Abstract In this paper a detailed study on the electrical characteristics of Ni/Cu/Ag plated p-type Passivated Emitter Rear Contact (PERC) silicon solar cells is reported. By comparing the cell performance of different cell groups, pseudo Fill Factor (pFF) degradation by laser-induced defects, is observed. High-power (hard) laser ablated cells exhibit a lower efficiency and faster degradation with thermal ageing. We also present structural and electrical characterization to further visualize and identify the responsible defects, which turn out to be laser-ablation-induced dislocations, penetrating the silicon emitter and base. Increasing the laser fluence gives rise to a higher dislocation density. These dislocations are further confirmed as active generatio...

In this paper, we present a recurrent neural net technique to provide control actions for nonlinear dynamic systems. In most current neural net control approaches, two nets are usually required. One acts as a system emulator, and the other one is a controller network. Rather than using two nets, our system requires only one net which is the system emulator. In our proposed system, a neural net is used to learn the forward dynamics of the system, and the control signal is evolved from the output of the same net with use of an equation of motion. There is no need to learn the control law from another neural net, such as a system inverse net. The use of the proposed algorithm is illustrated with an example.<

Abstract Multi-material joining is attracting the attention of the automotive industry given its potential to realize lighter vehicles, and therefore fuel savings and reduced emissions. The aim of the present study was to understand the bonding mechanisms whereby metal and plastic/composites are joined and to improve the multi-material joint strength. In this study, the effect of thermal oxidation of Mg alloy sheets on the strengths of Mg–CFRP (carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic) lap joints prepared using laser-assisted metal and plastic joining technique was investigated. Characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro-computed tomography (MCT), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), an...

The fluctuation-induced conductivity (FIC) above critical temperature (Tc) was measured in Cd doped (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca3(Cu4−yCdy)O12−δ (y = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) as prepared and oxygen post-annealed superconductors using the Aslamazov–Larkin (AL) and Maki–Thompson (MT) models. From this FIC analysis the coherence length ξc(0) along the c-axis, inter-plane coupling, dimensionality of fluctuations, the phase relaxation time τφ and Fermi velocity VF of the carriers were calculated. All of the samples have shown 3D, 2D and 0D fluctuations above Tc. T*, the temperature at which the resistivity curve deviates from the linear behavior, is shifted to lower temperatures with increasing Cd concentration. Width of the transition ΔT is shrunked with the enhanc...

To investigate if oral use of Sorbifer Durules (EGIS Pharmaceutical Ltd, Budapest, Hungary) (1 tablet/d) is adequate for the maintenance of serum iron and vitamin C in normal range during recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in hemodialyzed patients. One tablet of Sorbifer Durules contains 100 mg of Fe(2+) and 60 mg of vitamin C.Short-term, open-label clinical trial.Hemodialysis units.Twenty-four adult patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.Four-week treatment period of Sorbifer Durules, preceded and followed by iron and vitamin C washout periods.Fasting predialysis serum samples were collected on days 0, 28, 56, and 84 to determine hematocrit, blood hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, ferritin, v...

SummaryThis paper argues that the Learning Organisation (LO) concept is not culturally neutral and that any assessment of its usefulness must be situated within an understanding of the national cultural framework in which organisations are embedded. Although the Learning Organisation (LO) concept is popular amongst both practitioners and academics in a wide range of countries, the theory is largely grounded in the thought of US business schools and the experience of large US corporations. National culture is invisible in the LO literature. This is primarily written from an American standpoint and the degree to which it is relevant to international practice is debatable. This paper surveys the LO concept within the context of globalisation, focusing on Singap...

The increasing number of ATP- and UTP-sensitive membrane receptors identified by cloning represent either ligand-activated ion channels (P2X) or G-protein-coupled receptors (P2Y). Adenosine, ATP, and UTP have potential application in the management of pain, cancer, and some cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and are also involved in inflammatory processes in the brain. Therefore, P2Y receptors seem to be promising therapeutic targets. Multiple P2Y receptor subtypes, classified pharmacologically, are mainly linked to activation of phospholipase C (PLC). The present study further characterizes the rat brain P2Y1 wild-type receptor (rP2Y1-wt) and the eGFP-tagged receptor (rP2Y1-eGFP) stably expressed in HEK293 cells, thus shedding light on receptor regulatio...

Amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (TFTs), in a top-gate staggered electrode structure have been prepared using selectively deposited doped silicon contact layers, formed in-situ by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Selective deposition reduces the number of processing steps and assures the formation of low-resistance contacts. Devices fabricated with two photomasks and one plasma deposition step show saturation and linear mobilities as high as 1.1 and 0.9 cm/sup 2//V-s, respectively, with threshold voltages between 3 and 6 V. On/off ratios are >10/sup 6/, with a subthreshold slope of 0.8 V/decade. The mobilities are at least a factor or 2 higher than previously reported for top-gate structures and are similar to values reported for bot...

Abstract The widespread adoption of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) agonists in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity has sparked investigations into their impact on hair health, an area characterized by diverse conjectures. Some propose potential risks such as disrupted hair growth cycles or premature androgenetic alopecia (AGA), while others suggest benefits linked to improved insulin sensitivity and enhanced scalp blood circulation. However, despite these theoretical underpinnings, clinical evidence linking GLP‐1 agonists to hair loss remains sparse. The necessity for vigilant patient monitoring and collaborative efforts cannot be overstressed in comprehensively addressing any potential consequences of GLP‐1 agonist therapy on hai...

The i.r. spectrum of CH3F has been remeasured with a resolution of about 0.04 cm−1 from 2800 cm−1 to 3160 cm−1. There are four important vibrational transitions that contribute to the spectrum in this region and these have been identified as the two CH-stretching fundamentals, ν1 and ν4, the overtone of the E-type CH-deformation mode, 2ν5, and the combination of the AI and E-type CH-deformation modes, ν2 + ν5. The spectrum shows evidence of a number of strong perturbations and we believe that we have identified a Fermi resonance between the states |υ1 = > and |υ5 = 2, l5 = 0>, another Fermi resonance between the states |υ4 = 1, l4 = ± 1>; and |υ2 = 1, υ5 = 1, l5 = ±1>; and Coriolis interactions between |υ5 = 2, l5, = 0> and |υ2 = 1, υ5 =...

