This study investigates the effects of advancing age on responses of nasolabialis muscle fibers to denervation and reinnervation. The nasolabialis is innervated by the facial nerve and is responsible for the whisking movement of the animal's large vibrissae. In young adult (3-month) and middle-aged (15-month) rats the muscle on one side of the head was denervated by crushing the facial nerve. At specific days postcrush, animals were sacrificed and thick sections of muscle were incubated to demonstrate cytochrome oxidase activity, a mitochondrial enzyme, which differentiated between red, white, and intermediate fiber types. The rate and extent of atrophy and recovery were evaluated using light microscope morphometric methods for which transverse fiber areas w...

Purpose: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of action of curcumin in regulating kidney injury in diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ). The rats were divided into four groups, labelled as follows: blank control, positive control of curcumin-untreated STZ-rats, curcumin-treated STZ-rats (20 mg/kg), and curcumin-treated STZ-rats (50 mg/kg). After 24 weeks, blood glucose, HbA1c, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rates, and body weights were measured. Fasting blood samples were also collected for albumin, lipocalin-2, osteopontin, and kidney-injury-molecule 1 (KIM1) The samples were also evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rat kidneys were isolated for ...

The cycles of activity similar to the solar one are thought to exist in other stars with outer convection zones. The long-term monitoring of magnetic cycles in stars similar in structure to the Sun is a main diagnostic method for understanding how dynamo generation and amplification of magnetic fields occur. We have performed a search for solar-like magnetic activity on the yellow subgiant β Aql. Direct measurements of the longitudinal magnetic field of β Aql were performed by measuring the Zeeman splitting in spectral lines, using the circularly polarized spectra obtained at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory over 51 nights during 1997–2015. The magnetic field on β Aql was detected with the confidence level above 3σ over 24 nights. The activity cyc...

Effective permeability of porous media in subsurface environments (or packed beds in reactors, for instance) is subject to potentially large uncertainties due to heterogeneity of natural systems. We present a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to study the flow of single-phase non-Newtonian fluids by using a power law effective viscosity in different bidimensional porous media; arbitrarily and randomly generated. Macroscale-equivalent local effective permeability distributions and permeability bands at core scale are predicted. Our final goal is to propose a method for constructing core predictions from data obtained in thin samples of porous media, especially for non-Newtonian fluids (contaminated aquifers, petrochemicals and oil, for instance) whenever experim...

The comparative approach is routinely used to test for possible correlations between phenotypic or life-history traits. To correct for phylogenetic inertia, the method of independent contrasts assumes that continuous characters evolve along the phylogeny according to a multivariate Brownian process. Brownian diffusion processes have also been used to describe time variations of the parameters of the substitution process, such as the rate of substitution or the ratio of synonymous to nonsynonymous substitutions. Here, we develop a probabilistic framework for testing the coupling between continuous characters and parameters of the molecular substitution process. Rates of substitution and continuous characters are jointly modeled as a multivariate Brownian diff...

We thank Mourits et al for their comments and description of their case of unilateral retinal dysplasia. In our patient, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was obtained soon after enucleation to assess the intracranial structures, and it did not show any abnormalities. Because the ultrasonography showed a subretinal mass with high internal reflectivity suggesting calcification, the clinical diagnosis of retinoblastoma was made. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in cases with unilateral retinal dysplasiaThe Journal of PediatricsVol. 176PreviewIn their report, Lambert et al1 did not perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to differentiate between intraocular pathologies that present with leukocoria. MRI can provide additional information to improve...

Problem statement: Computer Tomography (CT) has been considered as the most sensitive imaging technique for early detection of lung cancer. Approach: On the other hand, there is a requirement for automated methodology to make use of large amount of data obtained CT images. Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) can be used efficiently for early detection of Lung Cancer. Results: The usage of existing CAD system for early detection of lung cancer with the help of CT images has been unsatisfactory because of its low sensitivity and False Positive Rates (FPR). This study presents a CAD system which can automatically detect the lung cancer nodules with reduction in false positive rates. In this study, different image processing techniques are applied initially in order ...

Sugarcane scum (SCS) is a waste from the non-centrifugal cane sugar making process. Due to its physicochemical characteristics, it has a high-energy potential to produce biomethane via anaerobic digestion (AD). However, (i) the total solids concentration in the SCS exceeds the limit for wet digestion and (ii) the SCS has a low pH. The aim of this research was to evaluate the utilization capacity of the SCS for methane production through a biochemical methane potential test and extent of disintegration, using dilution pretreatment. The highest methane yield, 0.227 N m3 CH4 kg-1 VS, was achieved at a 12.5% SCS dilution, with an organic matter removal greater than 70% and an extent of disintegration of 34.5%. This is evidence that the AD process is a feasible a...

Absorption bands of photosynthetic and other biological pigment-protein complexes undergo dramatic variations in position and shape upon changing the temperature. In this paper we have reviewed a calculation algorithm to simulate the temperature dependence of electronic spectra coupled to any number of vibrations with arbitrary coupling strength. A number of computer simulations is carried out in order to clarify the physics behind the spectral changes. Several schemes which link the theory with the experiment are presented, which indicate that in general the temperature dependence of the simple numerical characteristics of a spectral band (width, moment) are not enough to draw unambiguous conclusions on the microscopic level (electron-phonon coupling streng...

Recently, a robust mechanical method has been established to isolate a small subpopulation of highly tumorigenic tumor repopulating cells (TRCs) from parental melanoma cells. In order to characterize the molecular and mechanical properties of TRCs, we utilized the tension gauge tether (TGT) single-molecule platform and investigated force requirements during early cell spreading events. TRCs required the peak single molecular tension of around 40 pN through integrins for initial adhesion like the parental control cells, but unlike the control cells, they did not spread and formed very few mature focal adhesions (FAs). Single molecule resolution RNA quantification of three Rho GTPases showed that downregulation of Cdc42, but not Rac1, is responsible for the un...

