. T. J. Burrill, eti s professor, dean, and ce has been ee ae ee institution since 1868 Mr. G. Claridge Druce, M.A., F.L.S., ex-mayor of Oxford, curator of the Fielding Herbarium of the University of Oxford, author of “List of British Plants,” ‘Flora of Berkshire,” and many other works relating to the British flora, was a visitor at the Garden on April 24. Mr. Walter T. Swingle, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, recently spent several days at the Garden, studying specimens of Citrus in the herbarium Dr. Charles Thom, of the United States Department of Agri- culture, recently spent several days at the Garden consulting various publications in the library. Professors Mel T. Cook and M. A. Blake, with several members of the senior class of Rutgers College, spent May 2 at the Garden, visiting the conservatories and the experimental garden, During the spring, numerous cases of variation have appeared in the beds of tulips grown at the Garden. These variations are of three kinds: changes in color, changes in shape, and changes in the character of the floral parts. In a bed of 250 flowering bulbs of the variety ‘‘ Yellow Prince” one flower had in one of the parts of the perianth a segment of dark red. This was the only variation found in the yellow-flowered varieties. In the beds of ‘Crimson King” and ‘Prince of Austria,” thirty flowers showed more or less of yellow in streaks. In some cases only a few small streaks were present. In other cases the flower could be described as yellow with a few red streaks. Many of these 116 striped flowers also showed variations in shape, the extreme cases having narrow floral parts not more than one fourth the width of the petals on typical flowers of the variety. Three flowers were noted in which the parts of the perianth were more or less green and leaf-like. On these flowers some of the parts of the perianth were entirely green, others were of the usual color, others were sectorially differentiated, the whole flower being ee half green and half red in color. It was noted in several instances that a tulip showing variation grew very close to one that was normal for the variety, a condition which indicated that the two were sister plants. In another bed of tulips, of the variety known as the Cottage pad nearly fifty cases of fasciation were observed as well as a few cases of variation similar to those described above. n view of “ie particular interest which bud-variations and a have to botany and to horticulture, these plants will be isolated and grown in the experimental garden for further study.—A. B.S The cottage and Darwin tulips are in full bloom, days ahead of their normal flowering period which comes toward the end of They have already (May 16) been in bloom for a week or ten days. Some of these are especially fine. One of the cottage tulips, known as Orange Beauty, is particularly striking. It is a long flower, a vivid orange-red. Another cottage tulip is La Merveille, unusual in its long pointed flower, the color a ros carmine. This isof unusual merit. Among the Darwin tulips Clara Butt is as usual in the front rank, with Baronne de la Tonnaye, very similar, of equal worth. Those who like a very dark flower will find in the Darwin tulip, The Sultan, all they can desire. It is of the deepest black-purple. The parrot tulips have been unusually fine this year, the flowers a and a greater number than usual of the bulbs bearing flower: The irises or flags are now taking a oan place in the bean border. One of the first to appear is the little Iris cristata with its sky-blue flowers. Iris florentina, almost white with a faint flush of lavender and delightfully scented, follows. 117 The German iris, I. germanica, occurs in great masses of rich dark color in many parts of the decorative beds. Many of the forms, other than the purple, offered by nurseries as varieties of the German iris are referable to I. sambucina and I. squalens. Iris pumila is also an early flower, occurring in violet and yellow. It is quite dwarf. Iris Siatelliae, of a pale straw color, comes at about the same time as I. pumi I. pallida is just coming into flower, the variety of this ica as Dalmatica being especially desirable. By selection of species a continuous display of irises y . had from late April or early May to late June or July, when the Japanese iris, I. laevigata, commonly known as I. Kaemp- fert, ge forth its gorgeous display.—G. V. N. Meteorology for April_—The total precipitation for the month was 5.18 inches. Maximum temperatures for each week were as th t 7th, 27° on the roth, 31° on the 21st, and 40° on the 22d. * ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 1S specimens of hybrid willows from Massachusetts. (Given by Mr. F. F. Forbes. 119 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Mr. John R. Johnston.) oo of polypores from Montana. (By exchange with Professor James R. Wei: 12 eae of fungi from Germany. (By exchange with Dr. H. D. House.) 20° speci “American Hepaticae’ numbers ro1-120. (Given by Miss Carolin ara Hay nes. 117 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. (By exchange with Mr. C. C. eam.) f fungi f Porto Rico. (By exchange with Professor E, W. D. Holway.) I specimen of Puccinia Xanthii from California. (By exchange with Professor J.C. Arthur.) 118 g0 specimens “Mycotheca Boreali-Africana” fascicles 2 and 3. (Distributed by René Maire.) 200 specimens “Fungi Columbian” fascicles 38 and 39. (Distributed by Mr. Elam Bartholomew. 30 specimens “Fungi Dakotenses”’ fascicle 8. (Distributed by Dr. J. F. Brenckle.) 72 a, of rusts from New York and Massachusetts. (Collected by Mr. F. D. Fro 4 specimens ae fungi from Wisconsin. (By exchange with Dr. J. J. Davis.) 200 specimens ‘‘ North American Wenig: centuries 6 and 7. See by 25 specimens ‘‘Lichenes Suecici Exsiccati,”” fascicles 11 and 12. (Distributed by Dr. G. O. A. Malme.) 5 specimens of ais from Louisiana. (Given by Professor R. C. Cocks.) I specimen of moss from the East Ind (By ex — with Brother Leon.) 2,750 specimens of mosses, being the pee of Professor O. D. Allen ecimen of fern from Mexico. (By exchange with a herbarium of "Prince -) 3 specimens of Taxus and. Pteris from Florida. (Given by Dr. N. F. Petersen.) Members of the Corporation Fritz ACHELIS, Epwarp D. ADAMS Cuartes B. ALEXANDER Joun D. ARcHBOLD Grorce F. BAKER Eucene P. BICKNELL Grorce S. Bowpo1n Pror. N. L. Britton Pror. Epw. S. BurcEss R. NicHotas M. BuTLer ANDREW CARNEGIE Pror. C. F. CHANDLER Witii1am G. CHOATE Tuomas U. CHURCHILL Paut D. CravaTH CLEvetanp H. Dopce A, F. EstaBroox Tos H. HusparD Aprian IsELIn, JR. Watter B, JENNINGS Pror. James F, Kemp Davip Lypic Epcar L. Marston W. J. MatTHEson Emerson McMILiin OcpEN MILLS J. Pirrpont Morcan THEODORE W. MYERS Freperic R. Newsotp Pror. Henry F. Oszorn Lowett M. PALMER GrorcE W. PERKINS Henry PHriprs James R. PITCHER . F, Prant. Epwin A. RicHarp Joun D. RocKEFELLER Witi1aM ROCKEFELLER Pror. H. H. Russy Dr. Recinatp H. SAYRE Jacos H. ScuiFr Mortimer L, ScHIFF James SPEYER Francis L. STETSON Cuartes G. THOMPSON Dr. W. Girman THOMPSON Louis C. TIFFANY GrorcE W. VANDERBILT W. K. VANDERBILT Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ilusieatey ae notes, news, Fadil non-technical articles of as interest, Free bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not die cl mee] Now in its fourteenth volume. Myc ican Pao illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fur including ee ing technical articles and news and notes of pat terest, and a Bien ass patie American mycological literature. $3.00 a Bale copies at for sale, [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its fifth volume, letin of the | New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual | of the d other official documents, bod: results ae ese ns carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of Garden ; to others, $3.00 per eae ume, Now in its eighth volume, North Ame noe Flora. Descriptions of the wild amg of North Ame: including Gretneni"t the West indies me Central America. Plan a to be pleted in 32 volumes, Roy. volume to consist of four or more ps Subscription price, a 50 per par! ies a limited number of separate pate will be for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchan nge. Vol. 3, part 1, 19 ms ectriaceae— Fimetariaceae. ‘ ( Abe le a nee part 2, 1907 ; part 3, ae Ustilaginaceae—Aecidi: pars) : Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars t ol. 16, part I, 1909. Op! ioglossacene—Cyathea ceae (pars). Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912. Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). Vol. 22, parts 1 "and 2, 1905; parts 3 sand 4, I 1908. Po vostemateee ae (pars). _ Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geramiaccne Bare raceae, C f t! ew fold Eeranie to members of thi Garden, $1.00 per volume. To rs, $2.00, [Not o ered in in exchange. ] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue ¢ of Sa Flora of Montana and the Yellows! Sct by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 with detailed a 1900. , Vol. II. The Influence of Light a Operates upon Growth and Development, : by D, T. ee cDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with var res, eg fy Vol. I Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Rem it ene a meres by a thur Hollick and Edward Charles Jefitey. ae 138 p plat T1969. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium a Plants, by Charles Stuart viii + 278 pp-, with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908, Contributions from the New York Te st Garden es Oo} nical papers pitten by students or members of the staff, and oeauieal frontal jo other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5.00 per volume. In its seventh volu RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS BACH ' 152. ie eae Struthiopteris and its Representatives in North America, by | roa 153. Studies o1 ihe Rocky Mountain Flora—XXVII, by P. A. me erg. 154. Biochemical Studies of Soils Subjected to Dry Heat, by F. J. Seaver ae 155. Poly codin by C. B. Robin: 156, Studies on rite Rocky Mounfatel Flora—XXVILII, by P. A. a NEW YORK BOTANICAL GAR Br PARK, nie nie JUNE, 1913 No. 162 JOURNAL oF EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 41 NortH Quen STREET, LANCASTER, Pa sy Tue New Era Printinc Company lew York Botanical Garden OFFICERS 1913 PrRESIDENT— Pi: Vick-PrEsIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE TrEASURER—JAMES A. feats SecreTtarY—DR. N. L. BRITTO. BoARD OF MANAGERS 1. ELECTED MANAGE Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST Term expires See 1915 N. L. BRITTON W. J. MATHESON ANDREW CARNEGIE W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires January, 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD FRANCIS oe STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS MYLES TIERNEY 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS H CHARLES B. STOVER THE Mayor oF THE City or NEw York ILLIAM J. GAYNOR 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. Se ae ae ae PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS ROF. R. A. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. JA see G ae THOMAS W. CHURCHILL ROF. FREDERIC S, LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief ee beirareci DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Directo: Bsc DR. JOHN K. are Head Curator of the Museums Cowerng Plants ) 2 DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator (iotainge te DR. MARoate A. WE, tor (Flowerless ee DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator (Fossil Plants ) ue S: Nigh cate! aD. be ies PERCY WILSON, Cur CROReE: V. aed “Head Ga bss DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the igh a DR. J eek eect pers Bibliographer H. LOW, Librarian DR. H. H. RUSB < eouen S aoe a the Economic meee ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Hono bd Cur ator of Mi emisi COL, a SCHILLING, Rasen pane JOHN eee Landscape Eng LTER S. GRO ECK, Clerk and accent ntan ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Poh aren gee of Buildings and cua kt oh. _e Orme. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV June, 1913 No. 162 ADDISON BROWN By the death of Ex-Judge Addison Brown, on April 9, 1913, the New York Botanical Garden has lost a member of its Board of Managers, who, more than any other person, made the establishment of the institution possible. Judge Brown was born at West Newbury, Massachusetts, February 21, 1830, and graduated from Amherst College in 1849 and from Harvard in 1852 e became a member of the New York Bar in 1855 and Caceres ed law for many years. In 1881, he was appointed United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York and held this position for twenty years, during which period he handed down a great number of opinions, largely in shipping admiralty and bankruptcy; a digest of his decisions was published in 1902, and he was awarded the degree of LL.D. by Harvard College in the sam He joined the Torrey Botanical Club o Ae vaks in 1875, two years after the organization of that society, and for many field meetings, and he contributed much to the interest of its ordinary sessions. During these years, he was a diligent and enthusiastic collector of botanical specimens and accumulated thus, as well as by exchange with other botanists, a large and valuable herbarium; he made botanical trips to distant parts of the United States, visiting the Rocky Mountains and the Southern Alleghanies, and also collected plants in Europe; his botanical library is comprehensive. In 1893, he was elected president of the Torrey Botanical Club and was unanimously (Journat for May, 1913 (14: 97-118), was issued June 3, 1913.) 119 120 re- elected until 1905, when he declined to serve longer in this positi ne tiie of the Torrey Botanical Club contain many notes and observations contributed by him from time to time. About the time of his election to the presidency of this Club, he proposed to Dr. N. L. Britton the preparation of an illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada, took up the preparation of drawings and manuscript with great interest and enthusiasm, and the work was published in three volumes in 1896, 1897 and 1898. The edition of this book was exhausted in 1909, and the preparation of a second edition was undertaken, which was completed a few days before his death. A compre- hensive paper entitled ‘The Elgin Botanical Garden and Its Relation to Columbia College and the New Hampshire Grants” was published i ovement a ae great botanical garden in New York City was initiated by the appointment of a Botanical Garden Com- mittee by the Torrey Botanical Club in November, 1888. Judg Brown was a member of that committee and participated in conferences with the Commissioners of Public Parks relative to land for the institution and, together with Chief Justice Charles P. Daly, framed the original charter of the New York Botanical Garden granted by the State Legislature in 1891, as well as the amended charter of 1894. He made the initial a. of twenty-five thousand dollars to the fund of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars required by the Commissioners of Parks before appropriating the land in Bronx Park in 18 sa member of the Board of Managers since its organization, he served first as Chairman of its Committee on Plans, then as Chairman of the Executive Committee, and was elected President welfare and development and his advice and counsel have been most valuable. he illustration of plants was his greatest interest, and several years ago he proposed the establishment of a periodical publica- tion devoted to such illustration in color, hoping to accomplis JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PLATE CXVII CATER TAANT AN AFATIAIMATAT TOA TINT 121 this during his lifetime. Failing health and his work on the second edition of the ‘‘Illustrated Flora” prevented the realiza- tion of his desire, but provision is made in his will for the establish- ment of such a magazine by the New York Botanical Garden Resolved: That the Managers of the New York Botanical n promoting ae interest in botany and its allied sciences. Reso. e preceding memorial be spread upon the minutes of the ee and a copy transmitted to his bereaved amily. Memorial and resolutions adopted by the Board of Managers April 24, 1913. N. L. Britton, Secreta WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION* 8. “AMERICAN OR Mountain Laure.” (Kalmia latifolia L.) Wirth PLaTE CXVII In the beginning of June, when the days are long and warm and the daisies and clover in the tall grass are waving in the breeze, when the tulip-trees are in bloom and the roses and paeonies fill the gardens with their perfume and color, then the flowers of the laurel may be found, rivalling in their delicacy of color and perfect symmetry of form an re showy blossoms of cultivation. It seems as if the climax of all that is dainty and lovely had been reached in this beautiful American wild flower. But where the laurel once was abundant it is rapidly becoming scarce or extinct. On acc aan of its ee leaves, it is gathered in winter for Christ other festivities; all the year round it is used to decorate fruit-stands and its woo * Illustrated by the aid of the Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants. 122 is eagerly sought for rustic furniture, for tools and as a substitute for making brier-wood pipes. It once grew abundantly on the of the Harlem River at High Bridge and Inwood; there is ea a oan of it left in Bronx Park, but it seldom blooms, which probably accounts for there being any of it still indigenous. The flowers grow in clusters at the ends of last year’s branches. forming large cymes of white and pale pink. Each flower isa study in itself and most difficult to draw or paint, on account of the numerous ridges and projections on the outside of the buds and the delicate curves and depressions of the open flower. The pedicels are about one inch long, and glandular hairy; the calyx is also glandular and small, with five narrow sepals; the corolla has a short basal tube and ten prominent dorsal ridges, five of which are longer and also glandular, the limb is five-lobed with shallow notches between the lobes and ten dark red blotches, marking the indentations in which the anthers are held; the filaments are white and curved. They spring upward around the pistil, if suddenly released by the visit of a bumble-bee, or other large insect, dusting his back with a white pollen which escapes from the anthers, through two.apical pores. he pistil is at first curved, later becoming erect, with five greenish- yellow stigmatic surfaces and a superior pane! ed which develops into a five-lobed capsule. An unusual form of the laurel has been found near Tee Fel ee ee the corolla divided to the base into five long narrow petals. This freak has been cultivated, though not nearly as beautiful, and produces seed. The leaves are thick and glossy and keep their dark green color and brilliancy throughout the winter. They are from two to five inches long and sometimes nearly two inches wide and when young have minute black glandular hairs on the upper surface; the petioles are short and thick, opposite or alternate and clus- tered at the ends of the branches, which are stout and woody, often spreading and usually making a small dense shrub about two to six feet high. Rarely, in sheltered inaccessible valleys of the southern Alleghanies, it is said to become a tree having a trunk thirty to forty feet high ah a diameter of 18 inches; but this is probably a thing of the past — 123 The laurel is usually found on rocky or barren soil in hilly regions, ranging from New Brunswick and Ontario southward to Florida and Louisiana and blooms in May to July according to its range. The earliest account of Kalmia latifolia appeared in 1705 in the of Plukenet, who figured it very 753 described and figured in a colored plate by Marc meee in 1771 in his Natural History of oe ae and the Bah Sneaaee a introduced it into cultivation. The following | is i acco s or oan have their peculiar pease it is difficult to assign to a Li others; yet, considering the curious structure ie the flower, se aes) | appearance of this whole plant, I know of no shrub that has a better claim to it. After several unsuccessful attempts to propagate it from seeds, I procured plants of it at several times from America, but with little better success; for they gradually ae and pro- duced no blossoms, till my curious friend, Mr. er Collinson, excited by a view a its dried specimens and PN of it, procured some plants of it from Pennsylvania; which climate being nearer to that of England, than from whence mine came, some bunches of blossoms were produced in July, 1740, and in 1741, in my garden at Fulham.” The laurel belongs to the Ericaceae, or Heath family, as do the azaleas, aes blueberries and arbutus, and it M has been conclusively shown by Mr. ville, Botanist of the United States Department e Adee in Washington, that what they need for successful cultivation, is an acid soil and an abundance of leaf mould. The arbutus has been grown in pots from seed and it may be that at no distant date, it may be forced as tulips and hyacinths are now, for Easter. Rhododendrons and laurel are being shipped in carload lots by dealers from the moun- tains of Pennsylvania and the southern Alleghanies, who supply florists and nurserymen from wild sources. How long can they last? ELizABETH G. Britton. 