The WaveDAQ is a full custom, compact and highly integrated trigger and data acquisition system. Despite the decisive urge from the MEG II experiment at PSI aiming at a sensitivity of 6×10−14 on the μ→eγ decay, it is a general purpose device suited for small and medium-sized applications in the range from 16 to about 10 000 channels. It exploits the performance of the DRS4 waveform digitiser with a sampling speed programmable from 1 to 5 GSPS; each input channel can supply HV to arrays of SiPMs and provides a front-end amplification with gains chain in the range from 0.5 up to 100 and GHz bandwidth. Input signals are, in parallel to the DRS4, digitised at 80 MSPS and used in an FPGA-based trigger; fast discriminators associated to each input channel a...

During the last several years, many attempts were made to prove that information technology (IT) holds great promise for education. For that purpose all over world, research has been carried out on the instructional use of IT in education. The results of the research activity have repeatedly proven that computers can be powerful educational tools. Information technology, when properly used, can improve learning, motivate students, and help them gain higher-level cognitive skills critical to lifelong learning. Yet, despite the proven success of instructional computing, it has not yet been fully adopted in meaningful way into computer science education at university level. The paper is about an attempt to use information technology to teach basic concepts in o...

Abstract Al- and Zn-containing mesoporous molecular sieves (SBA-15) were prepared by an impregnation method and were used as catalysts for the catalytic dehydrogenation and cracking of industrial dipentene, an important natural feedstock. The catalysts were characterized by X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption/desorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance ( 27 Al MAS NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The characterization results suggest that the active components were introduced without changing the mesostructure of SBA-15. FT-IR revealed that Al/SBA-15 shows weak Bronsted acidity and strong Lewis acidity, while Zn/SBA-15 only po...

A hybrid seismic retrofit scheme, which utilizes a buckling-restrained brace (BRB) to enhance the lateral strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of a seismically-weak reinforced concrete (RC) frame and steel caging to improve the flexural and shear strength of the deficient RC columns and beam-column joints, is proposed. Cyclic quasi-static tests were performed on two half-scale one-story, and single-bay RC frames to evaluate the efficiency of the hybrid retrofit technique. The performance of the BRB, the steel caging, and the connections of the retrofitted frame were studied and found to be satisfactory. The BRB significantly increased the lateral load resistance and energy dissipation capacity of the frame, and the steel caging could effective...

Surface serves as the fingerprint of a component. Researchers have observed the bi-fractal feature of a surface roughness. The increasing number of researchers attempting to model the roughness from a bi-Gaussian stratified perspective provides the possibility of understanding the bi-fractal mechanism. Engineering (two-process and worn surfaces) and simulated surfaces are selected to establish a database of bi-Gaussian stratified surfaces. The bi-fractal feature of these bi-Gaussian stratified surfaces is analyzed, finding that the upper Gaussian component of a bi-Gaussian stratified feature reduces the power spectral density (PSD) and partially diverges the slope of the logarithmic PSD to render a bi-fractal behavior. The proportion of the components plays ...

The author reports on a new type of core–shell particles consisting of zinc (Zn) core and a silica (SiO2) shell. In this work, these particles are developed, optimized and designed so as to enhance the photocatalytic activity, because zinc has a smaller refractive index and includes a significant red-shift in the optical absorption edges of silica phases. Therefore, it can be used as an optical absorbing catalyst in smart photo-catalysts and novel photovoltaic cells beyond the visible range. The structural, morphological and photo catalytic properties of as-synthesized particles were studied using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The superior performance of the photocatalyst was ascribed to the high surface area, the ability to absorb visib...

Recently, generative adversarial network (GAN)-based methods for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification have attracted research attention due to their ability to alleviate the challenges brought by having limited labeled samples. However, several studies have demonstrated that existing GAN-based HSI classification methods are limited in redundant spectral knowledge and cannot extract discriminative characteristics, thus affecting classification performance. In addition, GAN-based methods always suffer from the model collapse, which seriously hinders their development. In this study, we proposed a semi-supervised adaptive weighting feature fusion generative adversarial network (AWF2-GAN) to alleviate these problems. We introduced unlabeled data to address t...

This work presents a review on the main analytical methods for estimating water content in natural gas samples of different types and with different contents. The analytical methods for sweet natural gas are mainly developed for gas under conditions of temperatures of 223.15–510.93 K and pressures of 0.1–100 MPa. The calculation of water content in sour natural gas should be calculated in a temperature range from 288.15 to 444.26 K and a pressure range from 0.5 to 69 MPa. By combining correction methods with analytical methods for sweet natural gas randomly and comparing the results with the experimental value published in the literature, it was found that the simplified thermodynamic mode & Bahadori correction method, the simplified thermodynamic mode &...

[1] The generation process of whistler-mode chorus emissions is analyzed by both theory and simulation. Driven by an assumed strong temperature anisotropy of energetic electrons, the initial wave growth of chorus is linear. After the linear growth phase, the wave amplitude grows nonlinearly. It is found that the seeds of chorus emissions with rising frequency are generated near the magnetic equator as a result of a nonlinear growth mechanism that depends on the wave amplitude. We derive the relativistic second-order resonance condition for a whistler-mode wave with a varying frequency. Wave trapping of resonant electrons near the equator results in the formation of an electromagnetic electron hole in the wave phase space. For a specific wave phase variation...

The turbulent flow through a small horizontal Francis turbine is solved by means of Ansys-CFX at different operating points, with the determination of the hydrodynamic performance and the best efficiency point. The flow structures at different regimes reveal a large flow eddy in the runner and a swirl in the draft tube. The use of the mixture model for the cavity/liquid two-phase flow allowed studying the influence of cavitation on the hydrodynamic performance and revealed cavitation pockets near the trailing edge of the runner and a cavitation vortex rope in the draft tube. By maintaining a constant dimensionless head and a distributor vane opening while gradually increasing the cavitation number, the output power and efficiency reached a critical point and...

