U]Vp

RrS @W

RtTl 2005
UTl 2006

UpX - BWiPm Ai

j RXYo
]Yo _] LUvYWu
ULo vRY Lp
Nu] 600 006.

XVo Utm UXnY[oLs

U R. Su GgNu W
ULo vRY Lp
Nu] 600 006.

b
b
b Q

U V. Lk
AiQ BRox Lp
Nu] 600 040.

XVoLs
Np. vPpX Nx

GjWw ULo Lp
Nu] 600 008.

U M.M. BWUXh

U WVLp

ULo vRY Lp
Nu] 600 006.

U M. @mLT

AW]o U UpXl Ts AW]o BiLs Up Xl

NRlThP,
Ts, WmThP.
Nu] 600 044.
Nu] 600 015.

X. .
RrShl
TPp LZLm
K , - 600 006.

TPeLs RVl : RrS AWdLL

Tsd Lp CVdLLm, RrS.
Ckp 60 Gv Gm Rp AfPlThs[.

T[PdLm
T - I
1.

3.3. BWdVm Utm LRWm

TdLm

U] @Vu @lTPd Lj

1.1. RR

1.2. YjRm, fjQ\m

1.3. uY LVeLs / Aof

12

1.4. LVm CWjRl Tdm

14

1.5. AjRl sV ETVj Yl\ CWjR

JdL jRp

175

3.4. EQYp TWm SnLs Utm EQ `URp 182

3.5. EQp NhRp Utm UlT TdRp 188
3.6. EQd LXlTPm Utm EQf NhPeLs

190

3.7. EQ TRlTjRp

209

T - IV
4. YrdLu Y[ofl TYeLs

223

4.1. T]m ofu RPdL LXm

223

19

4.2. Y[[m TY YV

234

1.6. liLm YkR iLm

23

4.3. oYV TYm

243

1.7. TsLp AYNW ER

27

4.4. S YV - u oYVl TYm

248

1.8. m Eu EPp SXm

29

4.5. Ul TYm

252

1.9. YdLV[o lQo

47

4.6. F]t\ / TlTPkR ZkRLu \l

RYLs

261

4.7. ZkR Y[ol TV[oL[l TtjRp

290

T - II
2. DPVp

55

2.1. EQo ElLs

55

2.2. EQ UiPXm

71

2.3. LdL UiPXm

88

2.4. S[pX WlLs

103

2.5. C]lTdL UiPXm

120

T - III
3

DQ, NjQ Utm AWdVm

137

3.1. FhPfNj \]p HtTm SnLs

137

3.2. fN EQLs

155
iii

T - V
5. U] oYLm

297

5.1. U] oYLm GuTRu Lj

298

5.2. oYL NVpTLs (\Ls)

299

5.3. SVeLs, dLsLs, RWm

302

5.4. oUjRp

308

5.5. mT Y[eLs

312

5.6. SWm Utm Nd oYLm

314

5.7. YXV GRdRp

318
iv

5.8. TQ oYLm

354

5.9. LoYo Utm AeL

377

T - VI
6. Ls Utm APLu @lTPLs

399

6.1. BPL[j RokRjRp

399

6.2. AlTP RVp L

407

6.3. AlTP LjRVpLs

412

6.4. jWl u]p YXlTLs Utm Up

APlT

419

6.5. Tj CQlTY

436

6.6. KWm Es Uj RjRp

447

6.7. o TjRp Utm Jh TRp

453

T - VII
7. Ljl TUt\ \uLs

467

7.1. W

468

7.2. NuPu [dm \

472

7.3. YR \

478

7.4. L[l TVQm

482

7.5. LiLhd YjRp

485

7.6. Ltdm NR]eL[p Gu] NnVm?

489

7.7. u EY[Y NR]eLs

493

7.8. Lhd YjRp

506

7.9. jWm NokR NR]eLs

522

1. U] @Vu
@lTPd Lj
U] AVp Lp C[m RX\V, A]j
RpLm \kRRLd L RlTm AUjRp
Rdj RVo Nn\. LPkR TPljRLjp
U]Vu Lj Utm Te j AkRm.
CYm TPjp U]Vu dV LjdL[
UXhPUL TodLm, Utm UQdLo ReLs YrSs
Ym ]tLs[ YiV dV YWV\L[
[dLm Vt GdLlThd\.
RXYRL RRp Ye, u BWdVm,
EQ Utm FhPfNjdL] lLs UhUpX, CY
NmTkRlThP TX dV TL[ uYm TdLeLp
LQXm.
1.1. RR

RR Lt\p GuT J ULu NLl

TlTm. J URu SmTm LVm APm
Tm, Ut\Yo ERY TZdLjp CkR. Gm,
1877 Bm Bi CeXk Shp R _u AlTvRXo
TVp R _u AYNWFo NeLm (St. John
Ambulance Association) Gu\ AUl YlThPT Ru
RRu AYVm EQWlThP.

RR LhTLm, SP\m
RR GuT TXjR LVm ApX o Sn
Tu\Ytt, RV] UjY QWp AdLlTm
ER ApX fN Bm. AqR AkR SWjp
Pdm YNL[m, ThL[m Tj
AUVXm.
1

RRu SdLeLs
l

EWd LlTt\

XU UNUYRj RdL

QUPYR UmTjR

RRV[u TlLs
TjdLs ALUL LrYRp, RR NnTYu
Te L dVU]Rm. AYNW fN UXiUp,
RRV[u TlLs GuT]:
1.

RmPV Ed BTj/TeLm HtTPRY

XUV BWnRp/Ul NnRp
GR]p

RRV[o GuT AeLdLlThP Tt

Y]jPk RR AdL RV]Yo Gu
NuRr Tt\YWd dm Np Bm. LjVp
Utm NVp\ YlL[l Tj EjVL
NmTkRU] UtToYPlThP Rop Yt Tt\
UQYoLd R _u AYNWFo NeLm (St. John
Ambulance Association)
YZem
NuRrLs
LdLlTu\].
CfNuRr u
NpTVm. CYoLs

YPeLd

UhU

Su\L / NmUVL Tt AdLlThPYoLs

\VL Ro NnVlThPYoLs

NVm, Aj \m Cu\V rXd Ht\Y

TtdL Yim.

2.

Su
XUV
LiPk,
TdLlThs[o GuTR BWnRp

3.

AYNW SVLu XUVl Tj EP]VL

RkR fN AjRp. Jud UtThP LVm
HtThlu EP] LY]m AYd AdLlTRp

Ed BTj [dm u RU] AYNW

rXLs GuT].

4.

AYNW fNp SVu XUu WjRl

Tj, AYoL[ UjYPU ApX
UjYU]dL RURu Al YjRp.

1.

fjQ\p / CRVjl \Rp

2.

ALU] CWjRl Td

3.

EQo CZjRp

RRV[u Tl UjYo, NVo ApX

RkR STPm JlTPjR EPu \. Gm, AYo
SVV LYdm TlT UtLsTYPm
XUV YjR u, AYW ER RYpX Gu
ElTjd Lsm YW Aek NpXd P.

\uYnkR RRV[oLs SVLu EW

dV RYL[d LlTRu Xm LlTt\ CVm
GuTR ABC \u ERPu LiPVXm.
A - \kR Y (An open Airway)

YWV\

B - f Rp / YjRp (Breathing)

UjY ER GuT RV] UjYWp

UjYU]X, dX ApX Tj SPkR
CPjX AdLlTm fNVm.

C - Lt\hPm (Circulation)

Wk, R]UL, LY]UL NVpT GuTR

RR NnTYd \kR AWVm.
3

1.2. YjRm, fjQ\m (AvV)

(Respiration and Asphyxia)

YjRp
Lt\ EsjRm, YRm f Rp
G]lTm. C EPu GpX ElLdm Bd_u
Adm dVU] TVm. Bd_u VLm
u\p A UWQjp m.

4.

rmT LPtTLs Utm Ui EhNpRp.

C. AjRm (Compression)
1.

LjRf t CdLUL LhPlTm vLol (Scarf),

L Tu\Yt\p Lj SdLlTRp.

2.

dp ReRp ApX WpY[ SdLlTRp

(Hanging or throttling)

fjQ\p (Asphyxia)

3.

fjQ\p X GuT WWdl TU]

Bd_u VLm PdLR T HtT\. CkX
J Pjt Up RPUu CRVjl u
UWQm NmTdm. (E.m.) UX Ht\jp, LPdLp.

2. YNjR Tdm LWLs

LWQeLs

1.

Yl (Epilepsy), Wv (Rabies), PhP]v (Tetanus)

RVY.

2.

UofYo (Chestwall) ApX ERWR]m (diaphragm)

SWm SnL[p NVp CZjRp.

3.

Sf Tmd L (E.m. SLlTm)

1. YNl TRV Tdm LWLs

A. C/YfdLm/o dLm (Spasm)

1.

p rm T YNl TRp Rio Rp,

2.

LY, YL]l L, V RVdPe Utm

TVuTjRlTPR Q CYtk Ym L
RVY YNl TRV APm T,

UVdLt\ JYo RXVQu l\

TjkRX, [vd TVp Lm Ym
kRX, ZkRV Nnj TdL YjRX
fNPl HtTm.

3. YN UVjR Tdm LWLs

1.

UoV (Morphia), TofYWhv (Barbituarates)

(dLUjWLs)

B. RP (Obstruction)

2.

u Aof (Electric shock)

1.

YNl TRds Nu\ TV EQj d

NVtL Tp Tu\ AkV ThLs.

3.

YRm (Stroke)

2.

EQoZkR SVu udj Rs[lThP Sd.

1.

3.

RiPp YkR i ApX i Utm

Al [YL dLs dLUPRp.

3.

f Zp C[l (Bronchial Asthma).

4. Uo AjRm (Compression of the chest)

WeL YLp HtTm Ui Utm XfN

Ts[eLs, RVdPep AdLm, CmT
m iLm, EjRWeLm.
5

2.

Yp ApX Ut\ RPLp ApX hPjp

SdVjRp (Stampede)

5. ALU] EVWjp HtTm Bd_u

Tt\d\

AL EVWjp HtTm \kR Lt\jRt

rX CQdLm RY (Acclimatisation)

fjQ\u ALs
1.

dLuU ApX AUuU (restlessness)

2.

fm Rm ALjRp

3.

YNm \Rp

4.

Lj SWm PjRp

5.

Lm, SLeLs, ER, Wp Utm LpWpLs XUL

URp.

6.

Sjl ALjRm, TX]URm.

6.

Lt RPTP YiQm YVUjRp.

7.

NVtL YNm YV Yn Yj YNm

AjRp.

8.

t\hPm (Circulation) UoT AdRp.

h X (Recovery position)
Ydu\ ApX CRV CVdL h NnVlThP
Tjds[]Yo, h Xp YdLlTP Yim.
RPm, Sdm udj Rs[lTPUm Yk Utm
Ero RPu YYUm YdLlTYR CRu
SdLUm.

Nn\

l : YNm u\ u CRVjl Tj Rp
TuWi PeLs YW RPok Cdm.
CfNUVjp NVtL YNm EP]VL LdLlThPp
C\lk RdL m.

A. Tjds[]Yu UoT Sd Uih

NhPlTp Cdm LiQ ApX L]U]
ThL[ dL Yim.
B. LYV ojm, LpL[ hm h
YNlTR RPu Cd\R Gu E Nn
Ls[ Yim.

UXiU (Management)

C. Tjds[]Yu EPd Nej LQjp

CdUm Es[eL Yl\m Cdm Tm
EU LV YdLm.

1.

kRp TjR ApX ARu LWQjR

Al\lTjRp

D.

2.
3.
4.

Uo Utm Ljl TLp CdLU] EPV

R[ojRp (E.m LjlThP)
CRV CVdL h (Resusciation)
Lt YW YVUjRp

5.

YNjR NjRp
6

AYu Ut\ LV Uod dLL Li

Yk \eLu Up Lu]jR Jh CdU
jd Ls[ Yim.

E. EmPV Ut\ LVp Tjds[]Yu

LX Tt NejRL, ZeLp Ukm TRm RWp
Fu CdUm jd Ls[ Yim.
F. Lu]ju Ap Yjs[ EU LV AlTV
Yjd Li, UYL Aj RPV AjRm,
7

ApX Cu] LVp Cj Pm. ClTVL

Tjds[]YW EmU Sd EhPm.
G. YNl TR \klTR Tjds[]Yu
RXV uTdLm Nnj, im ElTjd
Ls[m. Clm, ZeLm vWUL AUV
LX NejRL CdmT NnVm.

4.

Rip rVYW RU] Zp YjdLm.

kRp AYPV S]kR BPL[ ALt, AYo
EPp DWm EXW Pm. Ut BP ApX iPp
Pm. RYVp YlTd\t (Hypothermia)
fN AdLm.

5.

UjYU]d Li NpX HtT NnVm.

hV XXV fNd vhWfNp Li
NpXm.

I. SjlTm, YNjRm NdLm.

1.2.1. fjQ\u YLLs

1.

rRp (Drowning) Rip rm T olT,

N Tu\Y WWds NpYRX ApX
WpY[ Yl]p (Spasm) flTR
eYRm fjQ\p HtT\.

UXiUj \u / SVd LhlTjRp

Tjds[]Yu Yp APjs[ T
Tu\Yt\ EP] d h, NVtL YNm
LdLm. Cum XV CkRo Gu\p AeLV
NVtL YNjR LdL m.
Up J LVp Tjds[]YW Re
Ut\ LVp RXVj Red Li AYo dL
h YV Yn Yj NVtL YNm LdL
Up LdLXm.
1.

BZU] Rio Gp, Tjds[]YW LWd

Li Ym NUVm AqYlT fd Lt
LdLXm.

2.

PU] RWp Pj u YNm, Sjl

CYt\ Nj RYVu\p CRV CVdLm
hTj RPWXm.

3.

Tjds[]Yo YdL BWmjR u AYW

h Xp YdLm.
8

2. LjR SjRm dp ReRm

(Strangulation and hanging)

A. LL[p LjR SlTRm LjRf t L

ApX LdhP/Lj LhPlTYRm Lj
Sl HtT\.
B. Rem T Lm AdLlTh EP\.
AR]p RiYPm AT\.

UXiUj \u
1.

Wp Y[V Sdd Lidm ThPV

AdLm ApX dLm.

2.

Red LikRp EPX oj, Lt\

R[ojRm ApX Yh Pm.

3.

NVtL YNm LdLm.

4.

UtVYt\ NnYRt LYXo (Policeman) Ym

YW LjdL YiPm.

3. fNPl (Choking) (fdZp RP HtTRp)

C ZkRLPm TYL LrY. L, TjRu
ApX R Tu\Y YNlTRp Uhd
LsYRp HtTPXm. TVYoLdm EQ RY\]
TRp Npm T fNPl HtTPXm.
9

TVYoLd UXiU Nnm Rm

TdLlThPYo u Lidm T Rp
ERV[o AYd u]p u Li LL[p
TdLlThPYo ClTf t Y[dL Yim. EmPV
Ut\ LVp AYPV hV (L h) (fist)
j LhP WX Yt\ AdmT Rld
Nt Um X Gm hdd Zm YdL Yim.
EmPV hV TdLlThPYo Ytp YLUL
Up Sd AjRUL NjRm. RYlTUu Es
YNd Znds Nu\ Ts YVm YW TX
\ mTf NnVm. TdLlThPYo EhLokkRp
RRV[o AYPV StLdl u u CRV
NnV Yim. RX, UoT P RrkdU
u]d Vf NpX Yim. AYWp CU
VRT EmPV AdLVp RsThPLd
CPp 5 \ TXULd jRm. RYlThPp CRV
Su \ mTf NnVm. TdLlThPYo TjkRp
AYW UpXdL TdL Yj, LpL[ ALt YdL
Yim. EmPV LL[ Juu Up Ju Yjd
Li As[ L TdLlThPYu Rldm,
Gmd htm CPX] YtlTp YdL
Yim. TdLlThPYu Yt\ YLUL Up Sd
AjRm. RYVp mTf NnVm. AYW J
TdLUL TdL YjRp fj Q\Xj RdLXm.
EQj dL[ Ut\ T[ YVV u
NVtL YNm RYlThPp LdLXm.

ZkRLp SVd LhlTjm \

1.

LpL[l jd Li RXZL CdU

NnRu ZkRu p u ApX Su
\ Ke A\Vm.
10

2.

YNm RPok CVpT] Xdj mVPu

Iv EgNd LdLXm ApX okR Wl TLd
LdLXm.

3.

YiQn, Bq GiQn ApX UjY TWu

(paraffin) R[ LdLXm.

4.

Ykp S]jl kR V, Lju u

Tp TPm.

5.

YNm uT]p NVtL YNm LdLm.

4. Sf YdL[p HtTm fjQ\p (Suffocation

by poisonous gases)

LoTu-U]-Bd^ (CO) (Lt\ P XN])

Lt\ P CXN] CkR Y YL]eLk
YYm L, hk Ym LlL. L, Al
Utm XdLf WeLeLm LQlTm.

SVd LhlTjm \
TdLlThPYW AkR CPjk Al\lTj
NVtL YNm ApX jRU] Bd_u LdL
Yim.
1.

LR Utm Nu]pL[ \k Yj jRU] Lt

Zt CdU E Nn Ls[ Yim.

2.

PlThP Tds Zu CWi ApX u

\ BrkR YNm Gjd Ls[m. (deep breaths)
kRYW fN jd Ls[ Yim.

3.

RWp RYrk NpXm (L Lt\ P

APjVL Es[Rp)

4.

TdLlThPYW Wk
CdPjt Li YWm.
11

jRU]

Lt

5.

AYPV Lj, Utm ClT ts[

BPL[ R[oj h, fjQ\p HtThlu
NVtL YNm LdLm.

LoTu-P-Bd^m (CO2) Ut\ YdLm

XdLf WeLeLs, BZU] ETVdLlTPR
QLs Utm Lod hPLp CqY LQlTm.
oNR]l Th, NUVp Utm [d GdL
TVuTjRlTm, APdLlThP YdLs Tu\YLm
fjQ\p HtTjm.

HtTj\. C DWU] Tp L YLUL Tn\.

DWU] Xp \kR u]jRm (low voltage) P
ATVLWU]. rlTp Es[ AeLeLp Tm
YY] uNWjR P Y\kR uNWm LLs
YVL Uol TV APY Lm ATVLWU].

SVd LhlTjm \

AL u]jRm LiP CVkW uNWm 1618 hPo

YW dl Tm, LlTtTYWm Lpm. BLVp
Tjds[]YW vh jV uT RP Yim.
CmuNWm EPu Yl\jp UhUu BZU]
liL[m HtTjm. AUhUpX C YNm
Utm CRVj lTm jRYpX.

1.

Ut\lThP GpX u]fNdL SPYdL

L[m LYdLm.

uY Aofu [Ls

2.

okR Xp Es[ NpXm (Lt\P YdLs

APojV]Y. AR]p RWp TWdm).

3.
4.

1.

CRVm NVZk UWQm HtTPXm.

2.

V Lts[ CPjt Tjds[]YW Wk

Li YWm.

Ydm T NVpTm RNLs NVZlTRp

W] f tLXm.

3.

Lt\hPm NjVUt\ Tm, LV Sf Y Gu

NkRLm HtThPm Lt LV ETVj
TLjd Ls[m.

f u\ Tm CRVm RPok CVe]p

AlT Lm XUL Rum.

4.

UXhPU] ApX BrkR li HtTY Tm

uNWju \]l Tj UTm.

1.3. uY LVeLs / Aof

EPu HRYR T TLl (CuXh)

NnVlTPR uNWm Tnu\ L R (wire) Lu
R (Cable) ApX Lmu (rail) R TmT uY
Aof (electric shock) HtT\. Lp EPk T]
vhLs ApX CQl (Switches or Fuses), RY\Ld
LdLlThP CQlLs CYt\p LVm HtT\.
CdLVm CXN]RLY ApX UWQm [dLd
VRLY AUVXm. Pu RPos[ Lmu
uNWm Tm T uY UR EPp Aof
12

Sn LhlTjm \
RRV[o lPu CpXVp jNj
R]UL, EP] NVpT RYlT\. AYdm W
uY Aof HtTPXm ApX Tjds[]YWP
C\dLm SPXm.
Cum TdLlThPYo u BRWjPu RPo

(contact) LikRp, uNWjR idL Yim.

vhf RuTPpX Gp [d (plug) dRp,

uLmV ijRp Xm uNWm idLlTP

Yim. u idm u EXokR UWlTXLp
13

tTR E Nn Ls[ Yim. WlTo V

ETVjRp SpX. LjRVV, LjVV ETVdL
P.
1.4. LVm CWjRl Tdm (Wounds & Bleeding)

EPp Es[ RN SoLs JW RPoTL Cdm.

AYtp [ HtTYRu LVm. Cl[k CWjRm
YVm. CRu Xm Yl\ Utm Lm
EPu Es[ Npm. LVju TWlT P ARu BZm
L dVU]. Lj Utm lTdd iL[p HtTm
V BZU] LVeLs Lm BTjR]Y.

5.

j LVm (Punctured wound) oUV] F, Lj,

Dh Tu\Yt\p HtTu\]. CR]p HtTm
YWm VRLm, BZm ALULm Cdm.

6.

lTdd i LVm (Gun Shot wound) Lf V

YVL Es[ Npm iPp iP Es LVeLs
HtTm.

LVeL[p HtTm dLpLs

1.
2.

CWjRl Td (Bleeding)
Rt Sn (Infection) CqWim LVeL[p HtTm
TV BTjdL[m.

LVeLu YLLs (Types of wounds)

1. CWjRl Td / L (Bleeding)

RtLVm (Abrasions)

CWjR S[jk CWjRm YVY CWjRl Td

Gu AZdLlTm. CWjRl Td EP]VL
fNVdLlTP YiV dLX] Lr Bm.

1.

Ru Up TLjp Uhm R HtTm. NnYL

Y ApX EWn Xm HtTPXm.

2.

YhdLVm (Incised wound) Lj, [ Tu\

oUV] LL[p YhdLVm HtT\. Cp
CWjRdZnLs AV YhPlTYRp CWjRm
ALUL YVm.

3.

L ApX Sd LVm (contused wound) AL

L]U] UeV LL[p RdLlTYRm,
SdLlTYRm HtTu\. Cp dLs Wnl
APu\].

4.

l / [l LVm (Lacerated wound) CdLVeLs

CVkWm, NW NWlT] RWp Y Nej
LsLs, XeLu SLeLs Tu\Yt\p HtT\.
CWjRd ZnLs JeLt\ \p dLlTYRp
CWjRd L \YL Cdm.
14

2. Rt Sn (Infection)
Rt SV] [lThP Ru Xm Ls
EPs NpYRp HtT\. LVjp Ls
TuUPeL rdm. CY CWjRjPu LXdm T
CWjRm Sfj RuUVP\. (Septicemia)

Sn LhlTjm \
1.

CWjRl TdL jRm. dLlThP

VV ApX nUV] VV LVju
Up SWVL Yj AjRm. RYVp
TjRU] RU AjR sp AjRm.

2.

LVUPkR TV UYL LV[m.

3.

SVV EhLWY TdLY YdLm. LVm

Lp CkRp Gm CpXR ThNjp LV
EVoj YdLXm. CR]p CWjRd L \m.
15

4.

S LiP ApX jRUL LV

EU LL[ nU NnVm.

5.

LiQ, Lp Tu\ Y ThLs LVjp Rm

T CkRp AYt\ GjPm. Gdm T
LVm Um \k, CWjRm LVUp Tojd Ls[
Yim. uT CWjRm E\kkRp AR
AlTV hPm.

6.
7.

jRU] J V LVju Yj CdLULd

LhPm.
UjYd Bs AlTm. UjYo ApX
NVo PdLpX Gp Wk UjY
U]d Lif NpX Yim.

B. WLk EiPm CWjR Jd (Bleeding

from veins) CWjRm RPok WYdm. APo Yl
\jp Cdm.
C. Rkk EiPm CWjR Jd (Bleeding
from capillaries) EPu UtTWl Gp UYL CWjRm
J YYm. C ATVU] Au.

CWjR Jd HtTYRtL] ALs

1.

SV UVdLUL EQWXm. ]ZkTLXm

(Collapse).

2.

Rp Y, of APm.

3.

Sjl ALdm. B]p TX]UL Cdm.

4.

YNm UXhPUL Cdm. (Shallow) SV

fP LxPlTYo. BrkR Tf Yo.

5.

ATRUL Vodm.

Yl\ Utm Eh\ CWjR Jd (External &

6.

SV RLUL EQoYo.

Internal bleeding)

Snd LhlTjm \

CWjRl Td (Bleeding)
CWjR Jd (Haemorrhage) : TjLp CWjR
Jd]XV TmTX] UWQeLs HtT\. CWjR
ZnLs dLlTYRp C HtT\.

CWjR Jd EPu Ut\jk HtThPp

Yl\ CWjR Jd Gu AZdLlTm.

A. \kR / CXN] CWjR Jd (Minor bleeding)

Uo, UiPV ApX Y Tu\Ytp

HtThPp Eh\ CWjR Jd G]lTm. C EP]VL
XlTP. d, L YV CWjRm LY XULY,
ApX CUp XULY ApX Yk XULY
YlTm.

CWjR Jd YXm, [Vhm HtTm.

dLs LVUPYRp HtT\. Cp TVlTP YiV
AYVpX. CWjR Jd R]LY u m
CpXVp Aj jRp, LhRp, L, LpL[ h
YjRp Tu\Yt\p um.

CWjR Jdu YLLs (Types of Bleeding)

A. CWjRd ZnLk EiPm CWjR Jd
(Bleeding from Arteries): CRVm jd LilTRp
CWjRm h Tm. WLNU] YlTn Cdm.
CqYL Jd L Wp UWQm [dm.

B. AL CWjR Jd (Major bleeding)

16

CWjR S[jp HtTm AL LVU ApX SV

CWjR SVp (blood disease) AYYm AL CWjR
Jd HtTP LWQU\.
17

RR AlTRu SdLeLs

Eh\ CWjR Jd HtThdm T

1.

CWjR JdL WYL jYRt.

2.

EP] UjY ER AdLm. RYlThPp

SVd UjYU]p CWjRm Ht\ VXm.

SVu XU UNULUp RlTR Rp

ERu SdLUm.

Yl\ W CWjR Jd HtTu\ T

1.

SVu RX Z CdU, LpL[

RXVQu Up EVoj Yj TdL YdLm.

2.

AUVLm, KnYLm CdmT Tojd

Ls[m, ANV AUdLd P.

1.

LVju TdLeL[ JuQj Aj AdLm.

2.

SVV YNVL TdL Yj LVt\ TV

EVoj YdLm (Gm HtTPpX Gu
E NnRu)

3.

EPp YlTjR CZdLUp LmT, UpV

ApX U\Vp (coat) Pm.

4.

3.

CWjRm Ym CPjR AjRUL 10 Rp 15 Pm

YW CdLUL dLm.

dLY, EiQY Gm RW YiPm. H]p

UVdL Uk u AdLlTPXm.

5.

4.

LVjR P TR] TgN LVju Up Yj

CdLUL Es[eLVp Ad dLm. LgNm
LgNUL CWjR Jd \k LPp um.

Yko JjRPU Iv JjRPU Uo, Ytu Up

LjRp XU UNUm.

6.

UjYU]d V Wp Li NpX
Yim. Yip UYL NpXm.

5.

CWjR Jd tLpX Gp u YjR Tgu

Um TgN YdLm.

6.

CVL AL CdLUL CpXUp R[ofVL

TPm.

7.

LVmThP TV ANVUp h YdLm.

8.

Aofd fN AdLm.

9.

V Wp SVV UjYU]d Gjf

NpXm.

1.5. AjRl sV ETVj Y\ CWjR

JdL jRp (pressure point to stop external bleeding)

l:
LVjs
HRm
TsLs
Tkd\R ApX Gm jd Lid\R
Gu LYjd Ls[m.

CWjR JdL U\LULj Rdm CWiPY

\V AjRl sV ETVj jYRm. C
SoLUL AjRlTY TX]dLRT NnVl
TYRm. CkR GiQt\ AjRl sL[ U]p
Li Rp ERV[o AYNW LXjp TVuTjR
Yim. LVjt u Es[ CWjRd ZV Ajl
dm T CWjRm LVmThP CPjp TVUp RdLXm.
AjRl s GuT CWjRd ZV ARu r Es[
GmPu Noj Cd dm T Ru. ClT
lTRp AkR sVj Ri CWjRm KPUp RdL
m. TYL AqPeLp SjlT SmUp EQW
m.

18

19

RXd EV AjRls (Carotid pressure point)

A. TdLjt
Ju\L
CWi
ZnLs
TkRUk RPe, Lj YV YNd
Znd TdLYhp Nu RX Td CWjRjR
Al\.
B. LhPWXp Tfl Thdm dV vPo]
UvPn RNdm CPp Es[ YtPjp
AjRm. CR]p CRu u]p Es[ Lmj
p AjRm HtT\.
C. WpY[ SThlu (digital pressure) Wp
AjRm LlTPu UX lhPT, WpY[
SWmp, ARY LVjtUp CWjRm Lm CPjR
Ajl dLm. AlTm CWjR Jd
tLpX Gp LVjtd m Wp AjRm
LdL Yim. LVjR YR Uhu
Aofd fN AdLm Yim. UjYPm
EP] Gjf NpRp Yim.

