The names of Christian men, who attack the Jews, are Vladimir and Ivan, typical Russian names, but the location of the film events is Lithuania in 1673, where the local Christian population was exclusively Lithuanian and Polish. There could be Belorussians, but in 1600's Lithuania didn't have defined borders and was part of of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
When the golem child hands Benjamin his violin from its storage space, the strings are obviously slack. You can see bends in the G-string. Conversely, the bow, which is put away slack, is already taut. Without tightening and tuning the strings, Benjamin plays immediately.
The synagogue was built as a church. In the background of some exterior shots, you can see the church's steeple.
Though the story is set in 1673, they are using kerosene lamps that weren't invented until 1853.
Dress fashion of all the characters is that of late 1800's, not 1600's, especially the "peaked caps" of Jewish men is from Russian Empire of mid-to-late 19th century. The boots, shirts, and women's dress are all from 1800's.
Hanna takes a bath in a metal "trough" from the Soviet period of the 1950's. Earliest sheet metal vessels became cheap enough only during the industrial era, some 200 years after events of the film. Typical pre-industrial trough was made out of wood just like a barrel.
The leader of the thugs, Vladimir, has a double-barreled flintlock pistol, which became available only in the early 1700's, about 50 years after events of the film.