In situ measurements of the solar wind and remote observations of coronal holes have strongly implicated the resonant interaction with ion cyclotron waves as the responsible mechanism for heating and accelerating coronal hole ions to generate the fast solar wind. We review the current observational and theoretical knowledge of this mechanism and the progress that has been made in modeling the solar wind properties that result from this interaction. We begin by examining the observational and theoretical motivations for the continued study of this mechanism, including a brief historical review of these ideas. We then discuss the interplay of the resonance condition and the wave dispersion relation, which determines which ions can exchange energy with the wave...

Applying an equation of state (EOS) with its symmetric nuclear matter contribution and low-density symmetry energy Esym(ρ) constrained by heavy-ion reaction data, we calculate the dimensionless tidal deformability Λ of neutron stars in coalescing binary systems. Corresponding to the partially constrained EOS that previously predicted a radius of 11.5 km ≤ ≤ 13.6 km for canonical neutron-star configurations, Λ is found to be in the range of 292 ≤ ≤ 680, consistent with the very recent observation of the GW170817 event. We investigate the effect of the high-density behavior of Esym(ρ) on the tidal properties of neutron stars and find that while Λ depends strongly on the details of the symmetry energy, different trends of Esym(ρ) lead to very simi...

A method is proposed for determining the correlated and uncorrelated parts of phase noise spectra (PNS) of two continuous wave radio signals of different frequencies, ω1 and ω2. The PNS of the two signals and of mixed signals are measured. The PNS are modelled as having a correlated part that is the same for both signals, except for a multiplicative factor, and uncorrelated parts, that are different for the two signals. A property of the model that the PNS of some mixing products are linear combinations of the PNS of the signals at ω1, ω2, and ω1 − ω2 is experimentally verified. The difference of the PNS at ω1 + ω2 and ω1 − ω2 is proportional to the correlated part of the PNS and is a part of auxiliary functions that are used for finding the mu...

AbstractIn this study, a series of curcumin derivatives containing 1,2,3‐triazole were designed and synthesized, and their inhibitory activities against the proliferation of lung cancer cells were studied. Compound 5 k (3,4‐dichlorobenzyltriazole methyl curcumin) had the best activity against A549 cells, with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.27 μM, which was approximately 10 times higher than that of the lead curcumin and higher than that of gefitinib (IC50=8.64 μM). Western blotting revealed that 5 k increased the phosphorylation levels of p38, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal�...

We address the issue of when generalized quantum dynamics, which is a classical symplectic dynamics for noncommuting operator phase space variables based on a graded total trace Hamiltonian ${\bf H}$, reduces to Heisenberg picture complex quantum mechanics. We begin by showing that when ${\bf H}={\bf Tr} H$, with $H$ a Weyl ordered operator Hamiltonian, then the generalized quantum dynamics operator equations of motion agree with those obtained from $H$ in the Heisenberg picture by using canonical commutation relations. The remainder of the paper is devoted to a study of how an effective canonical algebra can arise, without this condition simply being imposed by fiat on the operator initial values. We first show that for any total trace Hamiltonian which inv...

To compare the efficacy of the fixed dorzolamide 2%/timolol 0.5% combination (COSOPT) versus latanoprost 0.005% (XALATAN).Two 3-month, parallel group, randomized, observer-masked and patient-masked, multicentre, clinical trials were performed in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Study 1 (n=256) was conducted in the United States and Study 2 (n=288) was conducted in Europe/Israel. Patients could be included whether or not they were currently taking ocular hypotensive therapy, and regardless of the effectiveness of any previous therapy. Patients were washed out from their usual ocular hypotensive medications and then those with a baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) >/= 24 mmHg were randomized to either the dorzolamide/timolol combinatio...

Abstract Adult rainbow trout, fitted with arterial catheters, were exposed to AgNO3 for 6 days at a concentration (10 μg Ag l−1, flow-through) close to the 7 day LC50 in moderately hard freshwater. Approximately 35% of total Ag occurred as free ionic Ag+, and the remainder as silver chlorides. Ag accumulated on the gills and increased about 4-fold above control levels in blood plasma, stabilizing by 48 h. Much greater concentrations of Ag accumulated in the liver, but not the kidney, at 6 days. Metallothionein induction did not occur. Plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] declined steadily to 70% of control levels by day 6, accompanied by a progressive metabolic acidosis, a 5-fold increase in blood [glucose], a 40% decrease in relative plasma volume, contraction of th...

Hierarchical structured p–n heterojunctions comprising cuprous oxide nanowire cores (Cu2O NW) and CoFe-layered double hydroxide (CoFe LDH) nanosheet shells on copper foam (CF) substrates were constructed by in situ wet–chemical reactions with subsequent electrodeposition. The synergistic effect of the superior light-harvesting ability of Cu2O and the built-in electric field generated by the Cu2O/CoFe LDH p–n heterojunction is verified to facilitate the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes by promoting the rapid transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. Benefiting from the advantages above, the optimal CF@Cu2O NW/LDH-3 exhibits light-enhanced catalysis toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (maximum enhancement of 14.4%) and oxyg...

Small-format aerial photography (SFAP) is a low-cost solution for bridge-surface imaging and is proposed as a remote bridge-inspection technique to supplement current bridge visual inspection. Providing top-down views, photos taken from airplanes flying at 305 m (1,000 ft) allow for the visualization of subinch (i.e., large) cracks and joint openings on bridge decks or highway pavements. An onboard global positioning system can help geo-reference images collected and allow automated damage detection. However, the site lighting, surrounding tree shades, and highway surface reflectivity may affect the quality of the images. Several examples of bridge evaluation using SFAP are presented to demonstrate the capability of remote sensing as an effective tool for br...

Mycoplasma arthritidis induces arthritis, toxic shock and skin necrosis in mice. M. arthritidis mitogen (MAM), a potent superantigen (SAg) secreted by M. arthritidis, contributes to some of these symptoms in certain mouse strains. We previously demonstrated that C3H mouse strains differing in expression of TLR4, differ in immune reactivity to MAM due to differential engagement of TLR2 and TLR4. Herein, we demonstrated that in TLR4-defect C3H/HeJ (TLR2+/4−) mice, following injection of MAM SAg, the splenic DCs were activated to express significantly higher B7-1 + CD8a + surface markers than expressed in wild-type mice, and produced remarkably elevated IL-1b, IL-12p40, IFNg, and TNFa. In contrast, in wild-type C3H/HeSnJ (TLR2+/4+) mice, the interaction of MA...

Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) simulations for fermions are becoming the standard for providing high-quality reference data in systems that are too large to be investigated via quantum chemical approaches. DMC with the fixed-node approximation relies on modifications of the Green's function to avoid singularities near the nodal surface of the trial wave function. Here we show that these modifications affect the DMC energies in a way that is not size consistent, resulting in large time-step errors. Building on the modifications of Umrigar et al. and DePasquale et al. we propose a simple Green's function modification that restores size consistency to large values of the time step, which substantially reduces time-step errors. This algorithm also yields remarkable...

The consistently better performance seen by teams in various sporting contexts when playing at home is referred to as the 'home advantage'. Various explanations have been put forward to account for this robust phenomenon, though none has yet focussed on possible hormonal factors. In an initial study, we showed that salivary testosterone levels in soccer players were significantly higher before a home game than an away game.In a second study involving a different group of soccer players, this finding was replicated over two home games, two away games, and three training sessions. Perceived rivalry of the opposing team was important as testosterone levels were higher before playing an 'extreme' rival than a 'moderate' rival. Self-reported measures of mood in b...

Ar Rika fault zone constitutes one of the two major parts of the NW–SE Najd fault system (NFS), which is one of the most prominent structural features located in the east of the center of the Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. By using Enhancement Thematic Mapper data (ETM+) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA), surface geological characteristics, distribution of rock types, and the different trends of linear features and faults are determined in the study area. First and second order magnetic gradients of the geomagnetic field at the North East of Wadi Ar Rika have been calculated in the frequency domain to map both surface and subsurface lineaments and faults. Lineaments as deduced from previous studies, suggest an extension of the NFS beneath the cover roc...

China's economic reform is a gradual and exploratory process, which has stimulated the dramatic growth and restructuring of the Chinese cities, but has also made urban master plans quickly outdated and unable to function effectively to guide the development of cities. Through a case study of Hangzhou, the paper argues that the gradual and exploratory nature of China's reform is incompatible with the nature of the urban master plan, which requires a blueprint and the ability to project the future. Rather than guiding development and policies, urban master plans often lag behind reforms initiated at the national and local levels, and have to be revised constantly to follow the new direction of the reforms. Consequently, Chinese cities are in chaos, and much de...

Quantum integrable models that possess N = 2 supersymmetry are investigated on the half-space. Conformal perturbation theory is used to identify some N = 2 supersymmetric boundary integrable models, and the effective boundary Landau-Ginzburg formulations are constructed. It is found that N = 2 supersymmetry largely determines the boundary action in terms of the bulk, and in particular, the boundary bosonic potential is |W|2, where W is the bulk superpotential. Supersymmetry is also investigated using the affine quantum group symmetry of exact scattering matrices, and the affine quantum group symmetry of boundary reflection matrices is analyzed both for supersymmetric and more general models. Some N = 2 supersymmetry preserving boundary reflection matrices ar...

Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent inflammatory episodes and, in most severe cases, by psychomotor delay. Defective synthesis of isoprenoids has been associated with the inflammatory phenotype in these patients, but the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly understood, and, so far, no specific therapy is available for this disorder. Drugs like aminobisphosphonates, which inhibit the mevalonate pathway causing a relative defect in isoprenoids synthesis, have been also associated to an inflammatory phenotype. Recent data asserted that cell inflammation could be reversed by the addition of some isoprenoids, such as geranylgeraniol and farnesyl pyrophosphate. In this study, a mouse model for typical MKD infl...

For the first time to the author's knowledge, the electric, magnetic, and mixed cross-spectral tensors are derived for the thermal radiation emitted into free space from an opaque, planar, specular surface of finite size, held at uniform temperature. The results are valid in the asymptotic limit in which the mean-field energy density and energy flux are in agreement with the laws of classical radiometry, while at the same time field correlation effects are included in the description of the radiated field. Furthermore, the results are applicable to both wide and narrow angular diameter sources. The derivation is based on the generalized Kirchhoff radiation law, and the coherence tensor components can be viewed as a generalization to electromagnetic waves of ...

The phosphorylation changes of nociceptive signaling proteins in the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) are important in creating exaggerated pain following peripheral inflammation. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been widely used to relieve acute and chronic inflammatory pain in human and experimental pain models. In the present study, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis to investigate whether EA alters protein phosphorylation in SCDH to attenuate pain development. Inflammatory hyperalgesia was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the rat hind paw. EA treatment at ST36 and SP6 acupoints alleviated thermal hyperalgesia of the CFA-induced inflammatory pain model rats. The SCDH proteins from the control, inflammatory pain mod...

Though the preferred welding process to weld aluminium alloy is frequently constant current gas tungsten arc welding (CCGTAW), it resulted in grain coarsening at the fusion zone and heat affected zone(HAZ). Hence, pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding(PCGTAW) was performed, to yield finer fusion zone grains, which leads to higher strength of AA6061 (Al-Mg-Si) aluminium alloy joints. In order to determine the most influential control factors which will yield minimum fusion zone grain size and maximum tensile strength of the joints, the traditional Hooke and Jeeves pattern search method was used. The experiments were carried out based on central composite design with 31 runs and an algorithm was developed to optimize the fusion zone grain size and the tensil...

A four-field system of equations has been recently derived from the compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations to describe turbulence in the solar wind. These equations apply to a plasma permeated by a spatially varying mean magnetic field when the plasma beta is of the order unity or less. In the presence of spatial inhomogeneities, the four-field equations predict pressure fluctuations of the order of the Mach number of the turbulence, as observed by Helios 1 and 2. It is shown that inhomogeneities that occur only in the form of pressure-balanced structures cannot account for density fluctuations as large as the Mach number of the turbulence. Numerical predictions from the four-field and compressible MHD equations are compared using the same initial ...

The basic structural time series model has been designed for the modelling and forecasting of seasonal economic time series. In this paper we explore a generalisation of the basic structural time series model in which the time-varying trigonometric terms associated with different seasonal frequencies have different variances for their disturbances. The contribution of the paper is two-fold. The first aim is to investigate the dynamic properties of this frequency specific basic structural model. The second aim is to relate the model to a comparable generalised version of the Airline model developed at the U.S. Census Bureau. By adopting a quadratic distance metric based on the restricted reduced form moving-average representation of the models, we conclude th...

