According to an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica written by Fred Frommer, the "nuclear football" (often shortened in context to just "the football") is "a specially designed briefcase that accompanies the president of the United States when the president is away from the White House and whose contents would enable the president to decide upon and order the use of nuclear weapons in the event of a national emergency. According to a book published in 1980 by a former director of the White House military office, the Presidential Emergency Satchel, as the nuclear football is officially known, contained a set of codes that the president would read aloud to authenticate his identity to military authorities, a list of optional plans for preemptive or retaliatory nuclear strikes, a list of sites where the president could safely stay during a nuclear conflict, and a description of procedures for using the country's Emergency Broadcast System (later replaced by the Emergency Alert System). Some observers, noting the occasional appearance of what looked to be an antenna extending from the top of the nuclear football, surmised that it also contained a device that the president could use to securely communicate with military authorities. Accounts of the origin of the nickname nuclear football often cite a claim attributed to Robert McNamara, who served as U.S. secretary of defense from 1961 to 1968, to the effect that the nickname was derived from an early nuclear-war plan that had been code-named 'Operation Dropkick.' A dropkick is a rarely used play in American football. The nuclear football in its current form was created in response to concerns raised by Pres. John F. Kennedy after the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. Among the questions he raised, a declassified memo shows, were 'What would I say to the Joint War Room to launch an immediate nuclear strike?' and 'How would the person who received my instructions verify them?' Every president since Kennedy has traveled with the nuclear football."
