Waco Indians.
The Waco tribe, also spelled Hueco, is a division of the Tawakoni people, who originally lived on the Southern Plains of northeastern Texas. The Tawakoni were a band of the Wichita tribe.
Spanish settlers first encountered the Waco, who wrote about their encounter in 1772, when Athanase de Mesiere, then Governor of Louisiana, noticed two villages during his trek up the Brazos River.
Speaking a Caddoan language, the tribe’s livelihood was agriculture, growing melons, pumpkins, lima beans, and corn.
They lived in beehive-shaped houses with pole supports, typically covered with rushes but sometimes buffalo hides. The houses stood 20 to 25 feet tall. During planting and harvesting seasons, they resided in their permanent village, which consisted of beehive-shaped dwellings constructed from poles and thatched with grasses and willows. After harvesting the crops in the fall, the Waco Indians traveled the plains, hunting deer and buffalo to feed the tribe. While hunting, they lived in makeshift, temporary teepees.
As white settlers began to encroach upon their territorial lands in the early 19th century, tensions rose, and the Waco began to raid white settlements. Though Stephen Austin wanted to attack the village to prevent further raids and establish a colony on their lands, the Mexican government denied this request.
In 1824, Austin sent a delegation to meet with the Waco and, after some negotiation, established a peace treaty. At that time, Austin described the Waco village, standing on the site of present-day Waco, Texas, as consisting of 33 grass houses occupying about 40 acres and inhabited by about 100 men. About half a mile below was another village of 15 houses built close together. The Waco then cultivated about 200 acres of corn, enclosed with brush fences.
Long Soldier, a Waco man, 1872
The Waco were included in the treaties between the United States and the Wichita in 1835 and 1846, and also in 1872 when their reservation in present-day Oklahoma was established. In 1902, they received allotments of land and became citizens.
Today, many of their descendants are members of the federally recognized Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, headquartered in Anadarko, Oklahoma. The dialect they originally spoke is extinct today.
©Kathy Alexander/Legends of America, updated March 2025.
Also See:
Native Americans – First Owners of America
Native American Photo Galleries
See Sources.