Dextromethorphan is the most common over-the-counter (OTC) antitussive medication. We sought to characterize adverse events associated with dextromethorphan in children

On the "symmetric commutant" canonical decomposition of families of Hilbert space operatorsWactaw Szymafiski PreliminariesL(H) denotes the algebra of all linear bounded operators in a complex Hilbert space H. WOT (SOT, respectively) denotes the weak (strong, respectively) operator topology in L(H).In or I stands for the identity in H. PEL(H) is a projection if p2=p*=p.The adjectives "largest" and "maximal" used with "projection" will concern the usual partial ordering of projections in L(H).UEL(H) is a partial isometry if U'U, UU* are projections.If P, QEL(H) are projections, then Pv Q denotes the projection onto the closureof {Px+Qy: x, yEH}.If 5"cL(H), then 5e', W*(Se), A(~) stand for the commutant of 5 ~ for the von Neumann algebra generated by 6 e and fo...

The components of pair distribution function in different directions with respect to the coordinate system defined by the simulation box are determined for Lennard-Jones fluid simulated using the Monte Carlo technique in cubic boxes of various size. The approach of Pratt and Haan is employed to analyze the distortion of isotropic fluid structure due to the periodic boundary conditions and qualitative agreement is found between the theoretical and simulated course of particular angular components of distribution function. The relation between the anisotropy of correlation functions and the system size dependency of residual energy and compressibility factor is analyzed. The finite size effects become significantly pronounced in systems with size lower than 5 ...

The nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of composite solid propellants is studied by using a three-dimensional thermoviscoelastic constitutive model. In this model, the effects of the time-dependent Poisson ratio, aging, damage, and thermoviscoelasticity are considered. Viscoelastic constitutive equations are numerically discretized into an incremental form by using integration algorithms. An Abaqus-based user material subroutine is presented, and a structural analysis module for solid rocket motor grain is built. Based on the analysis module, the structural responses of solid rocket motor grain are analyzed when subjected to typical loadings during its service life. Obtained results indicate that, differing from the classic linear viscoelastic model, the presen...

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was utilized for the determination of three dichlorobenzene isomers (DCBs) in human blood. In the headspace at 30°C, DCBs were absorbed for 15 min by a 100-μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber. They were then analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). By setting the initial column oven temperature at 20°C, the three isomers were resolved at the baseline level. p-Xylene-d10 was used as the internal standard (I.S.). For quantitation, the molecular ion at m/z 146 for each isomer and the molecular ion at m/z 116 for I.S. were selected. For day-to-day precision, relative standard deviations in the range 3.2–10.7% were found at blood concentrations of 1.0 and 10 μg/ml. Each c...

AbstractThis study aimed to review evidence on the associations between childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse; neglect and bullying and early maladaptive schemas, as measured in adolescence. PubMed, PsycInfo and CINAHL were searched to identify peer‐reviewed studies reporting original quantitative data on the association between early maladaptive schemas or schema domains (e.g., Disconnection and Rejection) and childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse; neglect and bullying, measured in individuals aged up to 18 years. Meta‐analyses were conducted to estimate the magnitude of the associations between schemas and childhood experiences. Twelve studies were included: Seven explored schemas, and five examined ...

Methods that enable the culture of micropatterned cells may help advance our fundamental understanding of cell-cell and cell-surface interactions, while facilitating the development and implementation of cell-based biological assays. However, the long-term stability of the cell patterns can limit the time scales over which such methods can be informative. Here we used self-assembling monolayers (SAMs) to localize the adsorption of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells as well as cells from a murine astrocytoma-derived cell line (delayed brain tumor) in linear arrays. We tested the effects of surface chemistries, fibronectin pre-treatments, array dimensions, and cell types on pattern fidelity. Changes in patterns were monitored by phase-contrast microscopy up to...

The scattering theory of the integrable statistical models can be generalized to the case of systems with extended lines of defect. This is done by adding the reflection and transmission amplitudes for the interactions with the line of inhomegeneity to the scattering amplitudes in the bulk. The factorization condition for the new amplitudes gives rise to a set of Reflection-Transmission equations. The solutions of these equations in the case of diagonal $S$-matrix in the bulk are only those with $S =\pm 1$. The choice $S=-1$ corresponds to the Ising model. We compute the exact expressions of the transmission and reflection amplitudes relative to the interaction of the Majorana fermion of the Ising model with the defect. These amplitudes present a weak-strong...

Abstract A primary mode of cancer prevention and early detection in the United States is the widespread practice of screening. Although many strategies for early detection and prevention are available, adverse outcomes, such as overdiagnosis and overtreatment, are prevalent among those utilizing these approaches. Broad use of mammography and prostate cancer screening are key examples illustrating the potential harms stemming from the detection of indolent lesions and the subsequent overtreatment. Furthermore, there are several cancers for which prevention strategies do not currently exist. Clinical and experimental evidence have expanded our understanding of cancer initiation and progression, and have instructed the development of improved, precise modes of ...

The accumulation of massive data generates the new concept of big data. The relationships hidden in big data can bring great benefits, which have attracted public attentions. Meanwhile, the challenges of big data security are also more serious than ever. Privacy disclosure is one of the most concerned problems, and the privacy protection of big data is more difficult than traditional information protection. The technology of data publishing anonymous protection can provide privacy protection with the respect of data releasing. K-anonymity and L-diversity are two kinds of anonymity model. Their main idea is to generalize the value of quasi-identifier and make the data accord with the model. In this paper, we propose the improved model which integrate K-anonym...

Abstract The present study considers a hybrid controller scheme for the optimal switching of a moving (or scanning) actuator (MA) for a class of distributed parameter systems (DPS). The proposed hybrid controller switches both the location and control signal of the actuator at the beginning of a time interval and remains unchanged over the duration of the time-interval. As time progresses, the above policy is repeated over a sequence of “time windows”, thus generating an algorithmic procedure which results in the actuator/controller switching policy. Guiding the MA at certain a priori selected actuator positions at different time-intervals is made possible by solving a double optimization problem. The decision method for actuator switching utilizes a fin...