2. Nl[Vu AjRls (Subclavian pressure point)

A. TVd Ht\t Tp CkR ZnLs (RsThP)
[dLu u\UL CWi TdLjm Np\.
B. CkR ZnLs TkRUu (aorta) [L[
[dLu Es ]k BWmj Uo
Gmu UXLf Nu Adp m.
C. J LhP Wp Up Ut\ LhP WX Yj
AdYRu Xm AjRm LdLm. CqYjRm
LjlThP Gmt u Es[ YtPjt
UXL AjRm RYu Xm Uod hu Rp
Gmd Up Npm ZV Aj\.
D.

AjRm Ldm u Lj, Uou Up Tp

Es[ BPV ALt\ Yim. RsThPV
Aj LjR LVmThP TdLUL Nnj YdLm.
20

ClT NnYRp CWjR Jd HtTm TV

TodLXm. Aes[ RNLm R[ot YXV
XTUdm.

3. jRL AjRls (Facial pressure point)

A. LhPWp r RPu AlTu Up
CdU Es[eLV LjuUp Tp
dLL YdLm, LWpLs RX Utm Lju
u TV jdL Yim.
B. rjRPu Lhu r Rp u\m Utm UjV
u\m TL[ Nkdm CPjp RUu
AjRm LdLlT\.

4. Th AjRl s (Temporal pressure point)

A. LhPWp Lu Up TV CQkdUm
Es[eL Lju u\m TkUm YdL
Yim.
B. Lu UtTk J AeXm uTL AjRm
LdLlTP Yim. C u\U] AjRULm
ThPmd GWLm CdL Yim. H]p
[L[L m CWjRd Zn CkR CPjp Ru
K\.

5. UtL AjRl s (Brachial pressure point)

A. UtL CWjRd ZnLs DRr RNu EsYWm
YV Nu \. CR]p Up Ld CWjR
KhPm Pd\.
B. Lu u\m S WXd Li AjRm
LdLm.
C. L GmT (humerus) AjRlT\.
21

6. uL AjRl s (Radial/ulnar pressure point)

1.6. liLm YkR iLm (Burns and scalds)

A. TVd Ht\tTp CkR CWjRd ZnLs

UdLhu Ut\UL (LPk) Nu Es[eLds
K Es[eLp Y[Y HtTj\.

liLs Sl, YX, P] EXLm, V J,

AL AjRm Es[ uNW Lm ApX u]p ApX
EWn CY Tu\ EXo YlTjRp HtTu\
LVeL[m. YkR i GuTY Ldu\ Rio,
W, GiQn, Ldu\ Ro Tu\ DW YlTjRp
HtT\.

B. UdLht Nt UXL Es[ JqY ZVm

JW SWjp LhPWXp AdLm.

7. Es[eL Y[ AjRl s (Palmar arch pressure

point)

A. Es[eL Y[Y] ANu\ (anastomosis) uL

CWjRd ZnLu l sLp Es[eLu
SlTd AlTp Es[.
B. Jt\ LhPWX PUhPUL Yj ARRm
LdL Yim. Es[eLu Ut\ Tm
WpLm LVmThP Es[eLu Up CdL
Yim.

8. RP AjRl s (Femoral pressure point)

A. CkR CWjR ZnLs RPlTY. ULRUu
RPoZnL[] CY Lu rlTd CWjRm
Alu\].
B. CkR CWjRd ZnLs RPm Clm NPjt
Sp Zk Eh\UL RP YW Np\. u
ZeLu u\UL Np\.

CWNV]
iLs
APokR
AXeL[m
APoLWeL[m HtTm. (LkRL AXm, Shd AXm,
NVm aWd^ Lvd NP ThPVm
aWd^ Lvd ThPx.
dVo i GuT dVo Yl]p
EP]VL YYm W YlTjRp HtT\.
CqYL Yl TX UpLd AlTp Es[ URu
Ru UtTWlp iL[ HtTjm.
LVdL fN T A[dLLUL LoLs

(x-ray) TnYRp LVdL iLs HtTu\].

CqYL SV EP] UjYU]d AlTlTP

Yim.

liLu RWm (Degrees of burns)

liLu RWm GuT GkR A[d dLp NRm
HtThd\ GuTR lTRm. AYt\ u
RWeL[Ll dLXm.
Rp RWm (First degree) : Rp Uhm Ykdm.

C. AjRm LlTRt u SVV TdL

Yj, XNL ZeLpL[ Uj CWi
LL[m RPV Ttd Lsm T CWi
LhP WpLm Lhu (groin) Sp CdL
Yim. CP LhP Wu Up YX LhP
WX Yj SWVL AjmT, A
ClTmu uTdLUL CdL Yim.

u\m RWm : liLu ATVm Aliu

TWlT (area) P ARPV RWjR TjR AU\.
ALU] CPjp HtTm Up liLs (superficial burns)
L, LpLu, J TV LVdVR P Lm

22

23

CWiPm RWm : Rp LlT[eLs BZUL Es[

dL[ AdLY, LVdLY V.

BTjR]. AR URp EPu YqY TLeLp

HtTm iLs YqY RWU] iL[L Cdm.
YkR iLp P Rp CWi RWeLs
LQlTu\]. JYo Rp R, Akdm BP
R, CWNV]m kRp u RW liLp HRY
J YL EiPm. APoj ALU] CWNV]m
eLlThPp, CWNV]m Tm CPeL[] ERLs, Sd,
EQdZp Tu\ CPeLp Es[ dLs NRUPm.
YVf tV TLp Es[ Rm NRUPVXm.
l : liLu Wm A TWm CPjRm,
BZjRm Tj Cdm.

ljRYd ERRp

5.

EPu u\m Es[ Ls lTt CkRp

TjRU] VQlTu Li YmYW AYW
u\ULm, EPu u]p Gp u\UL TdL
YdL Yim.

liL[p HtTm [Ls

EP] [Ls

RURU] [Ls

(Immediate)

(Later)

1. W Y (intense pain)

1. NRUPkR T
SndVp
TdLlThdm.

2. Aof (Shock)

2. QUPkR u
YdL[p LWUP
VXm ApX SPUP
RP HtTPXm.

RRV[o, BPp ljR URW GlT

LVsY GuTR Rk Ls[ Yim.
1.

Pdu\ TsL[ / YL[ Yj V

AQdLm. L AL A[p liLs hp Ru
HtTu\]. hp Rio RVWL, Gp
PlTRp RiWp V AQdLXm. Rio
ljR CPjRd Wf NnYRp NRm \\.

2.

ljRYW KP AUdLd P. CR]p

PlTh YLUL TWm.

3.

BPp ljR URW Am T Lp

J i V, LmTV L]U] (coat)
ApX UN lT AYW dU
NnVm.

4.

AYW LhV] ApX Lh CYt\p

CdLUL t RWp RsPm. BPUp
UYL Rh SlT AQdLm. SVV
EhP YiPm.
24

W li Utm YkR iL[d LhlTjRp

(Management of serious burns and scalds)
W liLd EP] LY]m RYlT\.
1.

SVV AUVLm TVum (reassure)

YjdLm.

2.

nUV] Vp t\m / Pm.

3.

GkR VV Jhd Lidm Ts

L[V GdL YiPm.

4.

GkR TLjR dLlThP ApX jRU]

ApX TgNp Pm. ALU] A[p EPp
dLVm CkRp jRU] ToYVp Y
TU].

5.

EPp CdmT YdLm, L ALU]

CdLd P.
25

6.

LLs NmTkRlThkRp AYt\ SVu

Uod Up YdLm.

7.

GkR TRjR ApX LX h YdLm.

CWNV] iL[ UXiU NnRp (Management

8.

SVu Lm GkkRp, EhLW Yj fj

RP HtT\R Gu RPok LYjd Ls[
Yim. YNm NmTkRlThP WfN]Ls HtThPp
\kR Yp CdU Tojd Ls[m.

of chemical burns)

1.

Yl\ liQ okR p S]dLY

ApX TdLh YdLY P. H]p of
AofV ALlTjRXm. Clm okR
TV Lm, L ApX LpLd AdLlTPXm.

GqY[ Wp U AqY[ WYL

CWNV]l T[ RW[UL Wj V Zu
XULY LYm. GfNX ClT Rio Li
LYRu Xm \dLXm.

2.

NRUPkR BPV (contaminated clothing) Yh

GdLm.

10. Li NpX kRp As[ UjYU]d

SVV Li NpXm.

3.

Ym WpL[p GkR CPjR RP YiPm.

4.

liLdLL Rm fNV RWm.

9.

11.

UjYU]d Gjf NpXVpX Gp

UjYo Ym YW LjdLm.

12. Ll[eL[ \dL YiPm.

13. jRU] Vp t YdLm
14. AofdL] fN AdLm.
15. EjmT UWm, Y[Vp, Cll ThP Utm
LX Tu\Yt\ EP]VL ALt\m. CR
RXV NnVpX Gp L eV u
ALtY L]m.
16. UjY ER ApX Tt AdLlThP AYNWLX
ERV[Wp J U SWjts YW CVXhPm,
Tjds[]Yo Yk GdLUp V]
CZdLUp CkRm AYd Elm NP (weak
solution)-m LXkR J Y[ Wd Lj
AZjf NpXm. TdLlThPYW UYL TL
Pm. Yk HtThPp WYm LlTR j
26

Pm. GkR RU] LmT, ^ (grease) hj

RVlT Utm dV (remedy) RPYd P.

1.7. TsLp AYNW ER (Emergency Aid in Schools)

ZkRLs Lm ALUL LVlTPjRdLYoLs

(vulnerable to injuries) Tjds[Ld VYoLs. YZdLUL
V FUdLVm (bruises), Wnl (grazes) LVm, X
NUVm UNU] TjLm, AR]p Gm , CWjR
Jd, f APRp, UVdLRp, AXj]p
liLs ApX p rRp, uNWm Tnk Aof
Tu\Ym HtTm.
BVoLp JYd UWPl HtThd P
uTlTPXm, ApX YNl \r HtTPXm. (respiratory
disorder) CfNUVjp RRV[o TRhPlTPUp
NUVRUL X Y\L[ uTt]p Edm,
UWQjtm CPlThP AkR TWhPjR RodLXm.

AYNW LXjp uTt\ YiVY

1.

Ul NnRp (Assess)

2.

TLjRp (make safe)

27

3.

RR AjRp (Give first aid)

4.

RVlTj ER TRp (Inform - get help)

6.

UXiU
1.

\V] LL[PeV RR A\ / CPm

2.

Tt Tt\ RRV[o

3.

\kR ThNm J Ylt J ZkRVY

RR Tt TtjRp.

RVY JeL] \p TWUdLlTu\]

GuTR E NnLs[ Yim.
Tt Tt\ RRV[o Tsdm, Ut\
ZkRLdm Ll TV Td`m/Nj. \V]
Ttd Ut Y Gm CpX G] Ajf
NpXXm. BLVp UQLs RR Tt Gjd
LsRp AYVm.

Rp ER Ths[ - V ThLs (First Aid

Box - small contents)

ThLs
1.

A[

pYo NpTVu BuUuh

dLlThP NpXj
(sterilized dressing)

7.

TWhPUp / vu UjWLs
10 x 1

8.

Mouth to mouth resuscitator (plastic)

Yk Ut\Yo Ynd
Fm L

2 GidL
1 ThP
1 SmTo

L Y] \p Rp ERV TjR Sm
ClT EPp SXm, EQl TtV lLs Utm
LoYu lQo Tt TodLXm.
1.8. m Eu EPp SXm (You & Your Health)

Yu LlT (Prevention is better than cure)

Sm EPu NVpThP k LiPX
TmTX] SnL[ jNjR]UL RodLXm.
CRt J X NRWQU] NhPhPeLs, \L[ (rules)
LPjRX Tm. CRu Xm Sm EPX Sn Utm
RtSn ALYiQm, Goj Rem XV
AP\m. EQ, EPtTt, EPp oL, U] AjRd
LWLs Utm Sn TLl \Ls Gu\ Ikm,
SV Gojj ReTYLs Bm.

(Silver sulfadiazine onitment)

1 l (tube)

EQ (Diet) :

2.

Tih Gn (Band aid)

10 ThPLs

3.

s (Roller bandages) 5 cm x 5 m 1 GidL

4.

dLlThP Egm Tg
(Sterilized cottonwool) 15 .

5.

LjR V 7 cm (oUV]/
UdLV]) Scissors s/s 7 cm

UNd LlTm NodLWVm RodLm.

LnLLs, RVm Utm Tl YLLs, Tp Utm Tp
NokR ThLs Tu\Y APeV NUfW] EQY
NlP Yim. GdLlTPR EQl ThLs
LlTL EPp NdLlTu\]. J X EQLu
Tt\d\, \Th AL[ HtTjm.
BWdVU] EPp SXjt Sm Sm EPu LXj
RYL[l kLi ARtLt\t TX NjQj
RYL[ hPP Yim. JqYYdm SpX
EQ TZdLm CuVUVR.

(sharp/blunt)
28

1 TdLh

1 GidL

29

EPtTt (Exercise)

U]AjRm (stress)

EPp Su\L YX NnV \V] EPtTt

RY. EPtTt \m T Uoj RNLu \u
\\. CRVm NmTkRlThP SnLs YW HY\.
EPdj RYV] Bd_u A[ \\.
BLVp \V] EPtTt CqWiPm
ojm.

SNp kR, RY ALjs[ Sm YrdL \

U] AjRjR HtTj\. CR]p U]V], EPp
V] Wf]Ls [u\].

EPtTt GuT \VL NXp SPjRp,

EPtTt NnRp (gym), jRp (Skip) ApX \VL
J [VhP (game) [VRp. Sm GkR \
EPtTtV Gjd LiPm \VL NnRp Sn
YYR Rdm J TLlTL AUm.

EPp oL (Abuses of Body)

\V], NUfW] EQ Gjd Li NV]
EPp GPV \V] EPtTt Xm TLjR
Tm, EPp \dLdLlTm T J TVm CpX.
L AL A[p LQlTm oL LX Utm
U (BpLap) TZdLUm. LWh LlTRp WWp
tSn, (lungs cancer) fdZn AZt, (bronchitis)
Utm CRV SnLs HtTm. RU] UlTZdLm
LpX. B]p ALULm, AdLm Gjd
Ls[lThPp UWQjp m.

AL CWjR AjRm (Hypertension), Pti

(peptic ulcer) Tu\Y
U]
AjRjPu
RPoPVY. E[Vp VL E[fNo (depression),
LYX (anxiety) HtTYR E[dL[p \.
BLVp U]AjRm HtTjm LWL[ Roj
U] AjRjR \dL Vt NnRp SXUm.

Snj Rl \Ls (Safeguards against diseases)

GqY[Ru LY]UL SmU Tojd LiPm
Sn SmU GlT YiUm RdLXm. SV
RdL SmPV NRWQ AYl TVuTj]X,
kRYW Sn Rl \L[p Sn SmU APV
SVd \dL m. Rl FdjRp (vaccination)
ApX Snj RlTt\p (immunization) Tu\Y
lhP Sn Rld E AlTY.

aWu (heroin), KVm (opium) Utm LLnu

(cocaine) Tu\Y UrfdLL XWp Gjd

Ls[lTm TRl ThLs. B]p ARt

AUVm T EPp SXjt L [\.

CjR UhUu X lhP SnL[] Rp

NokR SnLm, ARY Nnm RX
RPoPV SnLs (Occupational Disorders) X SnLs
EQ, L, DdLs, fLs, Ldm WLs (rodent)
CYt]m YWdV. NpPeLp nUV
(hygienic) LPjRp Sm CYt\ RdLXm.

RlThP STo Utm mTeLp CR Tu\

TR TZdLjt AUV] YrdL\ AUV
YiQm TLjdLsY AYVm.

EQ, EPtTt, EPp SXoL, U] AjRm, Sn

Rl \Ls Tu\ GV YL[l uTt]X
\kR BWdVU] YrdL SPjRXm.

30

31

GV EPpSXl WfN]Ls (Simple Health problems)

iLs (Ytli) (Ulcers)
EQ GjdLs[pX Gu\m \Vt\
EQl TZdLj]m, ALU] L jRp Utm
lTZdLj]m, dLuU, U] AjRm CYt\p
ALU] AXm Ytp EtTjV\. CRu [YL
i HtT\.

dV AL[Y]
l

X GmLd Nt Z LXp Rum Y

UXds ALUPkm.

Ero ALm Wdm.

CYt\ Go AXm Lj NTjRXm. AXm

WlTR Rdm (antacid) UjWLs, UkLs (drugs)
LdLXm. Kn dVm. \kR SofNj Utm UNX
\Y] EQY \VL EhLs[ YiV L
dVU].

Tp] Sn (Veneral diseases)

CR]p Rp Rl, LhLs, LnfNp Tu\Y

Rum. CVL EPu HRY J ElT CVdLU
NRUPm CkXp Es[YW UjY VL
fN AlTR QUm YW AYo T\p
DTPdP.

L L[Ls (Ear disorders)

Lp EiPm ALU] U ApX
NlT\p (ear drum) HtTm [ (perforation) BV
CWim LR Tdu\ TY] UjY WfN]Ls.
NlT\p U ALUL JhdmT
ApX L Y APTm T (LiPdq) (Conductive
deafness) N HtT\. Ju ApX CWi LLm
TdLlTPXm. RtSn (Infection) Gp GfNlT
UhUpX Rim YlTm (discharge).
L]U] Ud LhLs \l LL[X ApX
nfd Zn Xm YYlT] W TnfYRu
XULY ALt\lTPXm. RtSn Gp iod
LpPu, (antibiotics) Nh Ukm (drops)
TkWdLlTm.

JuT Rp Ri ShLd u Ru Rp
ALs hd YlThp Rum.
AqYlT LYhs[ (groin) Qo WlLs
LhVL, TRL, YVt\ i Tu\ LhVL Rum.

Li L[Ls (Eye disorders)

TmTuUV] JdLo Ls lTPXjRp
Ru SPT\. B]p A XV]. Utm
RuUs[ B (lens) ]p pVUL Jdl
Nn\.
UVV (Myopia) ApX hPToY B
Lm Rj YRp Wjs[ ThLu JdLo
Y] jWd uTLY dLlT\.
WlToY ApX alTo UhWlV (hypermetropia)
p ThLs jWd uTL dLlTu\].
LhWdh (Cataract) G]lTm LiW. J Li
L[\m. CdL[ HtThPYoLu B YLUL
J FY CVXR, JlTRV U\jd

32

33

Tp] GuT NLjp GlTm Es[ J

Sn (endemic) Rt Ss[YPu T\ Lsm
T CkR Sn d\. Cp YhPSn (gonorrhoea)
Utm lP CVXR (non-specific) od Zn
AZtm Lm ALUL LQlT\ CY Gp
fN AdLd V SnLs. Wk (syphilis) Gu\ Lm
LW Sn Up lhP SnLd fN
AdLlTPR T Rum.

LilTRp TodL L]UL Cdm. AY fN

Xm B Ut\lT\.
YiTPX AZt (conjunctivitis) YiTPXm
eY YiTPX AZtVm. ZkRLm ALm
LQlT\. AYoLs LiL[ RnlTRp LVm YW
Li T\. NRWQUL LiLYRm, Lip
Nh Uk TYRm N NnVXm.
AjRLl (Glaucoma) GuT dL[ju
u Tp WYm Nok LsY Bm. AjRm
ALdm T PL Ynli. \l UjYoL[p
XTUL QlTjRlT\.

TVt\ E[Sn (Anorexia Nervosa)

TVt\ E[Sn GuT J SWmd L[\m. Cp
YZdLUL TdLlTTYo TiLs. (1/20d Gu\ Rjp
BiLs TdLlTu\]o) YiUu\ GPVd
\j U\oLs. (Emaciation) RPdLjp TVt\
E[Sn SLLjtLL EPX UV YlTp
BWmd\. CWiPY X E[Sn L ALUL
EPp GP \\. u Yk HtT\.
Ck TP Su\L Nlh CZkR EPpGPV
im T\ Yim. CkSVl TjRYW E[Sn
fN (Psychotherapy) Lm YtLWUL NVpT\.
E[fNo (Depression)
E[fNo Es[m NmTkRlThP Sn. CR]p EtNLm
\k E[ Gf Xm \km. L UXeV
GiQUL, YrY TV]t\ Gu\ EQo HtTm. C
GkR YVm HtTPXm. BiL[ P TiLs
uUPe ALm TdLlTu\]o.

UrYt\ RuUm YX NnV VUm TLm

Nd Ym CZkR TXm EQYoLs. ALY
E[fNo (Endogenous depression) HtTm T EPp Utm
Es[ VL UkR X HtTm. GkR oU]m GdL
VUp, GRm \UVL NnV VUp Tm.
E[fNo GuT J A\ds NpXR h
ThP Tu\ J X. UjY ERVp Ut
E[fNo UkLs Lj QlTjRXm.

LlT (Acne)
Llf Wl ApX Wl S[eLs, Tm (Sebum)
Gu\ T[ Wk RXm, Vm YZYZlTL
Yjd Ls\. Ap L[ HtTYRp LlT
Ru\.
ALU] Ll WlTRu [YL AR
YdLi Ym S[eLp APl HtT\. CkR
Ll Tm (UW Wl) Um Um Nok
LmsLs (Black heads) Ru\ LWQUu\.
H\d\V GpX UWlTYj]m CR]p
AY\oLs. J S[d Su\ PhW
Ndu (Tetra cycline) GjdLsYRu Xm LlT
s i (acne bacillus) Vd LhlTjRXm. nU
L dVU].

CWjR NL (Anaemia)

SWm UiPXf NVpThtj RYV] CWNV]l

TsLs EPp \m T E[f No HtT\.
UNVp E[f No (Reactive depression) HtTm T

CWjR NL GuT CWjRm NmTkRlThP L[\m.

CWjRjs[ U[u (haemoglobin) APoj
ANRWQULd \m T CWjR NL HtT\.
GkR YVm Vd YiU]m YWXm. ARu
NjV Ls GiQt\Y EQp Cmf Nj,
@TXh, (folate) hPu B12, WRm Utm CWjR CZl
Tu\ LWLs CWjR NL HtTjm.

34

35

CWjR NL Es[YoLd YoRp, U]fNoYP

Rp, GfNRp, RXY, RX t\p, UVdLm Tu\Y
HtTPXm. fN ARu RuUVm LWQjRm
Tj AUm. EQ jRm, UjWLs Utm Njd
\Th FLs Tu\Y RY.

X EQl ThLu UjY QeLs (Medicinal

value of certain food items)
l

Bls (apple) - A i Eo Gol (antibacterial,

antiviral) AZt Gol (estrogenic activity) Utm
LlT \d\. tSn ATVjR
\d\.

AvTWLv (Asparagus) - J \kR EVoYVtm

hPjVu (glutathione) C t Sn
ATVjR \d\.

WL (Broccoli) - J RjRuU YnkR TuL

Sn GolT.

XYeLlThP (cinnamon) - Cuu Wlu

YXV im J \kR Fd.

Wm/XYeLm (clove) - AZt Gol, Ws Gol,

Ys[dLn (Cucumber) ATRUL of Rm
EQ

TfN (Date) CVtLV] Bvu, UX[d

Utm CmfNju E\Pm.

YkRVm (Fenugreek seeds) - NodLW Gol (anti

diabetic) YtTd Gol (anti diarrhoeal) AZt
Gol (anti ulcer) t Sn Gol (anti cancer) CWjR
AjRjR \dm. Pp YY Rdm.

u GiQn (Fish oil) - p Es[ KUL GiQn

GpX SnL[m QlTjm. C GpXYttm
Go Eo Bm.
36

i (Garlic) - TuL Go E, iP TfNVLm

NUjm NlYRp TLl Pdm.

Cg (Ginger) - RXY, LXW, Ytl Td

(diarrhea) hY, SWm NmTkRlThP Sn Tu\
GpXYttm TVuTm TZUV] Go E.

Ru (Honey) - \kR EodLp QeLs APeV.

dLjR im.

GfN N (lemon juice) - CVtLV] r Gol

L[u (mushroom) YrSs dm (longevity tonic).

YY] Uk CRVjt Uk, t Sn YW
Bilh (anti lipid) Lh Gol (anti tumor)
i Gol (antiviral) AL WRm LiP
Ts.

L (mustard) - L J RdLm dLm d,

(decongestant) N d (expectorant) i Gol
(anti bacterial) Y[oR Ut\ ]V RlTjm
(ALdm).

YeLVm (onion) - Lf \kR YVt Gol (antioxidant)

UgNs N (Pumpkin) - Cp L AL A[ hP
LWhu (beta carotene) APes[.

Ro (Tea) Ws GolVLm RU TLYXWLm

Es[.

UgNs (Turmeric) - EXXV L AtRU] Uk.

UjY QPV YN]l T[m.

URPn Zt (Menstrual cycle)

lTPm YV GuT EPp Es[ C]lTdL
ElLs YX NnV BWmlTRd d\.
AiPlTLp (ovaries) CkSWjp aoUu (hormone)
37

WdL i\. CjiPp hhP Wlu

AlTLjk G\. Cp CWiYLV]
aoUu Es[]. AY CWim JW TVWp L]P
hWuv (gonado trophins) Gu AZdLlTu\].
lTPm LXm HtTm EPp Yl\ Ut\eLs
Lm. URPn tT (Menopause) C]lTdL ElLs
NVpT tmTm, ZkR Tm LXm m
SWm URPn Yt\p Gu AZdLlTm. ZkR
Tm YV GuT Nt\\d \V lT YPeLs
Bm. CkR LXLhPjp AiPlTLs \VL 28
ShLp hPL[ EtTj Nnm. CkRl TYm
URPn Zt Gu AZdLlT\.
AL WlLs, Utm Xe Np (lining cells),
EPkR Rkk Ym CWjRm, L\ hPLs
CY A]jm NokRu URPn Td (flow)d
LWQUu\].
CkR SWjp X Ti ZkRLd YtYV
ApX ALU] CWjR TdL HtTm. CR AYoLs
NRWQUL Gjd Ls[ AWLs YZeL Yim.
RYVp UjYo BXN]lT Y YWQm
Gjd Ls[Xm. EPtTt NnVXm. \V]
EPtTtVp RNllTp HtTm Yk
YWQm T\Xm. nU Lm dVm.

UuUV] LnL WRm (Textured vegetable proteins)

LhXh, LTl, v, SdLh L, NV Q (Soya

granules) uv T Tu\Y TVP Li NnVlTm
\kR RVlLs

[ LhRp (Gecmination)
LhlTjRlThP X rXLp NjdLs UmTj
RlTYRtLL, TVLs, RVeL[ NVpTht
EhTj [Ls YYWf NnYR [ LhRp
Bm.
RVm Utm Tl YLL[ LhlTjRlThP
XLp Y[olTRu Xm Ak [Ls Ru
AYtu NjR ALlTju\]. CY [LhRp
Bm.
[dLhPlTm Tl YL jRm NnVlTh,
LYlTh AR A[ p CW m F\
YdLlT\. LXp TodmT o EgNlTh
RLs A[p TR, UuUVL Cdm.
CqRLs UpV p LhPlTh Lt\hPU]
V J Ym CPjp Gh U SWm ReLPl
T\. CkR SWjp V [Ls Rum. X
Y[Lp [Ls 1 N. [m P Y[m. YUiPX
AjRm \YL CkRp [P AL SWm dm.
V Nd Tt\ CjRVeL[ TXYLV] EQl
TsL[ LXk EiQXm.

NVuv \lT] \p TRPlTh UNm

TXY NnVlT\. AY UuUVdLlT\.
EYm LdLlT\. CkR TVP YL EQ UN
EQd UY] J Ut EQYm. UNjPm
C \lTL LXd\. NRWQ mTjt TVP J YWm.
H]p C \kR NXp \kR RWm Ldm.

RL [hP [Lp YhPu C, Nk

Cdm. C EXokR RVm Utm Tl YLLp
A\Y CdL. SVu (Niacin) 60 k 100% YW 48
Rp 72 U SWjp ALd\. B]p RVu
(thiamine) Nj EXoRVjp Cdm AR A[ Ru
Cdm. Cmf Nj CXYL EPdd Pdm
YiQm R[ok LQlT\. (TYL CmfNj
QdLlTh Cdm).

38

39

TVP

SjRp (Fermentation)
Cm\p CVtLV] i EL[ Li
EQl ThLp mu\ T[L WNV] Ut\eLs
HtTjRlTu\]. CR]p CY GV \kR NjdLs
\kRYVL Ut\lTu\].
Y YlT] Tp R[ Ro NodLlThPm
RWL U\. Tp Es[ XdP^ (lactose) Xdd
AXUL ioLs UtYRp XN] l Y
\.
Am, Tlm AWj dL Yj Ch,
RN, AP Tu\Y NnVlTu\]. jRm
NnVlThP UPu Dvh ApX Ro NodLlTh
dLYdLlThP u ThW, Su (Naans) Utm Wh
(bread) NnVlT\. LPXlTlT dL Yj
Pd[ (Dhokla) NnVlT\.
RPok dL Ydm T LXY i
[Ls[, Ll[m lTL U\. RYV]
A[ YW UhU dL YdL Yim. LoTuP
Bd^ EiPYRp LXY UuUVLm, CXNLm
B\. (spongy & light) dL YjR EQ Lm
XTUL Ndm. Um EQt UuUm, UQm
Nodm.
dL YjRp AvLod AXj RuUV
ALd\. RVu, T[u Utm SVu
CWhlTu\]. Td (folic) AXm Utm UjV]u
Tu\Ym
ALdu\].
Cmf
Nj
Qlk Th GRL PdL Y Nn\.