Effect of 2.0 % ginger oil (GO) and 1.5 % ginger extract (GE) in combination with 10.0 % gum arabic (GA) was evaluated for the postharvest control of anthracnose and maintaining quality of Eksotika II papaya fruit during storage at 12 ± 1 °C and 80–85 % RH. Antifungal compounds present in GO and GE were analyzed using gas chromatography and GO was found to contain α-pinene, 1, 8-cineole and borneol, while only borneol was present in GE due to different extraction methods applied. The highest antifungal activity was shown in 2.0 % GO combined with 10 % GA, which significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited spore germination by 93 %. Based on the physicochemical properties tested, 2.0 % GO combined with 10 % GA significantly delayed the ripening of papaya. These re...

Problem statement: Several studies on the synthesis of new nifedipine analogs have been carried out, but the literature reveled that no study on the synthesis and calcium channel blocking activity of the substituted ester with an amide (5-phenylcarbamoyl) moiety has been reported. Approach: Six new derivatives of m-nifedipine have been successfully synthesized by substituting an ester moiety with an amide (5-phenylcarbamoyl) moiety, using a modified Hantzsch reactions and tested for their pharmacological activities. The nifedipine analogs 1-6 were characterized and confirmed using elemental analysis, Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectroscopy. The purity of the compounds was ascertained by melting point and TLC. The...

Ecohydrological feedbacks are likely to be critical for understanding the mechanisms by which changes in exogenous forces result in ecosystem state change. We propose that in drylands, the dynamics of ecosystem state change are determined by changes in the type (stabilizing vs amplifying) and strength of ecohydrological feedbacks following a change in exogenous forces. Using a selection of five case studies from drylands, we explore the characteristics of ecohydrological feedbacks and resulting dynamics of ecosystem state change. We surmise that stabilizing feedbacks are critical for the provision of plant-essential resources in drylands. Exogenous forces that break these stabilizing feedbacks can alter the state of the system, although such changes are pote...

Flotation processes occurring in the bulk and froth phases have a characteristic influence on the structural features and dynamics of the flotation froth. In principle the froth features can therefore be used as a useful indicator of the performance of the flotation system. In this study the surface froth features and dynamics are represented by three features extracted from the digitized images of the froths, viz. a statistical feature which is a rough indication of the average bubble size of the froth, a measure of the froth stability, as well as the average grey level of the froth, which is an indication of mineral loading. The effect of high intensity conditioning on the batch flotation of a sulphide ore from the Merensky reef in South Africa was investi...

This work evaluates a mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification model [Wu et al. 2010 Comp. Mater. Sci. 50 32] by comparison with the laboratory castings. In the numerical model nucleation of equiaxed crystals, tracking of the position of columnar primary dendrite tips, transition from non-dendritic to dendritic growth, columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET), melt flow and grain sedimentation are taken into account. As modeling result the as-cast structure, macrosegregation, volume-averaged inter- and extra-dendritic eutectic phase can be calculated. In the laboratory experiment a series of Al-Cu ingots with different pouring parameters and compositions were cast, and the corresponding structural information and macrosegregation were analyzed. The primary goals ...

The development of muscle spindles was studied using the tenuissimus muscle of the cat. Observations show that the intrafusal muscle fibers develop as two separate groups: one group represented by a single nuclear bag fiber while the second group comprises the second nuclear bag fiber in association with all the nuclear chain fibers. This grouping is most pronounced in the fetus and is clearly seen in neonatal kittens (i.e., up to 2 weeks of age). As the intrafusal fibers begin to separate from each other, the groupings become less noticeable, although this basic pattern is often retained in the adult. The pattern of intrafusal fiber grouping is most noticeable in the equatorial regions of the spindle and least noticeable in the polar regions. This is not th...

A uniform, free-free, Timoshenko beam is driven by a follower force with controlled direction. A finite element model of the beam transverse motion in the plane is formulated through the extended Hamilton's principle. The dynamic stability of the model is studied with respect to (i) the location of the follower force direction control sensor, (ii) the sensor gain, (iii) the magnitudes of the rotary inertia and shear deformation parameters of the beam, and (iv) the magnitude of the constant follower force. Both divergence and flutter instabilities can occur over the range of free-free Euler-Bernoulli beam models examined. The analysis shows that the effects of the rotary inertia and shear deformation parameters on the stable transverse motion of the beam are ...

Since agriculture is the major water consumer, web services have been developed to provide the farmers with considerate irrigation suggestions. This study improves an existing irrigation web service, based on the IRRINET model, by describing a protocol for the field implementation of a fully automated irrigation system. We demonstrate a Fuzzy Decision Support System to improve the irrigation, given the information on the crop and site characteristics. It combines a predictive model of soil moisture and an inference system computing the most appropriate irrigation action to keep this above a prescribed safe level. Three crops were used for testing the system: corn, kiwi, and potato. This Fuzzy Decision Support System (FDSS) favourably compared with an existin...

Abstract Actuator line model representations of wind turbines reduce the simulation cost of wind farm aerodynamics relative to blade geometry resolving simulations. However, most implementations are code specific and may not have proper load balancing when run in parallel. Here, a generalized actuator line model (GALM) is developed to overcome this implementation drawback of existing approaches. The GALM can be coupled to any existing microscale solver with minimal or no modifications. The coupling of our GALM model with the open-source microscale code CgWind is used to demonstrate both its ease of use and fidelity. The results obtained from the coupled-model simulations are validated for both isolated turbine in wind tunnel experiments and measurements in o...

The last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the coarse-grained (CG) models for biopolymers, also stimulated by the needs of modern molecular biology, dealing with nano- to micro-sized bio-molecular systems and larger than microsecond timescale. This combination of size and timescale is, in fact, hard to access by atomic-based simulations. Coarse graining the system is a route to be followed to overcome these limits, but the ways of practically implementing it are many and different, making the landscape of CG models very vast and complex. In this paper, the CG models are reviewed and their features, applications and performances compared. This analysis, restricted to proteins, focuses on the minimalist models, namely those reducing at minimum the num...