124 THE HICKORY BARK-BEETLE WitHiPLates CXVIII anp CXIX For several years past the hickories have been dying at an alarming rate in the northern and eastern United States, and in fact almost throughout the range of the growth of these trees. The city parks, including the New York Botanical Garden, have suffered their share of the loss. While there may be a complication of causes it is usually agreed that the bark-beetle is responsible for a large part of this loss MEANs OF DETECTING ITS PRESENCE One of the first evidences of the presence of this insect is the premature dying and falling off of the leaves of the trees in mid- summer, July and August. Frequent inquiries as to the cause of this premature defoliation ie the hickories have been ae to the Garden during the past summer. The leaves may fall to the ground or may be only ik eee and remain hanging in a dead condition, greatly injuring the appearance of the tree. If the ria leaves are closely examined it will be found that there is a small cavity at the base of the petiole which has been made by the adult beetle, which feeds upon the buds and soft tissues of the smaller branches of the tree. These cavities so weaken the petioles that the leaves are easily broken from the tree by the wind. If the insect would confine its attacks to the smaller branches, twigs and leaves the damage resulting from its work would be comparatively slight, but they also attack the large branches or main trunk and it is here that the principal part of the damage is done. Lire History AND HABITS The adult beetles emerge in June or early July and feed upon the smaller branches or bore directly into the bark of the tree. Both the males and females enter the tree, the males for food and the females to deposit their eggs. In depositing her eggs the female confines herself to the main trunk or larger branches. The hole through which she enters is bored inward and upward. JourRNAL OF THE NEw York BOTANICAL GARDEN PLaTE CXVIII An isolated hickory tree (Hicorie ovate) in a normal and healthy condition as indicated by the absence of dead branches, 125 Just under the bark an egg-gallery often an inch or more in length is worked out. The eggs are deposited on each side of this cavity and range in number from twenty to forty or fifty to each adult. The female usually dies after depositing her eggs and her remains can often be found in the old egg-gallery. The larvae, small white grubs, hatch in a short time and immediately begin to work their way outward between the bark and the wood, each larva making a separate burrow, which grows larger as they proceed outward f ey remain in the burrows over winter and emerge in the adult form the following June or July, thus completing the life cycle. hey are often present in such large numbers that the entire bark is almost severed from the tree and the exit holes are so numerous that the large branches often appear to have been filled ee buckshot ork af this insect in the branches or main trunk of the tree ee in a partial or entire girdling of the tree according to the number of insects present. This results in the dying of the part of the tree attacked. The trees are not usually killed outright but larger branches are often attacked and killed first, the work gradually spreading to the entire tree. LocaL OBSERVATION n the inspection of the hickories in the Garden it has been aes It to find many of the larger and older trees which are not thoroughly infested by this insect. Among the large number of younger trees ranging from three to five inches in diameter com- paratively few appear to have been attacked in their main trunks in such a way as to accomplish much damage. In the few cases in which young trees have been attacked the insects often appear to have died without emerging. In the rare cases in which the young trees are attacked the adjacent tree is often entirely free from the insect. The reason for this is not evident. NaTuRAL ENEMIES Among the natural enemies of this insect are birds, satel woodpeckers and species of ichneumon-flies. As t t how 126 much influence woodpeckers may have in holding this particular insect in check it is difficult to say. e find abundant evidence that these birds do work on the infested branches, but possibly in quest for other insects than the bark-beetles. There seems to be no reason however to assume that they do not feed on these beetles, since they can be easily reached in the summer when feeding the oe tissues of the tree and also when boring into the bark. e ichneumon-flies are said to parasitize the bark- beetles by pen their eggs within the body of the insect, thus killing them before they have had a chance to emerge. ARTIFICIAL MEANS OF CONTROL The means recommended by the Department of Agriculture for controlling this insect is the cutting down and destroying of all infested trees or parts of trees in order to reduce the number of in cts. This must be done between October and May to catch the insects before they emerge. he dead or dying hickories should be marked during the summer and fall in order to determine which trees are dead or partially dead. These may then be cut down during the winter and early spring. The infested trees or branches should be my in such a way as to destroy the grubs present in or just under the bark. This may be done by removing the dark and burning it or by using the wood and bark for fuel. Spraying is not recommended for this insect. FRED J. SEAVER. THE MAY FLOWER EXHIBITION The Horticultural Society of New York, in coéperation with the Garden, held an exhibition of plants and flowers in the Museum building, Saturday and Sunday, the tenth and eleventh. tables were filled with exhibits. Large collections of the flowers of shrubs and trees, tulips, and wild flowers were exhibited. JOURNAL OF THE NEw YorkK BOTANICAL GARDEN Prate CXIX Branch from a hickory infested with bark-beetles showing exit holes and beetle. etle enlarged ; branch reduced nearly one ha! Infested branch with bark partially removed, showing galleries made by the adults and burrows made the borer or larval stage of the beetle. Larva en- larged ; branch reduced rie one half. 127 The collection of lilacs shown by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, forming a part of his entry of flowers of shrubs and trees, was much admired. There were some striking forms among these, perhaps the most notable being ae with flowers of the deepest red-purple, fully one and a quarter inches in diameter. The Garden made a large ees of oh flowers of cea plants, and also of shrubs and trees. The display of serie was excellent, and a fine group of pelargoniums added a touch of dainty color. The sweet peas shown by Mr. John I. Downey were of unusual merit and ex- hibited great skill in cultivation. The display of hybrids between Primula polyantha and vulgaris, exhibited by Mrs. A. M. Booth, was one of the attractions Following is a list of ite prize-winners he first prize for a collection of the nomen of shrubs and trees went to Mr. T. A. ga Ke Lahodny, gardener, the second to the F. R. Pierson Co. A.M. Booth, E. Fardel, gardener, secured first prize for a ies of tulips, Mr. ae taking the second. An interesting collection of wild flowers gave Mr E. B. Southwick the first prize, the second going to John Hartling. Mrs. F. A. Constable, James Stuart, gardener, won the first prize with six pots of fine pelargoniums. This exhibitor also took the i pig i six pots of caleolrias, the second going to Mr. ouis C. T: y, John Miller, garden a ial prizes were awarded as fo ilow : Wm. Kleinheinz, for six excellent plants of Calceolaria Enea John Dow Thos. Ryan, atari for a collection of Spencer sweet et F. A. Constable, for six pots of Calceolaria Stewartii; Siesaei & Son, pe a hybrid of Laelia al akeee: x ee Lawrenceana, certificate of merit; collection of hybrids of Primula polyantha . a The judges were F. R. Pierson, J. H. Troy, and George V. Nash GEORGE V. Nasu. 128 NATURE-STUDY LECTURES DURING THE SPRING OF 1913 The nature-study lectures, with accompanying demonstrations, to the pupils of grades 4B and 5B of the public schools of the Bronx, which have been in progress for several years during the spring and fall months, were continued during April and May. Weather ic acu were most favorable during the entire course of ten ao none of which was postponed on account of inclement w ectures were weer in the lecture hall of the Museum Building each day at 10:15 and 1:45, as Tue sday, April 22, ‘‘Seedless Plants,” by | Dr. M. A. Howe; Thursday, pis 24, ‘The ere of Plants,” Mr. G. V. Nash; Tuesday, April 29, “Plant Products,’ by Dr. H. H. Rusby; Tea, May 6, ‘‘Wo a se and Plants Without ood,” by F. J. Seaver; Wednesday; May 14, ‘‘Classifica- tion of Rh by Dr. on, The accompanying table of attendance was prepared by Principal Stevens of Public School 44. A. M. Lectures | P.M, Lectures Teachers.............. —— 64 | al 75 Pupils, 4B............. 302 427 378 680 \ 8 845 Pupils, 5B............. 392 —_ 429 i 341 380 425 1158 390 L199 ee : - > ix * 1902 2119 Summary, Teachers................. —_— 139 Pupils, 4Biviscce ics eae vias bees 1525 — Pupils, 5B............ Geigdueih ins : 2357 3882 Grand Total 4021 SUMMER LECTURES, 1913 Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows: 129 June 7. ea Wild Flowers about New York,” by Dr. N. L. Britt June 14. Diseases of Fruit Trees,” by Dr. Mel T. Cook. June 21. ‘‘Some Scenic and Floral Features of Florida,” by Dr. J. H. Barnhart. June 28. ‘Botanical Expeditions to the Bahamas,” by Dr. Howe. July 5. ‘The arias Plains: A Natural Eastern Prairie,” by Mr. ee: July 12. ieee Ancient and Modern,” by Dr. Arthur July 19. ‘The 3 and — of the Southern Rocky Mountains,” by : uly 26. ne eeiees 7 iy Mr, G. V. Nash. The lectures, which occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. Doors closed at 4:00; late comers admitted at 4:15. Th useum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden a 2 trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming set the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Mr. Guy West Wilson has been Bronter a scholarship for one month this summer to assist him in North American Peronosporaceae and in the preparation of manuscript on this group of plants for the North American Flora. Mr. Maurice Picard, M.A. (Columbia 1911), has been elected assistant professor of botany in Middl eae ae Mr. icard was a student at the Gar in the summer of 1912. During the past school year he has ae the encen Smith Fellow in Cornell University. 130 Dr. William A. Murrill, assistant director, will spend part of the summer in Europe prosecuting his studies of the larger fungi at several museums and in consultation with other experts, look- ing toward the completion of the manuscript for two parts of NortH AMERICAN FLora after his return. e will also arrange for additional exchanges of duplicate specimens with European institutions and will investigate the reported detrimental effect of dust from tar-surfaced driveways on vegetation in Paris. Professor A. G. Tansley, of Cambridge University, England, editor of the New Phytologist, visited the Garden on May 12. Professor Tansley will spend the greater part of the summer in America visiting botanical centers and participating in the phyto- geographical excursion which is planned for the summer. Dr. E. P. Felt, state entomologist, visited the Garden on May treatment of this pest. He also went through the propagating house and noted the condition of the cactuses which have been subjected to serious infection by insects Professor Ezra Brainerd, of Middlebury College, Vermont, recently spent a day at the Garden examining violets in continua- tion with his studies in the genus Viola. Through the kind liberality of Mrs. Florence Lydig Sturgis, the collection of Japanese flowering cherry trees presented by her two years ago has been supplemented by seventy-five additional north of the Long Bridge. The trees planted two years ago flowered very freely and beautifully this spring and attracted much attention. The additional trees presented by Sturgis are small, but should commence to show éoriniderable bloom next year. 131 The Charles Finney Cox collection of Darwiniana, described in our January JouRNAL, has now been installed in a case built for it and placed in the library reading ro The pri see of consulting it has already been granted to ee students, a its value as a practically comp ean collection of the psd writings of Charles Darwin will con — ase. The bro statuette of Charles Darwin (item no ‘of Dr. a enumeration of the collection) is laced on of the case. The recent completion of eight new museum cases forming parts of two blocks in the economic museum has made possible the rearrangement and better display of the collection of fibers, fiber products and basketry and of food products, including the exhibition of many specimens which have been held in storage. The placing of these cases nearly completes the case equipment of the west half of the economic museum on the main floor o the museum building Dr. John K. Small, head curator of the museums and her barium, has completed and published a second edition of his “Flora of the Southeastern United States.’’ The first edition preeer in apse the second bears publication date April 23, 1913, and is an octavo volume of xii + 1394 pages describing 6,697 ae within the area south of the southern boundaries of Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas; a total addition of 333 species has been made in the second edition and largely from Dr. Small’s personal explorations in Southern Florida, but also many from information obtained by other students. The second edition of ‘Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada,” by Dr. Britton and the late Ex-Judge Addison Brown, was published by Charles Scribner's Sons on June 7, 1913. The work was essentially completed at the time of Judge Brown's death on April 9, but he did not see a bound copy. The second edition is issued in three volumes as was the 132 first; each volume has been considerably enlarged, the whole work much revised, and the type wholly reset. In the present edition 4,666 species are illustrated as against 4,162 species illustrated in the first editio Meteorology for eee total precipitation for the month was 2.14 inches. Maximum temperatures for each week were as follows: 92° on the 3d, aise on the 6th, 83° on the 16th, 78° on the 25th, and 84° on the 31st. The minimum temperatures were 42” on the Ist, 33° on the r1th, 43° on the 15th, 41° on the 2oth, and 50° on the 30th ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 717 specimens of mosses from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with the Bureau of Science, Manila. 3 specimens of hepaticae from Connecticut. (Given by a Annie Lorenz.) 4 specimens of Taxus and Pteris from Florida. (Given by Dr. N. F. Petersen.) I oe en of Fraxinus Michauxii from New Jersey. oe by Mr. W. H 2 aaa of Matteuccia intermedia from Darjeeling. (Given by Professor F. O. Bower.) specimens of Schistomitrium from Java and Borneo. (By exchange with Dr. ve ame er.) 61 gpecimens of flowering plants from tropical Africa, (By exchange with the Royal Senin Garden, Kew, England. 2 cimens of mosses from Florida. (By exchange with Dr. A. F. Gro tut.) museum specimen of stem of the Manna-ash from Italy. (Given ae Mr. an Zeimet.) Fritz AcHELIS Epwarp D. ADAMS Dr. Nicnoras M. BuTLer ANDREW CARNEGIE Pror. C. F. CHANDLER Witiram G. CHoatEe Tuomas W. CHURCHILL J. Horace Harpinc Epwarp S. HarKNEss Pror. R. A. Harper T. A. HavEMEYER A. HEcKscHER Henry R. Hoyt Tuos H. Hussarp _Aprran IseEtin, Jr. How. Seta Low Members of the Corporation Davin Lypic Epcar L. Marston Emerson McMILtin OcpEN MILts J. Prerpont Morcan THEopoRE W. Myers Frepertc R. NewsoLp Pror. Henry F. Ossorn Lowett M. PALMER GrorcE W. PERKINS Henry PHIprs James R. PITCHER cH Mortimer L, ScuIFF James A. ScRYMSER Isaac N. SELIGMAN Apert R, SHATTUCK Henry A. SIEBRECHT Wr11aM D, SLOANE Netson SMITH VALENTINE P. SNYDER W. K. VANDERBILT PUBLICATIONS Jou of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, taining inet news, and non-technical articles of general interest, Free to all m bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in change i volum: Mycologia, bim ou, illus trated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including lichens ; 3 containing technical aries and news and notes of general terest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $3.00 a yi single copies not for sale. [Not offered in excha: ae Now in its fifth volume. B e ss , containing the ae ee f the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, gs fet ical articles results of invest gations carried out in all fees of th Garden ; to others, $3.00 see sees Now i in ie eighth Sain me, North American Flor criptions of the wild plants of North Americs including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be com plete 2 volumes, Roy. ach volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price, $1.50 per par' ati a limited number of Bat parts will be sol ‘or $2.00 each, oe ae offered in char ol. 3, part 1, ectria cone“ Facnciaaibes ae. Vol. 7, part 1, aes bait 2, 1907; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae—Aecidia (pars 5 we Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyp Agari (pars). (Parts I and 2 no longer sold separately. ‘ Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae—Cyatheaceae een Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912. Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). # Ba 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonaceae—Resaces pars). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae—Burse! moirs of t we York Botanical Garden ice to members of thi Garden, $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00, [Not offered in exchange. ] c 1. I. An Adnotated Catalogue “of the | Flora of Montana gn a Yellowston Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix +492 pp., with detailed map. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth ua t Developed cD xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. S Vol. III Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from ae ae Ne York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii 138 p) ol. IV. Effects of ue Be of Radium oe Plants, by Charles Stuart viii + 278 pp, with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. a H al den. thick than the above. Price, 25 centseach. $5.00 per volume. In its seventh volte RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH 152. The genus Struthiopteris and its Representatives in North America, by J oe 153. Studies on t y Mountain Flora—XXVII, by P. A. ape erg. 154. Biochemical Sadie. of Soils Subjected to Dry Heat, by F. J. Seaver s ar] x 155. Poly od by C. B. Robin 156, Hie. on mths Rocky. Moditane Flora—XXVIII, by P. A. ee New YORK fig aticie 5 GARDEN PARK, nies York The New York Botanical Garden JULY, 1913 No. 163 JOURNAL oF EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories UPIMERER UIE OLE AM Aer Tok whic (oto 6 bbs s, (estan dalla cage ject See 134 The Lantern-slide Collection ..... 2... - ++ ee eee eee 135 The June Flower Exhibition... 2...) eee tt tts 137 i Notes, Newsand Comment ......