7 8 hL El NodL Yim ApX J hPo

Rip 30 Wm (2 U_ LWi LWUL) A U
Noj 4 Rp 5 Pm LdL YdLm. CY ORS
G]lTm. Ad LgV NRWQ YlTXp 5 Rp
6 U SWm, oTR]l Thp 24 U SWm
YjdLXm.

NVtL \ RVl (ADD)

NaCl - NRWQ El 3.5 Wm (1/2 RdLWi)
NaHCO3 - NP El 2.5 Wm (1/2 RdLWi)
Kcl - ThPVm [W 1.5 Wm

(ApX R[ GfN N)

H2O - 1 hPo

CdLWNX J S[d 4 Rp 6 Y[Ls

LdLm.

U Utm U ApXR T]eLs (Alcoholic and NonAlcoholic beverages)

T]eLs GuTY dLj RkR (potable) RLm

Rdm, jQo FhPdV Utm NjR]
T]eL[m. TmTuUV] T]eLp Es[ NodLW
Utm U Tu\Y Nd Adu\].
R El, YhPu Tu\ NjdL[m AY
Adu\]. U T]eLs UjV SWm UiPXjR
Tj ]ZdL Nn\ (tranqualises)

1 hPo LdL YdLlTh, odLlThP

Rip 20 Wm dLv ApX 40 Wm NodLWPu

T]eL[ NWVs[Y NWVUt\Y G] CWi

YLVLl dLXm. UT]eLp 76%d \YL
NWVm Cdm. Ju, o, Wi, dLo (liquor) u
Tu\Y Cp APem. NWVUt\ T]eLs P]
Utm okR T]eL[L YLlTjRlThs[]. Ro
(Tea), Zm (coffee), NdXh (hot chocolate) Tu\Y

40

41

YnY o Htm fNu jWm (Oral rehydration

formula) - hjRVl

T]eLs. oT]eLp CVtLV] Bt/] o

(Spring Water) ApX ]Wp YhPo, LX (Colas), u_o
Hp (ginger ale) o Zm (Cold coffee) TZfN Utm
WlLs (Syrup) APem. UT]s[ T]eLs AL
Nd JLl TjRlThs[. EP] Nd Ad\.
oT]eLs Utm TZfNLs jQoh\.
VoYVp HtTm o Tt\d\V D Nn\.
Um R EldLm, YhPuL[m Adu\].
TZm NokR oT]eLs (fruit beverage) YhPu C,
NkRY. P] T]eL[] Zm, Ro Tu\Y
FdL[L Es[]. (stimulants).
EQlTLl (Food safety)
l
l
l
l
l

1.
2.
3.

UdLp TXd Pdm, TU\lTm EQu

TLl Tt EVL Gm RYpX.
TLl GuT Ed TeLm [dm LVm,
Ut\m ApX CZl Tu\Ytk TRp.
TVu GuT J URu ApX Ts SXd
TVuRWd V.
ATVm GuT LVm Utm CZldL] Ynl
HtTPd LWQUL AUY.
EQ TLl GuTY rdLiP LWL[
Ljp LsY.
EQ]p HtTm RtSn (Food borne infection)
CYV EQl TLl RPoT] dVU]
Wf]L[m.
NkRp RU] EQlThLs Pdu\].
CY EQp Cdm FhPfNjdL[ ALdL
VYL[L Cdu\]Y?
tfZp nUdL (Environmental contamination)
o Utm Ui UT GlT EQl T[
Tdu\]. EQY RPoPV o Utm Ui
42

UT ARu Wf]Ls Gu]?

4. CVtL SfdLs (Natural toxicants) EQp Es[
CVtL SfdLs Utm AYt\ Rem A[.
5. fd LpLs (Pesticide) ETVjRm, AYLs
EQp Cdm A[m Utm ALtm YLLs.
6. YiUu\ NodLlTm YiQeLs Utm
TRlTsLs. CRu Nol EPp GkR A[ Rdl
dm Utm ALU]p GqY UR ElLu
NVpThP Tdm.
EQ NodLLs (Food additives)
EQ NodL GuT EQ RVlLp
SoLULY U\LULY NodLlTm J Ts.
CR Rp hT RYdLL TVuTj\oLs.
1.

2.

3.
4.

R EldLs Utm YhPuLs Tu\Y

FhPfNj ALlTRtLLm, RWjtLLm
NodLlTu\].
EQlTu RWjR UmTjRp ApX
TLjRp Moulding & Rancidity. (FlT] ApX
Lhl T] EQ).
UuUVdRp Wh RVjRp Dvh
EQY TodLm dLm iTY \fNodL

EQp NodLlTm YiQeLs (Food colours)

EQu Rt\U YdLV[o AR] YeYRt
dV LWVL AU\. EQj RVlT[oLs
YiQeLs ReLs EQ ThLp NodLlTYR
m\oLs. EQ YiQeLs GuTY TWYXL
TVuTjRlTu\ EQ NoU]eLp Ju.
YiQeLs, NVtL LU NVeLs Utm
EQk GdLlThP CVtL YoQeLs/TN
43

GuTYt\ Es[PdV. H\d\V 30 \eLs RtT

AUdLlThs[]. CkR NVtL \eLs TYL
EPp SXjt L [lT, AR]p TLltLL
CYL[ Ul NnV Yim.

2.

YdLp (Straw)

3.

Tu TLs (Polythene bags)

4.

TL[j ReL P CPm (Space to hang baggs)

Sm EQp Dvh (Yeast in our diet)

5.

LlT (gunny bags)

Dvh GuT EQj \p TVuTjRlTm GV

YL J Np L[u Bm. LnL Utm Xek
Pdm LfN (raw) ThL[ (material) iLs
Li X Ut\eL[ HtTj AUlTR jR
EQLs G]lTm. Dvh Ym, UuUm,
vWjm TpYThP ThL[ RVdL TVuT\.
LoTuPBd^ Utm GjR]p EiPdLd V
\u Dvhp Es[Rp EQY dL YlTp dV
Te Yd\.

TLs

LoTuP Bd^ Wh RVlm, GjR]p

o, Ju Utm NWV RVlm TVuTu\]. Dvh
AU] (Bakery) Rp YN]dm Ydm Q
\. SjRp ApX UY ElTf NnRp GuT
Lt Utm Dvh CWiPm Ju\Ld LXlTRu Xm
NnV \. Su (naan) NnV ERm U ApX
LXY CRt ERWQm.

EiQjRkR L[m ARu dVjYm (Edible

mushroom and its importance)

CqYLd L[u TVUNPv L[u

YLVf NokR TZUm. Cp WRf Nj Nk
LQlT\. RXL (L[u Y[ol) hXV
TPXm. CRu Xm hj RYV NUdLXm.
AL CPU LY]U CRt RY CpX. CY
TPj RYV]Y.
1.

vTu (spawn) L[u UVm ApX L[u

RLs
44

1.

YdLX Yh iL[dLm. CW Ym
ApX X U SWm p F\Pm. u ALU]
W k GdLm.

2.

Ldm p X PeLs rL YdLm.

3.

Zp jRU] RWp ALU] o Tm YW

EXW Pm.

4.

Tju Tp vTu (R) Utm YdLX

AdL[L YdLm.

5.

YNV] CPjp ReLPm. Tju TL[

DWU] LlTL[p t\m. CR]p RYV]
DWm Pdm.

6.

1015 ShLp L[u AYPdj RVW m.

7.

JqY Tkm u Rp Su ToLs

T\Xm.

8.

LhmT YdLp odL CpXUp DWlTRUL

Cd\R Gu LYdL Yim.

9.

TPlT, rlTdLm FIPPAT-k vTu T\Xm.

YemT R]YV Es[R Gu E
Nn Ls[m.

10. TL[ DWUL YjlT dVm.

45

L[u-V L[uLu Nj Ul (100 Wm)

NjdLs(Nutrients)
WRm
Ll
SofNj
LoTaWh
Nd
iQm (LpVm)
TvTWv
CmfNj

Nj Ul / 100 Wm
3.1
0.8
0.4
4.3
43 . LXLs
6.0 .
110.00 .
1.5 .

X EQl ThLp Es[ WRjPu L[p

Es[ WRm J Jl Comparison of protein content of
some foods with mushroom (g/100 gm)

EQ YLLs

WRfNj / 100 Wm

L[u (EXokR)

35.0

ThP (EXokR)

24.2

Tp

3.2

hP

12.8

1819

19

NUVp lLs (Cooking Hints)

l
l
l

EQY Lp TPm/YdLm.
RYV] A[ Rio UhU ETVdLm
NUjR EQu AL RiW Ut\ EQ RVdL
TVuTjRm ApX RYV] A[ p UhU
NUdLm.
46

l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

TfNd LnLLu CXL[ ETVdLm.

EQ NUdL NUVp NP TVuTjRd P.
ALUL YL YdLd P (Overcook)
LnLL[m TZeL[m ofV] CPjp
YdLm.
Yhu LYm.
A Tl CYt\ \Y] Rip LYm.
XNL RdLm.
Lt LUp YdLm.

1.9. YdLV[o lQo (Consumer awareness)

YdLV[oLd ETVLU] lLs

l
l
l
l
l

[mTWjR BWnk TodLm.

R STu EQo, EQof ApX RtTU Tu\
Yt\ LYm [mTWeL[ RV hPm.
J Ts ClTR Rdm RUL, RU]
[mTWjR Gjd Ls[Xm.
GU CXYNpX HRm J Rjp TQm
NjRlT\.
EmPVj RYV Uhm Nok TRp Lm
dVm.

EmPV EQp Po_uh (The detergent in your

diet)

TjWeLp Es[ l Utm EQlTY

dLl TVuTm Po_uh F[dm TYeL[
hf Np\.
WY YY Po_uh Rip LWVd V
NpT]h Gu\ Ts Po_uhp TVuTjRlT\.
47

(TYL BpT Ku NpT]h (Alpha Olefin Sulphonate

- AOS) WY YY Po_uhp Bdq H_uh 15 Rp
20 NRRm YW Es[.
Xdm TPo (Scouring powder) \YL ARY
1k 3 NRRm YWX] AOS Lid\. jRm
NnYR NmUTjR NP NmTp CkR TPoLp
(soda ash) NodLlT\.
TjWeLp Es[ Po_uh TY dY
XTUpX. H]p, Rip LWVd V RnlTu
(abrasive) TjWju UtTWlp Bdq Po_uh EPu
j t\. Xd]p Es[ CuPvhVp Nof Tj
\d Up LYRp UhU Po_uh TY
jRUL dL m Gu LiPkd\.
UK p SPTt\ J Bn J S[d 50 Rp

60 pWm YW WY Po_uh J UR]p

EiQlTYRL \. ZkRLm Po_uPp
LYlThP Tp ThpLs Xm CR] EhLs\oLs.
TPoLp \Y] Bdq Po_uP Es[. CRl
Tt BnLs UtLs[lTPpX Gm QoLs
NWNVL ]m H\d\V 10 p Wm EhLsYRL
Rd\oLs.

ThVYRu TVuLs (The value of making lists)

1.
2.
3.
4.

NnV YiV NVpL[ ThVp CY AYt\

AL ElTjYRm.
LY]UL ThVYRu Xm uU LdL
YiV `VeLd uU LdLm.
NVpL[ GYRu Xm Sm U\k YU
Gu\ TVjR RodLXm. AUhUu GhP
u OTLNdV NokdL YiV AYVpX.
J NVX jRu AR ThVk d
PXm GuTRp \kRRL LRlT\.
48

Y[eLs (Resources)
URY[ YLLs

URu ApXR Y[ YLLs

LXm
Nd
A
\uLs ApX Te

TQm
T[RWm
Nj
NL Y[eLs

L\ dLm (Stain removal)

BPLp L, L, CWjRm, Ro, Zm Utm U

(ink) km T L\ HtT\. L\ RL

CdmTR dY L dVm. BPs Brk

NpYRt u Ym dLlTm. L\dRp
\VLm JeLLm NVpTjRlTPYim.
Ju\ Sm Su\L OTLjp Ls[ Yim.
APoj ALU] L\ dV P oU (dilute) L\
d \kR. APo YlTsLs V
NRlTjRXm.
L\V rdLiP \Lp dLXm:

S]jRp (Dipping) : L\V] V ]d

(Reagent)-p S]dL Yim. u Rnj L\ dV
u p AXNm/LYm.
UuTs (Sponge) : L\V] TLm U Egm
Rs (Blotting paper) YdLlTh ]d TgNp
RPYlT\.
Nh\ (Drop method) : J iQjp L\V]
T dLlTh Ap Nh (dropper) Xm ]d
TPlT\.
Wp YL YjRp (Steaming) : Ldu\
k Ym Wp L\lThP T LhPlT\.
49

RWdLPu V hL[ TjRp (Reading

of labels with standard marks)

h GuT LoYd J EtTj Ts Tt

RLYp RlT. J h Rm RLYp EiUV]RL
Cdm G] GoTodLlT\. hp RdLl
Thdm RLYp RYLm, dLULm LdLlTP
Yim.
GV Up / SPp LoYWp kLsm
YLp h CdL Yim. Tp LoYoL[
Nu\Pm YiQm CWi GV Up k
LsmT CY CdL Yim. EP] Todm
YiQm Tu TVo TV (bold) GjdLp
RYL CdL Yim.
UkLm UjWLm Es[ hLp
GfNdL CdL Yim. (Warning) eLs GlTRY
GfNdLV hu TojdoL[?
EtTj NnR Utm, Lm R CYL[
Toj RWU] RVlL[ YeLm. Su\L PlThP,
LhPlThP TsL[ YeLm.
Lu WkRW ALXm (Standard widths of fabrics)
Tj (Cottons) YZdLUL Tj Ls 92 N.
(36) ALXm Es[Rdm X YL Cum ALXUL
Cdm. (LjR Ls)
Th (Silks) Thu WkRWU] ALXm 100 N. (39)
Clm NXLs 110 N. Rp 115 N. (43 45)
YWX] ALXjm ApX ALULm Cdm. X
LVp SnVlThP ThNXLs LXL 70 N. UhU
Cdm. (27).
LmTj Ls (Woollen fabrics) TYL 140 N.
Rp 150 N. (54 60) ALXm Cdm. X LmTLs
(Worsted) 190 N. (72) YW ALXUL Cdm.
50

NVtL CZLs (Man made fibres) CY 92 N.

Rp 190 N. (35 72) YWX] ALXjp Cdm.
LmTPu NodLlTm T 140 N. Rp 150 N.
YW ALXm (150 160) Cdm.

Nn\ (Practicals)
1.

GV RRL[ APV[m Li Ylp Nn

LhPm.

2.

[mTWeL[ Toj BWVm.

LsLs

T A
I. LhP CPeL[ WlL
1.

RR GuT Tjds[]Yu LVjt

LdLlTm _________ Bm.

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RPVp HtT\.

3.

_________ Lm AdLlTh RiYPm

4.

__________ Y YL]lL, hk Ym L

dLlT\.

Utm XdL WeLeLp Es[.

5.

CWjR Jd LVju __________ k YU]p

A Yl\ CWjR Jd G]lTm.

6.

ORS YnY o UjYjp TVuTm p __________

Wm NodLWm__________ Wm Elm__________p

APed\.

51

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HtTu\].

L[.

7.

fjQ\u T Sjl \\.

_______ Gu\ Np CWjRd L[L[d dLl

8.

NUVp NP NUVu YVd h\.

9.

GiLu RWm dLu RYd \lTpX.

7.

_______ GuT J U]Sn.

8.

_______ GuT TiLp ALm LQlTm SWmd

9.

TVuT\.

10. _______ J CVtLV] r Gol.

10. CWjR JdLj Rdm U\L YLp Ju

AjRl sL[ TVuTjY.

II. TjL

1.

fjQ\p

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RP AjRls

f APl

4.

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6.

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10. Ys[dLn

of Rm EQ

III. NV? RY\?

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1.

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fjQ\p

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liLs

6.

Ytli

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ABC

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i J TuL
LRlT\.

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1.

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3.

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2.

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52

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T B

(5 UlTiLs)

53

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liLu RWeL[ Y.

8.

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9.

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10. hp uTt\lTm GV L\dm \L[

GL.

D
(10 UlTiLs)
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RRp uTt\lTm \L[ GL.

2.

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VY?

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4.

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6.

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10. NUdmT U]p Ls[ YiV LjdL[

G.

54

2. DPVp
2.1. EQo ElLs

Sm Eh\ rX Utm Y EXLjRl TtV

EQo RLYpL[p RPofVL RdLlTu\m. Eh\
Utm \ rXp HtTm Ut\m iRp G]lTm.
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UhLs BVY Bm. EQof ElL[V Li
Utm L BVYt\l Tt CkR TPjp LQXm.

2.1.1. Li
2.1.1.1. Liu AUl
LTXd s AUks[ ToYj \dL]
El Li Bm. C H\d\V EiP YYU]m
2.5. N.. hPPVm Bm. J LiQd Li
TolT NjVUm lTUQ Rt\eL[d LQ
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LoV (L)

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Utm Iv

3.

Eh\ SWmj Ad : Wh] (jW)

Liu L[jts Xuv, u\dLi W^m

(aqueous fluid), u\d Li W^m (vitreous body) BVY
LQlT\.
55

vW Utm LoV
v W GuT Liu Yi TPXjR
Es[PdV. C LoVPu RPo Lis[.
Liu E[ YYjR TWUd\.
hl s

CZ EPXm
e m
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Xu
TY

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Liu A\

LWn

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WYjR Wdu\].

Iv / L
Iv B] LoVu u\ULm Xuvd
u\ULm Z EPXjtu YPk
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ApX TY Gu TVo.

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Wh]

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LWn (S E\)

TPm 1 : Liu AUl

Li TY

LoV RY] J FYdV NqYm. CRu

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Wh]p Zf Nn\.

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C S AdLm. Cp CWjR iZpLs \k
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TPm 2 : Liu u\j Rt\m

Xuv

C RNjdL[m GVp NpL[m

Lis[. LWnd Ut\UL AUks[.
Ys[ s[ NvTuN LUiPu (RNSPu)
CQk LQlT\.

Li TlTt Nt\ u\m LQlT\. C s

RuUPm E[V]RLm, J FYd
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56

57

CZ EPXm (Ciliary Body)

Xuv B] J AXL[ Nnj TsL[p

WTdLf Nn\.

Wh] / jW
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f Utm m NpLs JV SWmj iPpL[L
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f NpLs WPlu (Lm Yl \m)Gu\ Yl
T[ Tts[]. \kR Jp TolTRt C
ER\. YhPu A CRu EtTjd AYVU]Rm.
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EPXju Xm WlTlThs[. C 99% s[,
UuUV], J Fm RuUPV, _p Tu\
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RY] ToYd, TsLk Ym JV]
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2.

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3.

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Cmum RY] ToYd AYVU]Rm.

1. J AXLu XdLm
J J APos[ FPLjp Ck Cu]
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AP\. CkR Wh]p J jRp
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hWv EPXjs Zk YV\.

Liu Ut\l Tp, LoV Utm Xuvd

CPlThP TV] I]p UVt
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Lip Zm JV] Wh]p dLlTP
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58

59

Liu AdLs (Chambers of the Eye)

2. TlTdLu A[
TlTdLu A[ EsYm JdLtT Utd
Ls[lT\. AL Jp TlTdLs em \kR
Jp YPkm LQlT\. Iv \V YhPj
RN AdL[m, WVhe RN CZLu
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3. LiLp Jd AdLlTm CPm

CPYN GuT Wjp Utm TdLjp Ck Ym
JdLt\Ls Wh]p dLlTYR Bm. 6
hPds Ym JV lTRt Li B] rdLm
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1.

TlTdLp HtTm dLm

2.

Lip HtTm jRuU

3.

Xuu \p HtTm Ut\m

6 hPd AlTp Ck Ym JV, LiQ]

GkR Ut\jtm EhTPUp TdL m.

Wh]u TLs
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f NpLp Y Ut\eLs Lru\]. CY SWmj
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NpX Sm T TodL CVXR X HtT\. CRt
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f NpLp Ut\eLs SPTt RYV] A[
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kR Xu^l TVuTj CR] Yoj NnVXm.
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2.1.2. L

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J AXLu Xm HtTm AoL[p iPlT\.

60

61

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TPm 3 : Lu AUl
2.1.2.1. AUl
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1.

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2.

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3.

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63

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UVv
(j YY)

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64

CuLv
(ThP YY)

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TPm 5 : J EQo BdsLs / t\m

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2.

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3.

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1.

C TdLYhp LQlTm jVp Tu\ AUl

GmT]. CRu RXlT CuLv EPm Ll
T mTd NqPm CQks[.

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T CuLv Utm vPlv TLPu CQk
LQlT\.

3.

Y[Vm Tu\ AUlPV SlTp Es[

Gm RXlT CuLv EPm uT L[
\lPm CQk LQlTu\.
65

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Tp GmTp B] J Tu\ AUlTm. C
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hdp Yvh
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TPm 6 : EhN (ALf N)

B. NqYX] Xkj

1.

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C GmTX] Xku YYjR Jj

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C TL[d Li Es[.

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1.

1.

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s L[j \lLs LQlTu\].

2.

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66

2.
3.

Yvp (Cp hds (N T) Utm Ndp

(iT) LQlT\) CY sYhP NqYX]
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u AWYhP YndLpLs

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YYjRd Lh\. W GVNpLs Utm SWm
CZLs CRu Al\jp LQlTu\]. TdLYhp
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(ToY Nq)

EWUf Np

TPm 7 : LdVu Yhj Rt\m

2.1.2.2. LhPp Es[ EPtNVVp

\fN

Ltp
JAX

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EQo)

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68

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TPm 8 : J AX Npm TR

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(AjR[ Nq)

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71

2.

Qf NU] ElL[L Ero Wl,

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Yn

2.

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B]. SoL[p PlThs[ Yt\\ ElLd
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3.

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72

TPm 9 : NU] UiPXju ElLs

Yn
Yn B] Ynd Gu AZdLlT\. Yp
32 TtLs LQlTu\]. AYVY];
8
Yhl TtLs (incisors)
4
LWl TtLs (canines)
u LPYn TtLs (Premolars) 8
12
u LPYn TtLs (Molars)
73

Yhm TtLs
LW TtLs
u LPYn
TtLs
u LP Yn
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Er o WjRp TZd U] Utm TZL

U]f NVpL[ DTjm J XVm. \kR
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(TWh)

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TPm 10 : Yu UtW Utm WkRW TtLs

TtLs EQY iL[dL TVuTu\].
TtLu Sp RNVX] Sd LQlTu\. CY
EQY UpRp Utm eRp dVl Te
Ydu\]. Sd Tm \p dV ElTm. Sd
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AmLs ER Nnu\] (EYol, LWm, Cl...).
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ClTRtm, NlTRt HY]RL UtYRtm
ER\.
ErW] u CQ Ero WlL]p
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\fNd UXLm ZLm AUks[.
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C. Nl eYp / SYfWl
Sdd Ap AUk LQlTu\.
74

Lu]j
RNLs

NledYp
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TPm 11 : Er o WlLs
Er u TLs
1.

Yn DWlTRPu CdLm, TRdm ER\.

2.

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3.

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4.

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75

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7.

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TRWNm, DVm Utm AVu Es[ Uk TsLs.

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C J iP Zn RiPV CWlTPu
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CWlT EQdZu YPkR TVm.
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C Uo 600 N.. [PV. o EVp
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Pp) BVY LQlT\.

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BV TLs Es[].

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TPm 12 : CWlTu AUl

TePu uT UXdPp \d\. C 15

Rp 20 N.. YW [PV. UXdPp NdLlTPR
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76

77

V]m
( u Pp)

TXd BihWm
( PpYn Y)

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Yn : Ero WlLs

2.

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3.

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T\.

NU] UiPXjp WdLlTm TsLs SLs

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78

79

2.2.2. LpWp

7.

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8.

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YVtRp.

jR o
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Ll

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LpWu TLs
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CWjR YlTdLu RjRp Xm jR o EtTj

NnRp.

2.

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3.

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4.

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5.
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jR o CpXUp LllThLs NdL CVX.

Cp NU] SLs Gm CpXm jR o
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jR Tp NdLlThs[. C jRS[ju u
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Es[]. Ck\eLs UXm Utm d \jR
Adu\]. LpWp NRUPmT ApX jR S[m
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TL[j i\.

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C Ll AXeL[m, NWpL[m
LWd\.

3.

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alT] EYd\.

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5.

Ut\ SLu ERPu EQu AXjRuUV

Ut\.

80

`jRuUPV

81

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Ytu Ut\fYu dLL AUkdm iP
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dLLu. CkR aoUuLs SPVL CWjRjp
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u SL[ Lis[. AYVY] 1. lu,
2. AUXv Utm 3. XlTv. CRjRW AL A[
NVm TLoT]hP Tts[. C CWlTp
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jR S[m

jRp NU] SLs CpXm Ll

NjRp LQV XlTd ER\. LQV Ntp
3 dV YU YnkR SLs LQlT\.
AYVY]:
1.

LQV AUXv LoTahWhL[ Rj

dLv, WdPv Utm LXdPv BL Ut\.

2.

lu Utm LU lu TlPuL[
TTlPL[L Ut\. Rp lu B]
NVpTP l]_u]Lm LUl]
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3. LQV XlTv LlT Ll AXe
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Gu AZdLlTu\]. Pp CRt u
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AYVY]:

jRl T
LQVm

1.

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Ut\

2.

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dVNL[L Ut\.

TPm 14 : LQVm Utm ARPu CQks[ AUlLs

3.

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TuPv, u Utm uL[L Ut\.

Pp SPTm CWNV] NjRp

AX r Pp NjRlTmT
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Utm dWv Tu\ SLs LQlTu\]. Cp Es[
XlTv, LlT Ll AXeL[Lm
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82

83

u Pp

LQV S[m

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UV Xdp
( TpZn)

EQ EgNlTRp
EQ NjRu o, R ElLs, YhPuLs
Tu\Y Pp Utm EQdZu YoLs XUL
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XULY LXdLlTu\].
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Lr\.
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B] CWlTm TePm Lr\. Jt\
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Ll AXeLs Utm NWpLs SWVL CWjR

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84

85

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2.2.4. Ytp HtTm SnLs

UXdPk UXm YVt\lTm Lrf Bm.

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UXlZ YV YVt\lT\.

Ytl i

2.2.3. EQdZu CVdLm

h`u (eRp) GuT AWdLlThP
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Lrf Bm. CWlTu e m CVdLeL]p
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1. TiXo CVdLm
Pp LQlTm YhP Utm s YhjRNLu
CVdLju Xm C HtT\. EQ SLPu
LXdRd CqVdLm ER\.

2. LiP CVdLm
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UlLs PX LiPeL[L d\.

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86

87

3. TvPpd CVdLm

(hilum) Gu\ZdLlT\. Ce RULs, WLs Utm

2.3. LdL UiPXm

Xe Utm UR EPpLp SPTm Y[oR

Ut\juT LU hlTu RLs
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WWX] LoTuPBdNPm, WVm
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(gastro - intestinal tract) R[ o, jR AXm, \Ls,
LlLs, X lhP UkLs (Sm EhLiPY),
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(WL W)
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TPm 16 : WLju AUl

2.3.1. WLju AUl

JqY WLm Tpv (Pelvis) Gu\ TV

Lis[. CeRu o NLdLlT\. W]
Tpk oZn Xm YLhPlT\. o
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800 .. W Ndm \PV. ol
\YV] (Urethra) W oTk lhP
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88

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90

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TPm 17 : SlWu AUl

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91

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125 .. / Pm, JqY Sm 180 hPo, Si
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2.3.2. o EYdLm
Cp u XLs Es[]
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YYm [j
RU

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Utm Vu A[ EgNlTPUp ALUL
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WjRp

AiU iP
Zp

TPm 18 : [UXv Utm [UXo Llp

92

SU EPd RYlTPR AkV ThLs

(ERWQUL Tu, Bvu Tu\Y) YLhRp
Xm dLlTYpX. CkR ThLs WjRp Xm
dLlTu\]. ZpLp WdLlTm H + AVLs
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93

CqY EiP] W] iP, UpV,

RNVX] odZpLs Xm o TV
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Tu u]YW is[.

o YVt\m (Micturition)
o TV] W NLj u lhP
CPYLp o Zn YVL YVt\.
olT LVL CdmT ARu RN YW]
RjRRLm L]U]RLm U\. o T Wp
\mT ARu RN YW] UpVRLm, A[p
TVRLm ( 2 - 3 k 5 AeXm ) B\.
oTp Uo 800 .. o NLdLlT\. B]p
400 .. A[ o \kRX o YVt\m
Lr\. o Zn Xm o YVm Lrfd
o YVt\m ApX dNu Gu TVo. o
YVY J AfN NVp \Vm, C oT
Utm o Zp Es[ Y[VRN[p
LhlTjRlT\.
Ah]p
WlLs
WLm

o
S[m

2.3.3. EPtWYeLs
UR UjR GPp 60% u GP Es[. W
BRWUL Tts[ CWjR [vU, Qo, CPj
WYeLs Tu\Y EPtWYeL[m. CYLs
NjlThLs, YdLs, o, aoUuLs Utm EldLs,
AXeLs, LWeLs Tu\Yt\ Es[Pds[]. EPt
WYjp LZdV YVp ]Ls A]jm WY
FPLjXV SPTu\].
EPtWYU] Np Es WYm (ECF) Utm Np
YWYm (ECF) Gu CWiPL dLlTh EPs
TWs[. EPtWYjp, up CTe Nps
LQlT\, C NpEs WYm G]lT\. Rs[Y
NpLd CPV LQlTm. C NpY WYm
G]lT\.
EVoWYU] J Tk AjR Td
NpYRt CWjR AjRm Utm NqTWRp
Tu\Yt\ Noks[.

of NUX
W] GkR A[t EhNp\R AkR A[t
YVt\lTP Yim, AlTRu EPp Es[ WY
A[ XVL Cdm. W] EQ Pp YVL EPp
Np\, Um Y[oR Ut\juT R[ W]
EiPdLlT\. EPs Es[ W] YNm
XULm LdLm XULm, VoY YVLm
YVt\lT\.