It is well known that in a laser--in the limit of an infinite extent of the transverse aperture--traveling tilted waves are excited at the laser threshold for positive detuning between the frequency of the gain maximum of the active medium and the cavity frequency [Phys. Rev. A 45, 8129 (1992)]. However, a transverse standing wave is unstable. In this paper, it is shown that in anisotropic lasers there can be a chain of secondary bifurcations very close to threshold, which stabilizes the standing wave and then destabilizes it again through a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. The parameter dependence of these bifurcations is discussed. The investigations are motivated by interest in pattern formation in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers in which the rotat...

In this study, a novel technique is proposed to detect the changes in bitemporal multispectral images. Utilisation of the local neighbourhood information in any image processing task may provide good noise immunity and reduces false alarms. Motivated by this, Otsu's thresholding of local information based approach is proposed in this work. It shows the effective performance in change detection of bitemporal Landsat images which suffer from different atmospheric and sunlight conditions. To get the local information around each pixel, both bitemporal images are partitioned into overlapping image blocks. Every block of the first image is concatenated with the corresponding block of the second image for each pixel position. Thus, the information of the concatena...

Pilling is a complex property of textile fabrics, representing, for the final user, a non-desired feature to be controlled and measured by companies working in the textile industry. Traditionally, pilling is assessed by visually comparing fabrics with reference to a set of standard images, thus often resulting in inconsistent quality control. A number of methods using machine vision have been proposed all over the world, with almost all sharing the idea that pilling can be assessed by determining the number of pills or the area occupied by the pills on the fabric surface. In the present work a different approach is proposed: instead of determining the number of pills, a machine vision-based procedure is devised with the aim of extracting a number of paramete...

The vector correlations following the photodissociation of initially prepared rotational states of the fundamental symmetric stretch of water, H2O (1,0,0), are studied in detail. The rovibrationally excited water molecules are prepared by stimulated Raman excitation and photodissociated at 193 nm via the first electronically excited state. The OH fragments are probed by both broadband and sub-Doppler polarization spectroscopy. It is shown that the degree of rotational alignment (the μ-J correlation) obtained when the parent molecule is prepared in an in-plane rotational state (303) is a factor of two higher than in a state containing a mixture of in-plane and out-of-plane rotations (321 + 322 + 414). Also, the μ-ν, ν-J and μ-ν-J correlations following ...

Purpose Guidelines recommend autogenous radial-cephalic AV fistula (RCAVF) as the first choice for hemodialysis. Concern has been raised that this is not suitable in the elderly. We assessed the results of microsurgery for RCAVF creation comparatively in patients older and younger than 70 years. Methods We prospectively followed 126 patients for three years. After systematic clinical and ultrasound assessment, a RCAVF was created using a surgical microscope. Patency was assessed immediately, at one week, one month and one year. Outcomes were recorded and stratified into two groups: <70y and >70y. Results RCAVF was created in 75.4% and 70.8% of the <70y and >70y groups, respectively. Incidence of early failure was 11% (<70y) and 13% (>70y). ...

Hypertrophy of the thymus was observed in aging C57BL/6 mice, ranging in age from 4 to 20 months, which had been gonadectomized 2 months before the sacrifice, and the magnitude of thymic regeneration was more pronounced in male than in female. However, enhancement of anti-SRBC antibody response was observed only in female, but not in male mice regardless of age. Gonadectomy brought about not only thymic hypertrophy but also an increase in T cells and B cells in the spleen. An increase in T cell subpopulations was proportional in female mice, but disproportional in male. The disproportional increase of T cell subpopulations could not account for the failure to enhance the anti-SRBC antibody response in male mice. Gonadectomy also resulted in the thymic hypert...

Design analysis of a stiffened bridge deck giving higher structural efficiencies in both static and dynamic behaviour is particularly difficult because of the stochastic nature of vehicle parameters entering into the mathematical formulation of the problem. The present paper deals with the optimum solution based on the maximization of mass ratio and frequencies, resulting in minimum weight design sections having higher strength to weight ratios under static loads and smaller amplification factors under dynamic loads. Relationships between geometric dimensions of slab and stiffeners for two criteria of optimization are established by using the theory of orthotropic plate formulation and typical results are shown for practical ranges of design parameters. Comp...

We consider the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in Euclidean metric for a qbar-q vector meson in the circumstance where the dressed quark propagators have time-like complex conjugate mass poles. This approximates features encountered in recent QCD modeling via the Dyson-Schwinger equations; the absence of real mass poles simulates quark confinement. The analytic continuation in the total momentum necessary to reach the mass shell for a meson sufficiently heavier than 1 GeV leads to the quark poles being within the integration domain for two variables in the standard approach. Through Feynman integral techniques, we show how the analytic continuation can be implemented in a way suitable for a practical numerical solution. We show that the would-be qba...

In work by Howell and Yeazell [Phys. Rev. A 62, 012102 (2000)], a proposal is made to generate entangled macroscopically distinguishable states of two spatially separated traveling optical modes. After considering a preparation with nonperfect photodetection, we discuss a random mode of entanglement purification without manual intervention using a number of preparations transmitted over a lossy optical transmission line. An efficiency greater than 1/2 of the purification scheme is required to increase entanglement at all. Furthermore, we study a nondemolition configuration to measure the purity of the state as contrast of interference fringes in a double-slit setup. As a consequence of the relationship between purity and entanglement of formation resulting f...

Superplastic boronizing is a new processing technology that combines boronizing with superplastic deformation. This process not only has a much faster boronizing rate compared with the conventional boronizing method, but also produces boronized layers with improved mechanical properties. The present project studies the mechanical properties of a low-alloy steel (0.9C1Si1CrFe) after superplastic boronizing treatment. The results indicate that superplastic boronizing has improved the fracture strength of the specimens by 8%, the toughness by 18% and the maximum flexure by 15%, compared with the conventional boronizing process. Microstructural and microcompositional changes were observed which are believed to effect the mechanical-property improvement....