Two HIV-infected individuals were followed for changes in the first exon of Tat. Plasma virus collected at 2 months after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was compared with the virus collected before initiation of HAART. This short-term therapy significantly reduced the plasma viral burden and also helped modest CD4 recovery in the blood. One of the two individuals (ACG) showed only one form of the Tat before commencement of HAART whereas five different forms (including a form identical to the pre-HAART sample) were found in the post-HAART sample. Some of the post-HAART clones showed a difference of 12.8% suggesting that the source of virus replication might be a reservoir. In the other patients multiple variants of the virus were...

The clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) response to combined therapy with vigabatrin and topiramate was evaluated in five patients ages 7 to 15 months affected by West syndrome in an open-label trial. Four patients had cryptogenic and one patient had symptomatic (tuberous sclerosis) West syndrome. In cryptogenic patients who failed to respond to pyridoxine, vigabatrin was titrated to 80 to 100 mg/kg. Because control of infantile spasms or an EEG improvement was not obtained with vigabatrin treatment, topiramate was added (3-3.8 mg/kg/day). In all patients, the combined therapy with topiramate and vigabatrin achieved a rapid and complete normalization of infantile spasms, and in three patients with cryptogenic West syndrome, the EEG also became normal....

This work provides evidence of the significant contribution of recombination to the genetic diversification of emerging begomovirus populations. In southern Spain, Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) are distinct geminivirus species that coexist in the field and contribute to the tomato yellow leaf curl disease epidemic. A natural recombinant between TYLCSV and TYLCV has been detected and an infectious clone of a recombinant isolate (ES421/99) was obtained and characterized. Analysis of its genome showed that the recombination sites are located in the intergenic region in which a conserved stem-loop structure occurs and at the 3′-end of the replication enhancer protein open reading frame. ES421/99 exhib...

Abstract Transport of permeates through copolymer membranes with rigid and flexible block was investigated based on the percolation concept. In terms of the morphology, the percolation approach provided a rationale for the property of gas permeation behavior of block copolymer consisting of the rigid amideimide block and the flexible siloxane block. The permeability of oxygen through poly(amideimide)siloxane (SPAI) membranes containing different siloxane contents showed a peculiar permeation behavior, indicating that there existed a percolation threshold of the gas permeation at around 0.2–0.3 volume fraction of SPAI. At above the threshold volume fraction, the gas permeability of this block copolymer was proportional to the probability of spanning siloxan...

Boning of unchilled beef carcasses offers potential savings in energy, labor, safety, yield, and when coupled with electrical stimulation, provides tender beef with good water-holding capacity. Breaking of unrefrigerated beef carcasses into primals, subprimals and manufactured meat products, such as ground beef, provides the potential for increased levels of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria to contaminate the meat surfaces. Research carried out to characterize the influence of hot-boning and electrical stimulation on the microbial levels on beef carcasses, primals, ground beef and meat from other species showed that hot-boning of carcasses of any species need not cause inordinate increases of any groups of microorganisms on or in the resultant meat. The elec...

We study a weakly relativistic and weakly degenerate plasma of electrons at equilibrium, described by thermal quantum electrodynamics. Near the classical limit, at lowest order in $\ensuremath{\Elzxh},$ the first contribution (in a perturbative expansion with respect to ${e}^{2})$ to the current correlation is shown to exhibit two different behaviors. At intermediate distances (between the de Broglie thermal wavelength $\sqrt{\ensuremath{\beta}{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}^{2}/m}$ and the thermal photon wavelength $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}c),$ it decreases slowly, as the Darwin (transverse) potential which accounts for retarded electromagnetic interactions beyond Coulomb in Darwin classical models. At large distances (larger than $\ensuremath{\beta}\ens...

In order to increase the ratio of anti-HIV activity to anticoagulant activity, glycosaminoglycan derivatives selectively substituted at OH and/or COOH groups were prepared. Standard heparin, heparin fragments, or dermatan sulfate were converted to their tributylammonium or tetrabutylammonium salts. Their selective O-acylation to various (controlled) degrees was carried out in a homogeneous way in N,N-dimethylformamide using carboxylic acid anhydrides and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine as catalyst. Esterification of the COOH groups was performed by the addition of alkyl halide to an N,N-dimethylformamide solution of glycosaminoglycan tetrabutylammonium salts. The in vitro anticoagulant activity, the activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2 cytopathicity, the cytotoxicity,...

MERI5 is one of a series of genes that are preferentially, but not exclusively, expressed in the shoot apical meristem [1]. MERI5 shares homology to xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases that are believed to function in cell expansion. In order to investigate the role of MERI5 in cell epansion and in the shoot apex, transgenic plants designed to over-express the MERI5 cDNA were generated. Transgenic plants were obtained that had both an increase and decrease in the levels of MERI5 mRNA. The reduction in MERI5 mRNA is likely a result of co-suppression. Plants with the same or a reduced amount of MERI5 mRNA had no discernible developmental alterations. In contrast, plants with increased levels of MERI5 transcript had a number of developmental alterations in the sh...

Flavonoids, a class of natural drugs with broad biological activity, exhibit inhibitory effect on α-amylase. Citrus peel is a good source of flavonoids. The real-time interactions between three Citrus flavonoids (naringin, neohesperidin, hesperidin) and α-amylase were investigated by surface plasmon resonance biosensor, and were compared with the α-amylase inhibitors, acarbose. These results showed the binding affinities of naringin, neohesperidin and hesperidin with α-amylase reach the highest at pH 6 with KD values of 2.27 ± 0.18 mM, 3.09 ± 0.20 mM and 3.51 ± 0.09 mM, and can be reinforced with 0.2 M NaCl and 0.1 M CaCl2, respectively. The results of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical assay indicate that the antioxidant activities of naringin, ...