TPm 19 : WL UiPXm

Sm o EhLsmT, o NUXV]
WLjRp LhlTjRlT\. Sm ALU] W
AkmT hhP]p WdLlTm Bi
Pd aoU]] WLjp SPTm o U
EgRX JelTj\.

94

95

ol
T

AVLu NUXm, WY NUXm

Ju\Vu NokRYVm. LU EldLs, AXeLs
Utm LWeLs Tu\ GXdhWXhLs LWNp
AVL[ EiPdu\]. EPtWYjp LQlTm
GXdhWXh Lu RlT] CPjt CPm
UT\. NpY WYjp ALA[ NVm
AVLm, Np EsWYjp AL A[ ThPVm
AVLm Es[]. NVm AVLu A[Y]
EPs SPTm ofNUX Xm, Ah]p
LoPdp WdLlTm. BpPvWu aoUu Xm
JelTjRlT\. ThPVm AVLs WY
A[Y
XjRm,
AXLW
A[Y
JeTjRm RYV]RL Es[.
2.3.4. AX-LW NUX
AX LW NUXV] ahW_u AVLu
A[Y Noks[. pH GuT J WYjp Es[ H+
AVLu A[] lTRm. SXV] pH 7
Bm. \kR A[ pH AXjRuUVm, AL A[
LWj RuUm d\.
CWjRju pH A[ 7.4 Bm, C R[
LWRuUV d\. pH p HtTm Ut\U]
YVp ]Ls, ARu AUl, WRju TLs
BVYt\ Td\.
A P v GuT [vUp ahW_u
AVLu A[ NWNVP EVoYRm. C
YLV] APv Es[.
1. Y[oR APv (AXRdLm)
C ALlTV] TLoT]h AV CZl]p
HtT\. AV CZlT] YtlTd XULY
ApX ALU] Xdd AXm NodL]m
APv HtT\. Xdd AXm NodL EPtTt
]p Lr\.
96

2. YN APv
ALU] CO 2 EtTj]p C Lr\.
WW]p dLlTPdV CO2 IP CRu EtTj A[
ALUL Es[.
ApLXv GuT ahW_u AVLu A[
NWNVP \mT HtT\. CYLV]
ApLXv Es[.

1. Y[oR ApLXv
CWlTp Es[ HCl AX CZl]p C Lr\.
AL[ Yk]p RNp YLU] AN HtT\
ApX CZl HtT\.

YN ApLXv
CO2 EtTjVm A[YP ALU] A[ YN
UiPXj]p YVt\lTYRp C Lr\.
ALU] EVWU ApX AjRU Cq[t
LWQU\. WWp pH A[Y Je TjYp
ER\.

WL L[
C YLV] WL L[Ls Es[].
1. W WL L[
2. jR WL L[

W WL L[
WLjp HtTm LVm LWQUL [UX
YLhm Rjp HtTm WU] \Ym. CR]p
WL T TdLlTu\.
ERWQm : CWjR CZl, Yt Td]p HtTm
Zl.
97

jR WL L[
C SlWuLs RYRp Lr\. CfRYp
WLjp LtLs, AL CWjR AjRm, Sn
Tu\Y HtTu\].

WL LtLs
C WLm Utm o Tp EiP\. o
WYjp Es[ TlThLs TYRp EiP\. CkR
LWTp BdXhLs, TvThLs, WhLs
Utm d AXeLs LQlTu\]. CkLrf 30
YVt u BiLd ALUL LQlT\. Zl
Rt SnLs, aTo TWRWNm Tu\Y LtLs
EYL LWQU\.

2.3.5. Ru AUl Utm TLs

RX] EPu \ E\VL AUks[. C

EPt TLlT R\. RX] Yl\m J
UpV GlPov AdLm, Eh\m RU]]
Pov AdLm Tts[. GiQt\ WlLs,
EQof ElLs, Ls, SLeLs Tu\YLs Rp
Rks[].

GPov / \jRp
C Ru YE\VL AUks[. CqYdp
CWjR S[eLs LQlTYpX. C QPk
EQ]l T\. CqYdp SWmLs LQlTu\].

GPov Su Np AdL[ Tts[

AYVY]
1. vhWhPm LoVm
2. vhWhPm Pm
3. vhWhPm WXNm
4. vhWhPm Up

EWUm
\jRp

AjRp
NlhP]v

GiQnf
Wl
EWU Yo
r

1. vhWhPm LoVm
CkR Adp LQlTm NpLs UpVY, Np
Tu\Y, C\kRY Utm Lm Tu\ L] T[p
B]Y. CkR AdL] TR A\ Tp Rj
LQlT\. C ERLs, [mLs, LmLs, SLeLs,
\Ls, u NpLs Tu\Ytp UpV AdLL
AUks[. UtLiP AUlLs CkR Adu
\lTPkR \hVm.

2. vhWhPm Pm

TPm 20 : Ru YhjRt\m

CkR Adp LQlTm NpLs UpVY, J

m RuUPV. CkR NpLs CQkR Xp
LQlTm.

98

99

7.

3. vhWhPm WXNm
CfNpLs JeLt\ LkLsL[L 4 ApX 5
AdL[ LiP RhPV] NpL[m.

R]L CVeLdV RN CZLs: CkR RN CZLs

AWdPov TXWm Gu\ZdLlT\. CkR
CZLs EWU TdPu CQks[, CY
emT EWUm SWL ok tm.

4. vhWhPm Up

Rp C YNp AUkR WlLs LQlT\.

CkR Ad GPovu r\m AUkR

AUlTm. ClTp Np TdLm SPT\.
CkR AdL] TahWp NpL[p B]. CfNpLs
lds NpLs G]lTu\]. CkR Adu Eh\m
AUkR NpLp UXu \Ls LQlTu\].
CY Rd \jR Adu\].

1.

VoY WlLs

2.

GiQnf WlLs

AjRp / Pov
C GPou r\m AUks[. CqYd
TmTm CQl Yp B]. C SWmL[m,
CWjRS[eL[m Tts[. Po^m,
GPo^m dm L Y]. B]p
SW] ApX. GlPos, Pov is[Rp
CdL Y[k Sks[. CkR hLs PoUp
TlpX Gu\ZdLlT\. CkR AdL] L]U]
Y[m RuUPV. C rdLiP AUlL[
Tts[.
1.

UpV Y[m RuUPV.

2.

Qo Utm CWjR RkLs.

3.

EQof SWmLu TpY XLs.

4.

EWU YoLs ApX EWU TdpLs.

5.

VoY WlLs.

6.

GiQnf WlLs
100

JqY VoY Wlm iP ZX Tts[.

CdZpLu J ]V] VoY [Xm
Ru Ut\m \d\. Ut\\m Pos
Rk [L AUks[. CkR s Tp
AUks[ Wl NpL[] Wm Utm A[
Y[oR Ut\ LL[m, CWjRjk j
Gd\. VoYV] VoY [ YV YV
Ru Ut\m EiPm h]p BV\.
VoY WlLs Es[eL, TR Al\m, St Utm
AdsLp ALUL LQlTm.
GiQn WlLs JeLt\ YYPV T Tu\
WlL[m. C EWU TsLp \d\. Cp
WdLlTm GiQn WlT] (Tm), YUiPXjp
EiPm AL YlTm Utm \kR DWlTRj]p
Rp YWi TYR Rd\.

EQof SWm X
GiQt\ \lYnkR EQof, SWmLs RRp
AjRm, Y, o Tu\Ytu Xm HtTm EQof
iPpL[ GjNp\. CkSWmLs, [Pu
SWmZL[p QdLlThs[. iPpLs EQof
ElLs Xm [d LPjRlTu\]. u
[V] CjiPpLd HtT R] LhP[L[
Al\.
101

CQlLs
EWUm Utm SLeLs Ru CQlL[m.
CY GPov RU]YRm \Y[ofYRm
EiP\.

Ru TLs

7.

AXLW NUX ALU] AXm EPk

VoY Xm YVt\lT\. APv T
VoYV] AXUL U EPs AX XV
JelTj\.

8.

WjRp GiQnf Wlk WdLlTm Tm

RX YZYZlTLm, Y\iTLUm CdL
ER\. VoYV] VoY Wlk
WdLlT\. TX] Tp Wlk
WdLlT\. Tp Wl Ru UThP
AUlTm.

9.

Nl TLs NlhPVv dLs Ll,

o, ElLs, dLv Tu\Yt\ Nj Yjd
Ls\.

RX] EPu Yl\ AdLL AUkRm,

Y X TL[m UtLs\.
1.

2.

TLl RX] EslLs LVUP

Yk TLd\. Um Sn RdRp
Ckm EPX Ld\. SLm, [m, Lm
Tu\Y RtLl ElTL TVuT\.
L dLm WLm Tu VoY WlLs
ElL[m, Y[oR Ut\ LL[m
VoYVL YVt\.

3.

EQo Rp AUks[ EQof ElLm,

SWmLm rX Ut\j]p EiPm EQof
iPpL[ [d Gjf Npu\].

4.

YhPu D EtTj Rp LQlTm

7ahW LXvWp Vu \ FR LoL[
YhPu D BL Ut\.

5.

EPp YlT JelT YlTdLPjRp,

YlTfNX]m, LVdLm, Xm TU[ EPp YlT
CZl HtT\. NlhPVv (RdLp)
Ll Utm Ls YlTdLPjRp LYNUL Es[.
ALUL
EPp
YlTm
VoY]p
LhlTjRlT\.

6.

o NUX VoYV] EPp o NUXV

JelTj\.
102

2.4. S[pX WlLs

EPp LQlTm WlL[ Wdm CPjtLtT

C YLL[L dLXm. AY S[s[ WlLs
Utm S[pX WlLs G] CYLlTm. S[s[
WlLd ERWQUL VoY WlL[d \Xm.
Lio WlLs, Tp WlLs, EQdPp Pp
LQlTm WlLu Wll ThLs AYttL]
WjVLUL Es[ ZpLu XUL EQdZX
LPdu\]. B]p S[pX WlLu Wll ThLs
YV\ R S[eLs LQlTY CpX. CY
SWVL CWjR JhPjp PlTh dL[
Nu\Pu\].
S[pX WlL[p WdLlTm CWNV]lThLs
aoUuLs G]lTm. CY EPu TpY
ElL[m AYtu NVpL[m LhlTju\].
Ru Rp aoU] LiPkRYo Tv (1903).
103

hhP Wl
RWn Wl
TWRWn Wl

LQVjs[
XeLo auv
hLs
Ah]p Wl
AiPLm

kRLm

TPm 21 : EPp TpY S[pXf WlLs

AUks[ CPeLs
EPp LQlTm dV S[pX WlLs
1.

RWn

2.

TWRWn

3.

XeLoauv hLs
104

4.

Ah]p Wl

5.

hhP Wl

6.

C]f WlLs

2.4.1. RWn Wl
S[pX
WlLXV
LlTV,
LjlTp LQlT\. NWN o Ep 25
Wm GPPV. fdZp C Tm AUkR
C LlL[ (UPpLs) EPV. Cq LlLm
CvUv Gu\ AUlu Xm CQdLlThs[].
CkR
UjR
AUlm
J
LlPu
CQdLlThs[. RWn WlV] RWdu Gu\
aoU]f Wd\.
RWn Wl AV] CWjR KhPjk
T\. AV]] AVP \YRp
EY\. u]o C A] AXjPu CQk
Jt\
Utm
CWhP
AVPRWdu
hlT[ EYd\. CWi XjLs
CQk CjRWd] EYdu\]. AVu
\kR Uip [kR LnLL[ EiYRu Xm
AVu RYV oj NnV CVm. RWdu
EtTjt AVu AYVU]Rm.
RWn WlV im aoUu (TSH) hhP
Wlu u Tp WdLlT\. RWdu A[
J lhP A[d r \mT TSH B]
WdLlT\. RWn Wl iPlT\.

RWdu TLs
1.

Y[of Utm UmTd ER\.

2.

AlTP Y[oR Ut\ RjR ALj, EPp

YlTXV ALd\.
105

RWn \TLs
RWn
jRm

RWn Wl
CvUv
fdZp

C u YLlTm AYVY]:
1.

\kR A[ WjRp

2.

RgV WjRp

3.

u Lj LZX (LnhPo)

\k WjRp (Hypothyroidism)
RWn aoUu \kR A[p WdmT
CkX HtT\. ZkRLp hNjRm
okRYoLp d^U Gu\ XVm
HtTj\.

HtTYRtL] LWQeLs
1. NRWQ X Y[of LhlTu LQlTRp.
TPm 22 : RWn Wl

2.

UWV] SLu EtTjp HtTm RPLs.

3.

EPp AVu \ HtTRp.

3.

Y[oR Ut\ju BdL Utm R LrLs

Te Ls\.

4.

RWnd GW] UkLs AL A[p

GjdLsRp.

4.

NpLp WReL[ Rj ARu Xm Nd

YlTPf Nn\.

5.

RWn Wl AYu Xm dLlTRp.

5.

LlLs RYR \d\.

6.

dLv RYPYR Rj, ARu Xm AL

Nd EgNlTP YYL Nn\.

7.

ALlTV] LpVm Utm TvTWv Gm

Lk YVt\lTYRt ER\.

8.

hP LWhu YhPu A YL Ut\UPRd

ER\.
106

hNju RuULs
1.

RPlThP Y[of

2.

ALu\ d

3.

RU]] ERLs

4.

[ThP Sd

5.

Rp EXRp

TPm 23 : hNm
107

6.

7.

ZkRu Y[of XLp Tl APRp

(ERWQm) RX oRp, EhLRp, t\p, SPjRp
Tu\Y RURlTu\].

2.

AL YlTX LQlTRp.

3.

ALjR O2 EhLs[p Utm CO2 YVt\m.

AlTP Y[oR Ut\m RPlT\.

4.

GP \ HtTRp.

5.

Sjl Utm CRVjl ALjRp.

6.

GfNp RuU Utm SWm UiPXjp Tl.

7.

AjRjR RedLs[ CVXR RuU.

8.

AL CWjR AjRm.

9.

\kR NodLW Sn (YdLm).

CkR SV RWdu F Xm Nj ApX

AVu TU] A[ CkRp QlTjRXm.
d^U X BiL[ P TiLp L AL
GidLp LQlT\.

o ELp \kR A[ WjR]p HtTm

RuULs (d^U)
1.
2.
3.
4.

\dLlThP AlTP Y[oR Ut\Rm.

TVp \TLs.
Bt\p \Rp.
OTLj \u \Rp.

5.
6.
7.
8.

RX EoRp.
UkRj RuU.
TuU.
CRV l \

9. GP ALURp
10. eV Lm

TPm 24 : d^U]p
Ljp HtTm Ut\eLs eV Lm

RgV WjRp (Hyperthyroidism)

AL A[ RWdu WjR]p CkX

HtT\.

ALs
1.

RWn Wl A[p TRL dLjPu

LQlTRp.
108

10. EQoloYU] mUuU.

RgV RWdu
WluT Wl A[p
TRYm, LiTYp
XdLm HtTRm CRu
AL[m.
CRt
Gd^Rpd LnhPo Gu
TVo.

TPm 25 : Gd^Rpd LnhPo

u Ljd LZX
EQlTsLp AVu \]p u
LjdLZX Gu\ Sn Ht\. RWn Wlu
A[p Y[of HtTh Tds NpLu GidL
ALdu\. CRu LWQUL CWjRjp RWn
aoUu A[ \k EPp NVpLp Ut\m
HtT\.
109

uRiP
RWn Wlu YX
Ll
TWRWn WlLs

TPm 26 : uLjd LZX

2.4.2. TWRWn Wl
RWn Wlu TdLd LlLp LQlTm
sL[ YY CQLs, Up Utm r TL[p
LQlTu\ AUlLs TWRWnLs G]lTm.
TWRWdu Gu\ aoU] Wdu\].

EQd Zp

TPm 27 : TWRWn Wlu AUPm

TWRWdu \R]p HtTm [Ls
1.

CWjR Wjp LpVm A[ \\.

2.

CO2 AL A[ CZdLlTYRp CWjRm LWjRuU

TWRWdu TLs

EPVR\.

1.

Gms[ LU AXeLu NY ALd\.

3.

GmLp LpVju A[ \\.

2.

LpVm Utm TvTWu L\\] ALd\.

4.

CRVjl Utm YN Rm ALd\.

3.

Gms[ LpVjR UEgRX ALj

Wjp LpVju A[Y ALd\.

5.

EPp YlTX ALd\.

6.

U] AjRm HtT\.

4.

p TvTh YVYR ALd\.

7.

TtLu Y[ofp \ HtT\.

5.

WL ZnLp Ck LpVm U EgRX

ALd\.

8.

SLeLs YjR RuU HtT\.

9.

Sn GoljRuUp Tl HtT\.

6.

Pp Ck TvTWv Utm LpVm EgRX

UmT APVf Nn\.

10. SWm UiPXjp Tl HtT\.

7.

Tp WlLp Tp WjRX i\.

110

11.

RNLp \r HtTh PhP Gu\ Sn

HtT\.
111

PhP GuT TWu

RWdu aoUu \kR
X. SWm UiPXju
A[ LPkR CVdLju
LWQUL TW RWdu
\Yp Qo, Lm Utm
Lju u\m BV]
RdLlT\. LLp
CkX HtTm T
LL[ ANdL VR
X HtT\. C LoTPp Yl Gu AVl
T\. WpY[ Tp
CkX HtTm T
WpY[ Yl LQl
T\. CRt NV]
UjYm AdLlTPp
C YRjR HtTj\.
Cp C\l HtTPdm.

dLLu TLs
CWjRjp dLv A[Y ALd\.

2.

LpWp Es[ [dL_] dLv BL

Rd\.

3.

AlTv dLp Es[ LlL[ R\f

NnV i\.

Cuu TLs

TPm 28 : PhP

2.4.3. LQVju XeLoauv hLs

C S[s[ Utm S[pX WlVL NVpT\.
Cp RX, EPp Utm Yp TLs LQlT\.
RXlT V]ju Y[lTp AUks[.
EPp Utm YpTLs CPlTdLjm AUk
LQlT\. LQV XeLoau T S[pX
WlVL LQlT\. TmT Yp Tm
T WlLs RXlTm LQlTu\].
LQVjp CRU] NpLs LQlTu\].
AYVY]:
1. BpT NpLs
2. hP NpLs.
BpT NpLs dLL]m, hP NpLs
Cu]m Wdu\].
112

1.

1.

dL^ [dL_]L Ut\. CWjRjp

Ck dL^ NpLd LPj\.

2.

CWjRjp dLu A[Y \d\.

3.

[dL_u LpWp NjRX LhlTj\.

Cuu \TLs
Cuu \YL WlTRu LWQUL NodLW Sn
HtT\. C CWjRjp dLv A[ ALlTRu
LWQUL HtT\. CRt alTo [V Gu
TVo.
alTo [VY] [dLV Gu\
XV HtTj\. CkXp dL^]
Pu LXk YV\. LoTahWh, WRm
Utm Ll Y[oR Ut\ LrfLs NodLW
S]p Tlds[u\].

NodLW Su ALs
1.

ALlTV] o LjRp, T Tu\Y.

113

2.

GP \Rp.

Ah]p LoPdv

3.

TX]UPRp, mUuU Utm L[l.

4.

SnLd GW] \kR Golj RuU.

5.

C] ElLp Al HtTRp.

Cp 3 AdLs LQlTu\]. 1. N]
[UXN (Y Ad) 2. N] TdXhP
(S Ad) Utm 3. N] Wh[v (Es Ad).

NodLW SV LoTahWhLs \kR WRm

\kR EQL[ EhLsYRu Xm LhlTjR
m. EQu Xm LhlTjR VR rXLp
Cu] FXm EhNj LhlTjRXm.

2.4.4. Ah]p Wl
WLju Ut\jp TdLjt Ju\L
AUkdm WlL[ Ah]p Wl Bm. Cp
C TLs Es[]. CWi TLm RjR
WlL[Lf NVpTPd VY. EhT UpX G]m
YlT LoPdv G]m AZdLlT\. CY
\V Tl Utm Yo \PVY.
Ah]p Wl
WLm

LoPdv
UpX

TPm 29 : Ah]p Wl
114

Ah]p LoPdv u aoUuL[

Wdu\. AYVY]:
1. dLLohdLnhv
C Cud GWLf NVpTPd V. CWjRjp
NodLWu A[Y ALd\.

2. ]WX LohLnPv
NVm Utm ThPVju ]k EPp
NVm TLdLlTYRt ER\.

3. C] vWnLs
ZkRl TYjp C] ElLu Y[ofp
iRXL NVpT\. C]lTdLm Utm CWiPm
X (Q) C] ElLu Y[ofd LWQUL
AU\.
Ah]p Wlu \T ANu Sn Gu\
SV HtTj\. CRu AL[L Rp
LUVPRp lTL LLp, Lj Utm Lm, CWjR
NL, Bt\p CZl, TX]UPRp, TVt CjRp,
Yk EQo Utm Yk Tu\Y HtTu\].
SVLs Sn RdYRt NRLULm, o Utm
Yd EQo dLYoL[Lm Uu\]o. NVm
ALs[ ApX ThPVm \kR EQl
TsLPu aoUuL[ NjYRu Xm fN
AdLXm.
115

ALlTV] Ah]p Wl CWiPm X C]

TiLp Tm Ut\j] HtTju\. ERWQUL
TiLp Bi RuU LQlTPp, EWUeLu Y[of,
Wp Ut\m URPn Ztp TlLs Utm
BiLp Ti RuULs k LQlTRp Bm.

alTRXUv

Ah]p UpX
C CWi aoUuL[ Wdu\]. 1) Ah]u
Utm 2) SoAh]u.

UpX aoUu TLs

1.

Li TlTdLp Tl HtTh ToYd \T

HtTRp.

2.

CRVjl ALjRp

3.

WWpLp HtTm YNd L[Ls.

4.

[L]Xv Xm CWjRjp NodLWu

A[ ALjRp.

5.

AlTP Y[oR Ut\ Rjp Ut\m HtTh

EPp YlTX ALjRp.

hhP Lm

rl\ Ll

Ut\d Ll

TPm 30 : hhP Wlu AUl

hhP Wl CWi dV TL[L
dLlThs[. 1) u\ hhP Utm 2) u\
hhP.

X `VeL[ RW Ut\ A]j Rjm

Ah]u aoUu SoAh]] Noks[.
ERWQUL Ah]u CRVj lT ALdLf NnRp
SoAh]u \d\.

u\ hhP

2.4.5. hhP Wl

1. Y[of aoUu

No TZm A[PV LfV Wl. C [u

Ap LQlT\. S[pX WlLX RjYm
YnkR WlVL NVpT\. S[pX WlLu
RXUfWl Gu\ZdLlT\ H]p, Ut\
A]j S[pX WlL[m C LhlTj\.

C Gm Utm Gmj Y[ofp dVl

Te Yd\. CRu AL Wl ZkRlTYjp
ATRU] Y[ofV HtTj\. C AL EVWm
(WhN^j RuU) G]lTm. CRu \ Wl Y[ofV
Td\ CRt s[jRuU Gu TVo.

116

AL GidLX] aoUuL[ Wdu\.

CYtp TX, Ut\ WlL[ iTYVL Es[]. CRu
dV aoUuLs uYU:

117

hPu
u ]

2.5 m

Y[of aoUu
ALf Wl

2. RWnPj im aoUu (TSH)

2m

NRWQ
Wl
\kR Wl

rjRP, Sd, Uo Utm Ytl TLp ANRWQ

Y[ofV HtTju\. CkXd AdWL Gu
TVo.

1.5 m

1m

C RWn WlV WdLj i\. CkR

aoU] EPs NjmT RWn Y
ALlTVL Y[Wf Nn\.

3. Ah] LoL Wd aoUu (ACTH)

AP]p Wlu LoPdv TV i\.
CRuXm LoPdv TVp WdLlTm WlL[
ALdLf Nn\.

4. Td[j im aoUu (FSH)

XVu

@lWdv

s[j RuU

NRWQ

0.5 m

AiPju YdXo Tds NpLu Y[of

Utm ofVPRp BdLm Nju\. BiLp
kRLjp k NpLs EYRX i\.

5. XdP_d aoUu

CWhNN RuU

TPm 31 : aoUuLu ATR Wl]p

HtTm [Ls
ATRU] Y[of aoUu Wl X lhP
ElLp ERWQm WpLs, TReLs, LWeLs, d,

WNYjt u Tp WlLp Tp WjRX i

Tp YYW ER \.

6. h]e aoUu
AiPju Tds NpLu Y[ofdm, AiPm
YlTRdm ER\. CkR aoUu WdLR
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u\ hhP
TPm 32 : AdWL]p Ljp HtTm Ut\eLs
118

uTdL ApX Ut\ hhPd Nt\ u\m

AUks[ C CWi aoUuL[ Wd\
AYVY] BdPdu Utm Y^Wu.
119

BdPdu UuRNLp NVpT\ lTL

LlTp em RuUu Xm k
LlTV APRp ER\, LlTV d
ZV D\. AR]p LlT d G]lTm.
Y^Wu RU UiPXju UuRNLp NVp
k CWjR AjRjR ALd\. WLju NnU
e Zp, W UEgRp ER\. o U
EgRp RPTm J R NodLW SV CRu
\T HtTj\. CRu LWQUL AL A[ o
NodLW CpXUp YV\. CqYL SVLs WR
TV Li LQlTYo.

T]f WlLs
AiPLm Utm kRLm dVU] S[pX WlLs
Bm. CfWlLu Wll TsLs C]l TiL[
EYdYp dVl Te Ydu\].
Bi ELp Bi C]f WlV]
PvPvWu Gu\ aoU]f Wdu\. CkR
aoUu CWiPm X T]l TiLd LWQUL
AUu\. Ti ELp DvW_u Gu\
aoUu WdLlT\. CkR aoUu Ti T]
ElLu Y[ofp dV Te Yd\.
Ti ELp WdLlTm UtU aoUu
W_vWu. CkR aoUu NRWQ Xp L
HtTh Y[ofVPV LWQUL AUu\.
2.5. C]lTdL UiPXm

C]lTdL UiPXm GuT V EoL[

RtjRp Te Tm ElL[ Es[PdVRm.
120

Bi Utm Ti Tp C]lTdL ElLs

Bi Utm Ti Tp ElLs rLiPY
dLlThs[].
1.

RXm X Tp ElLs, CY Bi, Ti

C]fNpL[ Rtdu\].

2.

CWiPm X ApX Q TlLs, CY

C]fNpLs LPjRm, YX TL[m
u\].

RXm X TlLs (Bi Utm Ti)

BiLp J _ kRLeLs vToUhPNYY
(Bi C]fNpLs) EiPdu\]. Tip J _
AiPLeLs, L hPV (Ti C]fNpLs)
EiPdu\]. CkR RXm X TlLs
C]fNpL[ RtlT UhUpXUp, Bi, Ti
Tp aoUuL[m Wdu\].

Bu Q ApX CWiPm X TlLs

1.

GPv Wl

2.

k S[eLs

3.

klTLs

4.

lWvPh Wl

5.

L[Tu Wl

6.

ol\ Y

7.

Bi
121

ol
T

kd
LsT Utm
YlTm S[m
WvPh
Wl

GPv GuT k iZpLs Ju\L

CQk, JqY kRLjkm YVu\
AL sL[d LiP UpV iP ZXm. C
4 6 hPo [PV. C kRLju Yl\jp
CQks[. kRdLu dV Nl TVL
GPp [e\. CeRu kRdLs CPm
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o
C]lTdL
S[m
GPUv
H Zp

Bi

JqY kRLm dL ApV Gm

So Yp ZlThs[. CkR AdL] kRLjR
W Tu\ LlL[L d\, CeRu k i
ZpLs kf Np EYdLjp TeT\. CPh
NpLs (XdNpLs) kf Np EYdLjp Te
T\. C Bi C]lTdL aoU]]
PvPvW] Wd\. iZpLu KWjk
vToUPNY Np u Xm RtdLlT\.

kRLm

TPm 33 : Bi C]lTdL ElLs

Tiu Q
TlLs

ApX

1.

@TXVu ZpLs

2.

LlT

3.

4.

