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An 8-month-old female presents to the trauma bay with an estimated $15 \%$ partial-thickness burn to the $\mathrm{L}$ arm and trunk. Her weight is $9 \mathrm{~kg}$. In addition to obtaining a detailed history from the parents and establishing IV access on the contralateral arm, what is the infant's initial 24-h fluid requirement based on the Parkland formula?
a. $540 \mathrm{cc}$, given as $270 \mathrm{cc}$ over the first $12 \mathrm{~h}, 270 \mathrm{cc}$ over the next $12 \mathrm{~h}$
b. $540 \mathrm{cc}$, given as $270 \mathrm{cc}$ over the first $16 \mathrm{~h}, 270 \mathrm{cc}$ over the next $8 \mathrm{~h}$
c. $405 \mathrm{cc}$, given as $202 \mathrm{cc}$ over the first $8 \mathrm{~h}, 203 \mathrm{cc}$ over the next $16 \mathrm{~h}$
d. $405 \mathrm{cc}$, given as $203 \mathrm{cc}$ over the first $16 \mathrm{~h}, 202 \mathrm{cc}$ over the next $8 \mathrm{~h}$
e. $540 \mathrm{cc}$, given as $270 \mathrm{cc}$ over the first $8 \mathrm{~h}, 270 \mathrm{cc}$ over the next $16 \mathrm{~h}$
A 24-month-old male who weighs $13.5 \mathrm{~kg}$ is transported by helicopter to the nearest regional burn center after being involved in a house fire that occurred over $8 \mathrm{~h}$ ago. On exam, the child has sustained 20\% TBSA partial-thickness burns to bilateral hands and bilateral lower extremities. Tachycardia is present, mucous membranes are dry, skin turgor is poor diffusely, and there is minimal urine output upon Foley catheter insertion. What is the most appropriate goal endpoint of fluid resuscitation in this patient?
a. $13.5 \mathrm{cc} / \mathrm{h}$ urine output
b. $27 \mathrm{cc} / \mathrm{h}$ urine output
c. $20 \mathrm{cc} / \mathrm{kg}$ bolus as needed
d. $1.5 \times$ maintenance fluids
A pediatric burn patient is admitted to the burn unit with $15 \%$ TBSA burns, including a $2 \%$ area of dark, leathery skin on the left upper extremity. This area spans approximately $60 \%$ of the arm circumference and distal pulses and gross motor and sensation are intact. What is the most appropriate initial therapeutic treatment for this patient?
a. Bedside escharotomy of the left upper extremity
b. Liberal application of silver sulfadiazine to all areas of burn
c. Application of mafenide acetate to the area of eschar on the left upper extremity
d. Proceed to OR for burn excision and temporary grafting