Single-site fluorescence and one- and two-photon fluorescence excitation spectra of anthracene in an argon matrix at about 12 K are presented. The spectra exhibit a resolution of less than 4 cm −1 and show almost no site contamination. The excitation spectra are discussed with respect to the transitions to the first and second excited singlet state ( 1 L a and 1 L b ). The spectra confirm the results of earlier investigations that the onset of the hidden 1 L b transition to the second excited singlet state lies at about 28000 cm −1 in nonpolar solvents. By choosing different sites for the excitation spectra the solvent shifts for the two transitions were measured. Extrapolation of these shifts leads to an estimate of the separation between the origins of...

Effects of nano-kaolin incorporation into semolina films on the physical, mechanical, thermal, barrier and antimicrobial properties of the resulting bio-nanocomposite films were investigated. The properties included crystal structure (by X-ray diffraction), mechanical resistance, color, Fourier transform infrared spectra, decomposition temperature, water-vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (OP), and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Kaolin was incorporated into biofilms at various amounts (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %, w/w total solid). All films were plasticized with 50 % (w/w total solid) combination of sorbitol/glycerol at 3:1 ratio. The incorporation of nanokaolin into semolina films decreased OP and WVP. The moi...

Over the last five decades, inter-tidal ecology has evolved from being a purely descriptive science to using quantitative and experimental approaches to understand community structure. However, this has sometimes come at the cost of understanding generality since many studies have focused on local spatial scales and patch dynamics. This study aimed to assess the generality of co-occurrence patterns at a large spatial scale, covering over 1000 km, by comparing empirical association patterns with random patterns generated by simulations. Species co-occurrence patterns are useful to examine the role of abiotic and biotic factors in community assembly. Our results show non-random patterns of species association at large spatial scales, mainly reflecting increasi...

An analytical approximation is developed for the magnetization of an infinitely long superconductor with an elliptical transverse cross-section. The superconductor is modeled in the critical state with a critical current density that is not dependent on the magnetic field. The aspect ratio of the ellipse is varied from one (=circle) to infinitely large. The magnetic field is applied perpendicular or parallel to the broadest face. The analytical expression is compared with a more detailed model that utilizes a numerically optimized contour for the boundary of the saturated zone. The two methods are compared and the maximum error is estimated at 2% for the optimized contour approach and 5% for the analytical approximation. The analytical model is compared with...

The major neuropsychiatric disorders are devastating illnesses that are only modestly responsive to treatment. Improving the treatment of these conditions will require innovative new strategies that depart from previously focused-on pharmacological mechanisms. Considerable preclinical and clinical data indicate corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling as a target for new psychotropic drug development. Here we review alterations in the CRF system reported in several psychiatric conditions. We also examine the preclinical work that has dissected the distinctive roles of CRF receptors in specific circuits relevant to these disorders. We further describe the clinical trials of CRF1 receptor antagonists that have been conducted. Although these clinical tria...

Problem statement: The design of Capacitance to Voltage Converter (CVC) for capacitive sensor transducer was presented. The proposed design will reduce the size, power consumption and supply voltage of the circuit and can be used in high frequency band transducer. Approach: The design was implemented using the Operational amplifier (Op amp) and capacitive network. The circuit was simulated using the PSPICE model parameters based on standard 0.13 μm CMOS process. Results: The design was able to measure a wide range of capacitance variations for the capacitive transducer. The performance analysis of the design showed desirable performance parameters in terms of response, low power consumption and a linear output voltage within the wide range of capacitive tra...

Generalization to the previous oscillators is done by introducing the nonlinear elastic and damping forces. The mathematical model of the system is a second order differential equation with nonlinear elastic and damping terms whose order is integer and/or noninteger. Cveticanin’s solving procedure is extended for solving such a strong nonlinear differential equation. The approximate solution obtained is a function of initial amplitude and initial phase. A damping coefficient and order of damping interaction with an elastic coefficient and order of elasticity for the generalized oscillators are also determined. Special attention is paid to obtain the relation between initial amplitude and phase, on the one hand, and initial displacement and velocity on the ...

UNLABELLED To discover the relationship between antioxidant enzyme activities and trace elements in low-birthweight infants during the early postnatal period, we analysed catalase (CAT), CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in erythrocytes. and compared them with Fe, Cu. Zn and Se levels in plasma, and Cu, Zn and Se levels in erythrocytes until 16 wk after birth. Thirteen low-birthweight infants whose mean birthweight and gestation were 1520 +/- 293 g and 32.0 +/- 2.8 wk were enrolled in this study. All infants were without chronic complications, well nourished, and predominantly fed standard formula or preterm formula based on cow's milk, commercially available in Japan. Cu and Zn levels in erythrocytes did not...

Continuous control of blood sugar in diabetics without dietary restriction has been effected by a Glucose Controlled Insulin Infusion System (GCIIS) consisting of an automatic blood glucose determination apparatus, a dedicated microcomputer, allowing the optimal adaptation of the diabetic to the artificial endocrine pancreas, a special insulin pump and an automatic printer. Insulin-dependent juvenile diabetics and diabetic subjects suffering from diabetic coma and ketoacidosis were successfully controlled and corrected for various periods of time, exhibiting completely normal blood glucose values despite unrestricted food intake. Future developments are seen on the one hand in the further improvement of the present apparatus for complete automatic treatment ...

This study is concerned with the state estimation issue for a kind of delayed artificial neural networks with multiplicative noises. The occurrence of the time delay is in a random way that is modeled by a Bernoulli distributed stochastic variable whose occurrence probability is time-varying and confined within a given interval. A gain-scheduled approach is proposed for the estimator design to accommodate the time-varying nature of the occurrence probability. For the sake of utilizing the communication resource as efficiently as possible, a dynamic event triggering mechanism is put forward to orchestrate the data delivery from the sensor to the estimator. Sufficient conditions are established to ensure that, in the simultaneous presence of the external noise...

Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) make use of gating mechanisms to mitigate exploding and vanishing gradients when learning long-term dependencies. For this reason, LSTMs and other gated RNNs are widely adopted, being the standard de facto for many sequence modeling tasks. Although the memory cell inside the LSTM contains essential information, it is not allowed to influence the gating mechanism directly. In this work, we improve the gate potential by including information coming from the internal cell state. The proposed modification, named Working Memory Connection, consists in adding a learnable nonlinear projection of the cell content into the network gates. This modification can fit into the classical LSTM gates without any as...