---- ee ee tee eee eee 139 II Va tired jal) MVM EME Ss) e620 ew Seren # eee oe leis 142 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 4x NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa sy THe New Era Printinc ComPany OFFICERS 1918 PRESIDENT— VicE-PrEsIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRYMSER SgecreTarY—DR. N. L. BRITTON BoARD OF MANAGERS 1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST - Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BRITTON W. J. MATHES ANDREW CARNEGIE W. GILMAN THOuBEES Term expires att 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD ANCIS Mae STETSON : GEORGE W. PERKINS vies TIERNE A 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS ; HON. CHARLES B..STOVER THE Mayor OF THE City oF NEw York ‘ HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR f 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PR H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EUGENE P. peer oe PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES PROF. EDWARD S. DR. NICHOLAS epee BUTLER PROF, JAM EMP THOMAS W. CHURCHILL PROF. ae S. LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, ae ae A aah ie each DR. W. A. MURRILL, 4 ig Director (Administration DR. JOHN K. ee ae: Cur of the Museum. r (Flowering Plants ) DR. P. DBERG, Curator fea Sa ering Plan DR. pert Sefany A. HOWE, Curator (Flowerless Pia to) lants ) DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator (Fossil Plants ) ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant WILSON, Assistant Curator DR. JOHN HENDLEY Toe ART, a ara Ss. H. OW, Libra DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary ke of the cannes ae ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mos. Engineer TER S. GRO ESBECK, Clerk and cae ieee ie CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings Oe Ga JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PLATE CXX JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV July, 1913 No. 163 WILD PLANTS NEEDING PROTECTION* 9. ‘FLOWERING Docwoop” (Cynoxylon floridum) WITH PLaTE CXX One of the new enemies of the dogwood is the automobile. It is not unusual in the vicinity of New York to see great branches torn off, with aJl the flowers drooping, being borne into the city, by people in automobiles. Such ruthless and wanton destructio of this most decorative tree of our woodlands and hillsides is ae and should be punished as a misdemeanor, for it is undoubtedly true, in most cases, that the depredators do not own the trees ae they destroy, and have taken the branches from either some public park or privat The dogwood attains a height of sheik 10-20 feet with a maximum trunk of 40 feet usually with low and broad, spreading branches. At the summit of each twig there is a cluster of small yellowish green flowers about twenty to thirty in number, sur rounded by four large white bracts, which sometimes attain 2-3 inches in length and 1-2 inches in breadth. The are formed by the expansion ae the involucre which surrounds the flowers in the bud. They are usually notched at the apex, often tinted with red and occasionally quite pink. e flowers are small, crowded together, with four recurved greenish yellow Sire attached in the mouth of the tubular 4-lobed calyx; the stamens are four, attached to and falling with the corolla and *Tllustrated by the aid of the Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants. 133 134 the ovary is inferior with two cells and the summit bears a fleshy yellow disc, surrounding the base of the pistil. The fruit is an ovoid drupe, eis carlet when ripe, usually five to six in a cluster. They are eagerly eaten by birds in the autumn, and in this way the ane are widely disseminated. The leaves are opposite, borne in pairs on lateral branchlets, with short petioles; they are ovate or oval, acute with a strong mid-vein and con- spicuous lateral veins and quite entire. They are minutely hairy on the upper surface when young and pubescent particu- larly on the veins, beneath. The wood is fine-grained and is sometimes used as a substitute for box-wood. The dogwood ranges from Maine to Florida, and in the Central States from Ontario to Texas, ascending the mountains of Virginia and in the Sierra Madre in Mexico. It was named by Linnaeus in 1753 from plants collected in Virginia and Carolina and was described by Plukenet in 1691 in his Phytogr Jie ree from plants collected in Virginia by John Bannis it been in cultivation in England since 1730 and is —. 2S not only for its showy white masses of blossom in spring, but for the brilliant color of its foliage and fruit in the autumn. he rose-colored form was figured by Marc Catesby in 1771, and is highly esteemed in cultivation, nea staal wild. ELIzaBETH G. ‘ON JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN Mr. John Pierpont Morgan, an original incorporator of the New York Botanical Garden and a member of its Board of Managers since the aed of that Board in 1895, died at Rome, Italy, on March Mr. ee rendered ne ae great service during its entire history; h ibuted liberally to its primary endowment and to other funds, served as its Treasurer from 1895 to 1899, and subsequently, until his death, as a member of the Finance Committee and of the Membership Committee. His valued vice on many topics was always “gladly given, and he aa on ae important financial questions. 135 Resolved: That by the death of Mr. Morgan the New York Botanical Garden has lost a valued — whose aid and advice were of great ana to the institutio Resolved: That the Managers deeply ee their loss and direct that ais preamble and resolutions be entered on the minutes of the Board and that a copy be sent to his bereaved family. Memorial and resolutions adopted by the Board of Managers April 24, 1913. N. L. Britton, Secretary. THE LANTERN-SLIDE COLLECTION The collection of lantern-slides of the Garden has rapidly increased during the past few years, largely due to the continua- tion of the Saturday afternoon public lectures during the summer months, for which many additional slides have been provided. To facilitate the work of preparing a lecture, slides are numbered in the order in which they are added to the collection and installed ae in ae eae cases oa grooved shelves bearing the numbers of every fifth or tenth slide. collection has been divided into colored ce non-colored slides, each with a nd a separate alphabetic subject card pe te This, however, could be arranged to better advantage by having a single index, with colored cards or cards with colored margins to es the colored slides, which are stored in light-proof cabin The basis of the colored slide a is the well-known photographic work of the late Cornelius Van Brunt, who w: for several years Honorary Floral Photographer. This eet is regarded as a memorial of Mr. Van Brunt. Many of these slides represent single specimens of wild flowers or large colonies of plants found in the vicinity of New York City; others illustrate the scenery and plants of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, while still others are studies of cultivated plants. The coloring of these slides by Mrs. Van Brunt is exceptionally 136 true to nature, and has given much pleasure to the pupils of the public schools of the Bronx in their Nature-Study work, as well as to those in attendance at the Saturday afternoon lectures; the collection is of high educational value and is being increased by an Brunt from time to pen slides, the work oe pues, artists, have been added to this collection at various times, making a total of 2,231 su At present the non-colored collection is by far the larger of the two, containing 5,789 slides, the entire collection thus com- prising 8,020 slides; its value is over $7,000. A large percentage of the non-colored slides have been made from negatives and films obtained by members of the following expeditions sent out by the Garden Montana, D. T. MacDougal, rgo1. Arizona and Sonora, D. T. MacDougal, 1902. Florida, M. A. Howe, 1902. Arizona, Sonora, California and Lower California, D. T. neva 1905 Bahamas, M. A. Howe and C. F. Millspaugh, 1905. Bermuda, Stewardson Brown, 1905. Southern Mexico, D. T. MacDougal, 1906. Jamaica, M. A. Howe, 1906-1907. Bahamas, M. A. Howe, 1907. Jamaica, W. A. Murrill, 1908-190 Cuba, Jamaica and Florida, M. A. Howe: 1909. Santo Domingo, Norman Taylor 1909. Southern Mexico, W. A. Mu rill, 1909-I9I0. Panama, M. A. Howe, 1909-1910. Colorado, F. J. Seaver, 1910 uba, C. S. Gager, 1910. 137 Mexico, H. H. Rusby, rg1o. Utah, P. A. Rydberg and A. O. Garrett, 1911. There are also many uncolored slides of tropical fruits, flowers, economic plants, plant associations, landscapes of parks and est gardens the oreeent arrangement of lectures, more than one half of ie slides are used in the course of a y: The greatest need of the collection at a is an increase in the number of colored slides illustrating tropical and subtropical flowers, fruits, trees and landscapes. Many flowers of tropical and subtropical species are available as ce in the green- houses every year, and might be utilized if funds were available for photography and coloring. Some tropical fruits are also thus available, but trees and landscapes of warm countries can nly be obtained by a colorist pees the botanist and photographer to the field, in order to ensure accuracy of deter- mination of the Pee represented. Negatives and films are oa catalogued; there are many of these from which hea slides have not yet been made, which will provide valuable additions. Percy WILSON. THE JUNE FLOWER EXHIBITION The Horticultural Society of New York, in codperation with the Garden, held its June exhibition in the Museum building on Saturday and Sunday, the pain and eighth. ane rizes n the exhibition on both days to view the great collections of peonies and roses, the main features, and other displays of flowers and plants. Never before has there been such a fine display of roses at the June show. Nearly three hundred vases of this popular flower were on view, in flowers of the purest white, deepest pink, rose, all shades, crimson, yellow, salmon, in fact 138 all the colors in which this flower occurs. Only hardy kinds were shown, so it was a demonstration of what can be done out of doors in the cultivation of this flower. There was a great display of peonies also, in many varieties and color The flowers of choice shrubs and trees, nti rhododendrons and azaleas, formed one of the attractions. Groups of herbaceous plants, asia large collections of irises, ere o the interest. Ther table display of orchids for this season of t year, ee some exceptionally fine forms of Cattle e New York Botanical Garden made a display of ie i . of herbaceous plants. The competition in the roses was keen, there being four entries. The first prize went to a superb collection, ninety-three vases, exhibited by Mrs. Benj. Stern, of Roslyn, L. I., W. D. Robertson, gardener. The judges had consi erable yaa in deciding on the second prize, ae awarding it to Gen. E. A. McAlpin, of Ossining, N. Y., J. Woodcock, gardener, for an excellent collection of seventy-three vases, the closest ane for the second prize being Mr. H. Darlington, of Mamaroneck, N. Y., P. A pia seen with a es of eared vases. . A. Havem f Glen Head, L. I., A. Lahodny, Baie won . nae pas ie a Sane of peonies with a ne display of eighty vases, the second prize going to the F. R Pierson Co. A collection of thirteen vases of single peonies brought the first prize to Mr. Havemeyer, the second to the ierson Co. For six flowers each of white, light pink, and rose varieties, the first prizes were won by the Cottage Gardens Co., the second by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, while the class of six crimson reversed these prize winners. The choice collection, thirty-three vases, of flowers of shrubs and trees, secured the first prize for Mr. Havemeyer. In this display there were many excellent things, one of the most striking sey Deuizia ee ie ae a recent production of Lemoine. is isa great any of the other forms of this species. ae ren a were: si Cnn oe . Virginal, with large double flowers; P. Bouquet Blanc; P a; Styrax japonica, with its ian bells of white; Kalmia nee in two 139 fine forms; superba, with large flowers, and Pavardi, with the flowers, nae in the bud, of a bright ees pink, As second prize in this class went to Mr. H. Darlingt Mr. emeyer also took ie first prize for a collection of ete and sas the second going to the F. R. Pierson Co. e classes for herbaceous plants, Miss B. Potter, of Ossining, N. : . €0. lara a gardener, took the first prize for a general collection. In the irises, Mr. H. Darlington took first prize for a fine collection of ees iris, fourteen vases, showing some exquisite forms. The second prize for irises went to Mr. John ewis Childs ong the orchids, Mr. Clement Moore, Hackensack, N. J., took ie first prize for six orchid plants in six varieties, the second being won by Messrs. Lager & Hurrell. In the class of three orchid plants, Pa varieties, these prize winners were reversed, as was the case in the class of one orchid plant A number of special prizes were awarde 4, as follows: an excellent display of herbaceous oe not for competition, exhibited by Messrs. Bobbink & Atkins, bronze medal; a so- called pink form of Vanda coerulea, exhibited by Mr. Clement Moore, certificate of merit; a fine hybrid of Cattleya aay ll and C. Dowtana, raised and exhibited by . Clement Moore silver medal; a collection of Laelio- eee ee Cat Gleya hybrids, eae by Mr. Clement ee silver medal; three fine plants of Fuchsia, vel F. A. Constable, ae Stuart, gar- dener; a oe of Dendrobium Sanderae, ane by Mr. W. A. Manda, silver medal GEorRGE V. Nasu. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Mr. Lex R. Hesler, instructor in the Department of Plant Pathology of Cornell University, spent June 23 at the Garden looking over specimens of certain parasitic fungi in connection with his research work in pathology. Dr. L. H. Pennington, professor of botany in Syracuse Uni- 140 versity, was in residence at the Garden during a part of June and July on a scholarship for a study of the fungi of the genus Marasmius. During the past month, Mr. W. H. Long, forest senecun in the Bureau of Plant Industry, made a careful study of the various species of fungi represented in the herbarium of the Garden which cause heart rot in deciduous trees. Mr. Frank J. Kelly, assistant in experimental breeding at the University of Wisconsin, spent several days in June at the n in an examination of various letters in the collection of Darwiniana which contain original and unpublished data per- taining to the studies which Charles Darwin made of poultry and pigeons Francis E. Lloyd, A.M., MacDonald professor of botany in McGill University, Montreal, spent several days at the Garden about the middle of Jun Volume 15, part 1, of North American Flora was published June 14, 1913. It comprises 75 pages, and commences the treatment of the mosses. Sphagnaceae are by Dr. A. LeRoy Andrews, of Cornell University, and the remainder of this part chiefly by Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton. Dr. W. C. Coker, professor of botany at the University of North Carolina, was at the Garden during a part of June an July pursuing his studies on the Saprolegniaceae. Dr. Homer Doliver House, a student at the Garden in 1903-04 seum aid 1907-08, has received the appointment of hoe State Botanist of New York. Dr. House has for sev- eral years been associate director and lecturer on botany and dendrology of the Biltmore Forest School. The botanical ie tions of the State of New York are extensive and valu able; the have recently been moved into the new Educational Building at Albany, and their rearrangement will require a great deal of Dr. House's time. 141 Mr. Guy West Wilson, a student at the Garden and a museum aid in 1906-07 and a research scholar in 1913, has been appointed a Special Agent of the United States Department of Agriculture for the study of the chestnut bark disease, with work assigned at the New fae Agricultural Experiment Station at New Brunswick. r. Wilson has recently been assistant in een pathology at . North Carolina Experiment Statio An invitation was received by the Garden to participate in the bicentenary celebration of the foundation of the Imperial Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg, Russia, held in June, 1913. It was not possible to accept the invitation, but a congratulatory letter was written. This important institution has had an un- interrupted history since 1713, and has contributed greatly to the knowledge of plants of the Russian Empire and to the development of its natural resources. The New York Botanical Garden has had exchange arrangements with the St. Petersburg institution and our herbarium contains many specimens received in this way. We have also had several consignments of seeds, from which many plants have been grown. The present summer drought is detrimental to newly estab- lished plantations and, although free use of hoses is being made, more or less loss of plants is apparently unavoidable. It is very interesting to observe how much more effective a shower is in reviving vegetation during a drought period than the water from hose-taps. This is, of course, known to every gardener, but ncraee saturated by hosing as by atmospheric water. It would s though there must be some physical property of rain water baci stimulates vegetation in a way which water from ae does n other ete the weather has been exceedingly favorable for a and a large crop of hay has been secured and stacked, cut from parts of the arboretum grounds on the east side of the Bronx River and from the north meadows. Moré hay, indeed, has been secured than can be used to feed Garden horses during the next year. 142 A recent valuable accession to the palm collection consists of six large plants, eat -five to thirty feet tall, the gift of Mrs. F. J. Shepard, who n years past presented many other valuable plants to the eee This recent accession embrace five species, representing as many genera. One of these is Cocos umosa, a native of Brazil. Then there are two specimens of Dictyosperma album, known also as Areca alba, which finds its home in the Mascarene Islands. A good plant of Roystonea regia isa third species. This is the royal palm, sometimes known as Oreodoxa regia, growing in southern peninsular Florida and the keys, and also in the West Indies and Central America. It is one of the most stately of palms, and odd in its curious swollen trunk. The two most important elements of this gift, as they represent species and genera not hitherto in the Garden collec- tions, are Clinostigma Mooreanum, known also as Kentia Moore- ana, an Australian palm; and Kentiopsis biti sometimes under the name of Kentia Lindeni, from New Caledonia. Panes of the size presented by Mrs. Shepard ee years of growth and are correspondingly valuable. Mi setae! for June.—The total precipitation for the month only 0.63 inch. Maximum temperatures for each week were as follows: 85° on the 7th, 94° on the 14th, 96° on the 16th and 89° on the 29th. The minimum temperatures were 47° on the 2d, 46° on the oth, 50° on the 19th, and 56° on the 29th. ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM roo specimens ‘Fungi Columbiana’ century 40. (Distributed by Elam Bartholomew.) roo specimens ‘North American Uredinales’’ century 81. (Distributed by Elam Bartholomew. I specim Lepanthes obtusipetala from aa (By exchange with the en of Department of Agriculture, Jamaica, West Indies.) Io specimens of fungi from ai) Rico. (By exchange with Professor F. L. ns. 4 specimens of Lepidopilum from Africa. (By exchange with the Natural History Museum, Paris.) 143 specimen of Saffordia indute from Peru. (By exchange with the United See Petonal: piuseunt ) p setiloba from Florida. (By exchange with Dr. A. W. Evans.) Io specimens of mosses from Mexi (By exchange with Brother Leon.) 31 specimens of arctic plants oe by the Stefanson-Anderson expedition. pepatid Mr. R. M. Anderson. specimens of flowering plants from South Dakota. (By exchange with Professor W. P. ead .) 4 f orto Rico. (By exchange with mae Hioram.) I specimen of Thuidium nigeriae from northers Nigeria. (Given by Mr. W. E Nicholson.) specimens of ferns and flowering plants from Colorado. (By exchange with ae Florence Beckwi' 25 specimens ‘‘Lichenes Suecici Exsiccati."’ (Distributed by Dr. G. O. A. Malme.) PLANTS AND SEEDS 171 plants from Santo Domingo. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Mus., through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 12t plants from Curacao. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. A. Shafer.) os plants from West Indies. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 290 rial from West Indies. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Mus. through Dr. J. N: Ros 3 plants je St. Jan. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britt 5 ro! o ir. & . Britto (ae by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 5 plants of Trollius laxus. (Given by Miss Kittredge. I plant of Sedum anopetalum. a exchange with Brooklyn Botanic Garden.) Io bulbs of Lilium sp. (By exchange with Dept. Agric., Bureau of Plant Industry.) 125 plants for nursery. (By exchange with Buffalo Botanic Garden.) 4 plants of Eremurus robustus. (Given by Mr. B. Hoffmann.) 15 plants for conservatory. (By exchange with Dept. Agric., Bureau of Plant 4 is pp =] Qa b i= 5 ea TQ a a x | r p 2vi s. ( ry ue Pl well. 176 opuntias. (Purchase 150 lily bulbs. (Pu ) 29 plants Abutilon. (Purc 424 plants for rose (Purchased.) 1,494 plants for decorative collections. oa ) 273 ferns for herbaceous grounds. (Purchased.) to) us p 7 75 Japanese cherry trees. (Given by Mrs. Florence Lydig Sturgis.) 144 6 plants Drosera longifolia. (Given by Dr. Mel. T. Cook.) 5 plants of Ficus rubiginosa. (By exchange with Dept. Agric., Bureau of Plant Industry. 3 plants of Bletia from Guatemala, (Given by Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell.) 7 oO cactuses for conservatories. (By exchange with Nat. Mus., through Dr. J. N. Rose. I ne ila crenatum. (By exchange with U.S. Nat. Mus., through Dr. J. N 10 ate for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. F. case oe plants for conservatories. yy exchange with Porto o Ex ‘xp. Sta. cactus for conservatories. (By exchange with tans Park, Phila. } 7 orchids, (By exchange with Mrs. B. B. Tuttle. I opuntia from Bull Hill. (Given by Mr. R. Douglass.) 12 plants of Hedychi: (By ex ge with Ro: de: 5 cuttings Cereus Werckle: (By exchange with Museo Nacional, Costa Rica.) Io plants onservatories. (By excha: ith A 3 cuttings of Pedilanthus. (Given by Mr. W. H. Bemis.) opuntia from Cuba. (Given by Bro. ea lants derived f: seeds from v: 15 packets of seed. (By exchange ae ene Bae Garde 172 packets of seed By exchange wi oyal Botanic G; cree ) 257 packets of seed (By exchange with Botani en, La st 146 packets . (By exchange with Botanic Garden, Lyon, France.) 