Traditional econometric models assume a constant one-period forecast variance. To generalize this implausible assumption, a new class of stochastic processes called autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) processes are introduced in this paper. These are mean zero, serially uncorrelated processes with nonconstant variances conditional on the past, but constant unconditional variances. For such processes, the recent past gives information about the one-period forecast variance. A regression model is then introduced with disturbances following an ARCH process. Maximum likelihood estimators are described and a simple scoring iteration formulated. Ordinary least squares maintains its optimality properties in this set-up, but maximum likelihood is more ...

Craniopharyngiomas (CP) are partly cystic embryogenic malformations of the sellar and parasellar region. With an overall incidence of 0.5 to 2.0 new cases / million population / year, approximately 30 to 50% of all cases represent childhood CP. Typical manifestations at diagnosis are headache, visual impairment, polyuria/polydypsia, growth retardation, and significant weight gain. Therapy of choice in patients with favorable tumor localization is complete resection with the intention to maintain optical nerve and hypothalamic-pituitary functions. In patients with unfavorable tumor localization (hypothalamic involvement), a limited resection followed by local irradiation is recommended. The overall survival rates are high (92%). Recurrences after complete res...

I discuss and extend several results concerning the cancellation of discrete gauge anomalies. I show how heavy fermions do not decouple in the presence of discrete gauge anomalies. As a consequence, in general, cancellation of discrete gauge anomalies cannot be described merely in terms of low energy operators involving only the light fermions. I also discuss cancellation of discrete gauge anomalies through a discrete version of the Green-Schwarz (GS) mechanism as well as the possibility of discrete gauge R-symmetries and their anomalies. Finally, some phenomenological applications are discussed. This includes symmetries guaranteeing absence of FCNC in two-Higgs models and generalized matter parities stabilizing the proton in the supersymmetric standard mode...

An analytical solution for the behaviour of quartz radiofluorescence (RF) in the UV-band is described based on a kinetic model involving one (deep) electron trap and two kinds of recombination centres. This model has been previously used to provide a qualitative description of quartz UV-RF. The derived numerical solution of differential equations describing charge transport in quartz can successfully reproduce experimental data. Here, this set of differential equations is solved analytically by assuming a dynamic balance during the RF stimulation. The analytical results are compared with numerical solutions and experimentally derived data. With the analytical solutions a better understanding of common natural quartz UV-RF behaviour is provided, and several e...

Dose-response curves for milrinone during 2.1–2.3% end-tidal enflurane anesthesia were studied in six dogs given three successive boluses and 30-minute infusions of milrinone: 1) 40 μg/kg plus 3 μg-kg −1-min−1 (plasma level at 5 and 30 minutes after beginning ofinfusion: 122 ± 14 and 136 ± 14 ng/ml); 2) 60 μg/kg plus 6 μg·kg−1 ± min−1 (285 ± 31 and 304 ± 19 ng/ml); 3) 80 μg/kg plus 12 μg·kg−1 ± min−1 (498 ± 32 and 581 ± 28 ng/ml), demonstrating a progressive improvement of cardiac performance. Differences between milrinone and amrinone were also studied during enflurane anesthesia in six other dogs given milrinone or amrinone at 3- to 4-week intervals using both a low dose that did not decrease mean arterial pressure significant...

Most important evaluating criteria for in vitro skeletal muscle models include the extent of differentiation and the degree of alignment in the tissue model. Substrate micropatterning is considered as an effective tool as it recreates in vivo like cellular microenvironment and helps in understanding the fundamental concepts and mechanisms underlying myogenesis. However, the influence of micropatterning based contact guidance cues over satellite cell alignment and myotube formation needs to be explored and studied further. In the present work, we demonstrate the regulation of myotube size control and alignment through the substrate micropatterning. For this purpose, primary myoblast cells (i.e., satellite cells) isolated from rat hind limb muscle were charact...

In spite of over 30 years of research, the role of the Insular Cortex (IC) in taste memory still remains elusive. To study the role of the IC in taste memory, we used conditioned taste aversion (CTA) for two different concentrations of saccharin; 0.1% which is highly preferred, and 0.5% which is non-preferred. Rats that had been IC lesioned bilaterally with ibotenic acid (15 mg/ml) before CTA showed significant learning impairments for saccharin 0.1% but not for saccharin 0.5%. To test CTA memory retention, rats lesioned a week after CTA training became completely amnesic for saccharin 0.1% yet only mildly impaired for saccharin 0.5%. Interestingly, the resulting preference for either concentration matched that of IC lesioned animals when exposed to either s...

In situ x-ray scattering techniques are used to measure molecular orientation and investigate the coexistence of hexagonal and nematic phases in highly concentrated PBG/cresol solutions under shear flow. Beyond a threshold concentration, the diffuse nematic lobe in x-ray scattering patterns is accompanied by sharp reflections indicating lateral packing of molecules in a hexagonal arrangement. The threshold concentration for formation of this hexagonal phase depends on molecular weight, but occurs near 35 wt % PBG and corresponds directly to the onset of region I shear thinning. Applied shear acts to reduce the amount of hexagonal phase and ultimately, at high enough shear rates, return the solution to a fully nematic state. Relaxation experiments at high she...

Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN) is a pressure-driven membrane separation process for separating liquid organic solvents. It can potentially be applied in chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. In contrast to well-established design approaches for conventional unit operations such as distillation, design methods for integrating OSN in chemical production processes are very limited. The reason is a lack of information on expected OSN membrane performance as well as missing general understanding of the complicated transport mechanism through OSN membranes. Therefore, this paper introduces a workflow that accounts for the current limited information and makes a general process design feasible. This includes a solvent/membrane selection in ea...

Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Yellow loosestrife) is a medicinal plant in the family Myrsinaceae. It has been used in the treatment of fever, ulcer, diarrhea and wounds in folk medicine. It has also analgesic, expectorant, astringent and anti-inflammatory activities. Two different sources of the plant (field-grown and in vitro-grown) were used to evaluate the biological activities (antibacterial, antitumor and antioxidant) of L. vulgaris. In vitro-grown plant materials were collected from L. vulgaris plants that were previously regenerated in our laboratory.Plant materials were extracted with water, ethanol and acetone. For antibacterial test, disc diffusion method and 10 different pathogenic bacteria were used. Antioxidant activity was indicated by using DPPH met...