Patients with heart failure often display a distinct pattern of walking characterized by short step-length and frequent short pauses. In the current study we sought to explore if qualitative aspects of movement have any additive value to established factors to predict all-cause mortality in patients with advanced heart failure.60 patients with advanced heart failure (NYHA III, peak VO2

Whereas breathalysers have been shown to provide blood alcohol concentration (BAC) measurements comparable to those obtained by gas chromatography, such evidence has not been reported in low and middle income countries where measures for preventing alcohol-related injuries are virtually non-existent. Before promoting any method of blood alcohol evaluation, as a routine procedure for monitoring the association of alcohol with different types of injuries in Kenya, we sought to assess the reliability and validity of blood alcohol results obtained by a breathalyser, using gas chromatography analysis values as the reference, in a sample of 179 trauma-affected adults presenting to casualty departments. No differences in proportions of subjects with high levels of ...

Complement activation has been identified to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of many glomerulonephritis, either as direct complement activation-driven factor in thrombotic microangiopathy and C3 glomerulopathy, and/or as an important contributor in lupus nephritis and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Recent studies indicated that complement activation may also play roles in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Interestingly, monoclonal immunoglobulins/light chains from patients with monoclonal gammopathy may interfere with complement activation and thus indirectly result in complement-mediated glomerulonephritis. Understanding of the pathogenic roles of complement activation...

During clinical placements, clinical educators facilitate student learning. Previous research has defined the skills, attitudes and practices that pertain to an ideal clinical educator. However, less attention has been paid to the role of student readiness in terms of foundational knowledge and attitudes at the commencement of practice education. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ascertain clinical educators’ views on the characteristics that they perceive demonstrate that a student is well prepared for clinical learning. A two round on-line Delphi study was conducted. The first questionnaire was emailed to a total of 636 expert clinical educators from the disciplines of occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology. Expert clinical educat...

The first examples of ternary sulfates containing refractory metals and trivalent ions of the rare-earth group and bismuth were prepared by solvothermal synthesis from H2SO4/SO3 mixtures. The tungsten compounds RE2[W2O3(SO4)6] (RE = Sm–Gd, Ho) were obtained by the reaction of WOCl4 and RE2O3 in oleum (25 % SO3). They crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c and contain the unique [W2O3(SO4)6]6– anion. Thermal decomposition leads to the oxides RE2O(WO4)2. Tetragonal rare-earth–niobium sulfates of the type RE2Nb2O2(SO4)3[H(SO4)2]2 (RE = Y, Ce–Nd, Sm–Er) (space group P21m) were synthesised from NbCl5 and RE2O3 in 100 % H2SO4. They contain [O3SO···H···OSO3]3– ions featuring a strong hydrogen bond and form a polymeric structure with ni...

This essay offers an ethnographic analysis of The Daily Times, 1 a mid-sized American corporately owned newsroom. During the period under study, a new editor changed the way that reporters produced the news. In particular, he asked his reporters to attend less closely to the public agencies that composed their beats. Over time, his reporters alternately expressed confusion and indignation about the new rules. I explain their reaction in terms of conclusions drawn from the original ethnographic studies of newsrooms conducted in the 1970s. These studies showed that journalistic practices like routine visits to public agencies serve important functional and symbolic needs for journalists. The changes introduced by this editor threatened several of these needs, ...

There has been enormous progress in psychotherapy research. This has culminated in recognition of several treatments that have strong evidence in their behalf. Even so, after decades of psychotherapy research, we cannot provide an evidence-based explanation for how or why even our most well studied interventions produce change, that is, the mechanism(s) through which treatments operate. This chapter presents central requirements for demonstrating mediators and mechanisms of change and reviews current data-analytic and designs approaches and why they fall short of meeting these requirements. The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and cognitive changes in cognitive therapy for depression are highlighted to illustrate key issues. Promising lines ...

Background There is increased interest in assessing the family history of psychiatric disorders for both genetic research and public health screening. It is unclear how best to combine family history reports into an overall score. We compare the predictive validity of different family history scores. Method Probands from the Dunedin Study ( n =981, 51% male) had their family history assessed for nine different conditions. We computed four family history scores for each disorder: (1) a simple dichotomous categorization of whether or not probands had any disordered first-degree relatives; (2) the observed number of disordered first-degree relatives; (3) the proportion of first-degree relatives who are disordered; and (4) Reed's score, which expressed the obser...

Twin support vector machine (TWSVM) is a classical and effective classifier for binary classification. However, its robustness cannot be guaranteed due to the utilization of squared L2-norm distance that can usually exaggerate the influence of outliers. In this paper, we propose a new robust capped L1-norm twin support vector machine (CTWSVM), which sustains the advantages of TWSVM and promotes the robustness in solving a binary classification problem with outliers. The solution of the proposed method can be achieved by optimizing a pair of capped L1-norm related problems using a newly-designed effective iterative algorithm. Also, we present some theoretical analysis on existence of local optimum and convergence of the algorithm. Extensive experiments on an ...

The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic has recently emerged as a public health threat due to its teratogenic nature and association with the serious neurological condition Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). To date, no approved antiviral therapeutics to treat, nor vaccines to prevent, ZIKV infection are available. In order to develop effective anti-ZIKV vaccines, improved animal models and a better understanding of immunological correlates of protection against ZIKV are required. In this paper, we discuss the recent progress in developing vaccines against ZIKV and the hurdles to overcome in making efficacious anti-ZIKV vaccines. Here, we propose strategies to make efficacious and safe vaccines against ZIKV by using novel approaches including molecular attenuation of ...

To evaluate the effectiveness of oral sucrose in the prevention of pain-induced crying in preterm infants, a sample of 28 healthy neonates (15M, 13F; gestational age at procedure less than 37 weeks) who were having routine blood drawn by arm venipuncture was studied. Infants were randomly allocated to receive by mouth, using a syringe, 2 ml of one of three solutions: spring water (group W) and sucrose 12 and 24% w/v (groups S12 and S24, respectively), all in water vehicle. After 2 min, while awake, arm venipuncture was performed and duration of crying was measured. The time spent crying was reduced in the group treated with the sweetest solution (S24, n= 8, mean =19.1 s). No difference was observed between the S12 group (n= 8, mean = 63.1 s) and W group (n= ...