[hPv

CWiPm

L
ApV

GPv

2.5.1. Bi C]lTdL UiPXm

KQ kRLeLs, Ru R[oY] kl TLp
LQlTu\]. klT GuT CWi A\L[X],
JqY A\m J kRLm AUks[.
kRLU] sL[ YYPV. 5 x 3 x 2 N.
A[PV Utm 15 Wm GPPV.
122

N@TWv
ZpLs

H ZpLs

TPm 34 : kRLju YhjRt\m

123

JqY GPu ZlTk RPem,

kS[m RN SoL[p B] s RuU EPV iP
ZXm. C 30 40 N.. [PV. C UpSd
Ytd ]P Nu Tpv Ts[
o\Yp \d\.
k iZpLs KQ Zp YY WlL[m.
CY ol Tu Ljl Tdl u\s[].
CYLs kY (Uu) Wdu\].
RNSoL[p ZlThs[ WvPh WlLs
olTd Z AUks[]. C TX TdsL[L
dLlThs[. k YlTm Zn kl
Tk i WvPh Wl YVL ol\
Yp \du\.
BiLp ol\Y 20 Rp 22 N.
[PVRL LQlTu\. C W YVt
Ym, kY YRsRm Q \.
kRLju TLs
1. CYLs Bi C]f NpX] vToUhPNYY
EYdu\].
2. k WYjR Wdu\]
3. PvhPvWu aoU] Wdu\].
kRLU] TYm APkRPu Ru YX NnV
BWmd\. C 14 ApX 15 YPeLp Lr\.
CkR YVpRu CYLs aoU]m, kYm
Wdu\]. TYm APYRt u okR k NpLs
EiPYpX. C YV okRPu u\.
JqY k Npm 1 .. [PV, kf
NpX] RXlT, SlT, YpT G]
dLlThs[. RXlT J dVv Li
LQlT\. dVd u AdWNm Gu\ T
LQlT\. C dV^ s[. LjlTp
N u h V p L s LQlTu\]. Yp Tp
124

Ut\jk

RX

EPp

Yp

TdLYhk

TPm 35 : vToUhPNYu
UhPLiVdLs Es[]. hhP Wlk
WdLlTm Td[ im aoUu (FSH) kf
Np EYdLjR LhlTj\.

aoUu TLs
1. BiW_u
kfNp EYdLjRm, Tp NVpTL[m
i\.

2. PvPvWu
1.

TYUPmT, CWiPm X Bi Tp
TiL[] EPp Y[of, EWU Y[of, BiWp,
B]jdL] TZdL YZdLeLs Tu\Y
Ru\m, RPok CYtu NVpLs CVpTL
SPT\m PvPvWu CuVUVR.

2.

TY ofVPkRPu k EYdLjR
i\.

2.5.2. Ti C]lTdL UiPXm

AiPLm
Ti C]fNpL[ EtTj NnY AiPLUm.
CYLs AiPm ApX hPL[ EtTj Nnu\.
125

AiPLU] sL[ YYPV, KQ

AiPLeLs Es[]. C J YReLhP A[PV.
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EPV. CY Yt\\p, l\ YPu
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1. C]fNp GlVm

6. CuPovVp (CPh NpLs)

C TXLQ YYVY, Td[oLd CPV
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GlVm

vPU

C AiPLju Yl\ TVm. Ce RXm

X WVu TdsLs EtTj NnVlTu\].

ofVPkR
@Tdpv

AiPm
(LYX)
dLo
TX

2. dL Ap-V
CQl Yp B]Y, C]fNp GlVjR
Aj AUks[.

RkR
@Tpv

AiPm

3. vhWU
C dL ApVY Aj AUks[.
C J CQl YXu]Xm. C
AiPfNpL[ Re\ Utm CWjR S[eL[m,
Qo S[eL[m, SWmL[m Gjf Np\.

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Tds NpLu RlT] CY AiPju
Yl\ TVm. Ti C]fNpX] AiPm Ce
EtTj NnVlT\. AiPm ofVPmT,
Y[ofVPkR WVu Tds AiPLju
UtTWlp Nt Pd\. CR]p WVu @Tds
Yj Yt\\ds okR AiPm YlT\.
CkR Lrf AiPm lTRp G]lTm.

5. LoTvhVm
WVu Tds YdmT, ARf rks[
@Tds NpLs YPk LoTv hVUL
Uu\.
126

LolTv
ApLuv

LolTv
hVm

TPm 36 : AiPLju d Yhj Rt\m

TLs
1.

28 ShLs SPTm C]lTdL ZtuT

AiPjR EtTj Nn\.

2.

DvW_u Utm W_vWu aoUuL[

Wd\. DvW_u Ti C]lTdL ElLs
Y[Wm, CWiPm X Ti C]lTiLs
EYLm CuVUVR. W_vWu Lt\
AiPm LlTp TYRtm, LolT LXjp Y
X Ut\eLdm CuVUVR. Tp Wl
Y[ofdm C CuVUVR.
127

LlT

@TpXVu Zn

TXlVu Zn

JqY AiPLju Am LQlTm V

(Qp) YY AUlL[ @TXu ZnL[m. C
10 N.. [PV. CkR C @TXVu ZnLm,
u\jp L Ts \du\]. C L Tu
Ut\jR CQks[.

TLs
AiPLjk YVt\lTm AiPeL[ CkR
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AiPLjPu CQks[. Ti Utm Bi C]f
NpLs CQ CeRu SPT\.
LlT
LlT 7.5 x 5 x 2.5 N.. A[ LiP. L
Y[ofp LlT dV Te Yd\. AiPLj
k ThP AiPm @TXVu Zn YVL
LlTV
YkRP\.
L
hPV]
GiPUhVm G]lTm Es LZTPXjp TdLl
Thdm. Rn Nn CQl Y] GiPUhVj
k EYdLlT\. C Lt RYV]
EQhPm, YNm, L dLm Tu\Yt\ TWUd\.
V (Vagina)
C EhTWlp LZlTPXjR LiP J
RNdZVm. C LlTdm, UXdPdm CPV
AUks[.
JqY AiPLjm Uo 30,000 AiPeLs ApX
hPLs Es[RL LQdPlThs[. Ti \kRPu
AiPeLs EYYpX, Ti TY ofVPkRPu
AiP EYdLm Ye\. AiP EYdLm 10 ApX
16d EhThP YVp Ye 45 ApX 55d EhThP
YVp YP\. AiPU] TdsLp EtTj
NnVlT\. u C AiPLju UtTWlt Ap
128

YhP LUih

AiPLm
Nodu Yl\
dYhj Rt\m

LlTu EPXm
Nodv
(LlTu
rT)
LuW
Y_]

TPm 37 : Ti C]lTdL ElLs

Y\, Ce AY A[p Tj u
ofVPu\. 28 ShLd J\, CkR
TdsLp Ju Yj AiPjR YVt\.
u AiPm @TXlu Zp Rs[lT\,
LY\p Rs[lThP CqYiPm Bi C]f NpXp
Lt\p L Ts LYL Y[\. B]p AiPm
X ShLds L\hPp URPn Zt
Ye\.

2.5.3. URPn Zt
Ti C]lTdL UiPXjp, TYUPRp
RPe LolT LXeLs eLXL, URPn WkRWUL
tmYW SPTm, JW W] ZtV URPn
Zt G]lTm. CfZtu LXm 28 ShLs
Bm. URPn Zt rdLiP XLp SPT\.
AY:
129

1.

l X 10 ShLs

2.

Wl X 14 ShLs

3.

URPn X 4 ShLs

1. l X
AiPLjs[ WVu @Tds NpLs
hhPu uTk WdLlTm FSH-u
iRXp Y[ok of APu\]. GiPUhVj
u CkR l] i, LhlTjY DvhW_u
aoUu Bm. Cllp GiPUhVU] Np
TdLUPRXp RU]\, CRPu Nok LZ
Wdm WlLm, RkLm GidLp
ALUu\]. CkR XV] AiPm TRp Utm
DvhW_u Wl kRPu u\.

JYVu @Tdp
DvhW_u WjRp

AiPm
TRp

LoTv hVm

FSH

GiP
UhVju (LlT
EhNlTPXm)
Al\
Ad

GiP UhV
Adu NVp

LH

GiPUhVju
NVpT Ad
RU]Rp

2. Wl X
AiPm Tm Lrfdl u, Tds NpLs
LH- Bp iPlTh W_vW] EtTj
Nnu\]. CkR W_vW_u GiPUhVjR
dL NnYPu, ARu WlL[m Y[WfNn\. CkR
WlLs LZ WYjR AL A[p EtTj
Nnu\]. CkR WYm k Np AiPjR APk
L\f NnYp ER\.
AiPU] L\hPp URPn Lr\.

3. URPn X
AiPU] L\hPp LoTv hVm CZl
SPT\. W_vWu Utm DvhW_u A[
\\. URPn ZtV] GiPUhV Wlu
Wl, GiPUhVp NpLs, CWjRm, L\ AiPm
BVYt\ Es[PdVRm.
130

URPn
X Su
ShLs

l X
Tj ShLs

(YXof
X)

Wl X T]u
ShLs

TPm 38 : URPnf Zt
URPn WkRWUL t\p (Meno Pause)
TiLp 50 YVp URPn Zt u\.
AkR SWjp AiPm EYYpX. DvhW_u Utm
W_vWu Wdm A[ \\.

LRp
LRp GuT AiPm Utm k Np CQm
Lrf Bm. LRm, Lt\ RuUm CQk
131

LolTm RjRp Gu\ZdLlT\. AiPm, km

CQk LhP Ru\. CkR LhP Y[ok
V E] Rtd\.

(Lu Y E\
BmVd
LVu
(TdP E\)
d

BmVu
V
L

Lt\ X (Pregnancy)
Lt\ hPV] CWi UReLdl u UR
Rt\jR Jj LQlT\, CkXp C
Gu\ZdLlT\. CkR u Y[ofV] 280 ShLs
ApX 9 UReLs YW d\, u Cf \d\.
LolTTs Y[ofVPu\ LXm LolTdLXm
Gu\ZdLlT\. CRj RPok ZkR
YYYRt \jRp Gu TVo. LolTdLXju 7Y
YWjp LY] Bi Utm Ti u TdL
ZpL[ Tts[. C]lT] LoPdv Utm
UpXYL Y[of\. B\Y YWm YW Bi
Ti Tp ElLs JW UVL Rt\m Adu\].
BiLp 7Y, 8Y YWeLp UpXY] kRLUL
Ut\UP\, LoPd^] dLm T\. u]o
d NpLs Ruu\], BiW_u aoUm
Wd\. Tip LoPdN] AiPLUL
Y[ofVP\, UpXY] U\kT\.
L Y[ofuT BmVu, LVu Tu\
LfNqLs Y TLjRp, EQhPm AjRp
Tu\ TL[ Nnu\]. BmVu NqY] LY
rk T Tus[, CRs BmVd WYm Es[.
Rn Nn L CQlT] RPk Lt
EQ]
LPj\.
LolT
LXjuT
LolTvhVm Utm Rn Nn CQl CZV]
(Placenta) W_vW] Wd\.

AmldLp
RU
AmlLp Ri

Rls L

SgdL

TPm 39 : Y[oL
TdLUP\. hhPu uTk
WdLlTm WXdu aoUu Tp EtTjV
i\. BdPu aoUu Tp YYRX
i\.
CqY alTRXUv, hh Wl Utm
AiPLm CYVm Ti C]lTdLjR
JeTjYp Tm Te Ydu\].

Nn\
1.

Liu AUlTl TPm YWk [dL.

2.

Lu AUlTl TPm YWk [dL.

3.

WLju AUlT YWL.

4.

SlWu AUlT YWL.

TpWl (Lactation)

5.

LolTLXjuT ALlTVL Wdm DvW_u

Utm W_vWu [Yp UoTLU] A[p

HRY J EQo ElLd EY ULs RVo

NnVm.

6.

EY UL[ LiPRp UR WLm, LpWp.

132

133

LsLs

T A
I. LhP CPeL[ WlL
1. _________ GuT Liu YiTPXUm.
2. _________ GuT ToY \.
3. _________ NUXlTjm ElTm.
4. __________ B] SjRu [ Jjs[.
5. Erp LQlTm S _________ Bm.
6. NdLv GidLv _________ p WdLlT\.
7. WLju i AX _________ Bm.
8. o YVt\lTm Lrf ________ G]lTm.
9. RWn Wl __________ aoU] Wdu\.
10. _________ Utm __________ aoUuLu A[ LolT
LXju T ALdu\.
II. TjL
1. f

U
2. UVlV

ToY \
3. Nu

hPlToY
4. TWhh

jRo
5. LpWp

AiPm

Ero Wl
6. ADH
7. PhP

Y[of aoUu
8. WhN^j RuU

TWRWdu
9. Gv

o UEgRp
10. WVu Tdsv
kRLm
134

III. K YojRLp PV (1 UlTi)

1.

ToY Ztu T NVpTm \u TVo

.
2. mTd Nq TYL GqY AVlT\?
3. Lp LQlTm NqYX] Xku Es[
Wms[ WYju TVW GL.
4. CWlTp ahW[d AXj] Wdm
NpLs VY?
5. S[pX Utm S[s[ WlVL NVpTm
Wlu TVW GL.
6. hPuL[ Nj Ydm El V?
7. GFR GuTRu YdLjRd .
8. NodLW Sn HtTP LWQU] aoUu G?
9. kRLjp WdLlTm WYju TVW G.
10. Tp Wlp Tp WjRX im aoUu
TVWd .
T B
IV. 30 YojRLp PV (2 UlTiLs)
1. Lip CPUjRp GuTR YWV.
2. HvdUh^m Gu\p Gu]?
3. J EQo BdsLs Gu\p Gu]?
4. LQVjRp WdLlTm SLs VY?
5. oWv Gu\p Gu]?
6. Y[oR APv Gu\p Gu]?
7. Ru TpY AdL[ Tt GL.
8. u Ljd LZX Gu\p Gu]?
9. CPh NpLs Gu\p Gu]?
10. AWjRp Gu\p Gu]?
135

T C
V. dLU] PV (5 UlTiLs)
1. Wh]u TLs VY?
2. ALfNV [dL.
3. LpWu TLs Tt L.
4. Pp EQ EgNlTRp GqY Lr\.
5. WLju AUl] Y.
6. Ru TLs VY?
7. Ah]p LoPd^l Tt L.
8. Ah]p UpX aoUuLu TL[d L.
9. kRLju TL[ L.
10. LlTu TLs VY?
T D
VI. Y] PV (10 UlTiLs)
1. Liu AUlTm TpY TL[m Y.
2. LhPp Es[ EPtNVVX Y.
3. Pp SPTm NjRp Utm EgRp Tt
Y.
4. LpWp HtTm SnL[ Tt GL.
5. SlWu AUlTd Li o EYm
LrfV Y.
6. WLjRp o NUX NnVlTRX Y.
7. AX LW NUXV Y.
8. hhP Wlp WdLlTm TpY
aoUuL[l Tt Y.
9. Bi C]lTdL UiPXjR Tt YL GL.
10. URPnf ZtV Tt YL G.
136

3 DQ, NjQ Utm

AWdVm
EPVdLjtm, W] BWdVjR TWUlTRtm
TU] A[Lp EQf NjdLs EQu XUL
Sm EPd AdLlTu\]. AY LoTahWhLs,
LlLs, WReLs, EofNjdLs, R EldLs Utm
o Bm. EQf NjdLu YXLm, BRWl
ThLm Tt T]Wm Ylp LtdLlThP.
TpY FhPfNjdLu \TLPu RPo
EPV FhPd\ SnL[l Tt CkR TP
AjVVjp LiTm.
3.1. FhPfNj \]p HtTm SnLs

3.1.1. WRd LX \ SnLs (PEM)

WRd LX \Sn Gu\ Np TWkR EYp
TpY UjY XLp Lm LUV] Tld
Es[m YVodLo, (NYX) Sm, UWvUv
(SgNu) Sm Utm XN] TlTPk Y[of
uRp Sm dVUL LiPVl Ths[. CkSn
Ls Tp Akm TZdLm jRlTm ZkRLPjp
Utm u Tsl TY ZkRLPjm CkV Utm
TX Y[m SLp ALU] A[p TWYXLd
LQlTu\.

LWQeLs
1. NL Utm T[RWd LWLs
YUu [YL EQ Tt\d\ AL UdLs
SNp, Utm AjRU] YrdL X, JeLt\
ZkR TWUl \ Tu\Y AL A[p WR
137

LX \ HtTYRtL] LWQeLs Bm. Rnl

Tp Lhm YZdLeLp HtThs[ Ut\eLs Utm
Tp Lhm V LXm BVYt\, Tp U\dLjR
u, uTt\ YiV TZdLeLs BVYtu \TLs
WRd LX \Sn HtTP dVd LWQeLs Bm.

2. EVp LWLs
Rnd LolTLXjt um, LolT LXjm
HtTm FhPd \Y \Y] GPPu V
ZkR \lTRt LWQU\. WRd LX \
Snd Rt SnL[ RuUV] Te Yj,
AWYL Sn HtTjm LWVm. Yt Td
SnLs, UQp Y AmU Utm YN SnLm Ut\
\ Rt SnLm WRm Utm Nd NUuThp
UThP [Y HtTj\.

3. tl\f Zp Es[ LWLs

ALU] UdLs SNp Utm LRWUt\ rXLs
L XTUL Rt\d V Ytl Td Tu\
RtdL[ HtTjm. YNVm Nnm \Ls, TgNm,
Ys[l Td, X SdLeLs, To Utm LhPVju
LWQUL CPm TVoRp BV] ZXL o ApX
iP EQ Tt\d \V HtTjm. L UNU]
Nl X Utm \Ts[ EQ TokRl
BVY AYPd \ EQ QYRtL]
LWQeLs Bm.

TdLlTYo. NYX Sn 18 UReLs WmV

ZkRLPjp ALULd LQlT\.
WRdLX \ Su Ik Rt\eLs r YY]
Bm.

A. NYX
CkSu dV UjY APV[m Utm
ALs BY].
l

TYL WReLs Utm LXLs \Th]p

HtTm Y[ofp RP.

TtuU Utm GfNRp BV U]X

Ut\eLs.

RN QRp.

Rp TReLs Utm r Lp o LoY HtTh,

\ LLs, RPLs Utm Ljp o LoY
HtTm.

X Lm.

Ll TkR, TjR LpWp

TuU, Yk Utm YtlTd

Rf\l TiLPu V Rp Ut\eLs AL

APoY] \ LeL \jPu, Rp TWlp
hPm Utm RPLu u\m BV CPeLp
TX YYeLp [lThP Rp AZt Rum.

4. YV

(Crazy pavement Dermatosis)

ZkRLs Utm \oLu YV Y[ofd HtT

FhPf NjdLu A[ ALd\. iP LXjt
Njd \Y] EQ] EhLsYRu [YL, J
YV \YPm uT SgNu SVp
138

RX p Ut\eLs

CWjR NL

Eof Nj A \T
139

rYm TPjp J ZkR NYX SVp

TdLlTh, LLs, LpLp o LoYPu TX
YYeL[L [ThP Rp AZtPu Rt\m
Ad\.

TPjp UWvUv SVp TdLlThP SgNu

ZkRu Rt\jRd LQXm.

C. SgNu NYX
Cp SgNu, NYX SnLu ALs Nok
ZkRPm LQlTm.

TPm 1 : NYX ZkR

D. NjQ \ThPp HtTm s[j RuU

ApX Y[ofuU
X ZkRLs RPofVL EQNd Utm WRm
Tt\d\]p J lm TV] Y[of
uRd B[u\]o. GP Utm EVWm BV]
JW Rjp \dLlTh, u AdZkR
Yl\UL NRWQ ZkRL[l TX RuYo.

E. GPd \Y] ZkR

B. SgNu (Marasmus)
CkSu APV[m Utm AL[Y]
l

LUV] Y[of uRp

RXp Es[ Ll CZl

LUV] RN QRp

ZkR LdL YlT Tu\ JpV] EPPu,

dLeLs LiP RPu Gmd Rt\m
Lidm.

TPm 2 : SgNu ZkR

140

UjY TNR]u, NRWQUL WRd LX

\SVp RdLlThs[ ZkRL[, AYoL[ GP
YV ApX EVWjR Yj, Jlh LiPVXm.
AYoLs EPp Lm \kR A[p [vU WRm
Cdm. Cd\T Es[ ZkRL[ YN Utm
CWlT NmTkRlThP RtLs Rdm YnlLs
ALm.

fN
fN \V u XL[L dLXm.
l

Ed BTjR [dm XUL[

TjRV Yim.

FhP XV im T\ Yim.

FhP X UWUdLlThs[R E Tjd

Ls[ Yim.
141

u XLp fN NnVlT\

mTd LhlT Utm Rp WNYjt \

CPY h Aj WNjRp.

RlLs.

EQfNjdLs NhPlThP EQ.

BWmT Xp LiPk, fN AjRp.

1. UjYU]p fN
uYm XUL[ NTjR Yim.
aTRoV, aTd[V, Rt SnLs,
oYtl TRp, Rl ThLs \kR LWNp oUjp
R EldLs NNUUL CpXjRp, CWjR NL
Utm \ EofNjdLs Utm R EldLs \T
SnLs

2. EQj RWm UXiU

EQj hPLp, AkRl Tp Pdm
dVU] EQl ThL[d Li hP P
Yim.
l

X \Y]RL, GRL WdLd VRL, Ss

YRtm NV] NNUUL Tok AdLlTP
Yim Utm EQ EhLsRp EQ
Y[L[ ALjRp.

3. U WUl
FhP X UWUlu AlTP GuT
NVp\p FhPfNj TtV TtV RnUoLd
AlTRm. ClTtu Xm ZkRLs BWdV
XV im APYRt RnUoLs t YhPWjp
Pdm EQl ThL[ Yj FhPm \kR
EQY
RVj
ZkRLd
RYR,
UtToYPl T\oLs.

Rdm \Ls
l

RnlTp Ck Ut EQd URp

\Y] NXp Ut EQ RVlTp Y[of

NjQ Lp Utm NVL EQ Eim TZdL

YZdLeL[ LPjRp.
142

3.1.2. EofNjdLu \Yp HtTm [Ls

1. EofNj A (Wh]p)
EQp EofNj A \Yp HtTm dVU]
SnL[Y].

A. UXdLi Sn (Night blindness)

BWmT Xp, EofNj A \ HtTm T,
TlTPkRYWp \kR YfNjp RYL TodL
VR X HtTm. LUV] \T HtTm T,
Tld Es[]Yo \kR YfNjp T[
TodLY V.

B. odLYt\ Li CU CQTPX AZt (Xerosis

Conjunctiva)

Li CU CQ TPXU] Y\i, Rj, e,

\m U Rt\m Adm. \u NVXp CU CQ
TPXm UeLXL RYt L Tu Rum.

C. odLYt\ YiTPX AZt (Xerosis cornea)

Y\h TW YiTPXjR Rdm T, UeLXL
T[T[l Cu Rt\m Adm.
143

D. TPhv sLs (Bitots spots)

NmTp \jp lPu Ys[ \ Rm
TX sLs TYL dLQ Yp, CU CQ
TPXjPu CQk Cdm GljVp NpLs,
NpL[ ARu AUlp UTh RU] \.

F. T[o aToLWPv (Follicullar Hyperkeratosis)

Rp Y\im, L]jRuUPu Cdm.
CRtL] RV A[[] SnjRl YhPu
A \T JlTRt (National prophylaxis programme)
UXdLi Snd 2,00,000 IU YhPu A (GiQp)
B URjtL\, Ts TYm APVR (Preschool)
s[Ld AjRp.

2. EofNj D (7 ahW LXvhWp)

TPm 3 : TPhv sLs

E. LWhPUXV (Keratomalacia)
odLYt\ CU CQTPXm Utm YiTPX
Li AZt HtTm T fN NnVlTPpXVp,
CkSu X LUV LWhP UXV Gu
AZdLlT\.

TPm 6 : dLhv

A. dLhv

TPm 4 : LWhPUXV
144

TPm 5 :
LWhPUXVu
[Yp HtThs[
ToY CZl

dLhv SVp WUL TdLlThPp, dVUL

UoT\ Yo (U LojR TX), Cl CPlT
Utm LdLp (RU]Y) Utm TpY AZL
TZdm Ls. (RhdLp, hdLp, Y[kR LpLs)
EYYR AL[m. dLh^p TdLlTm
ZkR AUu, lPu, R[okR Rem
RNPu YV Rt\m Li Cdm.
145

Cd\L[ CQjl Todm T CVtLd

U\] Rt\ AUlT Tp Cdm. Y[of RPTh,
Tp YYYm RURU\. EhLRp, t\p, RYrRp,
SPjRp Tu\Y SPTYm NRWQUL JjR
YV]W P Lm u]Pk ClToLs. Ytl
T ANRWQUL Tj T] Y TX Rum.

B. BvV UXV
CRt TVW Rdm dLhv Gu TVo. C
TYL Lol TiLPm LQlT\. GmLp
HtTu\ Ut\eLs, dLhv SVp RdLlThPYoL[
Tp Jj Cdm. GmLp Y Cdm. Ck
LiP XNL BWmdm Y, \ LUV]R
m. RNLp TX]m Cdm. SVp RdLlThPYo
TdLhLp H\m, StLp Ck C\eLm
WUlTYoLs.

3. EofNj E (PdL@Wp)
XeLp EofNj E \ HtTm T
C]lTdLm NnV VR XU, LpWp SdWv,
Tu\ TpY SnLs EiPm.

4. EofNj K
CqofNjd \Th]p EslLp CWjRd
L HtTm.

5. EofNj C (AvLod AXm)

LUV] EofNj C \u [YL vLo
Sn HtTm. CkR Su TiL[Y].
A. L, Lp RNLm, GmLs hLm YPu
fWjRp EPp YZjRp RV] RPok
HtTm.
146

B. dLjPu UuUV] hdLs, TpY dLp

CWjRd L Utm hdLp Ym Cdm.
C. DLp CWjRd Lm, EVt\ TtLm Cdm.
ZkR TYjp vLo HtThPp, ZkRV]
dm Tm, SLm Tm ApX AdZkRV
LVm Tm Lj AXm. L, Lp ElLp Ym,
Y] RuUm HtTm.

6. EofNj B1 (RVu)
RVu \ HtTm T TT Gum Sn
URoLp LQlT\. DW TT, EXokR TT
BV C YLV] TTdLs TVoLPm
LQlTu\]. TTu Rp AV]
A]WdV (TuU), LpLs L]ULm,
YUum CjRp. LpLs EQofVt UWjl
TRp Utm Ym Cdm. TdLlThPo YU
CZkm ALUL Notm LQlTYo. o Loj
elT, DW TTu Rf \l Bm.
BRNLs (LiPLp, uLp RN) (Calf muscle) e
Cdm. Sj l L YLUL dTYRL
Cdm. CRVm YUVt Tnm. CR]p, CRV
NVZl HtTh C\dL Sm. ZkRl TY
TTp, RuUV] ALs Gu]Yu\p,
AUuU, dLuU Utm CRV NVZl
Bm.

7. EofNj B2 (WT@[u)
WT@[u \u LWQUL HtTm
SnLu TiLs BY].
147

TYL Sd iL[p RdLlThlT [hv

Gu\ZdLlTm.
C. du Um, Lu Y[Lm Ru Ut
\jp, r Es[ TPjp Lhs[ TX Rum.

TPm 7 : U] Yn (BeXo vPUPhv)

A. U] Yn (BeXo vPUPhv)
Yu KWeLp LQlTm YlPu V
iL[ BeXo vPUPhv Gu AZdLl
T\.

B. Sdu AZt ([Nhv)

TPm 9 : NTd PoUPhv

D.

Xv (Cheilosis) CkR XUp ERLs EXok

Yhl [LPu Lh Adm.

E. WT[u \Ts[ ZkRLPm TZdL

YZdL SPYdLLp UT HtTm.

8. EofNj B3 (SVu)
SVu \T T p X L W Gu\ SV
URoLPm HtTj\.

TPm 8 : Sdu AZt ([hv)

148

TpXLW S] 3D Sn Gum Yo.

BeXjp CR] Diseases of 3Ds Gu Yo. H]p
CkSp, PVV, PoUPhv, Utm lW`u
(Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Depression) HtTm.
149

A. Sdp AZt Utm Ytl Td (Glossitis

C. XN] U]X TlLs

and Diarrhoea)

CY CWim L dVU] ALs.

RXt\p, Yk Utm UVdLm Tu\Y TX
SVLPm LQlT\.

GfNRp, UkRU] X U]R J X TjR

VU Utm OTL U\ RVYt\ Es[PdV
\TLs SVu \Yp HtTm \Sn
Bm.

B. Rp AZt (Dermatitis)

9. EofNj B6 (TPdu)

CkSu L dV A Rp AZt Bm.

Lm TY] EllT Rp AZtVp
TdLlTY GYp SLeLs Utm LLu
u\m, uLLs Utm Lj. uYm TPeLs
LLs Utm Lj T, PoUPhv SVp
TdLlThs[R Lid\.

TPdu \mT u Ym [L[

HtTjm.
A. aTWd UdWNd AV
B. dLm TlTPRp, GfNRp, U]fNoPu
CjRp
C. U]Yn, Sd AZt, Utm Xv
BVYt\ Thm RPm LQXm.

10. TuPRd AXm

CfNjd \Th]p RXt\p, Yk, LLp
SdLm, GfNPu CjRp, Utm LpLp GfNp
Tu\ SndLs Rum.

11. Td AXm
CfNjd \ HtTmT \kR YYn
s[ Lol TiLPjp ULX [vd
AV Gu\ Sn HtTm (Megaloblastic Anaemia).

12. EofNj B12

TPm 10 : TpXLW
S]p
TdLlThPYd
Rp YlLs

TPm 11 : TpXLW
SVp TlTPkR
ZkRu Lj Utm
LLs Rp AZtVp
TlTPk Es[R
TPjp TodLXm
150

CfNjd \ HtTmT URoLs

T V v A V Y p (Perinicious Anemia)
TdLlTu\]o. Sd AZt Utm dLjPu
iLs, TYLd LQlTu\]. TWvV
(Parasthesia) CkXp L, Lp WpLp EQof
Cu U\j, fNm HtTRp BVY LQlTm.
151

EofNj B 12 \T dVUL NY EQ
EiTYoL[ AL A[p Rd\.