23 packets Digitalis seed. (G: Messrs. Eli Lilly & Co. 39 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanic Garde, Darmstadt. ). 63 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanic Gar 53 packets of seed. (By exchange with Bot. Garden, eae ) 84 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanic Garden, Zurich.) y » Prague.) 98 packets of seed. ie exchange with Botanic Aan Hades chi ith Botanic Garden, St. 24 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanic Garden, Oxford.) 8 of si d : arvey.) I packet of seed of Aquilegia diecispaan (Given by Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell.) I packet oo seed from Porto Rico. (Collected - Dr. N. L. Britton.) 2 packets date seed. (Given by Mr. Walter T. Swingle.) Members of the Corporation Fritz ACHELIs, Epwarp D. Apams CuHartes B. ALEXANDER EucEene P. BickNELL GrorcE S. Bowpo1n Pror. Epw. S. BurcEss Dr. Nicnoras M. BuTLer J. Horace Harpinc Epwarp S. HARKNESS Txos H. HusparD Water B. JENNINGS Pror. Freperic S. Lee Hon. SzetH Low Davin Lypic Epcar L. Marston Emerson McMIL.LIn OcpEN MILLS J. Pizrront Morcan THEODORE W., MYERS James R. PITCHER . PLANT. Epwin A. RIcHARD Joun D. RocKEFELLER Witi1AM ROCKEFELLER Pror. H. H. Russy Dr. Rectnatp H. SAyRE Jacos H. ScuiFF Mortimer L. SCHIFF James A. ScRYMSER Isaac N. SELIGMAN Dr. W. GirMan THOMPSON SAMUEL THORNE Mytes TIERNEY Louis C. T1FFANY Grorce W. VANDERBILT W. K. VANDERBILT PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden : Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, co fhiningin nates news, and non-technical articles of general interest, Free to all m ae of the Garden, To others, 10 cen a 1.00 a year. [Not offered in a ge.] Now in its fourteenth volum po logia, bimonthly, shar teafea in color and otherwise; devoted if ines including lichens ; containing technical articles and news an terest, and an index to caren American mycological literature. pe ae single copies not for sale, [Not offered in exchange.] Now ini Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director-in- Chief: ee other official documents, and ectinical arGclee embodying results of sabres eget bess Hae in the See Free to all members of the Garden ; to S, $3. volume, Now in its eighth volume pea jal Deseripti ions ce the wild plants 0 of North Americay : : pa : 01 p vo, Each volume to consist of four e parts. Subscription pres, $I. 50 per atts a ee number of separate eats "will "be sold for $2. ach, ae ot offered in exchan Vol ae part I, 1910. caidas imetari ceae. ( a 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, 1912. pars VoL 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. (Parts 1 and 2 et lana sold separately. Vol. 16, p: 1909. Ophio; oglosncese—Cyatheaceae (pars). Vol. pagel 1909 ; part 2, 1912. Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). ( 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4 Tae: Podostemonaceae— Rosaceae pars Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; on ae si Se oe Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). 8 of the New Yor! a Gar e to members of th Garden, $1.00 per volume: ‘0 oe [Not é ere i in sexe nge. } ol. I, An Annotated Catalogue ef i Flora of Mont: a a Yellowstone Park, by Per ao Rydberg. with detail pale sary of Lig and. ‘Batkness a Growth aad Development, by D. T. Mac Des ugal. 320 p) nee 1903. Vol. II, Studies of ‘Creta taceous PConih fero' mains from rp erieet New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles os viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. Ige9. ol. Effects of the Rays o' . f Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 ee tes. 1908, 8 from the New York Botanical Gar of tech- cal papers written by students or members of the staff, a i reptnted dom journals atlas than the above, Price, 25 cen me. In its seventh volume, RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS E. 152. The genus Struthiopteris and its Representatives in North America, by Jean Broadhurst. 153. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—XXVII, by P, A. ee 154. Biochemie Studies of Soils Subjected to Dry Heat, by F. J. Seaver and ne ar] 155. Cheon , by C. B. Robin: Studies on the tes; Mouciain? Flora—X XVIII, by P. A. aba w YORK sagem acai GARDEN y ARK, nae YorK City i AUGUST, 1913 No. 164. JOURNAL OF EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories CONTENTS PAGE Tomato-nightshade Chimeras ...--- +--+ sss ests trices 145 The Protection of our Native Plants... ..- +--+ + ee eee eeee 150 The July Flower Exhibition»... . 1 +--+ sss ee errs 151 LateSummerLectures ..-.-- +--+ eet eee ee etree 152 Notes, Newsand Comment ...... +++ +s see ees ee tere 153 RMT Rath, ila hs oma ai ph eavtien athe le) ey) '@) t Wiyeiceciie: Bi ayes i ay ye 'e 7m PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art 4x NortH Qugen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. ny THe New Era Printinc ComPAny OFFIOERS 1013 PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRYMSER SzcreTaARY—DR, N. L. BRITTON BOARD OF NAGERS 1. ELEC MANAGERS Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS MES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST ’ Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BRITTON W. J. MATHESON ANDREW CARNEGIE W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires ba 1916. THOMAS H. HUBBARD ANCIS LYNDE STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS iss TIERNEY 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS H HARLES B. STOVER Tue Mayor oF THE City oF NEw York HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR 3. SCIENTIFIC eae PROF. H. RUSB a ca ty EUGENE P. BICKNELL at . WILLIAM ie ve PROF. EDWARD S. BURGES Peak. R. A. HA DR. NICHOLAS nema BUTLER PROF. JAMES F. een THOMAS W. CHURCH PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief ip ri Administration ) DR. W. A. MURRILL, 4. cpaiige Director (Administration ) DR. JOHN K. pias ae Cur i of the Museums (Flowering Plants ) DR. P. A. DBERG, Craton akg abt Plants ) DR. ape A. HOWE, Cur y Clipencae Plants ) FRED J. S isa es citings ts ) DR. LLICK, Curator (Fossil ahaa, ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, seine ba sa, § ILSON, A GE. NASH, ad Ee 2 oe DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, sae te pher Sa Sa H. Librari DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of th Sahin abebcte 1 ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Garaior of Mi 4 LH Ss. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accou IS qgur“s pUe sHIOdd “S 'MHNUDLUIINIAPIOY “| ‘wWNUP AIUPAIDN wHNUDjOS ‘FYB OV P| WO “SVAAWIHD BAVHSLHOIN-OLVINO L IXNXD @1V1d NUMUYS) TVOINVIOG NYO, MAN BHL sO IVNAOL JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV August, 1913 No. 164 TOMATO-NIGHTSHADE CHIMERAS With PLaTe CXXI Through the courtesy of Dr. Hans Winkler, director of the Hamburgische Botanische Staatsinstitute, the New York Botan- ical Garden has recently received two living plants of each of the tomato-nightshade chimeras known as Solanum tubingense, S. proteus, S. Koelreuterianum and S. Gaertnerianum. These plants have been supplied from Dr. Winkler’s stock and are descended directly by means of vegetative propagation from the first of these chimeras produced by Dr. Winkler several years ago. The production of these plants, together with the investigations which were thus stimulated, coastitute a most important series of and the possibility of the production of real graft-hybrids. These ie possess therefore an unusual interest to botanists, horti- culturists and all others interested in the problems of heredity Previous to these investigations, there was much uncertainty concerning the origin and the nature of certain plants generally known as ‘“‘graft-hybrids” or “mixed fruits,’ of which several forms were well known in horticulture. e of these is the Bizzaria sa of which there are several types to be ne eee On these Bizzarias, there may be pro- duced on some branches oranges, on other branches citrons, and on aa hee that are part orange and part citron. first Bizzaria apparently appeared in Florence, Italy, about 1644. For a time the plant was quite generally propagated by budding [Journat for July, 1913 14: (133-144), was issued July 26, 1913.] 145 146 and by grafting and was grown in the gardens of Florence for its decorative value. It was described by certain botanists and horticulturists as a sex-hybrid and by others as a graft-hybrid. A search in the older literature has shown that an early account of its origin states that the first branch came from a callus at the base of the dead scion of a graft between the orange and the citron. : Another so-called graft- neal originated in 1825 in the garden of a French gardener by the name of M. Adam. From a graft of Cytisus purpureus on ee vulgare a branch arose that was somewhat intermediate in character between these two species. This branch was propagated . eas The plants thus pro- duced gave some branches t were pure Cytisus purpureus, others that were partly C. oe and partly LD. vulgare and still others that were intermediate in character. This interest- g plant led to much discussion among botanists and _horti- altura Some claimed that it was a vegetative hybrid result- from the actual fusion of two different kinds of cells which met at the juncture of the scion and the stock, while jae among whom were several eminent botanists, considered that the branch used as a scion by M. Adam was itself taken ie a plant that was a sex-hybrid between the two species involved in the graft. Several types of supposed graft-hybrids between the white- thorn (Crataegus monogyna) and the medlar (Mespilus germanica) were also well known. In the growth of these there is seen the same sorts of development with reference to the characteristics of the two parents as are noted in the plants of Cyttsus Adami. The first step in determining the nature of such “‘ mixed plants” was to a produce them under observation and control. simple but i es ahs method of experimentation, Dr. a undertook to do this. He used the tomato and the nightshade, two distinct a well- known species with marked differences in leaves, flow and fruit. He made reciprocal grafts, using the cleft or ae. -graft. When the scion was well established he decapitated the branch cutting through the points of contact between the scion and the stock, thus exposing on the 147 cut surface the two kinds of tissue and the two lines of contact between them. On this surface a callus formed from which uds arose. If a bud arose entirely from the portion that was nightshade the branch was purely a nightshade in its charac- teristics; if from a segment of tomato tissue the branch was pure tomato. If, however, a branch arose over the line of juncture it was composed partly of tomato and an of iota se tissues. Such branches were named ‘chim The simpler of these show vertical lines of ac ee one side cae tomato leaves, flowers and fruits, while the other side of the branch bears the vegetative and floral organs of the nightshade. Leaves on the exact line of juncture are part tomato and part nightshade in character. In a cross section of the main stem the tissue of each component occupies a segment or sector. Such branches and the plants grown from them are therefore known as sectorial- chimeras. In such an association of two kinds of cells, each sort retains its own individuality and the vegetative and floral structures of each side are readily identified. None of these purely sectorial-chimeras exhibit the intermediate character ob- served in the supposed graft-hybrids In 1909, however, Dr. Winkler obtained an adventitious branch which when propagated produced plants having leaves, flowers and fruit which were different from either those of the tomato or of the nightshade. This new form was named Solanum tubing- ense. The general appearance of this type is intermediate be- tween the tomato and the nightshade. The leaves are simple, sharply aves and often lobed much like the leaflets of the tomato plant. The stems and leaves are hairy like the tomato. The pene and calyx are larger than those of the nightshade but smaller than those of the tomato. The fruit is slightly larger than the fruits of the nightshade, which are much smaller than the fruits of the variety of the tomato ae in the Man of the fruits of this type are sterile but several generations of seedlings grown from seed have been pure nightshade and are not like the plants Solanum tubingense from which they were derived. In continuing his experiments Dr. Winkler soon obtained the three other-types of tomato-nightshade chimeras shown in 148 the plate illustrating this article. Solanum Gaertnerianum re- sembles the nightshade more than the pai The leaves are less entire than those of the nightshade. Th in color and are dwarfed, the petals remaining aidime entary This ane fruits sparsely but some seeds are perfectly ree and produce pure nightshade pl In general shape the leaves = ae form Solanum Koelreuter- ianum resemble strongly the tomato, but the epidermis is free of hairs like the nightshade. The flowers are white yith y: yellow middle streaks. The fruit does not mature. This particular type has appeared ie different tim The form called num proteus Be resembles the tomato more than the erie although not to the extent of leaf ads seen in S. Koelreuterianum. The stems and leaves are airy. ie fruits aay any are smaller than those of the tomato, oo resemble the The ae 7 these types of plants, each readily distin- ae from the other, and from the tomato the nightshade, aroused anew the interest in plant ey and cies p clare Their peaant intermediate character seemed strong e in support of the view that they were all true graft- ea aaitee from a fusion of the vegetative cells of the tomato and the night- shade, ie fusion occurring on the region of the contact of stock and sci ne this time certain investigations by Dr. Erwin P aur on the white margined varieties of Pelargonium plants showed that these plants with white-bordered leaves have peripheral layers of white cells covering the inner green tissue. Such plants con- sisting of two kinds of cells with a peripheral distribution of one were named fericlinal chimeras. It was suggested that the supposed tomato-nightshade graft-hybrids were in fact periclinal chimeras. After making careful anatomical and cytological examination of them, Dr. Winkler silos that the four forms described above are perielinal chimeras. S. tubingense and S. reverse is true of S. Gaertnerianum and S. Koelreuterianum. It appears that S. tubingense has a single peripheral-layer of tomato 149 cells, while S. proteus has two such layers and that S. Gaert- nerianum has two peripheral layers of ee cells, while S. Koelreuterianum has but one such lay Similar investigations on Cytisus oe and the supposed Crataegus-Mespilus graft-hybrids have shown that these are also peripheral chimeras with one or more cell- as of one species growing over a body of cells of the other spec These studies have made clear the ees nature of these ei plants and explain the various ae ena which th The frequent reversion of branches to one or the other of ce pure aoe stock is due eae to a readjustme of the cells in the growing point so that one kind of cell develops to the exclusion of the other and the chimeral relationship does not exist in such a branch. As has been noted, the seedlings obtained from peripheral chimeras do not behave like the progeny of sex-hybrids, but are pure for one or the other of the parents. S. tubingense, for example, gives seeds that develop into plants that are pure nightshade. It is a well-known fact that in these plants the cells which form the embryo of the seed originate in the subepidermal layer of cells. If, as in the case of S the embryo is pure nightshade. In the case of S. proteus there are two peripheral layers of tomato cells, the germ cells are pure tomato and the seedlings are tomato plants n the union of stock and scion in the ordinary graft there is rather a limited region of contact of the two kinds of cells. a sectorial chimera there is a much greater extent of contact and in the peripheral chimera there is a still greater amount of contact. In the tomato-nightshade periclinal chimeras many thousands of tomato cells and nightshade cells are joined side by side. This rather intimate association of two kinds of cells in a single oe leaf, flower and fruit is interesting in view of the mechanical and physiological interactions which may take place. While the evidence indicates that the two kinds of cells remain entirely independent in their essential eee characters, they do interact, producing cell complexes that are intermediate in character. Furthermore, a slightly different eae of the 150 same kinds of cells produces vegetative and floral structures that are quite different in appearance, a fact well illustrated by the leaves possessed by the four plants shown in Plate CXXI]. While the investigations indicate that the supposed graft- hybrids mentioned in this brief survey are in nature periclinal chimeras, the production of a true graft-hybrid due to vegetative cell-fusion is still to be considered possible. In fact, Dr. Winkler has presented proof that such is the case with the plant Solanum Darwinianum, which appeared on an adventitious branch that arose from a decapitated graft. It appears that certain if not all of the tissues of this plant are composed of cells derived from the actual fusion of tomato with nightshade cells which involved also nuclear fusion. This is at the present time the only true graft- hybrid kno The om oe of solanum-nightshade chimeras especially noted in this article will be propagated along with other plant chimeras at the New York Botanical Garden in the effort to e€ a representative collection of these interesting ne for pane A. B. Srovt. THE PROTECTION OF OUR NATIVE PLANTS In August, 1901, the Misses Olivia and Caroline Phelps Stokes presented to the New York Botanical Garden a fund of $3,000, the interest of which was to be used for the protection of native plants. Various methods have been tried, beginning with a series of three prizes for essays on this subject, offered first to the teachers and older persons, which resulted in a good series of — the best of which were printed in the JoURNAL OF THE RK BoTANICAL GARDEN in 1902 and ae The prize essays were written by Dr. F. H. Knowlton, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.; Miss Cora H. ce oe of James Freeman Clarke, of Boston; Dr. A. J. Grout, boys’ high school, Brooklyn; Miss Mary Perle Anderson, supervisor of nature study, Unwersity. School for Girls, eos Ill.; Miss Jean Broadhurst, of Teachers College, N. Y. C.; Mr Gordon Copp. 151 In 1910 another series of smaller prizes were offered to students in the high schools, and these were won by students from the Washington Irving High School; the ae high school, in Brook- lyn and the Morris High School, Bro Through the interest of one of i ae of the board of education who was also a member of the staff of the New York Botanical Garden the following wild flowers were eliminated from the list of botanical supplies in the New York public schools: trailing arbutus, wild columbine, fringed gentian, hepatica, Indian turnip, moccasion flower, trillium, wild orchid; and it has also been proposed to substitute cultivated plants for wild ferns, Solomon’s seal, wild geranium and other. During the year 1912 and present year, the interest of the Stokes! eae has been used for colored on for a series of essays on ‘‘Wild Plants Needing Protection” and has included (1) the Jack-in-the-pulpit; (2) spring ae (3) wild eae oo wild columbine; (5) bird's foot violet; (6) wild azalea; (7) m sin flower; (8) dog-wood and (9) laurel. The essays have ree reprinted and may be had at a nominal price from the New York Botanical Garden. Extra copies of the colored plates have been made an nd are to be distributed to the schools of New York City for framing. Lectures have also been given under the auspices of the Garden and the expenses of a lecturer paid to visit various cities. In this way a general interest has been aroused, which has resulted in the foundation of the ‘‘Wild Flower Presetvation Society of merica’’ with a large membership in various cities of the east. Local chapters have been organized in several them, and further information may be had on application to Mrs. N. L. Britton, Secretary-Treasurer. THE JULY FLOWER-EXHIBITION An exhibition of plants and flowers was given by The Horti- cultural Society of New York, in codperation with the Garden, in the Museum building, on Saturday and Sunday, July 5 and 6. 