We investigated the quality of GaAs, AlxGa1−xAs and InxGa1−xAs layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on GaAs (100), (211), and (221). Significant differences in the quality of the layers were observed. The quality of layers of lattice-matched growth was largely determined by the surface bonding configuration. The quality of Al0.4Ga0.6As, which is believed to be extremely susceptible to the presence of impurities, was better when grown on surfaces with single bonds, namely (221) and (211), as indicated by photoluminescence (PL) peak intensities. Hall measurements of Si-doped thick-spacer MODFETs indicated that the layers grown on GaAs (221)B, and GaAs (211)B were less compensated than those on GaAs (100). The dislocation structures of lattice-misma...

Wastewater treatment plant control and monitoring can help to achieve good effluent quality, in a complex, highly non-linear process. The Benchmark Simulation Model no. 2 (BSM2) is a useful tool to competitively evaluate plant-wide control on a long-term basis. A method to conduct scenario analysis of process designs by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and multi-criteria evaluation is presented. It is applied to the open loop version of BSM2 and to two closed loop versions, one with a simple oxygen controller and the other one with an ammonium controller regulating the set-point of the oxygen controller (cascade controller). The results show a much greater benefit of the cascade controller compared to the simple controller, both in environmental and eco...

There is increasing concern that synergistic interactions between stressors may result in accelerated biodiversity loss. Yet, the prevalence and magnitude of these interactions remain one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future ecological change. Synergistic interactions between pesticide stress and predation risk are receiving increasing attention because they indicate that standard pesticide tests in the absence of predation risk may underestimate effects that occur under natural conditions. We questioned whether synergisms (or interactions in general), by differently shaping individual species’ sensitivities, can modulate species sensitivity rankings (SSRs) in survival and growth rate. Using laboratory and outdoor mesocosm experiments with...

The ability of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) in changing physical, chemical, microbial and sensory properties of fish patties prepared from sutchi catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) was investigated. Two batches of fresh patties were prepared, one batch was treated with 15 % button mushroom (TP) and other batch was a control (CP) without mushroom. The patties were packed in polythene bags and stored under refrigerated condition (6 ± 2 ºC) without adding any preservatives for the estimation of storage stability. The analyses of patties were conducted at regular intervals of 3 days. The results showed that, Peroxide value, Thiobarbituric acid value, Free fatty acids increased significantly in CP at the end of 12 days whereas the TP was within the accept...

Advances in the treatment of HIV and associated opportunistic infections (OIs) have led to dramatic reductions in HIV-related morbidity and mortality in the United States, but not all patients have benefited equally. A longitudinal analysis of the Coping with HIV/AIDS in the Southeast (CHASE) cohort evaluated sociodemographic, psychosocial, and clinical factors associated with HIV-related events (incident category C OI or AIDS-related death) among southern HIV-infected patients engaged in clinical care. Participants were followed for a median of 30 months (interquartile range, 17–34 months) after study enrollment (enrollment period December 2001 to April 2002). Ten percent of study participants (50/489) experienced an HIV-related event (incident category C...

Casing damage is a common problem in oil and gas fields due to the complicated stress state of casing. Especially in the horizontal well section, the casing is difficult to be centered, and the eccentric casing is prone to failure under non-uniform in-situ stress. In order to study the influence of non-uniform in-situ stress and non-uniform cement sheath on the stress state of casing, a numerical model of the coupling of casing, cement sheath and formation is established. The stress distribution characteristics of casing under four conditions of uniform in-situ stress uniform cement sheath, uniform in-situ stress non-uniform cement sheath, non-uniform in-situ stress uniform cement sheath and non-uniform in-situ stress non-uniform cement sheath are compared. ...

In recent years several processes incorporating a carbonation–calcination loop in an interconnected fluidized bed reactor have been proposed as a way to capture CO2 from flue gases. This paper is a first approximation to the modelling of a fluidized bed carbonator reactor. In this reactor the flue gas comes into contact with an active bed composed of particles with very different activities, depending on their residence time in the bed and in the carbonation–calcination loop. The model combines the residence time distribution functions with existing knowledge about sorbent deactivation rates and sorbent reactivity. The fluid dynamics of the solids (CSTR) and gases (PF) in the carbonator are based on simple assumptions. The carbonation rates are modelled ...

By solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for representative wave packets, the desorption dynamics of neutrals from metal surfaces following photoexcitation is studied. Computational parameters are chosen to resemble NO/Pt(111). Three different one-dimensional models of increasing complexity are employed to elucidate (a) basic dynamical features, (b) the role of dissipative boundary conditions and (c) non-phenomenological quenching rates. Among the computed quantities are desorption probabilities, density and flux time-of-flight spectra, kinetic energies of the desorbing particles, and “snapshots” of the wave packets in configuration and momentum space. Besides others, effects of the initial vibrational excitation of the molecule-surface bond b...

Agriculture is the highest consumer of water resources in Australia. Soil water models play a vital role in agriculture in terms of estimating water use, water allocation and current water status at a given scale. This paper reviews widely-used soil water models developed in Australia over the last three to four decades that have been used to simulate soil water status at various temporal and spatial scales. These models are categorised in terms of their complexity. This paper provides an overview of soil water models and the basic modelling techniques employed by each model. Considerable emphasis is given to matching existing data availability with input data requirements for each model to identify the limitations of model application in terms of data avail...