3.1.3. R EldLu \ThPp HtTm SnLs

1. LpVm
LpVm \ BvVTWv Gu\
Sd YYdm. CkR Xp Gmu GP
\k, APom \k Cdm. BvVTWv
SjRW YV]Pm, YVR] TiLPjm ASLUL
LQlT\. ALU] A[p GmLs Tl APk
Gm Ls HtTYR CkR Su dVU]
AVm. LUV] Gm Ym, TYL
Sem RuUPV GmLp V Aofm
HtTm.

2. UdVm
\Th]p HtTm RuUV] UjYm NokR
Su Ti VRp U] AjRm, RNLp No,
RX t\p Utm YlPu V EPp dLm.

3. Cm
CmfNj \Th]p CWjR NL Sn
HtTm. CkSn ALUL ZkRLs, C[m YT
TY TiLs Utm Lol TiLs, Thm
RnUoL[ Y[m SLp Rd\. UjYm
NokR Ti Gu]Yu\p, CWjRjp \Y]
U[u A[]p WQYY NpLs,
RNLs BVYtd Gjf NpY \Rp Tu\
[ HtT\. CkSu AL[Y] Rp
Yd LQlTRp Bm. SLeLs UuUV]
RLm, RhPVL, LWi Tu\ YYjPu
(LXV) (Koilonychia) LQlTRp Bm. rYm
TPjp LXV Sn EYs[Rd
LQXm.
152

TPm 12 : LXV
Ut\ AL[Y] NoRp, Wk NVp
mT fWl HtTRp, RX t\p, RXY,
ToY UeRp, dLuU, TWvV (ARY L,
LpLp fNjPu SdLm), Utm SgY
LUV] XLp LdLp ojRdLm
LQlT\. 3 YVdhThP ZkRLp Cmf
Njd\ CWjRNL HtTmT Ui Eim
TZdLm LQlT\.
NTjV EXL LRW Y]ju sYWlT
EXL[V UdLhRLp Y[m SLp CWjR
NL Sn 30%dm ALULd LQlT\.
CkVp CWjRNL RdLlThs[YoLp
BiL[ P TiL[ A]j Xm 20
70% YW TlTPks[]o. RV FhPfNj
Y]juT, CWjR NL GuT A]j C[m
TY YV Lp (NL T[RW X]
Th TjRUp LiPks[T) 20 25% TiLs
TdLlThs[]o.
153

RV FhPd\ CWjRNL SnRlj

hPm AjhPju J TVL, Cm Utm
TXh UjWL[ Lol TiLs Utm u
Ts TY ZkRLd VLm Nn\.

4. IVu
AVu Nj EQp \kRp, RWn Wl
Tjm X HtTh ARu [YL LnhPo
Gu\ Sn HtTm. rYm TPjp LnhPo Sn
Rds[R LQXm.

EhLsU TkW NnVlT\. CkVp

LnhPo Es[ X CPfZp SVp RdLl ThP
UdL[ LiP UiPXm UXfNLp, UX
AYWjp Utm CUXV UX NUYLm
Es[]. LnhPo SVp RdLlThP UdLs W_vRp
BWYp UXLm, UjV WRNjp Es[ kV
UX RPoLm, _Wjp Es[ SoUR Ts[j
Rdm, JN, BkWWRNm BV UXeLu
UXlTm Utm LoSPL, LW[ UX RX
GvPhLm Es[]o G] LiPVlThs[.

5. jR SLm (Zinc)
LUV] jRSLm \Thu [YL
GuPWTjdL HtTh, CRu
[YL LUV] Rp Sn, ZkRd \kR JX
UReLp HtTm. (aTV Y \Rp) Utm
aTvV (UQm LiPYp \ HtTY). BV]
SjRW A[ jRSLm \]p HtTm. Cd\T
jRSLm NjR EQPu GjdLsmT
NV\.

AdWPoUPhv

TPm 13 : LnhPo

3.2. fN EQLs

fNdL] NjQ GuT TpY SnL[p

TdLlThs[ SVLu FhPNjf NmTkR
PVRLm, SVd NV] fN EQL[
YjW NnRm Bm. fN EQu dV
SdLeLs BY].

LUV] AVu \ ZkRLPm

HtThPp L ATVLWU] Y[of u\p HtTm.
AkXd h^m Gu TVo. IVu \
HtTmT, IVPv El NodLlThP EQY
154

1.

RtTs[ FhPd\L[ NNn,

SVV NV] FhP Xp TWUjRp.

2.

SVu RYL[ oj NnVdV

EQj hPj], AYoL[ EQ TZdL
YZdLeL[ U]p Li hPPYim.
155

Yj\ NnVlThP EQj hPju AYVm

Tt SVd AW NnRp.

3.2.2. TpY SnLp EQj hPjp NnVlTm

Ut\eLs

fN EQLs TX NUVeLp SndL] oYL

AUYpX. B]p Q EQu \dLLm
ApX UjYm Utm AY fN kR
TV]dLf NnYRtm J A[ LXL fN
EQ [e\.

EQj hPjp SnLdLL NnVlTm

Ut\eLu dV Xd\Y].

3.

3.2.1. fN EQ] hPmT U]p

Ls[YiV LjdLs
1.

Sn X]l Tj EQjhPjp
NnV YiV Ut\eLs

2.

Su LX A[

3.

Sn XULp Ck i YYRt
EQjhPjp \dLlTP YiV lLs

4.

EQ] SV YnXUL EhLsYp

Nlj RuU
NRWQ EQp Ut\m NnRp

1.

WY ApX UuUV] EQYL EQu

RuUp Ut\m NnRp.

2.

Nd UlT hYRt ApX \lTRt

3.

Ju ApX ARt UtThP FhPfNjdLu

A[] ALdLY ApX \j NolTRt
LLY, ERWQUL : ALWRm, \kR NVm,
Cum TX.

4.

YN], LWm Cu RVj SVd

YZeY.
156

1.

LWm, YN], UNX Tu\Y RodLlThP

EQjhPm.

2.

\kR SofNj ApX SofNj kR EQj

hPm.

3.

AL WRm ApX \kR WRm Es[ EQj

hPm.

4.

Ll kR ApX Ll \dLlThP
EQjhPm.

5.

AL LoTahWh ApX LoTahWh

\kR EQjhPm.

6.

AL LX ApX \kR LX EQjhPm.

7.

NVm \dLlThP EQjhPm.

TpY SnLd, EQjhPjp NnVlTP

YiV Ut\eLu YLVY]:

1. LoTahWh A[p Ut\eLs NnRp

LpWp SnLm, AY fNd um AL
LoTahWh Es[ EQ] AdLXm.
LoTahWh LhlTjRlThP EQ PVThv
UhPv Sn fNuT Lm CuVUVR.

2. LX A[Lp Ut\m NnRp

_Wm, RtSnLs Utm aToRWn^m
Tu\Yt\p TdLlThPd LX Nj kR
EQY LdLXm. \kR LX EQY], EPp
157

TUu Utm CRV Sn fNuT LdLl

TPXm.

3.2.3. UjYU]p \V] fNu

EQjhPm

3. EQp WR A[p Ut\m NnRp

1. RkR WY EQ (Clear fluid diet)

WRd LX \Sn Utm LpWp Wv

Sm WRm kR EQ YjWdLlT\.
S@lWhv Utm alThd LU BV Sn
Ld \kR WRm Es[ EQjhPm AUdLl
T\.

CqYL EQjhPm RY] WYjRp

NnVlT\, CkR EQp RkR WYm RW Y
Gm Gg CW. CqQ Y EYdLR EQ.
GfNp HtTjRR. Utm RNfdL AN L[
FdLlTjRR. WYm Utm X R EldLu
RYL[ CqQY] oj Nn\. CkR WY
EQ] 1 Rp 2 U SW CPY Lp LdL
Yim. To o, Tl o, Ro Utm Tp NodLR
L Tu\ EQL[ RkR WY EQp NodLXm.

4. Llf Nj RY A[p Ut\m NnRp

LUV] FhPd\ Xu fNp,
NRWQUL EhLsm A[] P Nt AL A[p
Ll TVuTjRlT\. CRV SnLp,
EPtTUu Utm LpWp SnLs Es[o \kR A[
Ll EhLs[YiV Lm CuVUVR.

2. WY EQ (Full fluid diet)

NVm LhlTjRlThP EQ] AL CWjR

AjRm, CRV NVZl, WL SVLdm
LdL Yim.

RkR WY EQ Utm UuUV] EQtm

CPlThP Ko EQ. CqQjhPjp, WYUL Es[
EQLs APem. ApX CWlTV APkR EPu
WYUL U\dV EQY LdL Yim.
AYfN, LUV] CWlT AZt, Rt
SnLp Utm Ytl Td HtThs[ NUVeLp
WY EQLs LdLlTu\]. CqQY 2
Rp 4 U SW CPYLp LdLXm. Lg, Tp
`dLs, Xv, LvPoLs Tu\ EQLs WY
EQp APem.

6. SofNj A[Lp Ut\m NnRp

3. UuUV] EQ (Soft diet)

SofNj kR EQ UXfdLp Es[ SVLd

YjW NnVlT\. B]p YtlTd,
CWlTli Utm RT Tu\Yt\p TdLlTh,
fN TYd \Y] SofNj Es[ EQ
CuVUVR.

CqQY LUV] RtSnLs, AY

fNdlu Utm YVp EQY Uu eL
VRYoLd TVuTjRXm. NRWQ, GRL
WdLd V EQL[d Li UuUV] EQ
NnVlT\. CqQp AL L]U] SofNj Utm

5. R EldLs A[Lp Ut\m NnRp

dLhv Utm BvV UXV Tu\ Sn
fNp AL LpVm Es[ EQ] LdL
Yim. B]p WLd LtLs Es[ SVd
LpVm LhlTjRlThP EQ] LdL Yim.

158

159

RRm NnVlThu\ ThLs PV. CqQp

3 Y[ EQPu CPlThP EQm LdL Yim.

3.2.4. RjRuU YnkR EQYdm \Ls

(Special feeding methods)

1. Zn Xm EQYjRp (Tube feeding)

ZV du YVL CWlT ApX Pu
Rp t\ APVf Nn EQYjRd Zn Xm
EQYjRp Gu TVo ApX SWVL AY fN
XUL EQY NjR CWlTp AY NnRp
LvhWvP (gastrostomy) ApX __]vP
(jejunostomy) EQYjRp Gum Yo. ZnXUL
NjRlTm EQLp r YTY APem.
l

CVtLV] WY EQLs

P EQY SVUL LXk WY EQYL NnRp

VTW VL RVj AdLlTm u NoU

CVpPV LXYLs (Polymeric mixtures) ApX
CuVUVR EQLs Lml[u, aodv
Tu\YLs.

Zn Xm EQ NjYRp HtTm SuULs

l
l

TU] NjdLs \kR EQ] L GRL

Cm\p LdLXm
SVLs mTR EQLs Utm UkL[
Zn XUL NjRXm.

TVuTjRlT\. B]p SVd RYlTm

A]j NjdLm AdLlT\. AR]p, Cm\
UjR Pp N\ NjQ Gu AZdLlT\.
UjR Pp NW NjQp dLv, oUlT[dLl
ThP Ll, TLl ThLs Es[ A] AXeLs,
B12, Td AXm Tu\ EofNjdLs, EofNj K,
Utm NVm, ThPVm, LpVm, UdVm, Utm
Lm \Y] A[p RYlTm jRSLm, Nm,
IVu, o Tu\ REldLu oUd LWNpLs
BV] APes[].

3.2.5. TpY SnLdL] EQj hPm

1. _Wm (LnfNp)
EPp NRWQ YlTXp Ck Uh Nt
RXm YlT XV APYR _Wm Gu\m.
_Wm u YLlTm. AY:
1.

\kR LXjt Es[ _Wm. ERWQm: P@Tn,

LUV] NdLnfNp

2.

iPLXjt Es[ _Wm. ERWQm: LN Sn.

3.

CPY h Ym _Wm. ERWQm: UXV

TY] EQjhPd lLs

Nd
Y[ofR Ut\ Rm ALlu LWQUL AL
LX Es[ EQ YjWdLlT\. 2500 3000
LXLs YW YjWdLlT\.

2. Pp NW EQYdm \ (Parenteral feeding)

WRm

Cm\p FhPfNj RVlLs SWVL

dZn S[m YVL NjRlT\. YnYVL
NRWQUL EQYlTRt CQVL Cm\

80 100 Wm WRm YjWdLlT\. WRm kR

T]eL[ \V] EQLd CQVL LdLXm.

160

161

Ll

2. CWlT i

TjR EQLs Utm AL APos[ EQLs

RodLlTu\]. H]p, CqYL EQLs L
Gp WdLlTYpX.

EQl TR Tp Es[ Nql TPXm CWlT

p Es[ AL AXj RuUVp AdLlTh
iQYR CWlT i Bm. CWlTl
iu AL[Y] YtY, AN[LVm,
AYtu Up Tp Y EtTjVY, GP CZl
Utm Cmf Nj \p HtTm CWjR NL
RV] Bm.

EofNjdLs
EofNj A, B h EoNjdLs Utm EofNj C
BVY _Wm Cdm LXjp SVd ALUL
RYlTu\].

fN EQj hPjtL] YLh

WYm

1.

VoY XUL YVm W D NnYRt

ALU] A[p WYm EhLs[ Yim. lLs,
TZfNLs, o BVYtPu 2500 5000 .. A[p
WYm RYlT\.

LWm, YN] CpXR EQ CqQp CVkW

hTm NWR CWNV]eLs CpXR, AL YlTpXR
CWlTd GfNp HtTjRR EQL[ AdL
Yim.

2.

NRWQUL RRm Nn LdLXm.

3.

EQ Eim SWeLs Jel TjRlTY

CuVUVRRm. V CPYLp \kR
A[p EQ EiQ Yim.

4.

CPYp AL WRm dL uTiPeL[

EiQXm.

5.

dL^Pu TZfNLs, C[o, Too, LvPohLs

Utm RVd LgLs.

U]t AjRpXR R[oY] U]X HtTjm

rXp EQ EiQ Yim. V Utm mT
WfN]L[ EQ Eim T U\dL Yim.

6.

EQY Su Uu UYL EiQ Yim.

RodLYiV EQLs

7.

GiQn ALUs[ EQLs, Sn, UNXl

ThLs, TjR EQLs Utm AL Ll Es[
EQLs.

Tp Utm dm Tu\Yt\ EQY Nojd

LiPp, Ytl i NVYRt ERVL
Cdm.

8.

WRm dL EQY EiPp Ytl i

QUPYRt ERVL Cdm.

LWm, YN] CpXR, Gp WQUL V EQLs,

UuUV] EQLs BVY LdLlTh, WjRp
GRdLlTh NjdLs EgNlTPYim. 2 3 U
SW CPYLp, \kR A[ EQY TU]
FhPfNjdLPu, WQ UiPXjt AL WUm
HtTPRY RW Yim.

NodL YiV EQLs

162

163

NodLlTP YiV EQLs

A. Rt\Ydm CVpPV alTPhv

Tp, dm, YiQn, LvPoLs, Utm AL

SWjt NUdLlThP RVeLs.

(Infective Hepatitis)

RodLlTP YiV EQLs

AL APoY] Ro, L, UT]eLs, FLnLs,
UNX Utm YN]l ThLs Utm TjR EQLs.

3. YtlTd
YtlTd GuT NRWQUL UXeLlTR P
Nt UTh AdL ALU] A[p AL Pu
LlTRm. EQ Xm SVV TWUlTp, CZkR
WYeL[m, R EldL[m [ D NnY Lm
dVU]. YnY WYeL[ EhLsYR ALUd,
dVUL NVm Utm ThPVm \kR lLs
Utm TZfNL[ SVd LdL Yim.
CZkR W [lT\ YnY WtYRt J Pm[o
Lj, B\YdLlThP p J hL Elm, J
RdLWi NodLWm Noj RVjR WYjR
SVd TL RWYim. YtlTd u\u,
UfNj EQL[] NRm, E[dZe NRWQ
RVeL[ WR EQL[ LdLXm. Llf
NjR SV PU] Xp CkRp LhTjR
YiPm.

4. LpWp SnLs
LpWp GuT L dVU] El Bm. LpWp
jR W Wdm. Um, LoTahWh, Ll,
WReLu Y[ofR Ut\eLp Te Ls\. LpWp
SnL[Y]:
164

CR] YWp alTPhv Gum Yo. T

CuU, Y CuU (Anorexia), _Wm, RXY, RPo
GP CZjRp, AY UtTu AN[LoVm Utm
UgNs LUX ARY Rm, EPmm Es[
dLp UgNs \Ut\m HtTRp.

B. LpWp Wv (Cirrhosis of Liver)

YWv Rt]p, UT]eL[p Utm
SflThL[p LpWp NpLs TlTPk A
Tu\ XUV Wv G]lT\. T, Y
CpXU, RXt\p, Yk, Y, Lp RNl, GP
\Rp, _Wm, UgNs LUX Utm Ytl Tp
WYm AL A[p NokLsRp RV] LpWp
Wu AL[m.

C. alTd LU (Hepatic Coma)

J X AUV Tu\ ShW_u \kR
ThLs T[l T NokR AZtuT,
LpWXp Y[ofR Ut\m LZlT\RT HtTYR
alTd LU Bm. T WY] LWLs
Gu]Yu\p Ytd Pp HtTm CWjRlTd,
LUV] RtSnLs, AY fNLs Utm
EQp ALU] A[ WRm. ZlTU] X,
XLs[ CjRp, GfNY, JqYR TZdL
YZdLeLs Utm UVdLm BV] ALs Bm.
fNp EQl WRm LhlTjRlThdL Yim,
Utm LXLs ALUdLl ThdL Yim.
165

alTPhv Utm Wv XULp EQ

hP UXiU

RodLlTP YiV EQLs

Nd

TlLs, TdL RVlLs, AL A[ ClLs,

TjR EQLs, UV] Tp Utm TX.

AL LX EQ] YjWdL Yim.

20002500 LXLs CdL Yim.

5. CRV SnLs

WRm
WRj RYV] Su WjR Tj
UTm. L LUV] UgNs LUXp 40 Wm
WRm LdLlT\. L XN] UgNs LUXp
60 80 Wm WRm EhLs[ AUdLlT\.

Ll
H\jRZ 20 Wm Ll LdLlT\. RU]
Nej RPo Ll AXeLs LiP ReLn
GiQn LdLlT\. H]p ReLn GiQn
WdLlTYRt jR p Es[ AXm AYVm
CpX.

LoTahWhLs
EQp AL LoTahWh Lm CuVU
VR. H]p, LXL[ LlTRtm, Nd RYd
l WReLs R\ ClTRtm LoTahWh
ALm ClT SpX.

EofNjdLs

CRV Sn A]j YV]Wm RdLd V

Bm. B]p ALUL AjWvWv XUL
HtT\. AjWv[Wv GuT CWjRd
ZnLp Lll Tkdm XUV Bm.
AjWv[Wv EYYRt L dV LWQeLs
Gu]Yp,
l

AL LX Es[ EQL[ EiT.

AL N X Ll Utm LXvhWp EiT.

CWjRjp LXvhWp A[ ALl.

XN] YX Nnm YrdL X.

AL L] EZlTt\p \u Utm AjRm (Stress

and Strain).

EQj hP UXiU
CRu dLs, CRVjt ALU] Kn
Utm SpX NjQ Aj TWUjRp Bm.

LpWp NpLs U EtTjVYRt AL EofNjd

Ls CuVUVR. EofNjdL[ LpWp SVd
d LdL YiV Lm CuVUVR Bm.

EQjhPju LsLLs

NodLlTPYiV EQLs

AlTP RYV ojNnYRt RYV]

A[ LX LiP EQY UhU EhLs[
Yim. EPtTUu SVLs AL LX EQ
EhLsYR RodL Yim.

RVd Lg, Wh, A NRm, Ll dLlThP

Tp, TZfN, vLhLs Utm U ApXR LoT]h
ApXR T]eLs.
166

Nd

167

Ll
EhLs[lTm LXLp 20% \YLY
Ll CdLYim. EQY] \NhPlT\R
Ll AXeL[d LidL Yim. ERWQm:
VLk GiQn.
EQjhPU] TU] A[p WReLm,
EofNjdLm \kRRL CdL Yim. uLs n-3
Ll AXeL[d Lis[ \kR EQYm.
100200 Wm ] YWjp 2 3 \Ls EhLsm
T CRV Sn YWUp RdLXm. 2 \ AL
EQ EhLsYR P 3 4 \ \Y] A[Lp
EhLsY \kRRLd LRlT\. \V]
EPtTtm, AUV] U] Xm CWjR AjRjR
\dL ER\. L jRp Utm UT]m
AkYRm jR Yim.

6. AL CWjR AjRm
EXL LRW Y]m, S[m eYRm,
SglT e CVdLjRp HtTm AjRm (Systolic)
160 . Hg-dm ALULm Utm S[m YRm,
SglT CVdLjRp HtTm (diastolic) AjRm
95 .. Hg-dm ALUm XV AL CWjR AjRm
Gu YWVjs[.
CRV NpZn S[m NokR SnLs, WL SnLs,
[d LhLs, Ah]p Wlp LhLs, aTo
RWn^m ApX LlT ]lT hhP SnLs
HtTmT CWjR AjRm ALdm.
UWj RPo U] AjRm, EPp TUu Utm L
jRp Tu\Y CWjR AjR Sn HtTYRtL]
LWQeL[m.
168

RXY, UVdLm, ToY RYtl TRp, OTL

U\, fWl, CRV Y, WQ UiPX L[ Utm
LWQUt\ No BV] AL CWjR AjRju
ALs Bm.

EQj hP UXiU
Nd
20 .LX/.Wm EPp GPd G] YjWd
LlThs[.

WRm
W] FhPXV TWUlTRt 60 Wm A[
WRm EQjhPjp CPm T\ Yim.

Ll
CRV SVLs AL A[p AjWv[Wv
SVp RdLlTP Ynl Es[Rp, AYoLs Xe]m
ApX WLf NhPl Tt\ LlT AL A[p
EhLs[ P. J S[d 20 Wm Ll AUd
LlT\.

NVm
NVm \YL Es[ EQ] LUV] EVo
CWjR AjRm Es[YoLd LdLXm. SVLs
NUVm, U_ m, ElT RolT \kR.
FLnLs, AlT[m, YYpLs, TpLh, ElhP
YiQn, PlTp APdLlThP EQl ThLs,
Nv, LhfAl, BlTNP ETVdLlTh RVdLlThP
TdL EQl ThLs Utm NVm El]p
TRlTjRlThP EQL[ RodL Yim.

SofNj
SofNj kR EQ] SVd LdL
Yim.
169

NodLlTP YiV EQLs

RodL YiV EQLs

NXhLs, Bp YLYjR EQLs Utm, \kR

A[ NVm Es[ EQLs.

El, FLnLs, LhPLs, YpXm, TVLs Utm

UNm

7. WL SnLs

B. S@lWv

A. S@lWhv

TlTVL WU] S@lWhv, PVThv

UhPv Utm Sfl ThL[p, S@lWv
EY\. WhV (p WRm k
LQlTY), alT BpTV (\Y] Wm
BpTu X), ojRdLm Utm Wm LXvhWp
ALjRp BVY S@lWv Su ALs
Bm. LoTahWh V], WRm LhlTjRlThP,
NRWQ A[p Ll EPV WYm LhlTjRlThP
Utm NVm LhlTjRlThP EQ S@lWhd
SVLd TkW NnVlT\. EofNj C
CQfNjRL LdLlTP Yim.

CkSn dVUL ZkRL[m, C[m

YV]Wm ALUL Rdu\. vhWlhPLdLp
RtdLs [UX AZtV HtTjm. UhV
(haematuria - p CWjRm Cdm X), WhV
(Proteinuria - p WRm Cdm X), ojRdLm,
fWl, TuU, YuU, PdLoV
(tachycardia CRV l ALjRp), \kR A[p
o YVRp Utm EVo CWjR AjRm BVY
S@lWhv Su AL[m.

EQj hP UXiU
l

kR LXLs 2000 . LXLs

EQp \kR A[ WRm, H]p WR Y[oR

Ut\ju LWQUL Pdm Ll ThL[]
V Utm d AXeL[ WLjRp LYL
YVt\ V.

LhlTjRlThP WYeLs

LhlTjRlThP NVm

LhlTjRlThP ThPVm

NodLlTP YiV EQLs

A, NqY, WdLn, Utm NodLW.
170

C. WLd LtLs (WjVv)

WLd LtLs ApX ] LpX NRWQUL
o TRLp LQlT\. WLm, W
olTd Li Npm S[m, olT, ApX
olTp Ck YV Wj Rsm S[m
BVYtp WLd LtLs CdLXm. YYlT]
RhT YlTX, Rp, ol TRp HtTm Sn,
UW RPo Utm aToRWnNm BV] WLd
LtL[ EiPdm LWL[m.
ASLU] LtLs LpVm TvTh, LpVm
Bd^Xh, d AXm, UdVm, AUVm, TvTh
Tu\Yt\p EYu\]. EQj hPU] TU]
WYeL[ AdLd VRL AUdLlThdL Yim.
171

LpVm Bd^Xh Utm d AXm ALs[

EQL[ LhlTjR Yim.

8. PVThv UphPv
iP LXUL Ck YkR Y[ofR Ut\eLp
HtThP \TP PVThv UphPv Bm. EPp
Cuu WlT \TYRp, EPX] dL^
YULY ApX TVLY TVuTjR VR
X HtTPd LWQU\. TWmTW Utm AjRm
BVY PVThv UphPu AL[Y].
l

ALU] RLm (TlV)

ALU] o YVRp (TV)

ALU] T (T@TV)

GP CZl

d[dLV (p NodLW YVRp)

aTod[V (CWjjp NodLW A[ ALjRp)

Rp GfNp ApX Rt Sn

YUZjRp, Nd CZjRp

LVm BYp RURm

WYm Utm GXdhWXh NUXuU

80120 . / 100 CWjR NodLW A[ GuT

NRWQU] XVL LRlT\.
172

EQjhP UXiU
l

GR] LoTahWhL[] NodLW Utm Ru

Tu\Y RodLlT\.

EQj hPjp SofNj k CdL Yim.

TfN LnL RVlL[] NXhLs Tu\Y,
JqY EQm CPm Tt CdL Yim.

TVLs Utm [ LhV TVLs EQp

CPm T\ Yim.

Ad TXL LU TkWdLlTYRtL]
LWQm Gu]Yu\p, LUp AL SofNj
Es[. Um, LUVp, CWjRjp ddLv
EgNlTYRu Rm \dLlT\.

\ NhPl T\R TX Ll AXeLs

EQj hPjp NodLlT\.

AL WRm EhLsRp, Cuu EtTjV

TdYRt ER Nnm.

3 Y[ TV EQLs Utm 3 Y[ ti
Lm Gjd Ls[lTu\].

WReLs Utm ALUL kiQp Tu\Yt\

SV RodL Yim.

EofNjdLs, R EldLu ]N RYL[

oj NnYRt CQ NjdLs LdLlTu\].

\kR Ll Es[ EQY (AjWv[Wv

YWUp RlTRt) LdLYim.
173

RodL YiV EQLs

GR] NodLWLs, Ru, ClLs, EXokR TZeLs,
Ld, TjR EQLs, UT]eLs, LhPLs Utm
Cl NhPlThP _vLs.

LhlTjR YiV EQLs

Ll, RVeLs, UNm Utm hP

NodL YiV EQl ThLs

WLs, YZlTZm RW Ut\ TZeLs, L ApX
Ro, Ll dLlThP Tp, Uo, NXhLs Utm
GfN.

9. EQ JqYU (Food Allergy)

J X URoLPjp J lhP ApX J
Rp Es[ EQ] EhLiP u NRWQ
dLp Go [Ls HtTYR EQ JqYU
G] YWVdLlThs[. EQ JqYUV HtTjm
ThLp ALU] A[ Tp Utm hP WReL[
Es[]. Um, RdL, LjRdLn, BWg, E[dZe,
NdXh Tu\YLm EQ JqYUV HtTjm.
EQ JqYUu APV[ Ls Utm ALp
r YY] APem.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Rp Tl, ARY Rp Rjm, (GdU)

YlLPu LQlTm.
RXt\p, Yk Utm Ytl Td
RXY, N Utm BvU
LiLs Yk, dLjPu, GfNPu, AlPm
LQlTm.
dp Eh\f Nqu E\p GfNp
174

EhLiP EQ TtV YWeLs NLjRp Utm

Rp NR]Ls JqYUV LiPV TVuTjRlTm
NVp\Ls Bm. RodLlTP YiV EQLs,
ARY J X EQLs ApX EQj RlL[
EQj hPjp Ck lhP LXjt RolT
EQ JqYUdL] fNd ERYd VRL Cdm.
BuvPUuv Utm LohLvWnLs Tu\
UkLs JqYU fNp LdLlT\.
3.3. BWdVm Utm LRWm

EQ RVj, YZeYp LV[lTm ThLs

AL A[p TlTPk nUd Lhu [YL
Sn RtdL[ TWlm J R[UL Es[. J
Y]ju jRm Utm LRWj RYV Ul
NnYRt rYm LjdL[ U]p Ls[ Yim.