152 Prizes were offered for roses, Japanese irises, sweet peas, her- baceous plants, shrubs and trees, and vegetables. T re some excellent sweet peas shown. In the open-to- all classes, for six vases, six varieties, twenty-five of each, the first prize was won by Miss M. T. Cockcroft, of Saugatuck, Ct., Adam Paterson, gardener, the second by Miss B. Potter, of Ossining, N. Y., Geo. Miers Lata as vase of sweet peas, one howard sprays, one ore varieties, exhibited by Mr. John I. Downey, ees rei Y., Thos. Ryan eee secured the first prize, the second being won by Miss Cockcro -commercial eae the three vases of sweet peas, ae varieties, twenty-five of each, displayed by Mr. Downey obtained the first prize, the oe going to Miss ear There were three competitors for the collection of herbaceous plants. A fine lot of flowers brought the first prize to Mrs. F. A. Constable, of Mamaroneck, N. Y., Jas. Stuart, pee the second prize being won by Mr. Geo. D. Barron, of Rye, N. Y., Jas. Linane, ies Mr. J. A. Havemeyer, of Glen Head, ., A. Lahodny, ae captured the first prize for a collec- tion of ee and trees, Mr. Barron the second. Six vases of Japanese irises, six varieties, gave Miss Cockcroft the first prize. For twelve different vegetables Miss Potter won the first prize, and for six different vegetables the first prize was secured by Mr. Havemeyer A special prize was awarded to Miss Cockcroft for a vase of gardenias, and to Mr. Max Schling a diploma for a flower basket. The judges were Jas. Stuart, M. C. Ebel, Adam Paterson, and George V. Nash GEORGE V. NASH. LATE SUMMER LECTURES Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o’clock, as follows: August 2, ‘‘American Desert Plants,” by Dr. William Tre- lease. August 9. ‘The Biology of Cheese,”’ by Dr. Charles Thom. 153 August 16. “Wild Flowers of Late Summer,” by Dr. N. L. Britton. August 23. ‘Explorations in Mexico—II. Mexico City to artical by Dr. W. A. Murrill. August 30. ‘The Mammoth Trees of California,” by Dr. recta Hollick, September 6. ‘‘Shade Trees and Their Enemies.” by Dr. F. J. aver. September 13. ‘‘A Visit to the Panama Canal Zone,”’ by Dr. . A. Howe. September 20. ‘‘Scenic and Botanical Features of Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin,” by D out September 27. ee ore in Mexico—IIT. Colima and Manzanillo,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill The lectures, Bears occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. Doors closed at 4:00; late comers ye at 4:15. e Museum building is reached by the Harlem Division of a ae York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue. Those coming by the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway change at 180th Street for crosstown trolley, transferring north at Third Avenue NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Dr. Frank Dunn Kern, a research scholar at the Garden during periods from 1906 to 1911, has been elected professor of botany at the Pennsylvania State College. Dr. William Trelease, recently elected professor of botany at the Illinois State oe spent about three weeks during the summer at the Garden in continuation of his studies of American mistletoes (genus Phoradenitvon) and of Mexican oaks. 154 Dr. J. N. Rose, Research Associate of the rahi Insti- - tution of Washington, is spending considerable t at the Garden this summer in continuation of the joint pie ee of the cactus family commenced in 1912. Mr. Earl E. Sherff, a student of the genus Bidens, spent a week at the Garden in July investigating the herbarium col- lections of these plants, in continuation of work previously carried n by him at the Field Museum of Natural History in es the Missouri Botanical Garden and other institutions. as gratifying to learn from Mr. Sherff that the collections 7 he Garden furnished him a very large amount of information which he had not obtained at other places. Mr. Joseph Gilman, of the agricultural experiment station at Madison, Wisconsin, spent the month of August at the Garden on a scholarship grant for the study of the flowers of Cichorium Intybus. n International Phytogeographic Excursion in America, organized by Professor Henry C. Cowles the University of Chicago, a Frederic E. Clem ents, of om University of Min nesota, commenced its observations in New York and vicinity on July 27, on which day a visit was made to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and to the Hempstead Plains of Long Island. The pine barrens of New Jersey were visited on July 28 and 29, and July 30 was devoted to a visit to Columbia University in the morning and to the New York Botanical Garden in the after- noon, the party cota for the West at midnight of that day. The route is by Niagara Falls, Chicago and vicinity, Lincoln, Nebraska, points in oo Utah, Washington, and California, reaching the Desert Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution at Tucson, Arizona ,on September 20. The program at t arden on July 30 in ‘nchided lunch at Dr. Britton’s house, an seine of the museu laboratories, library and herbarium, visits to the collection in “a greenhouses and to anumber of points in the grounds, escorted by members of the Garden staff, closing with 155 dinner at the Hermitage Hotel in the evening. The European visitors ere Dr. and Mrs. Brockmann-Jerosch, of Ziirich, erland, Mr. C. B. Crampton, of the Geological Survey of A Lara Dr Ove Paulsen, of Copenhagen . Eduard Riibel and Professor Carl Schréter, of Ziirich, Dr. T. J. Stomps, of Amsterdam, Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Tansley, of Cambridge, England, and et C. von Tubeuf, of Munich. Tulip trees would appear, from experience on the grounds of the Garden, to be more likely to be struck by lightning here than any others. At least eight of these trees have been struck during the past ten years and have subsequently died. The last one damaged was during a storm in June; this tree stands near the south side of the driveway east of the Long Bridge, and the effect of the lightning on its trunk is very evident. A f years ago, another individual which stood within a ea nea feet of this one was by Rae The tulip tree is the tallest and most massive tree of our region. Whether its wood has any attraction for electric discharges, or whether the form of the tree is the attractive feature is unknown. The destruction not been confined to very large trees, as some of relatively small size, with trunks not over a foot in diameter, have been shattered. eared for July—The record of the rainfall at the Garden for July 18 and 19 was lost. The record at the municipal building at Tremont ane for that date was 0.29 inch. Including this figure, the total precipitation at the Garden for the mont was 4.06 inches. Of this amount, 1.87 inches fell on the after- noon of July 28, diate between 3:45 and 4:30, in an unusually severe storm. Maximum temperatures for each week were as follows: 98° on the oe 92° on the 13th, 89° on the 22d, and 97° on the 30th. The minimum temperatures were 55° on the 7th, 54° on the 8th, 56° on the 15th, and 54° on the 26th. 156 ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM - 33 specimens ‘‘ Ascomycetes,” fascicle 52. (Distributed by Dr. Henrich Rehm.) 2 specimens of Peronospora from the United States. . (Given by Mr. Guy West Wilson. 6 specimens of fungi from Hudson Falls, New York. (By exchange with Mr. Stewart H. Burnham. 25 specimens ‘“Mycotheca -Boreali-Africana,” fascicle 4. (Distributed by René Maire. I4 specimens of fungi (Geoglossaceae) from Virginia. (By exchange with Mr. W. H. Long.) i (Di Yy f New York. (Collected by Dr. Fred J. Seaver.) D Porto Rico. (By exchange with Mr. oe R. Johnston.) pecimen of Chamaecistus procumbens from Alaska. (By exchange with meena a C. Frye.) I Australia. (By exchange with Dr. H. H. Rusby. ) f w Caledonia. (By exchange with Brother Leon. es a specimens of flowering pei from Missouri. (Distributed by Mr. B. Bush.) i specimen of Antennarta Farwellii from Michigan. (Given by Mr. QO. A. Farwell.) a 4 plants from California. (Given by Mr. S. B. Parish.) I specimen of m: 0 “No. 11” from Jamaica, West Indies. (Given by Dr, Maria "Brockmann-Jreh ) cimens of A 4 } 1 plain of th aie ‘States, (Given by | Mr. Francis be Penn Porto Rico. a ecchange with Brother Hioram. ) Rusby.) Ig specimens of crude drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Members of the Corporation Fritz ACHELIS, Epwarp D. ApaMs Cuartes B, ALEXANDER Joun D. ArcHBoLn GeorcE F, BAKER Eucene P. BIcKNELL Grorce S. Bowpo1n Pror. N. L. Britton Pror. Epw. S. BurcEss Dr. NicHotas M. ButTer ANDREW CARNEGIE Pror. C. F. CHANDLER Wittram G. CHoatE Tuomas W. CuurcHILL J. Horace Harpinc Epwarp S. HARKNESS Tos H. Husparp Aprian IsELIn, JR. Watter B. JENNINGS Pror. James F. Kemp N Pror. Freperrc S, Ler Hon. Set Low Davip Lypie Epcar L. Marston W. J. MaTHESON Dr. Wo. H. Maxweti Emerson McMILuIn OcpEN MILts J. Pizrpont Morcan LoweELit M. PALMER GrorcE W. PERKINS Henry PHIPrs James R. PiTcHER . F, Prant. Epwin A. RIcHARD Joun D. RocKeFELLER Wittiam RockEFELLER Pror. H. H. Russy Dr. Recrnatp H. Sayre Jacos H. ScuFr’ Mortimer L. ScuiFF Henry A, SIEBRECHT Witrram D. SLoane NELson SMITH VALENTINE P, SNYDER James SPEYER Francis L, STETSON Cartes G. THOMPSON Dr. W. Gitman THOMPSON Louis C. T1FFANY Grorcz W. VANDERBILT W. K. VANDERBILT PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Gard Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- taining notes, news, and non-technical ee a general ant Free to all mem bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in e: change.] i volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and as erwise; devoted to fungi, — including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general in- — terest, and an ex-to current American sa Se Titeratare. $3.00 a year single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its fifth volume. Bulletin of thi or ical ae salaraine the ae oe of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles e i i i in i me Garden ; to oth Now in its eighth volume, North Am Flora. Descriptions a oe wild plants of North America, eee Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Plan ned to Rh: co! pleted in 32 ae e. acl pane to consist of four or more parts. ee ay arts 5O per part; a aoe number of separate parts will ‘he ae for Line fete) cay ie offered i in BEECH Vol. pi: 1910 ectriacea ae nite Vol. 7, ee 3 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, aoe ee): ” Ustilaginaceae—Accidiacea Yol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyp Agaricaceae (pars). (Pars I oe 2 no longer sold separately. oe Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophiog losses cad oar (pars). Vol. 17, part 1, 1909; part 2, 1912, Typha aceae— Poaceae (pars). ( oe 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 an 4, 1908. pars Vol. 25, part I, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, aie Geran a aaa i Me: of the New York Botanical G e to members of thi e ‘ Garden, $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00. [Not oO! offered i in age nge. ol. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone i Pak, by Per eee Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. ¥ i ess upon Grow’ Rosaceae aa cranes, New York, by Arihur Hollick and Edward Charles Jefrey. viii + ee pee pe : i er 9. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gag viii +218 PP., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. ae utions from the er York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- : nical aca ea hel students or need of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the . Price, as cents each, $5.00 per volume. In its seventh volume, RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH 152, The genus Struthiopteris and its Representatives in North America, by lout Broadhurst, 153. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—XXVII, by P. A. bp his 154. Biochemical Studies of Soils Subjected to Dry Heat, by F, ie Seaver and . Clark, 155. Polycodium, by C. B. Robinso 156. Studies on the Rocky Mouptain, Flora—X XVIII, by P. A. at Yor« payday Ga EN INX PARK, aoe York o SEPTEMBER, 1913 No. 165 JOURNAL. OF - ew York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories CONTENTS ss yAGE in the New York Botanical Garden... .---- +s ++ > 157 TTC S109 8 ee ie oC aCe 160 mber Milmorer WENIItION ss. ce ee ee ee 161 ectures MUERTE ote bes Tcs CDK Fe Gh gal ae ts PRT Ren hole oa he 162 RupANG Comment. 7 - a. te ee ee ee 163 BME RNS RE SAI 2 OARS RO natay ee ae SINE ho 166 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 41 NortH Qusen Street, LANCASTER, Pa sy THe New Era Printinc CoMPANY OFFIOERS 1913 PRESIDEN’ VICcE- Dera A DREW CARNEGIE TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRYMSER SrcreTaRY—DR. N. L. BRITTON BoARD OF MANAGERS 1. MANAGERS i Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST Be. Term expires January, 1915 . L. BRITTON W. J. MATHESON ANDREW CARNEGIE W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires eee 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD ANCIS LYNDE STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS tie TIERNEY 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS HO HA Pee B. aca THE Mayor OF THE Sean York HON. NaC 1. GAYN 3. SCIENTIFIC ce eee H. H. RUSB Baca hi 4 EUGENE P. BICKNELL OF. WILLIAM J. GIES 2g PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS re ean R. me HARPER . DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. JAM . KEM. THOMAS W. CHURCHILL PROF. iesunine S. LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. oe a Pao el Ss (Development, Administration ) a . W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director means DR. ent K. cane Head ' Curdtor of the Museums (Flowering Plants ) R. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator (Flowering Plants ) DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator Flower ess Plants ) DR. t UT, penton of the Laboratories DR. JOHN HENDLEY eR TSEG Bibliographer . HARLOW, Librarian DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic aii > Mos AM J. GIES, C g9 C : COL. F. A. SCHILL’ , Museum Custodian ¥ JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engi : LTER S. fae ot Sees Clerk and Accounta nt A JouRNAL OF THE New York BOTANICAL GARDEN PiaTE CXXII Pot-hole in hemlock grove near the boulder bridge. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV September, 1913 No. 165 POT-HOLES IN THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN With Pirates CXXII, CXXIII anp CXXIV In the minutes of the meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences, held on June 5, 1882, may be found a record which possesses an historical interest in connection with the New York Botanical Garden. This record, as printed in the Transactions of the Academy, Volume I, page 181, begins as follows: “Dr. N. L. Britton read the following paper: On Some Larce Pot-HoLes, NEAR WILLIAMSBRIDGE, New York. The “pot-holes” which I shall attempt to describe were brought to my notice by the late Professor A. Wood. They are located on the western bank of the Bronx River, about midway etween Bronxdale and Williamsbridge, Westchester County, New York. They are near the w gies ern end of a now dismantled and impassable bridge, with st ts, and in the northern part of a hemlock ate which ae the stream for about a mile below. It is one of the most picturesque spots in the vicinity of New York City, sea a walk along the ad river from Bronxdale to Williamsbridge is we soe ryable. So far as the writer is aware, this er contains the earliest published description of ENGR Eee natural features, and if we replace the phrase ‘‘a now dismantled and impassable (JourNaL for August, 1913 (14: 145-156) was issued August 28, 1913] 157 158 bridge, with stone abutments” by the designation orn ‘Boulder Bridge,’ the location of the pot-holes in the hemlock grove within the Garden boundaries may be readily recognized. After a lapse of about fourteen years they were further de- scribed and discussed, by Professor James F. Kemp, in a paper entitled ‘‘The Glacial or Post-Glacial Diversion of the Bronx River from Its Old Channel.’”’* This paper, and the one first men- tioned, include descriptions of the general geology of the region and discussions of. the probable geologic age of the pot-holes, and those who may be interested in the details of this phase of the subject may refer to them for information in this connection The present contribution will be restricted to descriptions and illustrations of three pot-holes within the Garden area. These are, apparently, known to comparatively few persons, while to the c ce visitor, even when noticed by him, their origin is not always understood and their significance is seldom appreciated P oles are bowl- or basin-like depressions in rock, caused by the abrasive action of gravel or cobble stones when churned around in the depressions by rapidly moving water. A pot-hole has its beginning in an irregularity or inequality in the rock bed of a stream, in which gravel or perhaps a single cobble stone or other rock fragment finds logdment. If the conditions are favor- able, so that the foreign material is free to move and the current of the stream is sufficiently rapid to churn or swirl it around, the original inequality in the stream bed becomes deeper and more or less circular in shape, from the abrasive action of its contents, and a pot-hole is formed. A pot-hole, therefore, no matter where it may be located, is definite evidence that the rock in which it was excavated must have been, at some time, a part of the bed of a rapidly flowing stream. There are three well-defined pot-holes within the boundaries of the Garden, each at a different elevation above the present level of the Bronx River. The lower two are located in the hem- lock grove and the highest one in the western border of the herbaceous plantation. * Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 16: 18-24. 1896. Bulli. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 78-85. 97. “XXUI PLATE ( Ew YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN JouRNAL OF THE N Pot-hole in hemlock grove. “‘spunois snoaseqiay Ivau ajoy-10g AIXX)D FLv1g NAGUVS) IVOINVLOG AYOA MAN AHL JO ‘IvWNunof e 159 Plate CXXII represents the lowest one, the bottom of which is about twenty-eight feet above the river. The side facing the river was eroded or has fallen away, leaving the interior exposed from top to bottom. Its place of beginning is somewhat ob- scurely defined, but may be recognized by tracing the concavity upward to the top of the rock wall. Originally it must have been approximately twelve feet in depth, by four or five feet in width down to where it begins to taper to the bottom. The two-foot rule, standing at the righthand side of the hole, will serve for a scale of measurements Plate CX XIII represents the other one in the hemlock grove, located at a higher level than, and to the south of the one first described. The upper part only is exposed, to a maximum depth of about five feet. It is irregularly elliptical in cross section, approximating six by seven and a half feet, with the longer axis extending toward the river. The rim and sides are well rounded, and erosion of the exposed side fronting the river is plainly ap- parent. The depth is unknown, as it is filled to the level of the forest floor with rock and vegetable debris, on top of which is a large boulder and in which is rooted a living tree about four feet in circumferen Plate C. xIV represents the one on the border of the herba- ceous grounds. It is the smallest of the three, but is the best preserved. It measures approximately two feet in depth by wo feet in width, with a small bowl-like depression just above he upper rim, which was probably the original beginning of the hole, before the eroding contents found final lodgment at the lower level. If the facts in connection with these pot holes are analyzed and interpreted, they indicate in unmistakable terms the follow- ing sequence of events.—The stream which in Pre-Glacial times occupied the valley of the Bronx and flowed though the depres- sion where the tracks of the Harlem branch of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad are now located, was ob- structed by ice or glacial debris and diverted to the eastward, where it found two outlets,—one through the narrow swale in which the morphological and herbaceous plantations are 160 located and another in the general direction of the present river gorge. Erosion then began, and evidently this proceeded more rapidly in the latter, and a constantly increasing volume of the stream was diverted to this lower level outlet. The flow of water through the other outlet constantly decreased, ceased entirely, and the depression became a cut-off or slough, which eventually was silted up and ee into a bog, and this now furnishes the fine, black soil for the plantations located there. h antime the river was constantly cutting its now single channel deeper, and eroding the side walls. Pot-holes were formed in the rock of the river bed, at successively lower and lower levels. Many were, doubtless, subsequently obliter- ated as the river cut its way down and eroded its banks; but the two here described were left where they may yet be seen, with the river flowing far below. ARTHUR HOLLIcK. A DESTRUCTIVE STORM The most destructive storm in the history of the Garden occurred in the late afternoon of August 10, 1913. The day had been very warm with a maximum temperature of 97.5° accom- pan by high aes culminated by a downpour of rain at P.M., with wind for t ten minutes of very high velocity. a report by the ee sees ie of Grounds shows that the following trees were uprooted: 1 cedar in economic garden. 