Chlorella vulgaris is a green microalga that contains various antioxidants, such as carotenoids and chlorophylls. In this study, antioxidants from C. vulgaris were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), which has been recently used for bioactive compound extraction. The antioxidant capacity of individual compounds in chlorella was determined by online HPLC ABTS•+ analysis. According to the antioxidant analysis of total extracts, the extraction yield, radical scavenging activity, and phenolic compounds using PLE were relatively high compared to those obtained using maceration or ultrasound-assisted extraction. On the basis of online HPLC ABTS•+ analysis, the 15 major antioxidants from chlorella extracts were identified as hydrophilic compoun...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have generated a great deal of interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Adipose-derived stromal cells (AdSCs) are known to exhibit extensive proliferation potential and can undergo multilineage differentiation, sharing similar characteristics to bone marrow-derived MSCs. However, as the effect of AdSCs on tumor growth has not been studied sufficiently, we assessed the degree to which AdSCs affect the proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa) cell. Human AdSCs exerted an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of androgen-responsive (LNCaP) and androgen-nonresponsive (PC3) human PCa cells, while normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) did not, and in fact promoted PCa cell proliferation to a degree. Moreover, AdSCs induced apo...

Increasing rates of Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDI), a hospital-acquired infection, has stimulated a number of financial incentives and government sponsored initiatives to quell the spread of the disease. Previous research has shown the impact of CDI on hospital length of stay to attempt to quantify the resource implications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of CDI on in-hospital mortality. Data were obtained from national hospital episode databases in England, The Netherlands, and Spain. Only patients over the age of 50 and those diagnosed with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were included in the analysis. Cases of CDI were stratified between hospital-onset and commun...

Charge-inversion, translational-energy spectrometry has been used to probe the electronic-state compositions of C2+ ion beams formed from electroionised acetylene and cyanogen, and to determine state-specific ionisation energies for C2. It was found that C2+ ions were formed predominantly in the 4Σg− ground state when electrons of about 23 eV energy were used to ionise acetylene. Below this threshold, and down to about 19 eV electron energy, the C2+ ions formed from C2H2 were found to be in the metastable 2Πu state, while above 23 eV the beams were of mixed-state composition. In contrast, ionisation of cyanogen by electrons with energies from about 18 to 100 eV apparently produced beams containing only C2+ (2Πu) ions. From the energy-loss positions of o...

Thermodynamic properties of 3- and 4-phenoxyphenol have been determined by using a combination of calorimetric and effusion techniques as well as by high-level ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation in the condensed and gas states, Δ(f)H(m)°(cr or l) and Δ(f)H(m)°(g), at T = 298.15 K, of 3- and 4-phenoxyphenol were derived from their energies of combustion in oxygen, measured by a static bomb calorimeter, and from the enthalpies of vaporization or sublimation derived respectively by Calvet microcalorimetry for the 3-phenoxyphenol and by Knudsen effusion technique for the 4-phenoxyphenol. The theoretically estimated gas-phase enthalpies of formation were calculated from high-level ab initio mol...

Bimodal mesoporous montmorillonite had been synthesized from montmorillonite and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) by using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as single template. The materials exhibited two kinds of mesopores: one is mesopore in interlayers of montmorillonite with mean sizes of 2.9 nm, the other is mesopore out of layers of montmorillonite with mean sizes of 3.9 nm. After being heated at 850 °C for 2 h and 10 days hydrothermal reaction at 100 °C the sample kept a high specific surface area and porous structure. At the same time, we found two mesopores had different formed condition, structure, pore size, and especially, stability. They both had good thermal stability, but the smaller pore showed more highly hydrothermal stability than the bigge...

A novel assay method has been developed and validated, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), for quantitation of cetuximab (C225) in monkey serum. By injecting non-labeled antibody samples onto a biosensor surface on which epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was immobilized, the concentration of C225 can be accurately measured. This assay has a range of reliable response from 0.05 to 50 μg/ml C225 in monkey serum, which was well fitted with a sigmoidal model. The immobilized EGFR was found to be stable for at least 100 regeneration cycles at room temperature. Intra- and inter-assay CVs ranged from 3.20% to 8.89% and from 5.93% to 11.11%, accuracy from 92% to 107.52% and from 90% to 106.88%, respectively. Matrices such as 50% human serum, 50% Sprague Da...

In 1977, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) revised its primary recommendations with the issuance of Publication No. 26. The nature of the primary recommendations themselves, new information on the behavior of radionuclides in the body, and the advances in methods for estimation of dose all had an influence on the dosimetric formulations established by ICRP Committee 2. The existing computational framework at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was modified to reflect the consideration of Committee 2, and the resultant system of codes was used by Committee 2 to translate the Commission's primary recommendations into secondary limits reported in Publication No. 30. This presentation briefly addresses the dosimetric concepts and models of...

The present study examines the quality of binocular coordination of saccades at far and near distance in 15 children with symptoms of vertigo headache and equilibrium disorders; these children show normal vestibular function but abnormal convergence eye movements (e.g., long time preparation, slow execution and poor accuracy, see ). The results show normal binocular saccade coordination at far distance, but large abnormal disconjugacy for saccades at near distance. During combined saccade-vergence movements (studied in six of these children), convergence remains abnormally slow. This supports the interpretation according to which poor binocular yoking of the saccades is linked to the reduced ability to produce fast convergence during the saccade; a learning ...

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are candidates for therapeutic approaches for neural regeneration due to their ability to assist axon regrowth in central nervous system lesion models. However, little is understood about the processes and mechanisms underlying migration of these cells. We report here that novel lamellipodial protrusions, termed lamellipodial waves, are integral to OEC migration. Time-lapse imaging of migrating OECs revealed that these highly dynamic waves progress along the shaft of the cells and are crucial for mediating cell-cell adhesion. Without these waves, cell-cell adhesion does not occur and migrational rates decline. The activity of waves is modulated by both glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and inhibitors of the JNK an...

Ratios of cumulants of conserved net charge fluctuations are sensitive to the degrees of freedom that are carriers of the corresponding quantum numbers in different phases of strong interaction matter. Using lattice QCD with 2+1 dynamical flavors and quenched charm quarks we calculate second and fourth order cumulants of net charm fluctuations and their correlations with other conserved charges such as net baryon number, electric charge and strangeness. Analyzing appropriate ratios of these cumulants we probe the nature of charmed degrees of freedom in the vicinity of the QCD chiral crossover region. We show that for temperatures above the chiral crossover transition temperature, charmed degrees of freedom can no longer be described by an uncorrelated gas of...