Neoplastic diseases are typically diagnosed by biopsy and histopathological evaluation. The pathology report is key in determining prognosis, therapeutic decisions, and overall case management and therefore requires diagnostic accuracy, completeness, and clarity. Successful management relies on collaboration between clinical veterinarians, oncologists, and pathologists. To date there has been no standardized approach or guideline for the submission, trimming, margin evaluation, or reporting of neoplastic biopsy specimens in veterinary medicine. To address this issue, a committee consisting of veterinary pathologists and oncologists was established under the auspices of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists Oncology Committee. These consensus guidel...

Effect of ligand in copolymerization of ethylene with 1-hexene by (cyclopentadienyl)(aryloxy)titanium(IV) complexes of the type, Cp′TiCl2(OAr) [OAr=O-2,6-iPr2C6H3 and Cp′=C5Me5 (1), 1,3-tBu2C5H3 (2), tBu2C5H4 (3), 1,3-Me2C5H3 (5), Cp (6); OAr=O-2,6-Me2C6H3 and Cp′=C5Me5 (7), 1,3-tBu2C5H3 (8)], has been explored in the presence of MAO, and [Me2Si(C5Me4)(NtBu)]TiCl2 (4) was chosen as the reference. It was revealed that 1 exhibited the highest catalytic activity, and the resultant poly(ethylene-co-1-hexene)s possessed relatively high molecular weights with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw=29.5×104to34.5×104,Mw/Mn=1.74–1.88), and contained 1-hexene in relatively high extents (36.6–43.5 mol%). Effect of both cyclopentadienyl and aryloxy group...

Hard wheat (HW), medium-hard wheat (MHW) and extraordinarily soft wheat (Ex-SW) varieties with grain hardness index (GHI) of 83 to 95, 72 to 80, 17 to 29 were evaluated for pasting, protein molecular weight (MW) distribution, dough rheology and baking properties. Flours from varieties with higher GHI had more protein content, ash content and paste viscosities. Ex-SW had more glutenins proportion as compared to HW and MHW. Flours from Ex-SW varieties showed lower NaSRC, WA and mixographic parameters as compared to HW and MHW. Dough from flours milled from Ex-SW had higher Intermolecular-β-sheets (IM-β-sheets) than those from MHW and HW. Muffins volume increased with decrease in GHI, Ex-SW varieties had more muffin volume and less air space. The accumulation...

The nonequilibrium temperature in the kinetic theory of gases is reexamined and an alternative definition of the temperature in terms of the local equilibrium distribution function is proposed. The alternative definition introduces a new physical quantity, `exoenergy,' which represents the nonequilibrium nature of thermodynamic systems. The internal energy equation is split into two equations, the temperature equation and the exoenergy equation. In order to rationalize the equation splitting, the nonequilibrium thermodynamics is considered introducing the nonequilibrium entropy phenomenologically. The proposed temperature equation resolves the overshooting anomaly of temperature profiles of the Monte Carlo data for one-dimensional normal shock waves. The exo...

Biological networks are a topic of great current interest, particularly with the publication of a number of large genome-wide interaction datasets. They are globally characterized by a variety of graph-theoretic statistics, such as the degree distribution, clustering coefficient, characteristic path length and diameter. Moreover, real protein networks are quite complex and can often be divided into many sub-networks through systematic selection of different nodes and edges. For instance, proteins can be sub-divided by expression level, length, amino-acid composition, solubility, secondary structure and function. A challenging research question is to compare the topologies of sub- networks, looking for global differences associated with different types of pro...

Considerable evidence suggests that dopamine in the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens is not only involved in Pavlovian conditioning but also supports instrumental performance. However, it is largely unknown whether NAc dopamine is required for outcome encoding which plays an important role both in Pavlovian stimulus-outcome learning and instrumental action-outcome learning. Therefore, we tested rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced dopamine depletion of the NAc core for their sensitivity to outcome devaluation in a Pavlovian and an instrumental task. Results indicate that 6-OHDA-lesioned animals were sensitive to outcome devaluation in an instrumental task. This finding provides support to the notion that NAc core dopamine may not be crucial in...

Let $${\mathcal {X}}$$ be a metric space with doubling measure and L be a non-negative self-adjoint operator on $$L^2({\mathcal {X}})$$ whose heat kernels satisfy the Gaussian upper bound estimates. Assume that the growth function $$\varphi :\ {\mathcal {X}}\times [0,\infty ) \rightarrow [0,\infty )$$ satisfies that $$\varphi (x,\cdot )$$ is an Orlicz function and $$\varphi (\cdot ,t)\in {{\mathbb {A}}}_{\infty }({\mathcal {X}})$$ (the class of uniformly Muckenhoupt weights). Let $$H_{\varphi ,\,L}({\mathcal {X}})$$ be the Musielak–Orlicz–Hardy space defined via the Lusin area function associated with the heat semigroup of L. In this article, the authors characterize the space $$H_{\varphi ,\,L}({\mathcal {X}})$$ by means of atoms, non-tangential and rad...

Calculate the electronic structure of alkali metal ion-doped Zn crystal, based on density functional theory (DFT) first-principles plane-wave ultra-soft pseudo-potential method. Analyze the band structure of alkali metal ion-doped ZnO crystal, and the electronic density of states. The results indicated that in theory, the doping of alkali metal ions are able to form a p-type ZnO semiconductor, and introduce in the deep acceptor levels. In the actual substitution process, the dopant ions may enter the interstitial site. Thus the alkali metal ions are tending to become donor interstitial impurities. In addition, since the ionic radius of K is larger than the ionic radiuses of Li and Na. And K+ formed the minimum acceptor level (0.078eV), which is a shallow acc...

Abstract The morphology and crystallography of martensite formed by deformation as well as by cooling to subzero temperatures have been studied in two steels of 18/8-type (steel 1 and 2) by optical and transmission electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction. In the deformed material the martensite appeared as needles parallel to 〈110〉 γ and as a rule in contact with e-phase (h.c.p.). The martensite induced by cooling was always found to occur as long plates within disc-shaped volumes confined by completely flat {111} γ interfaces. This martensite exhibited different habit planes in the two steels, in steel 1 {225} γ arid in steel 2 {259} γ . In steel 1 the long sections of the martensite plates were found to coincide with 〈110〉 γ directions. T...