2 poplars in front of museum. 2 hickories, 1 ash, and 1 elm facing lake no. 1 north of museum. 1 buttonwood, I maple, and 1 hackberry in herbaceous grounds. I sassafras on college path. 4 oaks, 7 hickories, and 5 hemlocks in hemlock grove on west side of river. 1 oak east of Long Bridge. ens and 1 oak northeast of Long Bridge, near Japanese cherry collection. 161 1 ash and 1 elm on the eastern boundary near propagating houses. } I rie near lake no. 2. mlock, I sassafras, and 1 birch in grove northeast of pee vee 2 sassafras on cae to propagating houses y branches were broken from other ees. and several iguana visitors were drenched and a bieciae ed. ost fortunately, there were no casualties. Almost all the laborers were engaged for ten days in clearing away ne wreckage which blocked driveways and paths at several points N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief. THE SEPTEMBER FLOWER EXHIBITION An exhibition of ee and flowers was held in the Museum building on the sixth and seventh, Saturday and Sunday, by ae Society of New York, in codperation with the Garden. The prizes offered were for cut blooms of gladioli and montbretias. The gladioli were especially admired, the excellent collection of Mr. T. A. Haveme eyer attracting great attention. There were many beautiful things in this exhibit. The following are those who won prizes, which were offered by the New York Botanical Garden: A large display of gladioli gave the first prize, in the open-to-all class, for a collection, to Mr. John Lewis Childs, who also won first prizes for twelve ene three spikes of each; a white variety, twenty-five spikes; a pink variety, twenty-five spikes; a collection of cut blooms of mon ane etias. In the class for non- commercial exhibits, a collection of gladioli gave the first prize to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, A. Lahodny, gardener; this has already been alluded to. He also took first prize in the non-commercial class for a white variety, six spikes, with ee a for a pink variety, with Panama. The flowers of this latter were superb. 162 Special prizes were awarded as follows: Wm. C. Muschenheim, A. C. Wall, gardener, for a miscellaneous collection of flowers, cash prize, and for a display of Chrysanthemum Sunflowers, special ame Chas. H. Rice, cash prize, for a collection of ahlias; F. A. Gees Jas. Stuart, gardener, for a vase of Hess ape major, cash prize and certificate of merit; Jas. A. Macdonald, R. Hughes, gardener, cash prize, for two pots of a GEoRGE V. NAsH. AUTUMN LECTURES Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the ena Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows: Oct. “The ae ea Classification of Vegetable Foods,” by Dr. fA H.R Oct. II. an Peete of Vegetable Foods,” by Prof. es. Oct. 18. ‘‘Cereal Foods,”’ by Mr. G. V. Nash. Oct. 25. ‘‘Starchy and Sugary Foods,” by Dr. R. A. Har Nov. 1. ‘Vegetable Foods of the American Indians,” by a out. v. 8. “Tropical Vegetable Foods,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby. Nov. 15. ‘Edible Fungi,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill. v. 22. “The Selection and Preparation of Vegetable Nov. 29. ‘‘The Uses and Characteristics of Palms,’ by Dr. itton. ectures, which occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. Doors closed at 4:00; late comers admitted at 4:15. he Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. 163 Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railw ay for crosstown trolley, transferring north at Third Avenue NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Dr. Ira Dietrich Cardiff, a student at the Garden from 1904 0 1906 o has recently been head professor in Washington ate Colleze and plant physiologist of the Washington State lesa Experiment Station, has been appointed director of at Experiment Station, ee his position as head of the eee of botany in the Colle Four handbooks on the flora of Florida have recently been published by Dr. John ae Small, head curator of the museums and herbarium, completing his investigations on the plants of oe state in so far as collections made up to the present time are concerned. . The “Flora of Miami” tains descripti f the flowering fe growing naturally in the everglade ond limestone region of ee peninsular Florida . The ‘Florida Trees” contains descriptions of the native and marunaliged trees of the State of Florida, seas 366 species. Flora of the Florida Keys,” containing descriptions of the ee plants of the islands of the a reef from Virginia ‘ on the ee to the Tortugas on the southwest. 4. ‘Shrubs of Florida,” Sa descriptions of the native and ee shrubs of the s All four of the handbooks contain analytical keys and cita- tions of the geographic distribution of the species. Ther much original information in all these volumes. The ian on which the studies were based are nearly all preserved in the herbarium of the Garden. The second part of Volume 15 of North American Flora, con- taining descriptions of the genera and species of the moss families 164 Dicranaceae and Leucobryaceae, written by Mr. ey Ss. Williams, administrative assistant, was auee August making nineteen parts of the work now published, pele among eight volumes. The next ee to ie issued will be the fifth and final part of Volume 22, completing the order Rosales. Mr. George V. Nash, head gardener, attended the Fifteenth Annual Convention of the American Association of Park Super- intendents, held at Denver, Colo., August 25 to 2 Park superintendents and others interested in park aeeclopiiest and its eat related subject of public play grounds were evens any parts of the United States and Cana e sues were at the eae Palace Hotel, where - the ce were held. A welcome to the convention was extended by the mayor of the city The Park Department acted as hosts, and their entertainment was lavish. Facilities were aoe for visiting the park system. The first day a thirty-fi bile ride over a part of the park system was a feature, eee at Inspiration Point, from which place a magnificent view of the Rockies is obtained. A drive on the second day gave further opportunity for an inspec- tion of the parks. It was reserved, however, for the third day for the greatest treat of all, a drive of sixty-five miles in auto- mobiles through the new mountain park system which is now being installed. A new road connecting this system with the city was officially opened that day by the Park Department, twenty-eight automobiles conveying the members of the con- d vention and their friends over a magnificent piece of scenic roadway. This drive included a trout fry, as a dinner induce- ment, on Lookout Mt., at an elevation of over 7,000 feet, and a wonderful view of the Rocky Mts. from Genesee Mt., at an eleva- tion of about 8,000 feet. The return was made through Bear Creek Cafion, a splendid ride with kaleidoscopic changes. This mountain park system of Denver comprises a chain of parks of various sizes located upon ground purchased by the city. It is a broad-gauge development and worthy of the progressive west. The ride was greatly enjoyed by all, giving to many their first 165 view of the wonderful Rockies, It must be uplifting to live in the presence of these majestic’peaks, and it is no wonder that Denver wants to do big things with this inspiration always before her. The next convention will be held at Newburgh, N. Y., the time o be designated later. The new president is Henry Richards, superintendent of parks of Chicago. The akg president was J. B. Shea, ae of peer of Bost Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director, returned September 3 from Europe, where he has been making a study of the types of American gill-fungi preserved in the larger herbaria. Mr. Albert Le Roy Andrews, Ph.D., instructor in German at Cornell University, has been in residence at the Garden during August and September on a scholarship for the taxonomic study of the genus Bryum. Dr. N. L. Britton, director-in-chief, Mrs. Britton and Mr. Stewardson Brown sailed for Bermuda on September 9, where they will spend three weeks in further studies of the flora of the Bermudas. Mr. Maurice Picard, M.A., recently elected assistant professor of botany at Middlebury College, spent several days at the Garden during the past month collecting material for the cyto- logical study of Hibiscus. Miss Winifred J. Robinson, Ph.D., assistant professor of botany at Vassar College, has been peeks dean of women at the University of Wisconsin during the 1 summer session of the Mees At the close of the session Dr. Robinson returned o New York and spent several weeks at the Garden in continuing . studies of tropical ferns and in work upon Gingko biloba, an apparently parthenogenetic form of which is growing upon the campus of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York Meteorology for August.—The total precipitation for the month was 3.00 inches. Maximum temperatures for each week were 166 as aotlows: 95° on the 3d, 97.5” on the roth, 95° on the 18th, and ° on the 28th. The minimum temperatures were 56° on the 6th, 54° on the 12th, 52° on the 22d, and 55° on the 28th. ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 100 specimens ‘‘Fungi Exotici Exsiccati’ fascicles 1 and 2. (Distributed by H. & P. Sydow.) Ir specimens of crude drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rus’ 7 specimens of Trifolium from the western ane aa oe by Dr. A. A. Heller. : 378 ns of flowering plants from Asia. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant iat Washington, D. C. ecimens of cacti from North America. (By exchange with the United ae edo Museum ecimens of flowering plants from Hawaii. (By exchange with the Board of peas and Forestry, Hawaii.) 116 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from St. Croix and St. Kitts, West Indies. (Collected by Dr. J. N. Rose. i ingia orientalis and Salvia verticillata, from Patterson, New York. (By exchange with Mr. E. G. Pendleton.) pecimen of Hypopterygium struthiopteris from New Zealand. (By exchange Sie coe E. B. Chamberlain. cimen of hybrid walnuts, Juglans regia X J. cinerea from Rochester, New rad ps iven by Mr. Geo. V. Nash.) 42 specimens of mosses from Siberia. (By exchange with the National Natural History Museum, Stockholm. 1,000 specimens of North American plants from the Hartweg herbarium. (By exchange with ae British Mu: I specimen of a hepatic pa sen Rico. (By exchange with Mr. J. R. John- a iS = ston.) 1§ specimens of mosses from France. (By exchange with Brother Leon.) PROVISIONS for Sustaining Members, and Life Meribere: 1. Benefactors The contribution of $25,000.00 or more to the funds of the Garden by gift or by bequest entitles the contributor to be a ee ie of the Garden 2. The contribution of $5,000.00 or more to funds of the melee by gift or by bequest shall entitle the contributor to be a patron of the Gar 3. Fellows for Life ¢ y one time 00.0: shall entitle the contributor to be a fellow for life of the Garden. 4. Fellowship Members Fellowship members pay $100.00 or more annually and become fellows for life when their payments aggregate $1,000.00 5. Sustaining Members Sustaining members pay from #25. 00 to Ae oo annually and become fellows for life when their $1, . Annual Members at spenpers a an annual fee of $10 tled to the following Pai ‘Ts ee ts to all oa ures given under the auspices ie the Board of Managers. 2. Invitations to all exhibitions given under the auspices of the Board of Man- ee copy of all handbooks published by ae Garden. 4. A copy of all annual reports a: a Bull 5. Acopy of the Monthly Journa 7. Life Members Annual Members may become Life Members by the payment of a fee of $250.00, FORM OF BEQUEST Thereby bequeath to the New York Botanical Garden incorporated under ; eae Laws of New York, Chases 285 of 1891, the sum of.................... Ra Bere Ne Re ty ee PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden 1 of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- ferrin! ofee} seu and non-technical ee of fae: ae Free to all mem- bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in e: change.] i ane & Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including lichens ; containing technical articles and news and notes of general in- terest, and an index to current American pclae literature. $3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its fifth volume. ulletin of the New York Botanical ae den, containing th nual reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and te chnical aticles pees ; results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to mbers of the Garden ; to others, $3.00 per volume, Now in its eighth volume. ri escriptions of the wild plants of North nae incl ehaline Greenland, the West Indies Sait Central America. RS d to bi m Subscription price, $1. 50 per “pa art ; a limited number of separate pars will be aI for eh ach, [Not offered in exchan nge. Vol ae part 1, 19 t ; Vol. 7, part I, ia06: part 2, 1907; part 3, Stare: " Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae 5 (pars ). Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyp Agaricaceae (pars). , (Parts 1 and 2 no longer s ee Bcaare ate aly %) ol. a. 913. Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Pai ee aire e (pars). Typha Vel. 17, part 1, 199 ; part 2, 1912. Typha ceae— Poaceae (pars). ; ae 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Rosaceae (pars) Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, I9I1. B Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, ase per volume. To others, $2.00, [Not offered i in ex pee sie ol. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone R b 1900 Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Gro wth and Development, i cD i Pp: 6 figures, 1903. * Vol. 111 Studies ali Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New — York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward thane Jeffrey. viii + nae pp-, with 29 plates. 1g69. : Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of pea on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plate 908. ions from the New York Bae fae al Garden. A series of tech- her ee the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5.00 per volume. In its seventh volumi RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH 155. Polycodiven m, by C. 8. Robin: 156, Studies on n the Rocky Mauita in Flora XXVIII, by P. A. Rydberg. 157. New Ferns from Tropical Amen UE by Margaret Slosso} ; 158. Studies on nthe West Indian Vernonieae, with One New eaeces from Mexic by Henry Allan Gleason. 159. A Case of Bud-Variation in Pelargonium, by A. B. Stout. Ew YORK Sorew eee GA x PARK, A — oy OCTOBER, 1913 No. 166 JOURNAL oF G New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT My Director of the Laboratories S ZR My 2 Sai Gar, eS! BA iS ° q_2 > PUBLISHED FOR: THE GARDEN Art 41 NortH Queen Street, LANCASTER, Pa w Era Printinc Company OFFICERS 1918 ' PRESIDENT— VicE- see T—ANDREW pees TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRY: Skcieriny_OR. N. L. Sie BOARD OF MANAGERS 1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. MS ae A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. bE ar ae Y W. ve FOREST Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BRIT W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires January, 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS MYLES TIERNEY ON ANDREW aes 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE shies oo OF THE DEPARTMENT oF PuBLIC PARKS HON. CHARLES B. STOVER THE avn OF THE CITY oF oe York HON. ADOLPH L. KLIN 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR PROF. H. RUSB be Chairman EUGENE P. BICKNELL ROF. WILLIAM J. GIES PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. JA ME . KEMP THOMAS W. CHURCHILL PROF. etna S. LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- -Chief (Development, Administration ) DR LL, Assistant Director (Administration DR. JOHN ol “SMALL, Head Eustis of the Museums (Flowering Plants ) RG, Curator (Flowering Plants GEORGE. V. NASH, Head Gai rent DR. A. B. STOUT, ee of the oratories ss DR. JOHN meee RNHART, Bibioaraper ; SA oe Librar: DR. H. H. RUSBY, pees Curator of the ie Pes ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honora: : c R S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accor eRe tt : CORBETT, Superintendent of peopl at cae ‘azqs yeanjeu 2, INoqe ‘usaysep YI Jo stony ued Gooysep peodsy y WOINVLOG MNYOA MUN BHL ao T¥YNaOf AXXO FL¥ Id NAGY! JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV October, 1913 No. 166 THE DASHEEN With Plate CXXV The tuberous aroid now known in the United States and parts of the West Indies as the dasheen belongs to a section of the Araceae containing a number of plants which for thousands of years have been of very great importance as sources of food in tropical countries. The taro, of the islands of the Pacific and of southeastern Asia, is the most widely known of these plants, and to this the dasheen is more nearly related than to any other; in fact, it would probably be correct to say that the dasheen is a kind of taro. Both belong unquestionably to the genus Colocasia, but because of the diversity of forms of each, and the compara- tively small amount of botanical study that has been given to this genus, the writer refrains from attempting to use specific names The yautia, of which there are several species and varieties, belonging to the genus serail constitutes another section of this group of valuable plan This genus is believed by ae to be of strictly American origin though a number of varieties are now to be found in culti- vation in many other parts of the tropical world. For various reasons, including the greater length of season required by the yautia to mature, it has not been found so well adapted as the dasheen for culture and use in the southern states. Other genera also furnish food plants, but of less importance [Journat for September, 1913 (14: 157-166), was issued October 7, 1913.] 