Chinese-style sausage is a very popular meat product obtained from a mixture of chopped pork meat, lard, salt, spices, additives (nitrate, nitrite, and antioxidants) and/or starter cultures. The antioxidative effect of apple phenolic on lipid oxidation in Chinese-style sausage compared with that of butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and ursolic acid were studied. Lipid oxidation was assessed through determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) and volatile aldehydes. The content and composition of fatty acids in phospholipid were evaluated. At the optimum addition level, apple phenolic (0.5 g·kg−1 in total fat) was more effective at inhibiting lipid oxidation than BHT (0.15 g·kg−1 in total fat) and ursolic acid (0.5 g·kg−1 in total ...

A three-dimensional CFD model for simulating two-phase flow in trickle-bed reactors (TBRs) is presented. Based on porous media concept, a two-phase Eulerian model (rather than computationally demanding traditional three-phase Eulerian model) describing the flow domain as porous region is presented to understand and forecast the liquid maldistribution in TBRs under cold-flow conditions. The drag forces between phases have been accounted by employing the relative permeability concept [Saez, A. E., Carbonell, R. G., 1985. Hydrodynamic parameters for gas–liquid cocurrent flow in packed beds. A.I.Ch.E. Journal 31, 52–62]. The model predictions are validated against experimental data reported in literature, notably using the liquid distribution studies of Marc...

The present paper aimed to: (a) provide Australian estimates of the population-level association between psychotic 'caseness' and substance use; (b) examine liability to problematical substance use according to 'caseness' via the conditional prevalence (prevalence among users); and (c) examine associations between problematical substance use and the number of psychotic symptoms using ordinal logistic regression.Data were from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB), a stratified multi-stage probability sample of Australian adults, using a subset of persons under the age of 50 years (N = 6722). A screener assessed the presence of characteristic psychotic symptoms. Associations between 'case' status and DSM-IV alcohol, cannabis and other d...

The reaction of nitrite with ferric and ferrous porphyrins was examined using visible, infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Solutions of either ferric or ferrous porphyrin were stable in the presence of nitrite, with only complexation reactions being observed. Under voltammetric conditions, though, a rapid reaction between nitrite and iron porphyrins was observed to form the nitrosyl complex, Fe(P)(NO), where P=porphyrin. The products of the reduction of ferric porphyrins in the presence of nitrite were confirmed by visible spectroelectrochemistry to be Fe(P)(NO) and [Fe(P)]2O. Visible, NMR and infrared spectroscopy were used to rule out the formation of Fe(P)(NO) by the iron-catalyzed disproportionation of nitrite. A reaction between iron porphyrins and nitrite o...

Surimi is a semi-processed washed fish mince protein concentrate mixed with cryoprotectants for frozen storage, which is the primary constituent of processed foods. Mechanically separated chicken meat (MSCM) is a common ingredient of comminuted sausages mainly due to its low price. The present work aimed to define the adequate parameters to obtain surimi-like material from MSCM using response surface methodology, and to characterize the chemical and textural properties of this product. The MSCM was utilized in the elaboration of surimi-like material using the bleaching method with sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride solutions. For this purpose, the effect of process parameters viz: temperature (T = 2, 7, and 12 °C), time (t = 5, 10, and 15 min/cycles) an...

The effects of intermittent positive airway and continuous negative extrathoracic pressure ventilation on cerebral blood volume in preterm infants were studied using near infrared spectroscopy. In 12 infants continuous negative extrathoracic pressure caused a median decrease in cerebral blood volume of 0.14 ml/100 ml brain (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.035-0.280) compared with no respiratory support. Oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin also decreased, implying increased venous drainage as the main effect. In 17 infants intermittent positive pressure ventilation also caused a median reduction in cerebral blood volume of 0.06 ml/100 ml brain (95% CI 0.010-0.115) compared with endotracheal positive airway pressure. Deoxygenated haemoglobin increased by 0...

The introduction of pump-probe techniques to the field of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has allowed the monitoring of both structural and electronic dynamics of disordered systems in the condensed phase with unprecedented accuracy, both in time and in space. We present results on the electronically excited high-spin state structure of an Fe(II) molecular species, [FeII(bpy)3]2+, in aqueous solution, resolving the Fe-N bond distance elongation as 0.2 Å. In addition an analysis technique using the reduced χ2 goodness of fit between FEFF EXAFS simulations and the experimental transient absorption signal in energy space has been successfully tested as a function of excited state population and chemical shift, demonstrating its applicability in situations...

In the European Union, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) enforces a good ecological and chemical status of all surface waters. In-stream (immission) concentrations and populations need to comply with certain standards. In order to deal with this new legislation, integrated urban water management is an important issue. Real-time control (RTC) is one approach that may be used to improve the performance of the system. Immission-based RTC has been suggested as a proper instrument to help fulfilling the WFD requirements. In order to design and tune an immission-based RTC scheme and to judge the overall effect on the receiving water, an integrated mathematical model of the urban wastewater system is necessary. Several problems are encountered when creating such ...

Robust representations of sounds with a complex spectrotemporal structure are thought to emerge in hierarchically organized auditory cortex, but the computational advantage of this hierarchy remains unknown. Here, we used computational models to study how such hierarchical structures affect temporal binding in neural networks. We equipped individual units in different types of feedforward networks with local memory mechanisms storing recent inputs and observed how this affected the ability of the networks to process stimuli context dependently. Our findings illustrate that these local memories stack up in hierarchical structures and hence allow network units to exhibit selectivity to spectral sequences longer than the time spans of the local memories. We als...

This study investigates whether the Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (DBDs) rating scale measures the same constructs in South African as in Western cultures, and explores the differences in scale scores as a function of language, gender and age. Teacher ratings between 1997 and 1999 of the 18 DSM-IV symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in 6 094 primary school children of six language groups in the Limpopo Province of South Africa were collected and analysed. For all language groups, the results were consistent with a two-factor model of ADHD with correlated factors. There were gender and age effects on both scales. The prevalence rates for ADHD sub-types were in line with rates in the United States of America (US) and Europe. Similariti...