The study Dr. Melfi is shown reading, "The Criminal Personality" by Drs. Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow, is an actual study. Yochelson, the principal author, died in 1976. His work became well known in the 1970s and 1980s.
The assault rifle Tony brings to the hideout safehouse is the one that Bobby gave him as a birthday present in the episode "Soprano Home Movies."
The scene that takes place in a model railroading store was filmed on location at a store called Trainland in Lynbrook, New York.
Paulie's line, "I lived through the '70s by the skin of my nuts when the Colombos were going at it," alludes to a mob war in the 1970s that involved the Colombo crime family and, in particular, to the battles between Mafia factions led by Joseph Colombo and Crazy Joe Gallo.