1a7 168 Various names, as 108 example, ‘‘malanga,” ‘‘tanier,” ‘‘tannia,” “taya,” ‘‘coco” and ‘‘eddo”’ are i applied to the dasheen in different localities in the West Indies and other parts of tropical America. These names are likewise frequently used for the yautia and some of the other edible aroids of this class. For instance, in Dutch Guiana, “taya” is the general name by which dasheens, yautias and alocasias are known, there being for each particular variety a special name prefixed to the word “‘taya.” The name ‘‘dasheen” is known to be of West Indian origin and there appears to be unanimity of opinion among those who have inquired into the ne that it arose rong) a naa of an expression ‘‘da Chine’ ‘du Chine,” in one of the French dialects, oe ‘fro: mm China.” Mr. O. W. Barrett, sale of the Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, who, with Mr. David Fairchild, of the United States Department of Agri- culture at Washington, was a pioneer in the poe tee of the edible aroids into this country, offered this explanation in a letter to the writer in 1911. This was confirmed later in a report by Mr. F. T. F. Dumont, then American consul at Guadeloupe, French West Indies, and still more recently by Mr Freeman, assistant director and government botanist of the Department of Agriculture of Trinidad. With a crop plant of so great merit near our doors it seems odd that the introduction of the dasheen was not accomplished many years ago. ‘True, the tubers have long been on the markets in a few southern cities where there is a considerable West Indian population to demand the vegetable, and on our South Atlantic coast, a certain variety of taro, under the name ‘‘tanyah,” has for years grown in a semi-wild state, but in the former case it is practically the foreign population only that has availed itself of the opportunity, and in the latter, the growing of the crop has never reached commercial proportions, even locally. It is per- haps, however, largely the indiscriminate importation of tubers, with little regard for variety, or quality, or manner of packing and offering an sale, that has prevented the acceptance of this class of food products by people who should welcome them. As previously stated, there are many varieties of dasheens, 169 and there are almost as many degrees of quality. One of the varieties brought by Mr. Barrett from Trinidad, by way of the Porto Rico Experiment Station, in 1905, has proved to be the best one in all the large collection that was afterward assembled. It is being disseminated by the Department of Agriculture under the name of the Trinidad dasheen. The dasheen is not believed to be indigenous to Trinidad nor, in fact, to the Western Hemi- sphere. Inthe opinion of botanists the evidence seems to indicate that the dasheen as well as other members of the genus Colocasia originated in the Old World, possibly in the Polynesian Islands. There is no doubt that numerous varieties were brought to the New World from China, by Chinese coolies and others. However, since none of those secured from China and elsewhere more recently, by the United States Department of econ possess all the characters of the Trinidad variety mentioned, seems at least possible that it has undergone some m retire since its introduction from China. Indeed, there are reasons for believing that changes for the better have taken place even since ee was brought to this country. Trinidad dasheen, as at present grown in the south, com- prises several strains, which, while se identical in aa , differ materially in quality. Unfortunately t iffer- ences are not apparent until the dasheen is eee sO ne one can never determine the quality beforehand. It is hoped, how- ever, that by selection, strains of uniform quality can be de- veloped. Work to this end is already under way The tuberous growth in a hill of dasheens consists of one or two nearly spherical corms, weighing, on an average, one and a half to two pounds each, around which are clustered from fifteen to fifty cormels, called ‘‘tubers” in common usage. The tubers vary greatly ape and size. In weight they range from one ounce or ree to ae ounces. The corms in rare instances have attained a weight of nearly five pounds. Both corms and tubers are edible and of practically equal quality. In flavor, the best dasheens are much like a firm, fine-grained potato, with an added flavor of chestnuts. They are drier an consequently need more butter than potatoes, when served baked 170 or boiled. Few persons have to acquire the taste for them when they are properly cooked and served. Children become par- ticularly fond of them, usually preferring them to potatoes. The subject of the preparation of this vegetable is treated rather fully in a paper on the dasheen published as a part of circular No. 127, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S$. Department of Agriculture, which may be obtained by addressing the Department. It may slight modification, the same as for the potato. The Trinidad dasheen requires no longer cooking than does the potato, as the corms and tubers are free from the acrid principle which in such varieties as the ie of the South Atlantic states, necessitates very long co The nutrient es in the dasheen are in about the same relative proportions as in the Irish potato but as the former contains much less water, the percentages of protein and other elements are approximately one half greater than in the potato. Wherever dasheens or other aroids are grown they are considered to be much more easily digested than potatoes and most other starchy foods. In the Hawaiian Islands, taro in the form of poi is prescribed by physicians regularly for their patients when there is any disturbance of the digestive syst Aside from its use as a vegetable the fe is dried and ground into flour. A very satisfactory flour has been made from dasheens grown in Florida, and in the opinion of some the use of the flour will ultimately greatly exceed that of the fresh tuber. The tubers have also been successfully shredded, or sliced, and dried for later use other aveaas derived sath the dasheen is the blanched ca secured from the large corms by forcing them in a dark ened chamber. nee was done on a small scale at a reen- houses of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, and later on a much larger scale at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, Baile Gack Michig The shoots are very tender and have a delicate flavor, oe of mushrooms. The young leaves and stems of dasheen plants growing in the field are also used for food, the former, when properly cooked, 171 making a dish not inferior to the best spinach. A special method of cooking is required to destroy the acridity in the leaves and stems. The dasheen, being essentially a tropical plant, requires a long, warm season. Six to eight months without frost is needed. It is a moisture-loving plant, but it thrives well in rich, sah soil that is only a little too moist for ordinary crops. some of the related plants are grown regularly under eee in other parts of the world the dasheen has not yet been tested in this way. This method of culture is now under investigation. As an upland crop the dasheen has produced more than 400 bushels to the acre in the southern states, where soil conditions are suitable. The yield of course falls a ee when the requisite oe are not supplied. he value of this crop for the south lies principally in the fact that it matures in the autumn. The main potato crop is grown in the spring and the small grower is obliged to dispose of it within a short time in order to avoid loss through deterioration and decay due to hot weather. Later, he must buy northern grown potatoes at a high price. Dasheens, when properly cured and stored, keep well. In the far south, where the ground does not freeze, they can be left in the ground and harvested as wanted during the winter and early spring. Dasheens for propagating purposes were distributed in the spring of 1913 to more than a thousand persons, principally in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and in Southern California. Some of these codperators have attained a marked degree of success, though with few exceptions the areas grown were very small. As the larger successful growers are already making marketing arrangements with fruiterers and restauranters in commercial product. For the present, on account of scarcity if for no other reason, the cost will doubtless be considerably greater than for potatoes, and in view of the higher food value of the dasheen, the price should probably normally remain some- what higher. Rogpert A. Youne. Bureau oF PLANT INDUSTRY, . S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 172 GARDENS OF BERMUDA The climate of Bermuda permits the luxuriant growth and profuse flowering of a great variety of plants from warm temper- ate and subtropical lands. In the older gardens, many rare specimen trees and shrubs of botanical and horticultural interest exist, and in the newer gardens, many other species bee established. A visit during three weeks of September, | . Britton and Mr. Stewardson Brown, curator of botany in te eee of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, in continuation of previous Bermudian studies, was mainly occupied in studies of garden plants, in codperation with Mr. E. J. Wortley, the newly appointed director of agriculture. hief and foremost of the floral features of the islands at this time of the year is the oleander, native of Asia Minor, for which Bermuda is famous in song and story. It is more of a hedge lant than actually in gardens and has spread over the hillsides, * Pp. strikingly beautiful oon often growing in wild surroundings; the flowers of all shades from white to rose and dark red, double kinds are common. The Chinese hibiscus rivals t oleander, if not in abundance, certainly in floral colors, from (which is rare) through pink to crimson, growing in great luxuri- ance. Tecomaria, of South Africa, a shrub relative of our trumpet-creeper, with pinnate leaves and clusters of scarlet flowers, is freely planted as a hedge. he pigeon-berry, a West Indian shrub with small leaves and long nodding racemes of small bluish flowers, is a graceful and almost universal ornament. The ‘‘ queen-of-shrubs,”’ better known to us under the name of crape myrtle, native of tropical Asia, is abundant in shrubberies Walls are covered by the Japanese honeysuckle, its fragrant flowers first white, then yellow. The large periwinkle, white or deep pink, and the blue plumbago, from the Cape of Good Hope, are abundant and beautiful in borders. There are four small public gardens in Bermuda. The park at Hamilton is openly planted with trees and surrounded by a border of trees and shrubs, including some fine specimens. old estate Parla-Ville, also in Hamilton, where the building con- taining the collections of the Bermuda Natural History Associ- 173 ation is located, contains many fine old trees, among them grove of St. John’s bread (Ceratonia siliqua), native of fe Mediterranean region, Litchis, of eastern Asia, and avocado see Central American in ea the latter may, however, be seen larger gies elsewhere. The public garden at St. Cae contains a fine and see collection. It is a level, openly ee lawn einer by a nearly continuous mixed bor planted against a wall which is covered by many kinds of flower- ing vines from the tropics of the Old World and the New. The centerpiece is a large tree of the sand-box, or monkey puzzle as it is here called (Hura crepitans), of a pene a bearing fruits which explode noisily when mature; two elegant and perfect screw-pines at once attract the attention of visitors. A group of very old and tall date palms is a feature of one en of the garden; the date is commonly planted throughout the islands for ornament and interest, but it does not bear very good fruit, though individual trees fruit quite abundantly. Many herbaceous plants are grown in the front of this highly interesting border. Our inspection of this garden was under the guidance of r. . Swainson, who has it in charge ee penne of the ea Station in Paget contain the greatest number of species to be seen in any one Bermuda es sees a brought ee during the last ten or twelve years. The area of soil available for planting here is too limited and the soil mostly of insufficient depth to permit either agri- cultural experimentation or horticultural work to be carried on in a very effective way. any plants rare in cultivation may here be seen, among them a fine young tree of the West Indian ae longissima, flowering at the time of our visit; the cocaine tree of Peru, also in flower; camphor trees, not often grown out- side of the Old World tropics; the mountain pride of Jamaica, a tree which dies soon after flowering; and a large variety of inter- esting shrubs and herbaceous perennials. The grounds of Government House at Mt. Langton, where we were hospitably received and guided by His Excellency General Sir George M. Bullock, governor of Bermuda, are open to visitors at times. The collections contain many specimens of 174 interest and beauty. A bay rum tree, West Indian, is one of the most elegant individuals of its kind to be seen anywhere, two silk-cotton trees, also West Indian, are among the largest to be seen outside of their native lands, and a jungle of the Asiatic bamboo, giant of the grasses, is a novelty to visitors from the North; the bamboo is not uncommonly seen elsewhere in the islands; a pair of old gru-gru palms (Acrocomia), West Indian, are about as tall as any in Bermuda. The driveway approach through a deep rock cutting with vertical walls covered by vines, the road planted on each side with flowering shrubs, is a very attractive feature. The grounds of Admiralty House at Clarence Hill, op ne day a week, are attractive, but contain at present little of ee interest, exceptional being a fine tree of Tor- rubia, perhaps the only one in Bermuda. Several of ie church- yards contain trees and shrubs of interest and beauty. At the Devonshire church, an ancient specimen of Bermuda cedar, a famous tree, is carefully preserved. mong trees commonly planted in both public and private gardens, mention may be made of Albizzia Lebbeck, of the Old World war here known as ‘‘black ebony,” a widely spreading tree with compound leaves, round heads of small flowers and large thin on the royal apes of Madagascar, one of the most elegant of trees when in bloom, its orange and scarlet — flowers followed by ie ng woody pods; the white cedar of the t Indies, with digitate leaves and beautiful light pink eee pat also West Indian, a tall tree with lustrous thick imple leaves; the sword-flower (Erythrina), with leaves com- posed of three broad leaflets, the coral-red flowers in clusters; pride of India (Melia), one of the most abundant of all; the oriental plane; Lonchocarpus violaceus, of the West Indies, with racemes of violet-blue flowers; tamarinds, E Indian, some of great size and fruiting abundantly; avocado wae sige referred to; mangos, Asiatic, which for the most t fruit sparingly; mahoe, tropical American, with orbicular ae and large yellowish to red flowers, here erroneously called tulip-tree; sour sops and sugar apples and the Surinam cherry, all from tropical America; and of kinds well known to American visitors, 175 the North American locust and the ailanthus. Climate and soil are well adapted to other fruit trees of warm temperate and tropical climes, but the present prevalence of a destructive fruit fly and of scale insects aes the production of good fruit; otherwise oranges, lemons, peaches, apricots, loquats and others could be produced a trees of all these are to be seen in plantations. any palms are grown for ornament and interest, among them the date and the gru-gru, already mentioned; tall royal and cabbage palms from the West Indies; the Bourbon palm, African, with broad fan-shaped leaves and spiny leaf stalks; rattan palms of China, which form dense thickets; the ‘betel-nut (Areca), Asiatic; and the native endemic palmetto is widely planted. Cactuses are represented by a ae ae of kinds from Mexico and the West Indies; the ene ones with large flowers opening at night are of two kinds, the Be ant with three- mae stems, the other (Selenicereus) ee und fluted stems; both a: commonly grown on walls and trees. es species of oriclely pears may be seen; there is a splendid specimen of the velvety one (Opuntia tomentosa) on a roadside bank near St. Georges. The wild native yellow-spined prickly pear grows abundantly in rocky places. The cochineal cactus (Nopalea), nearly spine- less, is pelea planted, as is the bushy leafy Pereskia, with clusters of pink flowers and long axillary spines. The k’s- ead cactus is ere planted on posts and walls. ae feast three tall fleshy spurges (Euphorbia), natives of Africa, full of milky sap, are grown for interest and sometimes erroneously The private grounds and gardens of Bermuda contain many kinds of plants not to be seen in the public collections. It was our privilege to be admitted to several, and many notes were ade of unusual species. A number of these were quite strange to us and their botanical affinities will be further studied. any specimens were collected to illustrate the occurrence or culti- vation of particular plants, for preservation at the New York Botanical Garden, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia and the Bermuda Agricultural Station. A complete 176 knowledge of all plants growing in Bermuda gardens could be obtained only by devoting much time to the investigation. Sufficient has been said to give an idea of the variety of plant life to - seen in this limited area of about 20 square miles, and to indicate the great possibilities there of a botanical garden. N BRITTON VISIT OF PROFESSOR ADOLF ENGLER Returning from a botanical tour around the world by way of Africa, the Orient,.and the Pacific coast, Professor Adolf Engler, director of the famous botanical garden at Berlin and one of the leading systematic botanists in the world, spent a few days in New York before he sailed for Germany. Fr , October 17, was devoted by Professor Engler to an inspection of the New York Botanical Garden. He arrived at an early hour and spent the forenoon with the curators in the Museum building examining the herbarium and museum col- lections; and the afternoon on the grounds and in the conserva- tories and propagating houses A complimentary dinner was arranged by Dr. Britton and Dr. Harper for the evening, at which about twenty-five of the local botanists were guests. Professor Engler spoke of the very cordial welcome he had received everywhere in this country and of the remarkable plants he had seen, both in the far West and in the eastern United States. He seemed most impressed with the giant cactus, Carnegiea ies ie the southwestern deserts, and with the big trees of California. Professor Engler carries with him to Berlin valuable notes on the American flora, as well as the good wishes of every American botanist who was fortunate enough to meet him W. A. Murrity 177 AUTUMN MEETING OF THE NEW YORK STATE ; FORESTRY ASSOCIATION The New York State Forestry Association was organized last January, in Syracuse. At am eeting of the executive committee held at the New York Botanical Garden in the spring, N. L. Britton, president of the Association, extended an invitation to the committee to arrange for a fall meeting at the Garden, with the idea of stimulating interest in the work in and about New York City and to consider several rather vital problems connected with the eae of the Associatio s fall meeting was held October 17, in the eae hall of the Mu useum building. The meeting opened at 10 A. M. with Dr. Britton in the chair, and Dean Baker, of Syracuse University, t the secretary's desk. About an hour was devoted to the business of the Association. The chief problem discussed at “A State-wide Survey of Forest Re- rces,” opened by Professor F. F. Moon, of the New York cae College of Forestry. At the close of the discussion, there was no doubt in the mind of any one present that this survey was highly desirable and should be undertaken as soon as ae Luncheon was served at one o’clock, in a room adjoining the lecture hall, the tables a decorated with various kinds of tumn leaves. After luncheon, a brief inspection was made of the collections in the museum building under the guidance of the curators, and the members assembled shortly after two o’clock for the afternoon session. At this session, Professor Walter Mulford, of the New York State College of Agriculture, opened the subject of “The Possibilities of Woodlot Forestry,”” which was freely discussed from the standpoint of the farmer. It was thought that a state-wide campaign of education along this line would be highly beneficial, and methods of getting the proper information to the farmers were suggested. he afternoon session adjourned rather early and the members were escorted through the grounds and conservatories of the Garden by several members of the staff. Special attention was devoted to the hemlock grove, on the banks of the Bronx River, 178 the arboretum and to the collection of hawthorns in the aes loaded with attractive, highly colored fruit W. A. Musent NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT A recent visitor to the Garden was M. Armand Renier, of the University of Liege, and director of the Geological Survey of Belgium, who spent several days examining the type specimens of carboniferous fossil plants included in the collections from Ohio described by Dr. J. S. aA Mr. Frank Shipley Collins, author of ‘‘The Green Algae of North America” and of numerous other papers relating to the North American algae, was a visitor at the Garden on Sep- tember 8 Mr. Edward Lyman Morris, editor of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, and since 1907 curator of natural science in the of the Brooklyn Institute, died at his home in Brooklyn September 14 from accidental asphyxiation by illuminating gas. Mr. was born in Monson, Massachusetts, October 23, 1870, and was a pes of Amherst College in the class of 1891. From 1893 to 1895 he was a laboratory assistant and instructor in biology in Amherst College and from 1895 to 1907 was a teacher in the high schools of Washington, D. C., being head of the department of biology from 1900 to 1907. While a resident Washington, he acted at various times as expert and field assistant for the United States National Herbarium, the United States aa th of Agriculture, and the United States Fish ommissio Following the resignation of Dr. Frederick A- Lucas in ae IQII, to become director of the American Museum of Natural History, Mr. Morris was for more than a year the acting director of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. Mr. Morris was engaged in a special taxonomic study of the Plan- taginaceae of North and South America. The cutting short of a career of substantial attainments and unusual promise will be widely and sincerely regrette: 179 The October meeting of the New York Library Club was held at the Garden on the afternoon of Thursday, October 9, with an attendance of 160. The special subject of the meeting was “Education Outside of Books.’ Illustrated addresses were delivered by Dr. N. L. Britton, on the educational work of the New York Botanical Garden, and by Mr. Raymond L. Ditmars, on the work of the Zodlogical Society and its park. Mr. Ernest Dunbar Clark, Ph.D., Columbia University, ’10, an investigator at the Garden almost continuously since 1908, has recently resigned the position of instructor in chemistry in the Cornell Medical School to accept the position of soil bio- chemist in the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, Vee D.C. Dr. Frederick H. Blodgett, who was student and aid at the Garden, 1900~o1, is now plant pathologist and physiologist of the Texas fei Experiment Stations, with headquarters at College Station, Texas. Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, of the United States Geological Survey, was a visitor at the Garden September 20. The fossil algae obtained by Dr. Vaughan and Dr. D. F. MacDonald in their geological survey of the Panama Canal Zone are being studied by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, of the Garden staff. Several changes have occurred in the botanical department of Columbia University beginning with the present school year. Dr. Chester A. Darling, formerly an instructor, has resigned this position to become professor of biology in Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, and Mr. Fred D. Fromme, an assistant, has accepted a position in the botanical department at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Recent additions ‘to the botanical staff at Columbia University are Mr. Allen C. Fraser, B Cornell '13, who was assistant in plant breeding at the New York Botanical Garden during the past summer, and Mr. F. V. Rand, M.S. University of Vermont ‘11, for the 180 past five years assistant pathologist in the Bureau of Plant oe United States acai ent of Eee ee In the August number of the Botanical Gazette, Mr. ae Ellis Gow published the results of investigation on the rphology of the Aeroids, based largely on studies of material “peli by ‘the New York Botanical Garden. Eleven species belonging to ten different genera were investigated and the knowledge of the morphology of this family considerably extended. Miss Bertha E. Shapleigh, of the Teachers College, Columbia poanigs has been secured to deliver the public lecture at the n the afternoon of Saturday, Novem nee 22, entitled “The ee and Enepetaen° of nV ESECoP le Foods. Meteorology for September.—The total eae ae for the month was 2.91 inches. Maximum temperatures for each week were as follows: 88° on the 4th, aa on the oa 79° on the 18th, and 78° on the 28th. The minimum temperatures were 60° the 6th, 41° on i. 15th, 39° on the 16th, and 42° on the 26th. ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM rt. J. R. Johnston.) hotographs of cacti from oe ie He ae with the United eae Rica Museum.) I specimen of moss from Colombia. (By exchange with Brother Leo: 9 photographs es plants. (By ae with the Field Museum ‘Natural History. 116s specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Mr. J. R John- ston 27 7 specimens from the Black Hills, South Dakota. (By exchange with Mr. W. Can 152 specimens of flowering plants from North pane Wyoming, Utah, Oregon. (By exchange with the New York State Mu , Albany, New een specimens ‘“‘Mycotheca Italica,” centuries 17 ae 18 (in part). Dis- tributed by Dr. D. Saccardo.) fa Fritz ACHELIS Epwarp D. ApaMs CuHartes B. ALEXANDER Joun D. Arcnsotp GeorcE F. BAKER Eucene P. BrcKNeLi Georce S. Bowpoin - Dr. Nicuoras M. ButLer ANDREW CARNEGIE Pror™C. F. CHANDLER Wituram G. CuoaTe BS [=| e So (9 5 i} Rozert W. De Forest SamMuet W. FaircuiLp Grorcz W. Fotsom ‘ te Epwarp S. HARKNESS Tros H, Husparp ApriaNn ISELIN, JR. Water B. JENNINGS Pror. James F. KEMP pw. V. Z, Lan ise) a Pror. Freveric S. LEE _ Hon. Setx Low Members of the Corporation Davip Lypic Epcar L. Marston W. J. MatHEson Ws. H. Maxweti Emerson McMILiin OcpEN MILLs J. P1zRPoNT Morcan 5 > WILL1aAM ROCKEFELLER Pror. H. H. Russy Dr. Recinatp H. Sayre Witir1aM D. SLOANE NeEtson SMITH VALENTINE P. SNYDER James SPEYER Francis L. Stetson Cartes G. THOMPSON Dr. W. Gitman THOMPSON W. K. VANDERBILT PUBLICATIONS OF n. 0 oO} othe change] No in its fourteenth vo fice ume. Mycologia, bimo ore illustrated i in color and otherwise; fetes to fungi, eae 3 lichens ; containing technical articles and news and notes of eeu in- terest, and an index to current American mycological iterate, $3.00 a year; sale copies os for sale. [Not offered in exchange. ] ae its ae we : of the New York Botanical Gaiden, & ing the annual reports — of ie ene in-Chief and other official pares and technical etcles embodying results es jtavestipelions carried out in the Gar Hest 1 members of the Garden others, $3.00 per volume, Now in its eighth volume, No: aoe merican Flora. Descriptions of the wild eee of North Americas including erect the West sae ne Central America. Planned to be com- pleted in 2 volumes, Roy. 8vo, h volume to consist of foi r more pa’ Batecripticn price, $1.50 per part ; Sa tinted number of separate pate will be sol ‘or $2.00 eac ot o Vol. 3, part 1, 1910 ec dace etari Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907 ; part 3, fe " Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae (pars). ay Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). (Pane I and Ae no a te aid separately. ) ; i Vol. 15, parts I and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae—Leucobryace: ol. 16, part I, 1909. Vol. 17, part 1, 1909 ; part 2, 1912, Typhaceae—Poacea e (par s). she 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908. Podostemonacee—Rosaceae (pars) Vol. 25, part I, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, I9II. Geraniacene—Burseraceae f bi: 8 0} ae ee ee Bo carat Gar o members of the Garden, $1 oe r vi others, iE red in exchange, ] . Vol. I pratt Catalogae of the] Flora of Montana and the Yellowston Park, by Per es Taye ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1 The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth ca Developmen y D. T. M che i + 320 eb Lae lo} York, by Arthur Hollic k and Edward Charles Jefirey. viii + fers Pp:, rae 29 plates. Igcg. ; Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of er on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gag viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 p 1908, Contrib cal Garden. A s s of tech- nical a written Ey students or members of a ene and reprinted pi journals other than the above, Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In its seventh volume RECENT NUMBERS 25 aa BA 155. Polycodium, by C. B. Robin 33 156, ands on the Rocky Moaiitati Flora—X XVIII, by P. A. Rydberg, i: 157. New Ferns from Tropical America—II, by Margaret Slosson. es 158. Studies on the ver aes Vernonieze, with One New Species from Mexico, y Henry Allan Gle: 159. A Case of Bud- Nadatont in "Pelargonium, by A. B. Stout. ORK ae eae GA EN IX PARK, me YORK | NOVEMBER, 1913 No, 167 JOURNAL oF New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories CONTENTS PAGE Decorati ee in the Conservatory Court. ....--+-+-- 187 Conditions e. ral es as Sea tr CTE ae cae 188 News TIAA O PRIM GN Geree st. ec aligeivansch, eee Te ena nied sa emcee 3 aoe 190 190 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 4x NortH Qugen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. py THE New Era Printinc ComPANY OFFICERS 1913 ri cies ILMAN THOMPSON Se EW CARNEGIE SEcreTARY—DR. N. L. BRITTON BoARD OF MANAGERS 1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1914 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST Term expires January, 1915 i N. L. BRITTON W. J. MATHESON ANDREW CARNEGIE W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires January, 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS MYLES TIERNEY 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE PRESIDENT see THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS HO HARLES B. STOVER THE Pie OF THE CITY OF ea York HON. ADOLPH L. KLIN 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. 2 enim a8 oa PROF. EDWARD S. BURGESS PROF. R. A. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. JAM THOMAS W. CHURCHILL PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chie f (Di eve Bien | z DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director (Adm: DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the M: mM. eae Plants ) ‘useums DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator (Flowering Plants ) DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator (Flow aeEpin! DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator (Flowerless Plants ) DR. AR’ THUR HOLLICK, Curator pa Plants) ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative aaag WILSON, Assistant Cur RGE. V. NASH, Head eae ae Director of the Laboratories oe fot HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer iy W, Librarian DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of th Sercies ae ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Cur pi aves DR. WILL . GIE i thc BRINLEY, Landscape Eng: W. se Ny GROESBECK, C. and seus ARTHUR r CORBETT, Sictlsa er ioe (Pa es peat JOURNAL OF THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PLaTE CXXVI of a portion of t i range 1. Philodendron Imbe to Vie left; ae deliciosa in background; and yarieenas scandens in foreground to left. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XIV November, ‘1913 No. 167 THE AROID COLLECTION With Plates CKXVI and CXXVII The arum family, known to botanists as the Araceae, is widely distributed throughout the tropical world, over ninety per cent. of the species being found in that zone. They inhabit, in great part, the dense shade of the forests where the atmosphere is hot and charged with moisture. The remaining spectes are con- fined to the temperate and warm temperate regions, the cold zones being entirely devoid of them. There are only seven or eight genera in the United States, saunas about fifteen species. The Old World is much richer in en c forms, both genera and species, than the New, especially fe is region and tropical Africa. In the New World the endemic forms are found largely in the tropical Andean region. The family com- prises about 110 genera and perhaps 1,000 species. here are few genera common to both the Old World and the New, Homalomena, Cyrtosperma, Acorus, Spathyema, Calla, risaema, Pistia, and oe being examples of a common distribution. Such g ommon in cultivation, as Pothos, saad ‘Schema, Aglaonema, Alocasia, Colo- , Zantedeschia, Arum, and Dracunculus are ees ea to the oe d World; while Anthurium, Monstera, Dra- conttum, Philodendron, wa aa Caladium, Xanihoso Orontium, and Peltandra are of the New World only. In habit these plants are ees variable. The modest (Journat for October, 1913 (14: 167-180) was issued November 3, 1913] 181 [182 little jack-in-the-pulpit of our own woodlands, and the large gorous vines which make the tropical forests sometimes all a impassable, es the extremes in this respect. Some of them have corms, but the greater part have fleshy rhizomes or stems, some of the latter being much elongated, the plants climbing up tall trees. The inflorescence is composed of two parts, the spathe and the spadix. The former organ, repre- sented in the jack-in-the-pulpit by the “pulpit” with the over- hanging top, is sometimes very small, while in other cases it is very large and showy. This is no part of the flower proper, however, and is really a oe bract at the base of the flower- cluster. The spadix is ma p of an axis, often very fleshy, upon which are arranged - eae which are either perfect, that is, with stamens and pistils, with or without a erianth, or unisexual, the stamens and pistils borne in separ: ifferent parts of the same spadix. So that the so- ae Ges of this family is in reality an aggregate of many flowers. The fruit is 7 a berry, often highly colored as in the jack-in- the-pu a eee of the family possess irritant properties. Any- one who has tasted the corms of our own jack-in-the-pulpit, known also the Indian turnip, can vouch for the irritating qualities of me particular species. Others of this genus Ari- saema also have like irritant properties, The juice of the root of Dieffenbachia Seguine, of the West Indies, is acrid and poison- ous. If a portion be chewed it causes a swelling of the tongue and loss of speech for a time. For this reason it has received the name of the dumb cane. Plants of this will be found in house no. 10. The acrid qualities are due partly to soluble substances and partly to the mechanical effects of needle-shaped crystals. Comparatively few of the species furnish edible products. The most important food is furnished by the corm of Colocasia esculenta, known also as C. antiguorum and Caladium esculentum, originating in the tropical parts of the Old World. This is known under various common names such as taro, eddoes, scratch-coco, Egyptian arum, coco, and kopeh. This plant is wild over the 183 greater part of tropical India, but it is only the cultivated forms which are used for food, after boiling to destroy the acrid properties. Immense quantities of this food are also used in West Indies. This, and other similar foods, take the place largely in the tropics of the potato in temperate climes, their value depending upon the starchy contents he dasheen, the subject of an article in the October number of ot JOURNAL, is now attracting considerable attention as a food plant, it being largely used for this purpose in the West Indies and in portions of the United States. This is a species of Colocasia, but not definitely placed as yet. The tropical American genus eanihe osoma, in several species and varieties, furnishes the yant The seeds and tubers of Peltandra ili the green water-arum, and the seeds of the skunk’s- ae foettda, were used, after cooking, as food - = aon American Indians. The Mexican bread- fruit is an aroid, known as Monstera deliciosa. It is a vigorous climber, well represented by two large plants in the group in house no. 4. The edible fruit of this vine is six to eight inches long and one to one and a half inches thick, and when ripe has a flavor and odor very similar to that of the pineapple. The accompanying illustration, Plate — is a view of a part of the collection of climbing aroids in house no. 4, range I Here are well shown the large vines of tropical eee which serid down their long roots, plainly visible in the illustration, making a tangle through which one must cut his way. e cut-leaved plant in the rear is the Mexican bread-fruit, Monstera delictosa. The large-leaved plant to the left is Philodendron Imbe, a native of Brazil; while the smaller plant in the foreground is Anthurium scandens, widely distributed in tropical America. Man cae of Philodendron and other climbing species of other genera make superb decorative vines, as the examples here and in con- servatories range 2 make quite e ne of the peculiar plants in is group, not in view in this illustration, is Monstera latevaginata, a native of tropical America. This was introduced into cultivation many years ago as Pothos 184 celatocaulis. This is an excellent example of variation in leaf- m in this family. The first or primary leaves are entire and lie flat against the object upon which the plant is climbing, in an imbricated manner, entirely concealing the stem. For thi reason it was given the specific name of celatocaulis, a means “concealed stem As the plant develops, the end of the stem manner of those of Monstera. Although the flowers are unknown, Dr. Engler, the great authority on this family, has placed the plant in that genus, calling it Monstera eae ca It is interesting to trace the development in leaf-form from the ovate entire leaves closely appressed to the sae to az large lobed ones on the dependent stems. One can hardly believe these different forms belong to the same Another interesting plant here is ne s tail-flower, Anthu- rium Veitchii, a native of the mountains of Colombia. This is one of the most striking species of the genus, and this specimen is one of the largest of this species in cultivation. A short time ago it became necessary to retub it, the process requiring about nine barrels of peat. This operation is necessary only every few years. For a time it checks its growth, but it is now rapidly recovering and will soon attain its former proportions and beauty. The larger of the leaves are about four feet long and a foot wide, and are pendulous from long petioles. They are curiously marked with transverse somewhat curved eleva- tions, producing a striking and decorative effect, much resembling some of the hammered-brass wo: Another imposing plant of an group is the giant philodendron, Philodendron giganieum, a native of tropical America. This large plant has been in the ee since 1901, when it was brought here from the island of St. Kitts by Dr. Britton. An examination of the plants in ae group in house no. 4 will make quite evident the gs variety in leaf-form to be found in this large family of aroid hile the larger ae are brought iene in house no. 4, many others will be found on the center bench and under all the benches in house no. 100f the same range. Here are placed those ‘apaapyjemorg ‘A|rurey ajdde-auid ay} 0} Suojeq youaq apis 3y} uo szuRld ayL “MNNYUY ‘s1aMOp-[re] APUTEU ae AaUIOS Youaq ay} uo syuRId oY] = “1 aSueI ‘OT asNOY UI U0T}9a]TO PIOIE BY} jo wOTJIOd & Jo MITA JIAXXD Fivig XHYCaVD IWOINVLOG NYOA WEN 3HL Jo IvNunof 185 of less vigorous climbing habit and those of a tufted or creeping manner of growth. A view of the plants here will impress one with the ie of many of them as decorative foliage plants. Some of the finest of these are in the genus Anthurium, commonly known as tail-flowers, on account of the long tail-like spadix of many of the species. One of the best of these is A. Andreanum, decorative not only for its ample leaves, but for its brightly colored spathe also, ranging in color from the deepest blood-red to salmon, pink, and scarlet; there is also a form with a pure white spathe. A. chelseiense is a striking plant, a hybrid between . Andreanum and A. Vetichti, with the spathe of the former and the leaves of the latter, somewhat modified. Another species, valuable for the coloration of its spathe, but smaller and more compact in growth than those already mentioned, is A. Scherzer- tanum, the spathe a deep red, and distinguished at once from the others by its peculiar coiled spadix Of especial value among the nea eee of this genus, on account of their beautiful foliage, are the a with the nerves bordered with a paler green: A. Warocqueanum, A. magnificum, A. grande, and particularly A. eisai a priest of them all, with its large deep green velvety lea These are all from the Andeaa region in South America, “a ene of many endemic forms. Some of the species are extremely ead in fruit. One of these is the Costa Rican A. Bakeri, with its spikes of bright red berries. Perhaps the most striking of all in this respect is A. tetragonum, also of Costa Rica, with its immense pendulous cylindric spikes of bright red fully one foot long and two and a half inches thick; the individual berries are three quarters of an inch long, pone in shap Another genus containing many re valuable for their decorative folie is Philodendron, readily distinguished from of Anthurium by its parallel venation, that nthurium being tted. rather compact tufted habit, therefore fine for pot plants, are the following: P. Afelinoni, from French Guiana, a robust plant with magnificent foliage; P. cannaefolium, a Brazil- ian species; and P. Glaziovii, its narrowly oblong leaves differing from the others in the fine rugosity of the upper surface. One of 186 the finest vines in this genus is P. gloriosum, its general mason ance, when in a congenial environment, expressed by its cific name. In great contrast to the others, cick have entire leaves, is P. tripinnatifidum, a vigorous climbing plant with large much-divided leaves on long petioles. It is one of the most striking of hea plants, but needs plenty of room for its proper developme ost of ve anthuriums and philodendrons need ample room for their best development, but there are many other members of the family which can be ea eee cultivated in much more restricted quarters. Among these are the members of the genus Aglaonema. The following are aennie desirable: A. costatum, a small compact plant, the dark green leaves with a white midrib and white-spotted; A. pictum, leaves spotted with white; and en arantifolium, the leaves a deep rich green, the lateral nerves ordered irregularly with gray-green. Another genus with ene species which lend themselves to decorative purposes is Homalomena. of the finest of these is H. rubra, the petioles a deep claret, very nee on this account. H. argentea has leaves gray-green, with a silvery sheen. The genus ms achia presents a number of forms striking in their foliage. D. Barra- eal is especially attractive, with its ivory-white petioles; D. ee leaves yellowish-green, spotted with dark green and a ie eee spots; D. maculata, dark green foliage, spotted white; D. costata, the leaves a dark velvety green, the midrib whitish, the spots yellowish-green; and D. imperialis, the largest of them all, with immense leaves of a deep rich green, marked with large irregular spots of different shades of ie enus prelate offers some attractive species. S calyptrata trivittaia has narrowly oblong leaves with two longi- tudinal stripes of silvery white; in S. neo-guineensis the leaves are a rich green, marked with large irregular yellowish-green spots; S. Roebelinit has the leaves a silvery gray-green, with a row of irregular dark green spots forming a band down the center of the leaf. Another strikingly beautiful aroid is Xanthosoma Lindeni, the leaves halberd-shaped, the midrib and veins out- lined with white. 187 The greater part of the aroids under cultivation in greenhouses require shaded conditions with plenty of moisture, both at the oots and in the atmosphere. An atmosphere which is hot and so loaded with moisture that it is uncomfortable for human beings is most favorable to many of the members of this family, and to such an environment they respond with a vigor and readi- ness which is a delight, providing us with some of our most beautiful foliage plants.