3.3.1. tl\f Zu jRm, LRWm

C EQ RVdLlTh, EiQlTu\YW Es[
A]j XL[m d\.

1. CPm
CPjR ok Bn Nn, GkR A[t Lt]p
UT\ ApX GLs, DdLs, fLs, YiLs
Tu\YL[p RdLlT\, AdLlT\ GuTR
Ak Ls[ Yim. o ZnLm, Lo
ZnLm ALL AUdLlTh ClT SpXRpX.
H]p, ZnLp HRm L HtT\ NUVeLp,
Pu LXk nUd LhP [dm.
175

2. AUl

4. Lt\hPm

RWLs, YoLs, UtWLs, ApX \ TLs

nUVdLlTYR RtdLu ATVLWU]
[Lp Ck AUlT TWUlTRu dV
SdLUm. RokRdm ThLs o EgN
RuUPVRLm, P RuUPVRLm, Gp
jRm NnVd VRLm CdL Yim.

A\ds Cdm YlTdLt\ ALtYp

_u]pLs dV Te Ydu\]. CkR _u]pLs YlT
XV \j, LVX YY YVt\
ERu\]. A]j NUVp A\Lm, Es YlT
AXV YVtm Lm (exhaust fan) Um L
Td m TjRlTh, JeL] Lt\hP YN
NnVlTh CdL Yim.

NUVp A\V \VL fL[ LhlTjm

Y\ NVpThd EhTjR Yim.
LW JeL] \p YVt\ YNLs
NnVlThdL Yim. NUVp A\ ETVLjd
TU] o VdLlTYRt o ZnL[ JeLL
AUlTRp, LRWl TVu Adm. A]j Lo
ZnLm, T L o ZPu CQdLlThdL
Yim. RYRX] Zn CQlL[p, AdL
ZnLp APlLs HtTh ARu [YL L o
L Utm uSd Rs[lTm Xm HtT\.

3. LLs, Rhhf NUuLs Utm CQlLs

CY Utm AdL[ Udm ThL[L
LZRY YYUdLlTh CdL Yim. H]p
Ls Utm AdL[ ioLu BRWl
ThLs Bm. GkR J L EPk CkRm
ApX TTh CkRm, EP] AdL dLlTP
Yim. CYtPu JeLL jRm NnYRtL] Nl
TVuTjY TtV A CuVUVR. H]p,
CWNV]l ThLs Lp TYRp EQp LXk
nUd LhP [dm.
176

5. YfNm
A]j TLm SpX YfNjPu CdL
Yim. Ad, GiQn d Utm HRY
TlLs Clu GRL LiPV YfNm ERm.

6. o VLm
o VLm NnVlTm u, AkR o lTRt,
EQ NUlTRt, Utm TjWeL[ LYRt Ht\
GuTR E Nn Ls[ Yim.
A]j YLV] CVtLVL Pdm m R
EldLm, AlTPV] X ThLm, Ltp
LWdLlThP YdLm APe Cd\. iVp
NVpTLs, u UQm, Y, \m BVYtt
LWQUL [e\. EQ NUlTRtL] o Lm
jRU]RL CdL Yim. TU] jRjPu
CkRm, Ld \kR A[Lp, X ThLs p
LWk Cdm. B]m, LWkR ThLs EPp
BWdVjt e [dL.
p Es[ AjReLs SojVL PlThP ApX
LWdLlThP ThLs Bm. El YYeLp
177

EXLeL[] LVm, Cm, jRSLm Utm

LoT]hLs, [WLs, LpVm Utm UdVm
NpThLs Tu\Y p L]j RuUV HtTjm.
Ut\ \ AjReL[] UQp LsLs, Sn TWlm
iLs, Jhi dLu hPLs Utm
ALlTV] A[Lp TVuTjRlThP CWNV]l
TLll ThLs RV]. Ytl Td, LXW,
PlTn, RT, YUZl Utm TuUV
HtTjm.

AhPYQ 1
EQ YL

jRUL
Es[R
E
NnYRtL] NTojRp \

LnLLs Utm
TZeLs

UjR TZeLs, LnLLm

AY GkR A[ Tjs[
GuTR A[h NdL
Yim. ALd VYL[
Ju ApX CWi ShLd
s TVuTjR Yim.
ALUL TjRYt\, Yh
ThPR, LTYL[ ApX
\m UV TZeLs, LnL[
iLs ALUL Rd
YRt Ynl Es[Rp AYt\
dP Yim. TZm, LnLp
[ CkRm AYt\
dP Yim. H]p,
AYt\ fLs RddLd
m.

V UNeLs

\m, RNLu PjRuU

Utm UQm BVYt\
Nj, V]YL Es[R G]
TodL Yim.

T\YLs

V T\YLs CV RNLs,
SpX \m, SjRW GPPu,
T[T[lTL CdLYim.

V uLp, \m, Wlj

RuU, T[T[lT] RY]
LiLs,
NpLs,
UQm
BVYt\ NTodL Yim.

7. LL[ Al\lTjRp
NUVp A\d LLs LnLLu RpLs, kV
RV EQl ThLs, L NnVlThP PlTdLs,
RX]Y APem. CY NUVp A\u AL
Nj YdLlTh CdLd P. H]p, CY
fLs, YiL[ LYok, EQ YRm TrTj
m XV EYdm LWL[m. JeLL
LLs ALt\lTPhPp, AdLLs XUL o
UTh, LLs Utm EQl ThLd oLhP
[jm.

3.3.2. LRWU] \p EQY LVRp

1. EQl ThL[ YeRp
JqY YLm YeLlTu\ EQl
ThLs iLu oL, GoTWR Rjp
fdLp Uku CWNV]eLs hPlTRp ApX
fLu RdRd EhThP X BVYttLL
NTodLlTP Yim. r Ym AhPYQ EQl
ThLs jRs[RL ClTR E NnYRtLL
TkWdLlThs[].
178

179

Tp,Tp ThLs

Su\L jWPl
Ths[R, RWm A
Es[R, UQm, AXm ApX
LNl YPu Es[R G]
NTodL Yim.

RVeLs, TlLs fLs, YiLs Rds[R

Utm TVLs
Utm YlThL[] ,
LtLs RV] Es[]Y G] N
TodLm. UjRUL, LhVL
\m Ue ApX TlTPk
mTjRLR UQm CkRm
EQl T[ Roj P
Yim.
Ll Utm
GiQn

LY Tu\ AV ApX
ANRWQ jWV, EQl
Ts Ut\lThs[ G]
Rdm Utm im
jWh PlTh ClT,
Lhl
TRp
ApX
djRX Lhm.

2. NjRp
Am ThLs A]jm 10oC Rp 20oC ds
TLdLlTh iu Y[of RP NnVlT\.
YiLs, fLs BVY EQl ThPXeLp [
YVL, ApX TLu [ YVL Lu YVL
LRu YVL Utm NUVX\ Es[ Utm YV
Ll ThLs NdLlThlu, ARu XUL
EQYj Rd QdLXm. LWlTu fLs Chp ,
AjRU] XLp, Yo CdLp, AXULu
u\jp, LLu r, RV CPeLp Cdm.
LWlTu f Rd L [jRR LiPY L]m,
180

Ld ALU] RdRp Gp LiPVXm. CpXp

LWlTu fLs ARu ClPjp Ck TLp
Y[Lp Y YYpX. BLY, CW SWeLp
LWlTu fLdL] Bn NnRp Lm AYVm.

3. RVjRp
l

V TZeLs Utm LnLLs dVUL YoLs

Utm ZeLs, Uid Ap Y[TY,
AYt\ AL A[ p Su\L LY Yim.
AlT Ru Ui Utm Ut\ ThLs em.

WRm kR EQL[] hP, Tp Utm UNm,

RVL YdLlThdL Yim. H]p
iLs L YLUL AYt\j Rd Su
Y[m.

jRlTjRlThP EPu, u]p TVuTjYRt

E\VYdLlTh CkRXV EQY L WYL
NUdL Yim. UN YL EQY NUlTRt,
EQt AL Eh\ YlTX RY. AlT
EiTRt ELkRRL Cdm.

3.3.3. RSTo EPtjRm

R STu EPp jRm GuT TY] BWdVm
Utm NUVp A\p TTYo Rm EPX
TRXd d\.
l

NUVX\ YXVj RPem um,

LY\df Nu YkR um, LL[ Nl TVu
Tj Su\L LY Yim.

Yhd LVeLs Clu o LRY LVeLd

LhTm T[ Li P Yim.

RX, d Utm Yn XUL RtdLs Gp

TWm.
181

AR]p
A. lL[ NUVX\p ETVdLd P.
B. EQY LVm T mUp HtTP ShPp,
LjR Y \UL ldLi, LdhPV
TVuTj LjR dLs[ Yim.
l

YX Nnm U_ NnYm, H EhLok

LsYm mTjRkR TZdLm CpX.

A]j Ln, TZeLk EdLlThP RpL[,

LLd G] Es[ LsLXp TPYim.
RW, LnLd LLs U_ , RVdLlThP
EQu AL RdPdLd P. NUVX\p
YX \YPkRu LsLXp Es[ LLs
PlThP LNLdm LXuLd Ut\lTh,
ALt\lTP Yim.

l
l

EQY Yj AL ofVLY ApX

AL hP] TWUdL Yim.
EQY NV] \p LV[ Yim.
kRYW , RL TVuTjR Yim.

3.4. EQYp TWm SnLs Utm EQ

`URp

LL[f Nok Y[ok, NkRp tLlTm,

NUdLlTPR EQ ThL[] UNm, u, Tp Utm
LnLLs Tu\Y L [dm ATVLWU]
iL[p RdLlThdm. CkiLs
TYL EQY NUdmTR ApX X NVp
\Ls XULY AdLlTu\]. J X
iLs NVp\u T \Y]
YlTXp EolZj u\]. Um, J X
EQL[ NUdLlTPR Xp EiQ SmT
EQ `URp HtTh \. NTjV BnLs,
182

Xm EQ RVeLs YlTU] rXp TLdLl

TmT TjR_d gNL[p RdLlTh TR
U] SnL[ HtTju\] Gu LiPVlTh

3.4.1. TdV]p TWm RtdLs

TjR_d TdVdLs EQ] Rd L
[j, dVU] X SnL[ HtTju\].
AYt\l Tt Z YlTm:

1. P@Tn Utm TW P@Tn

`p u Utm LLp [kR LnLLs
Tu\YV TYL P@Tn Sn L[
TWlTY. DdLs XUL \kR Xp tLlTm
EQl ThL[ L [dm P@Tn Utm
TWP@Tn TdVdLs APk, RtSV
TWlu\]. CkSnLu AL[Y] Yk,
YtlTd, Utm _Wm.

2. ThNm
YZdLUL ThNm Sn Th]m hPLs
RdLlThs[ PlTp APdLlThP EQL[
EhLsmT HtT\. Sn TWlm i
d[vhVm Th]m Bm. Um Cki
GiPPdu Gu\ VU] Sfl T[ EtTj
Nn\. Gd^Pdu GuT YlTj]p NVZdLf
NnVlT\. Sn Sn RdLlThP STu EPmp
Y[m 8 36 U SWjR YmU TYm Gu\m.
CkR Sn o Gu RdLd V. CkR Su
APV[ AVRp, RYt\ ToY, UVdLm,
TX]m, RXY, A Yt Y, Utm EPp
No.SflT[] UjV SWm UiPXjR Tj,
TdLYRm HtTj, Tfj\u Utm eRp
TlT HtTjm. YNjp RP ApX CRV
NVZl J X ShLp HtTh EZdL SPXm.
183

3. d[vVm To@gNuv EQ `URp

C ALUL \Ts[ NVp \p
RVdLlTh NUdLlThP UN EQ TPu
RPoPV SVm. Sn HtTjm i
d[vhVm To@ gNuv Bm. CRu ALs
Gu]Yp, AYtY Utm YtlTd
CkSu YmUl TYm 8 12 U SWeLs.
4. NpU]pX EQ `UPRp (Salmonella food
poisoning)

CR] HtTjm i NpU]pX

P@TN. \Ts[ NVp\Vp TRlTjRlThP
UNm, u, hP Utm LLp [kR LnLLs
Tu\YV dVUL, CkSV TWlYp
RPoPV]. CkR Rtu dV AL[Y]: Yk,
Ytl Td Utm _Wm. CkSu YmUl TYm
1248 U SWeLs. CkSn 17 ShLs YW j Cdm.

5. vPXLdLp EQ `URp (Staphylococcal

food poisoning)

CkXdL] LW vPXLdLv BVv Bm.

Cki J Gd^Pd] EtTj Nnm.
CqYLp `URp HtTRp GuT EQ RdLlTh
L [dLlThP EQp Es[ Gd^Pd]p
Bm. CkR SfjRuU YlTjp XVL Cdm.
uT NUdLlThP Xe] EQLs CqYLp
`U\. CRu AL[Y]: Yk, YtlTd
Utm AYtY CkSu YmU TYm 2 6
U SWeLs Bm.
6. vhWlPLdL EQ `URp (Streptococci food
poisoning)

CY RiPp i Utm vLoXh _Wm HtTP

LWQU] iLs Bm.
184

7. LpX (Shigella)
CjR iLs TpX RTV
HtTjm. Rm Utm CWjRm LXk YtYPu
V UXm LlT ARu ALs Bm. NUdLlTPR
Tp, AjRU] o LXk TYR]m, EQ
ThLs, \k YdLlThlTRm TpX RT
HtT\. DdL[ TYL CkSV TWlu\].
TdVdL[ Rt Ss[Ytp Ck Uk,
EQp EhLok, EQu XUL TWl\.

3.4.2. YWv Xm HtTm Rt SnLs

Pu L o LXk UTYRp YWv Rt
SnLs EiPu\].
YWvLs EPu Es[ NpLp Uhm C]l
TdLm Nnu\]. EQp ApX. alTPhv, LXW
Utm TVUXhv Tu\ SnLs YWvL[p
HtTu\].

3.4.3. gNLs EQY Rd [dm LLs

1. @lNVm Utm d[PvTVm
RVeLs Utm RVeLp @lNVm Utm
d[PvTVmLu RdRp HtTh CjRVeL[
EiTYoLs Rt SVp TlTPYo.

2. AvTopXv @[Yv
CkR gN DWU] YoLPX, NVuv, Tj
R, TV C]m NokRYLs Utm RVeLp
Y[ou\]. CY A@l[Pdu Gu\ (Aflatoxin) SgN
HtTjm. CkR Sf LpWp R Utm t SV
HtTjm.
185

3.4.4. JhiL[p TdLlTRp

TWYdV ReLs Utm J X , fL[p
RdLlThPp HtTm [Ls rYm AhPYQp
LdLlThs[].

AhPYQ - 2
, fLs

TWm Rm

[Ls

1. hPV
N]hP

TdLlThP Tu
UNm Xm
TWu\].

2. hPV
N]hP

SPlYp
TuU,
TdLlThP UNm
YV \jPu
XUL TWu\] CjRp

3.@TX
TjWmXhPm

LPpu XUL

EofNj B12
\T

4. AvLv
XmldLnLs
(round worm)

URoLs, EQ,
o XUL

Yt Y,
Y CjRp
RN l

5. hWd]pX SojV] ,
vTWv
Rts[ Tu
(Trichinella)
UNm Utm
ARPu NmTkR
PV ThLs
XUL
6. p
Rts[
URu UXd
LLs Xm
TYL rT
Yt\ ALm
Tdm.
7. GuPT
LLp
vPL
Y[odLl
ThP YLR
TfN LnLL[p
TWm
186

[p
LhLs

SWm UiPXm,
Tl APRp,
VoY, W]
LUV] Y,
TuU, LU
V] Ynli
UXYp GfNp

3.4.5. CVtLVL X EQl TsLs `jRuU

APRp
J X EQl ThL[ AL A[p Eim
T X TRU] SnLs, AkR EQp Es[ Sfj
RuU YnkR ThL[p HtT\. J dV
ERWQm Gu]Yp T]gNokRY XjWv
NhYv GuTp SfjRuU Es[. AL A[Lp
Eim T, EiTYoLs J YLV] Si
VdLlTh, NVZdm X HtTm Sn EiPm.
ARt Xj^m Gu TVo. J X L[uLp Sfl
ThLs APe Es[]. AYt\ Eim T
TRU] EPp SXd LLs HtTu\].

3.4.6. fLs Utm TdLuL[p Nj

TLdLlTu\ EQl ThLd HtT\
LLs
1. fLs, YiL[p NRUPRp
fL[p Nj YdLlThP EQ RVeLs
RdLlTm T V] CZlLs HtTh, EQl
ThLu RWm TdLlT\. Y, UQm, Utm
RWm HtdLsm RuU BVY fLu
LL[p, TlTPk u\]. EofNj B A[m,
WRfNj Ulm \k u\.

2. TdLuLs (GLs Tu\Y)

AT Ytd
Ll, Yt
Y, AVYp
HtTu\ AL
CWjRl Td

TdLuL[p Nj YdLlThs[ EQl

ThLd r Ym TlLs HtTu\].
A. AY AL A[X] EQ RVeL[ u
u\].
187

B. TdLuLu EPp LL[p EQlTs

jRUt\ XV APk, LRW RWm \km,
X Sn EYdm iLs, RVeL[
Tdm XUm HtT\. CkR LRWUt\
EQl T[ EiQ Sm T XlPv
TWv Utm [d Tu\ SnL[p
TdLlT\oLs.
3.5. EQp
TdRp

NhRp

Utm

UlT

FhPfNjdLu A[] ALdLf Nn,

\SnLs HtTPUp TLjd Ls[Xm.

4. J EQY Nh TU] Nj \Y
HtTjRp
ClLs Utm uTiPeLp TU] A[p
EofNjdLs Es[]. C Tu\ EQLp RVu
Utm SVu NjdL[ NhPf Nn TU]
NjdLs Tt \Y] EQYL NnV Yim.

EQ NhPlTY Utm Ul TdLl

TYRu dLsLs

rYm AhPYQp EQLs Utm EQLp

NhPlTm FhPfNjdL[ LQXm.

1. CZkR NjdL[ CVtLV] Nj Xd h

AjRp

AhPYQ 3

EQl TiPeL[ Ndm T, BXp hPl

Tm NUVjp, EXojm NUVjp ApX NVp\d
EhTjm NUVjp AL A[p NjdLs AdLl
T\. EQ TiPeL[ NVp\d EhTjYR
X RVlT[oLs mYpX. H]p
NVp\d EhTjYRp EQl Ts ALUL
TlTPk NjdLs AL A[p Qu\].

EQLs

NhPlTm FhPfNjdLs

RVu, WT@[u, SVu,

LpVm Utm Cmf Nj.

Wh

RVu, SVu, Cmf Nj

LX EQ

RVu, WT@[u, SVu

(N[ AYp cornflakes) CmfNj

2. CVtLV] A[t Up NhPl TRp

Tp (Bu)

EofNj A

GP LhlTht G] YdLlThP ZkR

EQLs Utm TiPeLp Es[ FhPfNju A[
TYL NhPlTh CVtLV] A[] P
RXdLlT\.

ZkR Tp

EofNj A Utm D, AvLod

AXm, EoNj B6, Utm
CmfNj.

Y]vT

EofNjdLs A Utm D

3. T LRWd LsLLdLL EQu UlT

hRp

TZm Utm NodLW

TiPeLs

RVu, WT@[u, SVu.

LpVm

YZdLUL Whp, RVu, WT@[u,

SVu Utm Cmf NjdL[ Nh,

El

IVu Utm CmfNj

188

189

LnhPo Sn Rl hPeLp IVu Nj

NhPl ThP El Lf \l YnkRRLm, Ul
YnkRRLm E NnVlTThs[. J Elp,
NodLlTP YiV AVu A[ 1,00,000 IU KIO3 (1
in 1,00,000 KIO3) Bm.
3.6. EQd LXlTPm Utm EQf NhPeLs

J EQl Tu RWm ApX CVtL Xp

Ck \ HtTm J NVp\V EQd
LXlTPm G] YWVd\m. EQp e [dLd
V ThL[ NolTRp ApX dVU] BdLd
t] ALt LXlTPm NnVlThP EQY EiTYu
BWdVm TlTPk EPVdLl TLs Tld
Es[\. LXlTPm GuT Tu CVtLV] RuU
Utm RWm TlTPm Rjp EsSdLjR
Yim Gu\ TX ThL[ NolT Bm. B]m
RtNVXL Lm Rjm, Y[mT, AYP
NUVm, Nl LXjp, NVp\d EhTjLp,
Ko CPjp Ck Ut\ CPjt T[ Utm
Tm, Vdm NUVeLm EQl Ts
Tld Es[ \.

3.6.1. LXlTPju YLLs

LXlTPeLs EsSdLjR ApX SdLu
ApX RtNVXL LZXm. EsSdLjR NnVlTm
LXlTPm Yim Gu\ LXlTPm NnVlTTYWp
XTjR ALlTRtLL NnVlT\. RtNVXL
EQY Tj L [lT GuT YZdLUL,
AVU, LY]d \ ApX TU] YNLs
CpXUVp HtT\.
190

EsSdLjR NnVlTm LXlTPeLs

UQp, Uos lv, LtLs, Ui, NdlT, o, R
GiQn Utm L GiQn, NVl Ts BVY
EsSdLjR NnVlTm LXlTPeLdL] LXlTPl
ThLs Bm. CkR LXlTPl ThLs TR
[L[ EPp HtTjm.
rYm AhPYQ, EQp LXlTPm NnVlTm
ThL[ TpY LiPm \V Tt SUd
Rd\.

AhPYQ - 4
EQl
Tu
TVo

LXlTPm
NnVlTm
Ts

YiQn

Y]vT

LXlTPm NnVl
ThP T[ LiPm
GV \
J NR]d
Zp 1
RdLWi Sn ApX
YiQnV NU
A[p APo
ALs[
Hcl Noj GjdLi,
1 hL Lmf NodLW
NodLm. 1 Pm Su
dLm. \ 5PeLs
Lj NdLm. r
Tp Nk\m
Ru]p Y]vT
ClT EV\. CkR
NR] Gs GiQnd
L] lTL NnVl
T\. H]p Gs
GiQn Y]vTPu
LhPVUL NodLlT\.
L GiQn NVl ThLm
CkR NR]p EVm.
191

Tp

Rio

UjR
E[dZe,
NodLW Ysd Ze
Utm \ UlThLs
1 edNo IVu
NodLm.
Tl
\
IVu \m vPof
Clu XUL Um.
A. XdP hPo LQd
NRWQUL 1.026d
\k CdLd P.
B. Su Tx NnVl
ThP NejR] R[jp
J TX h o
ClTR LiPVXm.
jRU] Gp Tp
YY um ApX
YY UY Ys[
LhP APV[Ud
m. B]p o LXlTPm
NnVlThP Tp EP]
VL Yk m, J
APV[ Vm
hYdLUp.
C. edNo B@l IVu
NodLm. X \UL
U]p vPof Es[Rt
L] A Bm. CkR
NR] Tp Hs[
Ts ApX LhV]
T[ NodmT
UlTt\Rm.
192

LY

vPof

edNo B@l IVu

NodLm. X\UL B]p
vPof Es[R E
Nnm.

EQYL
ETVLd
V
GiQnLs

BoUu

APoY] Shd
AXjR R[
GiQnPu LY]UL
LXdLm. Ylk
Tl LXkR Yl
\UL, AX Adp
UY BoUu
GiQn LXklTR
RTj\.

EQYL
ETVLd
V
GiQnLs

R
GiQn

2 EQYL TVu
Tjm GiQnV
Gj NV] A[ N/2
BpLad ThPx
NodLm. Ldm p
15 PeLs TjRm.
im 10 o
NodLm. LXeLp X
HtThPp R
GiQn ClTR E
Nn\.

EQYL
[dLi
ETVdL
Qn
V
GiQnLs

NR] Zp
ThWVm DjRPu
GiQnV
LWdLm. Iv El
LXYp odLm. 5
PeLs YW LXeLXL
Clu [dLiQn
ClTR d\.
193

CkR NR] L
iV A[ GiQn
Ld PV.
ClLs,
Ivm
NoTj

UhPp
UgNs
(AUdLl
TPR L
GiQn NVm)

YYlT] RiPu
EQl Tp
X Ls APo
kR Hcl NodLm. U_kR
Yl \m EYmT
UhPp UgNs ClT
E B\.

Tl
YLLs

LN
Tl

50 ojR Hcl I
TlPu Noj Ytm
p 15 PeLs
YdLm. ed \m
EY]p LN Tl
Es[R RYd\.

TeLVm

LUi,
LtLs,
LVd
WUh
NW[d
LtLs

LiL[p Ndm TR
CdLXlTPeL[
LiPk PXm. 5 Wm
TlT, 5 Pu X
Ls (UgNs) Hcl
NodLm. ed \m
WUh Es[R
Lid\.

NldLp
(VdLp)
ApX Y
UiQp
NnVlThP.

Pu dLm, Nld
Lp ApX \ Ui
Ts Ap Rem

vPof

Td NnVlThP AR
NR]Ls

e
TeLVm

194

RX

ETVdLl
ThP RX
ApX \m
NodLlThP
Ek TV
ApX
dLPX Rp

A. RXV DWU]
phPo Rp ]p
EP]VL \jR
YVtm.

B. iQm [
eLu Rhp ApX
LiQ Rhp TWlTm.
RXV
iQm Up Ym.
Yl, BWg ApX \
\eLs iQm Up
TW]p, L GiQn
NVlTs Es[R
RYdm. SmTLU]
RX Gp
RXp [W@p
Es[Rp Nt SWm
Lj XN] TfN UgNs
\m, HtTm.
eUl

UdLdN[
R[ZLp
NVm HtRp

SmTj RkR \kR

eUl NVtLV]
eUl TX
SeL. NVtL \m
Ht\lThkRp p
\m LWkm.
_U] eUlY
p ThPp, eUl
\m p XNL C\ed
LiP Cdm.
195

LU,
TwW Utm
\ EQ
RVeLs

GoLh
(J Sfj
RuU YnkR
T[m)

A. LgYl \ [U]
ToLs, TwW TPp
Es[Y. GoLh Es[R
E Nnm.

Cdm. B]p
AVm CXLm
NmTX m. Ys
EXLjRs RL L
UpVR] Cdm. C
Wd CPV
LNd]p [L
Sem. AV
EXLjRs RL
L]U]RL Cdm. C
Wd CPV SdLl
ThPp iL[L
EPVdV

B. X ToL[ 20%
El LWNp TPm.
GoLh Ut\ Tp
Rdm. B]p RWkR
TwW ToLs Z Re m.
RjW
RLs

[Ln RLs Tu
Rum RjW RLs
BrkR Lm Tl
\jPu Cdm. B]p
W NR]p RR
VL j GjPXm.

NodLW

Ndjs

Lm[

TlT TZju TlT RLs e,

EXokR
KYp Yp, TfN LXkR
RLs
Tl \jPu ApX
TlPu Ll LXk
Ylhm UQjPu
[ Yp Ck
UThP YPu Cdm.

Ys
CXLs

UgNs

UhPp
UgNs

J RdLWi UgNs
[ NR]d Zp
GjdLi, X
Ls APoY] Hcl
AXm NodLm. \m
Ru, o NojRu
U\km. \m j
CkRp UhPp
UgNs ClTR dm.

[Lns

NeLp s
Nl Lp

LWLWlj RuU EQWl

TY, Ap Re
Ggs[ NeLp s,
ApX UQp GuTR
E Nnm. UuU
V] Ys[ \m
Gglu NldLp
Es[R ENnm.

NVtL \

p LWm NVtLV]
NVm GuTR u Up
A[ [Ln ApX
UgNs [

J Pm[o p LWdLm.
Ndjs Z
Tkm.

XN]
ToLs

XN] ToLs vhp

Rdm.

AVm
CXLs

SmTjRkR Ys
CXLs Slp
YUL Gkm.
V Ys[
EiP UhU Gg
196

197

LiPVXm. p LWVd
V NVm, EP]VL
p LWk m.
YpXm
Ndjs
[dLlThP
NodLW

X Ls Hcl AXm
NodLm. TeRp
Clu LXlTPm NnVl
ThlTR E Nnm.
1 LWi NodLWV p
Th LWdLm. Ndj
s CkRp Z Tk
m.

Wm

GiQn GdLlThP
WmT ARu V
A[ Utm eV
Rt\m Toj Li
dLXm. Wmu
TiT] LWf Y SmTj
RkR EiUV] Wmp
Cdm. B]p GiQn
GdLlThP Wmp LWm
\k Cdm.

GiQn
GdLlThP
WmLs

WY

Cmj
LsLs

Uos ApX J GV NR]

\LtLs
Gu]Yp A[
AV Es[eLp
Yj p rLf
NnVm. LtLs Z
Ap Tm.

LU
U

UR

Nm T AL A[
o RYlTm. Um
m T NlTjLs
Su\L Gm Ym.
LU UYp NnR
NlTjLs CUV]
Y EPVRL Cdm.
B]p LXlTPm
NnVlThP U]p
RVdLlThP NlTjLs
Y \Y]RL
Cdm.
El

Ys[dLp
s Utm
Ndjs
(Chalk powder)

J RdLWi ElT J
Pm[o p LXdLm.
Ndj s AkW
Ys[ WL Utm.
Utm TV LsLs r
Tp Tkm.

BoUu
RLs

L SpX YZ YZlT]
UtTWlT Li
Cdm. BoUu
RLs RVeLs
Tp, LWLWlT] Up
TPu, LUV]
\jRd Li Cdm
BLY Su ok
SdmT,
RVeL[ RVL
j PXm.

Ru

LmfN
J Tjj V
ApX
jRU] Rp S]j
YpXlT
dfVp Tt\ Ydm
(NodLW Utm T, Sll j
Rio)
Gm. LXlTPm NnR

LkRjR WY Up
Li Tm T
Cmj LsLs CkRp
LYok CdLlTm.

LU Up RVdLl
ThP NlTjd, U
198

199

Pu CkRp lj
GV. Sll
Tt]m, u LWQUL
Yl NjRm
Cdm.
Td

\fNVm

p \m LWm. NdLu
ALlTVL Clf
YV HtTj iP
SWjt Tdf Y
RVUp Nn m.

Ljs

ApX
TfN
LhPj
s

NkRdLlTm Ljs
Ys[\ o Egm
Ru Ut\jp
YlT\. 1% NVm
LoT]h LWNX
RdLm. Utm
TfN LhPjs
CkRp, o Eg Rp
Yl \jR HtTjm.

TV
(TfNl
ThP)

\fNVm

CXYeLl
ThP

LYnlThP CXYeLlThP L
(Cassia Bark)
UpVRL Cdm.
i Lsm RuU
EPV. LYnl
ThPLs L]U]RL
WlPu Cdm.

RtNVXL EQY] iL[p Tl

APk nUdL HtT\. NUdLlTPR
EQL[] UNm, u, Tp Utm LnLLs Ll
ThLp [m Xp TRU] i EL[p
nUdL APk u\]. CkiLs
TYL NUVp Nn\ Tm, EQY Nn\d
EhTjRlTm Tm AdLlTu\]. J X
iLs TU] A[ YlTjt EhTPRRp
A T\. Um, J X EQLs NUdLlTPUp
EiYRp EQ `U \. NTjV BnLs
EQ RVeLs, T]g NokRYLs Utm GiQn
RLs Tu\Y YlTU] rXp Nj
YdLlTm T Lm ATVLWU] SnL[
HtTjm, TjR_d gNL[p RdLlTh
TdLlTm GuTR RVlTjs[].

dL

RtNVXL Lm LXlTPeLs

(Cinnamon)

R[ TV p 1/2
U SWjt rmT
Yj, \
LXdLlT\. \m RVL
LWk dLlTY
LXlTPm NnVlThlTR
Lh\.

Lj[ J Pm[o
u Up Ym. Lj
s UX Rdm. dL
J X SLp Z
Rem. dL LsLs
ALU] LWUp LWQUL
\jR ALlTj
Lh\.
200

RtNVX] LXlTP ThL[] fd Lp

Uku GglTYLs, PlTdLp Es[ YsVm,
(tin), EQp fLu LLs, hP Utm AoNd,
LVm, TRWNm Tu\ EXLeL[m EQt L
[dLlT\. r Ym AhPYQ X EXLeLs
Utm CWNV]l ThL]p [m SfjRuUV
[eL Yd\.
201

AhPYQ - 5
CWNV]m
Utm
EXLm

BoNd

TVm

LhVm

RtNVX]
LXlTPl
ThLs

TZeLp LV
AoN]h RdLl
TY, o

No, o,
RNll,
EZl
EiPdm TdLYRm

G `jRp
TlTPkR
EQLs (TVm
LoT]h)

PXNp
CVpTpXR
AXfdL AN,
o RN Cl
Utm Yl.
ALlTV] Ero
WjRp, LpWp, o
Tl, W tSn,
dLX] Gm Ls
_lTp (ChPn
ChPn Gu\ SVp
AkSh]o LhVj
RdR]p TdLl
Ths[R EQoj\.

LTph

Rio, o

CRV NVZl

RWm

RWm NlThP
LXeLp AXj
RuU EPV
EQL[
Ydm T

Yk, Ytl Td,

A Yt Y

Nn\d
EhTjRlThP X
EQl ThLs

TdLYRm,
[Tl,
LiToY CZjRp

202

@TeNh
R RVeL[
TRWNm Tj
m. lTL,
Td, h]
Utm `p u

TdLYRm, [ Tl
Utm Li
ToY CZl

YsVm

PlTp APdLl
ThP EQLs

LUV] YtY,
Yk, JVl
Toj AfNlTRp

jRSLm

jRSLm Up
NlThP Cm
LXeLp EQY
Ndm T

No, UVdLm, Yk

fd
LpLs

A]j YLV]
EQl
ThLm

UY] ApX
WY] `j
RuU HtTj
LpWp, WLm,
[, Utm
SWmL[ Tj
EZl HtTjm.

P DRp
vpTvh
Wp

vpTvhWp
EPV EQ
LdLlThP
XeLs Utm
UNeLp
Cd\.

PWhP_v
Utm Lo]
_v

Bu
TVhdv

BuTVhdv
LdLlThP
UNjp
Cd\

CRV SnLs,
UkR GojRp,
(Drug resistance)
CWjRd Zn L]URp.

[Ls

TZfNLs, Utm
UuT]eLs
LhVjPu
RPo EiP]p
LhVm NlThP
TjWeLs, SiLs,
BvPoLs Utm
WLeLs.

LVm

TRWNm

RtNVXL ApX GoTWR RUL EQ

`jRuU APYR rYm \L[p RodLXm.
203

\VL NkRV BWnRp XUL UdLd

EQp TReL[ GtTjm `l ThL[l
Tt GfNdLXm.

NVtLV] TjWnLs ApX UXjVu BV

UpXR fdLpL[ ETVjRp.

LnLL[ NUlTRt u Su LRp

YNLd YLU] \p fd
LpL[ ETVdm \V Ltd LjRp.

TRlTjRlThP Tp, Tp TPo, BP dLlThP

Tp TPo, ZkR Tp EQ Utm U LXkR Tp
EQ BVYtp iLu RdRp XV
EQd LXlTPjR Rdm NhPm lh CdL
Yim.
EQd LXlTPm Rdm NhPju T, J EQl
T[] LXlTPm NnVlThs[ Gu LYRt
EiP] LWQeLs.
1.

AkR EQl T[] lh YjW

NnVlThP RWjp Ck \YL ClT.

TVuhPm YnkR EQj RWjR APm

Y\Ls.

2.

EQl Ts Y \ ThL[d LilTRp

AlTu RuU ApX RWm Tlds[Y.

1.

NhPlTV] A[YLs.

3.

2.

Nu Adm hPeLs

3.

TUdLs AUljhPeLp DThPu, Te

LsRp

AkR EQl Td TXL, UVL ApX

TVL, RWjp \Y]R ApX Xd\kR
T[V NolT.

4.

EQl Tp Es[ HRY J lhP,

dVU] TlTs YU] ApX TVL
jRdLlTY.

5.

EQl T[] RVdLlTh, LhLhPlTh,

jRpXR XLp YdLlTh Ck, AR]p
AlTp nUL HtTh ApX EPp
BWdVjt ATVjR [lT.

6.

EQl Ts AV, SnYnlThP Xe,

LnL ThLs, f RdLlTh, URoLs
EiTRt RVt\ ThL[d LilT.

7.

EQl Tp HRm SfdLs ApX \

RYV] ThLs, EPp SXjt L [lT
YLs Tu\YL[ Li ClT,

3.6.2. EQf NhPeLs Utm EQu RWm

uYm NhPeLs, CkV AWNeLjRp EQ

LXlTPjR RlTRtLLm, EQu RWjR TWUlTRt
LLm NVpTjRlThP.

1. EQd LXlTPjR Rdm NhPm (Prevention of

Food Adulteration Act)

CfNhPm 1954 Bm Bi NVpTjRlThP.

CfNhPm EQp LXlTPm Nn RVdLlTYR,
tT] NnYR Utm VLm NnYR,
RlTRtLL Uhm CpXUp iL[p nU L
HtThP Utm Sfj RuU APkR Utm RY\]
jWPlThP EQl ThL[ RlTRtLLm
NVpTjRlThs[.
204

205

8.

9.

AUdLlThP \eLs RW Y \eLs Li

CkRm, YjW NnVlThP \eLu
A[Lp Ck UTh A[u GpXVj
Ri ALU] \eLs EQl ThLp
CkRm,
EQ Tp HRm RP NnVlThP TLll
ThLs NodLlTh CkRX ApX AUdLl
ThP TLll ThLs AL A[Lp Noj
CkRm,

10. EQl Tu RWm Utm jRm YjWdLlThP

Xp Ck \kRX ApX YjWdLl
ThP A[Lp Ck AL A[p EhThLs
YThlTm EQ LXlTPm Bm.

2. CuVUVR YL NWd NhPm 1954

CuVUVR YL NWdLs T UdLd
JeL] \p VdLlTRp, Ll UodLhP
RlT, T UdLd VVU] Xp EQl
ThLs PdLf NnRp Tu\Yt\ TWUlTR
CfNhPju dV SdLeLs Bm.

B. Tp Utm Tp [ThLs BQ 1992

CqYQ, Tp Utm Tp ThLdL] CVkW
NR]eLp jRm Utm LRWj RWj] HtTj,
BXN]LdLL YVjR , AWNeLjt Tp,
Tp[ ThLs EtTj, tT], TRp Utm
VjRp Tt AW YZeRX NVpTj\.

C. UN ThLdL] BQ 1973
UNl ThL[ RVj, NVpThd EhTj,
Ko CPjp Ck Ut\ CPjt Ut\ Yim.
Bnd u]tTPL UNm NVp\d
EhTjRlTPp, NhPlT t\Um. CkR BQ TX
\Ls Utm LhlTL[ j SpXR
XeL[ Ro NnY, UNm YhPlTm CPeLp
LV[lTm UNeLdL] X NVp\Ls, XUL
UNjR UVL iLs Cu TWUlTRtLL
L[ oQVm Nn Es[.
rYm X H_udLs EQLd RW oQVm
Nn Es[].

1. CkV RWdLhlTh Y]m (BIS) (Bureau of Indian

A. TZ [Ts BQ 1955

Standards)

CkR BQ \kRThN NhPUL CVt\lTh

TpY TZeLs Utm LnL [ ThLu RWm
Utm NVpTh \ YNL[ UuU\f Nn\.
TZeLs Utm LnLL[ YWV\ NnVlThP
LhLhRp A[p Ck \j NnY, NhPju
T RidLlTP YiV RY\m. CkR BQV UjV
AWNeL EQ NVpTh RtNXV NokR EQ
Utm NjQ YVm NVpTjs[.

LnLLs Utm TZlThLs, UNXl ThLs

Utm UNl ThLs Utm NVp\d EhTjRl
ThP EQl ThLs BVYtt RWm oQdLl
Ths[. CkR ThLu RWm J \ oU]m
Nn HtdLs[l ThhPp, RVlT[oLu
ThLs Htd Ls[lThP RWj] oj Nn
Cdm ThNjp BIS jWV JqY Tm
TVuTjRXm.

206

207

2. AdUod jW
AdUod GuT YNV [Ts tT]
G]lTm. AdUod Gu\ YojR AdLpWp UodLhe
(Agricultural Marketing) GuTp Ck EYV. Agmark
RWm GuT CkV AWNeLju tT] Utm Bn
CVdSWLjRp EYdLlThP.
CkR CVdSWLm YNV [Ts NhPjR
(Agricultural Products Act) 1937p ALlTjV. AdUod
(Agmark) jWu UV r Es[ TPjp LiL.

dLlTh, YLlTj, HtU NnY, AdUodp

LhPVUdLlThs[. AdUod ThLs RWm kRY
G] C\dUV[oLd EVdLlT\. CkVp,
LoYd EQdLXlTPf NhPm TtV TpY
SdLp lQo \YLY Es[. LoYu
JjZl CpXVp, LXlTPjR LhlTjY
GuT L]U] J NVXm.
3.7. EQ TRlTjRp

RtTRV RYV P AL A[p EQ

CdUV]p, Ym LXjtL] EQ ETVLjt
ALl TV] EQYl TRlTjRXm. TZeLs, LnLLs
Tu\ EQl ThLs Ld \Y] Y[m TYeLs
EPV]. AR]p YPm YRtm LnLLs Utm
TZeLs PdLl TYRt Ln, TZeLs
TRlTjRlTYRp, ALlTV] ThLs QY
RdLlT\.

EQ TRlTjYRu LsLLs
1.

TPm 14 : AdUod jWLs

J Tu RWjR oQdL AlTu A[,
YL, GP, \m, DWlTRm, Ll A[ Utm \
LWQeLs Tu\Yt\ LQdp Gjd Ls[ Yim.
CfNhPm RVeLs, UNXl ThLs, GiQn
jdLs, GiQn YiQn, Sn, Tt]g
NokRYLs Utm hPLs Tu\YLu RWjR
YWV\ NnYPu, EQY YTl ThLu
RWjt Ht\Y j, jRju R A[]
JqY EQl Tdm RVf Nn\.
LX, YN] Utm UNX ThLs, TU
A, CuVUVR GiQnLs RX]YLs RWm
208

iL[p AdLlTY RdLlT\ ApX

RURlTjRlT\.

A. iLs RdYR RP NnY HNlv

B. iL[ ALtY YLhRp
C. iLu Y[of Utm NVpT Tl
TP\ Ld \Y] YlTX, EXW YjRp.
D.

iL[ AjRp AL YlTm ApX

JdLoL[l TnfRp

2.

EQ A TYR RjRp ApX RURlTjRp

EQ SL[ A\f Nn ApX
NVpThP RlT. ERWQm eL YjRp
(blanching)
209

3.

fLs, XeLs Utm CVkW hTm NokR

AL[ RlT.

EQ TRlTjm \Ls
EQYl TRlTjR TVuTm \Ls A]jm
AlTPp TYL RjRp ApX LRp HtTPf
Nnm LWL[ u\f NnYRtL] LsLVd
LiPY. LRp HtTjm LWLs iL[p
AlTRp, SLu U]Ls Utm CVkW
hTm NokR [Ls, fLs Utm TdLuLs.

3.7.2. AL YlTXp TRlTjRp

1. TvWN`u
TvWN`u GuT YlTm NokR NVpTh
\. B]p Cm\p A]j ioLm
AdLlTYpX, TVL UhU AdLlTu\].
YZdLUL 100oC-d r Es[ YlTU NjRlTm. W,
L o ApX EXof XUL YlTlTjRlTu\].
u, ThLs EP] odLlT\. YZdLUL Tp,
TvWN`u Xm TRlTjRlT\.

3.7.1. \kR YlTXp TRlTjRp

u TY] \Ls RtT TVuTjRl

T\

1. E\Vf NnRp (Freezing)

A. ape ApX Thf \ (Holding or Batch

E\Rp XUL iP LXjt EQl ThL[

TRlTj TLdLXm. B]p, TRlTjm EQl
Ts, Rp RWdLRL Clu AR \Y]
YlTXV WL iPLXm TWUdL Yim.
UYL E\Vf Nnm NVpThp ApX U]
E\VYdm Tm EQl ThLs oNR]l
Th A\Lp -4oC Rp 29oC YlTXd CdL
Yim. EP]VL E\m NVpThp TVuTm
\kR YlTXu A[ - 32oC Rp 40oC CkR
YlTXp EQ E\Rp Wk SPTm.
SojV] TLWd LtLs TX EYm. W] E\Vf
NnRX P EP] E\Rp SWm ALUL
\dLlT\.

System) (Holders method)

2. WLt\lTh E\Vf NnRp (Dehydrofreezing)

Cm\p TZeLs Utm LnLL[ ARu GP
Utm A[Y 50% Bm YW EXWf Nn, \
TRlTjRlT\.
210

Tp ApX dU 65oC YlTXd Li Nu,

AR YlTXp 30 PeLs CdLf Nn WYL
WYjRp.

B. AL YlTXp \kR SWm Yjdm

\ (High temperature, short time - (HTST) (Flash Method)
Tu YlTXV ALUd, ARY 72oC p
15 SLs Yj, u EP]VL WYjRp.

C. AphW AL YlT\ (Ultra High Temp System)

(UHTS)

Cm\p, TX 3 SLs 93.4oC d Yj

CdLm. TvWN`dl \ Tp EP]VL 7oC
Utm ARt \YL YlTXp odLlT\.

2. PlTdLp APjRp - Le (Canning)

Le \p AL YlTX Xm EQp Es[
iL[ AlTPu, Lt LRY iLs
ALt\lThP (Sterilised) PlTdLp APj, jW
211

PlTh, nUdL [VRY TLdLlT\.

TZeLs, LnLLs Utm UN EQLs Cm\p
TRlTjRlTu\].

3.7.3. TLll ThLs TVuTj TRlTjRp

(Preservation using preservatives)

TLll ThLs GuT] CWNV] ThLs

Gu YWVdLlThs[]. CkR CWNV]l ThLs,
i. Y[ofV \Vf Nnm, RP Nnm
ApX U\k Ck EQp mTjRLR Ut\m [
dm. EQp Ut\eLs iL[p, EQp Es[
SL[p ApX CWNV] NVpTL[p HtTPXm.
EQ LXlTP Rlf NhPm ClTLll ThL[
C]YL I (Class I) TLll ThLs Utm C]YL
II (Class II) TLll ThLs G] js[.
C]YL I TLll ThL[Y]: El, NodLW,
UNXl ThLs, L (Vinegar), Ru Utm EiQjRkR
LnL GiQnLs.
C]YL II TLll ThL[Y]: TuNd
AXm, ARPV NVm Utm ThPVm EldLs,
AvLod AXm Utm ARu NVm Utm
ThPVm EldLs. TYL TZm Utm LnLl
ThLp ETVdLlTm TLll ThLs
YL BoLd Utm EpX ThL[ NoPV
hf NoU]l ThLs G] C YLL[Ll
TdLlThs[].
TuNd AXm, [W TuNd AXm
ApX Nd AXm BV] BoLd TLll
ThL[m. AUdLlThP JW EpX T[
NoPV hf NoU]l TLll Ts
NpToPBd^ Bm. TLll T[L
Np@ThLs YYjp TYL TVuTjRlT\.
212

CkVp TZm Utm LnL ThL[ TRlTj

YRtLL NVm TuNVh, Np@ThLs, Nod AXm
TVuTjRlT\. hPnj RVlLs, TZeLs Utm
TZfNLs Utm Ju RVlp Np@ToPBd^,
NpThLs Utm UhPTNp@ThLs TVuTjRl
Tu\]. NVm ApX ThPVm UhP T
Np@ThLs Tu\Y. TZlThLs TRlTjYp
ETVdLl Tu\]. NVm TuNVh WhP
dWxLm, RdL LhfAlLm TRlTjm T[L
TVuTjRlTu\].

3.7.4. Nq TWRp AL AjRm Li

TRlTjRp (Preservation by high osmotic pressure)
Nq TWRu LsLL[d Li _mLs,
_pLs, FLnLs TRlTjRlTu\].

1. AL NodLW APo
BlsLs, LnV, WhN Utm Tu BlsLs
Tu\Y _m, _p RVlTRt ELkRY. ALUL
TjPUp R[Y TjRRL CkRp SpX.
H]p Tdu A[ TjR TZeLp R[
ALUL Cdm.
2. AL El APo
io TdLjR LhlTjRY El
TVuTjRlT\. YiQn, TpLh, LnLLs,
UNm, u Utm Wh Tu\ EQLp El
TVuTjRlT\. YN] Utm UNXl ThLs
TdVdL[ Rdm Bt\p dLY. ElPu, TpY
UNXl ThLs, GiQnLs Tu\Y FLn
RVdL TVuT\. Ltu ERPu EQlTp
Ym TdV Utm gNd L[u Y[ofV],
EQu Ut\l T GiQnVp PlTmT
RdLlT\.
213

L LY]UL RVdLlTh NdLlThP FLnLs

J YPm ApX ARt Um TZLUp Cdm.
El, L (Vinegar) NodLW, GiQn, UNXl ThLs
Utm YN]l ThLs BV] FLp
TVuTjRlTm dV TLll ThLs Bm.

EQp JdLo TnfYu Es[okR Bt\u

TVuL[Y].
l

NdLlThP ThLs Utm i Rd L

[lTR RdL TVuTjRlTm, e
[dm CWNV] hl T[] jRp
WU Utm Gju Bd^ Tu\YL[
TVuTjYR RolTRtm.

UNm, T\YLs Utm LPpYr E] EQL[

Rd TZdm ioL[ Lu EQl Ts
LPUp j ClTRtm

EQp Es[ TjR_d ioLs Utm

JhiL[ Aj EQY j LlTRtm.

3.7.5. o Yt\YlTRu Xm TLjRp (Preservation

by dehydration)

EXokR EQl ThLs TRlTjRlTh

TLdLlTu\]. H]p, EQl Tp Es[
DWlTRju X Ld \YL ClTRp iLs
Y[W YnlpX Utm Su NVpT
LhTjRlThs[. o Yt\ Ydm NVpTh
\Ls, VTWjp TX EQLd, ARY
EXojRlThP Tp, hPLs, L, RX, TZ T]eLs
BVYtp TVuTjRlT\.
EXWf Nnm NVpThp YlTm NjRlTYRu
[YL EQp Es[ TX ELs AdLlTu\].
TdVdLu Y[ofd 18% DWlTRm RYlT\.
Dvh Y[ofd 20% ApX ARt ALULm
RYlTm. gNd L[u Y[ofd 1316% DWlTRm
RYlT\.
BLY, EXW Yj EQY TRlTjRp DWlTRm
CpXUp TLlT Lm CuVUVR. Um, EXo
\p TRlTjmT EQu RWm TlTPVUp
LYjd Ls[ Yim.

EQp JdLo TnfYRp AYPdl \

Nlp HtTm CZlLs \dLlTu\]. JdLW
EV Xp NjLp EQu UQm, Y, RuU
Utm R EldLu A[Ls UYpX. JdLo
TnfNlThP EQLs TLlT]Y Utm URoLs
EiQjRkR YLp UV]Y.

Nn\ Tt
1.

V Utm TV BRWl ThLu \Yp

HtTm \ SnLu AL[ EQojm
TPeLs LiP [dLlTPeL[ RVo Nn.

2.

WRm, LX, EofNj A, Cm, @Td AXm

\kR EQl TiPeL[ hPh RVo NnL.
AY WRd LX \T, EofNj A \T
Utm CWjR NL Es[d ELkRRL CdL
Yim.

3.

Ap Es[ UV EQ UVjt Nu
ToYh, AWNeLm, EQp Njd\T

3.7.6. EQp JdLoL[ Nj TLjRp

EQp JdLo NjRp Gum NVpThp
EQl T[] AV Nd WV I^Pl
LTph 60d \kRT EhTjRlTh TRlTjRl
T\.
214

215

HtTYR \lTRt UtLis[ HtTL[

Tt Ak Ls[m.
4.

5.

6.

r Ym Sn XULd EQY hPh,

RVdLm. _WeLs, Ytli, Wv, AL
CWjR AjRm, BjWv[Wv, S@lWhv
Utm PVThv UhPv.
LRW NR] NnV YiV ThVX RVj,
EQ NR]d Pm TWUdLlTm XV
NdLm. tl\ LRWm Utm EQ
LV[lTYp jRm Utm R STo jRm Tt
RLYp NodLm.
TpY EQLu UL[, TX LPLp Ck
NLj, LXlTPjtL] NR]L[ Nn EQp
LXlTPm NnVlThs[R G] Njl TodLm.

]dLs

I.

LhP CPeL[ WlL

1.

EofNj B6 \Yp _________ HtT\.

2.

LpVm \, YVR] ULod HtTLp

_________ Rdm.

3.

ULX[vd AV _________ \Yp

HtTm.

4.

EofNj _________ \ CWjRdLY HtTjm

5.

Yn KWeLp, WT@[u \Yp HtTm

iLd __________ Gu TVo.

6.

YtY HtTY__________u AVm.

7.

CPY h Ym _Wjt _________ J

ERWQm Bm.

8.

El ________ Utm_______ NjdL[p NhPl

T\.

9.

LPu _______ RLs LXlTPm NnVlTu\].

10. Sn L[p RdLlThP Tu UNm EiTRp

_________ EQ `URp HtTm.
II. NV, RY\ G] GL

216

1.

TPdu \ alTWd UdWNhd

AV HtTjm.

2.

UWvUu A X Tu\ LjRt\m

3.

RkR WY EQtm, UuUV] EQdm

CPlThP EQ WY EQYm.

4.

ANhv GuT Ytl Tp HtTm

ojRdLm Bm.
217

5.

Tp Utm dm Ytli EQj hPjp NodL

VR.

6.

NRWQ jRSLm \ HtThPp UQm, Y

BVYtp \T HtTm.

7.

UgNs p LXlTPm NnVlTm Ts UhPp

UgNs Bm.

8.

ALd V EQL[ 10 o C d r Es[

YlTXp Nj YdLlTP Yim.

9.

Wk E\Rp NVpThp, YlTX 32oC

Rp 40oC YW TWUdLlT\.

10. A]j NUVp A\Lm, YlTd Lt\

YVtm L TjRlTh NV] Lt\hPm
T\ YN NnVlTh CdL Yim.
III. NV] PV RokRdLm

1.

NRWQ CWjR NodLW A[ GuT

A) 80120 /100 .
C) 100180 /100 .

2.

B) 6080 ./ 100 .

Lml[u GuT CRu ERWQm

A) LXYV] EQ
B) uT WdLlThP EQ
C) CVtLV] WY EQ

3.
4.

SofNj kR EQ LdLlTY
A) Ytl i SVd
B) NodLW SVd
C) Ytl TdLp TlTPkRYod

6.

AL LX EQ CkR Snd YjWdLlT\

A) _Wm

B) AL CWjR AjRm

C) PVThv UhPv
7.

\kR WR EQ
A) AL CWjR AjRm

B) S@lWhv

C) CWlT i
8.

Whp NhP TY
A) WRm

9.

B) Ll

C) RVu

CkR TdV TpX RT HtTjm

A) NpU]pX

B)vPWlPLdL

C) LpX
10. DWU] YodLPXp L [dL Y[m gN
A) @NVm

B) d[PvTVm

C) AvTopXv@[Yv
IV. TjL

SVu \ Sn
A) TT

5.

B) vLo

C) TpXLW

WRd LX, \ Sn ALUL LQlTY

A) C[m TY YV]o B) u Ts ZkRLs
C) TVo
218

1.

RVu

vLo

2.

EofNj C

aTWd AV

3.

EofNj D

LnhPo

4.

Td AXm

BvVTWv
219

5.

LpVm

TpXLW

4.

TT

6.

IVu

ULX[vd AV

5.

AL CWjR AjRm HtTP LWLs

7.

TdPdu

BeXo vPUPhv

6.

EQp JdLo TnfRu 2 TVuLs

8.

WT@[u

LXV

7.

EQ JqYUu 2 ALs

9.

SVu

dLhv

8.

Wv

TT

9.

alTd LU

10. Cm
V.

Ju ApX CWi YLp PV

10. _Wju YLLs

1.

Lol TiLPm LpVm \ HtTm T

CkSn Rdm.

11.

2.

YnYVL CZkR W im TYRtL] WYm

12. Ru GqY LXlTPm NnVlT\?

3.

LWm YN] CpXR EQ

VII. 100 YojRLp PV

4.

AL CWjR AjRm

1.

Zn Xm EQ NjRp Tt l GL.

5.

RodLlTP YiV EQjhPm

2.

EofNj A \Su AV [d

6.

YtlTd

3.

\V] UjYU] EQL[ GL.

7.

EQ \ fNu HRY J SdLjR G.

4.

TvWN`u Tt l GL.

8.

EQ LXlTPm

5.

HRm 4 CWNV] TLll ThL[ ThVL.

9.

CkV RWdLhTh Y]m

6.

RSTo EPtjRjR GqY TWUlTn?

7.

alTPhv Utm Wp LPdLlTm

EQj hP UXiU Tt GL.

8.

PtiQp AYm SV LPdL YiV

EQhPm TtV lLs Gu]? EQp NodL
YiV Utm RodL YiVYL[ ThV.

9.

EQdLXlTPjR Rdm NhPjR Y.

10. NpU]pX EQ `URp

VI. 30 YojRLp PV

1.

Pp NW EQ Adm \

2.

EofNj A SnjRl hPm

3.

dLhv

EQp NhRp Utm Y lTjYRu

2 SdLeL[ GL.

10. _WeLp EQj hP UXiUV Y.

220

221

VIII. 200 YojRLp PV

1.

WRdLX \ SndL] LWQeLs, ALs,

Utm fNV Tt Y.

2.

B h EofNjdLu \Th Su
AL[ Y.

3.

EQY TRlTjm TpY \L[ ThV.

HRm 3 TRlTjm \L[ Y.

4.

PVThv UhPv ALs Utm EQj hP

UXiUV Y.

5.

BjWv[Wv, AL CWjR AjRm HtTYRu

LWQeLs, Utm EQj hP fNL[ G.

6.

WL SnLp EQj hP UXiUV Y.

7.

GoTWUp, RtNVXL HtTm EQ LXlTPm Tt

Yj GL.

8.

NRWQUL LXlTPm NnVlTu\ 5 EQL[

ThVL. Utm AYtp LXlTPm NnVlTYR
LiPm GV NR] \] GL.

222

4. YrdLu Y[ofl TYeLs

kRV jRLjp, Y[of LXjp HtTm Ut\eLs,
YrdLu Y[ofl TY XLs LolTjp BWmj
ZkRl TYm m X YW YdLl
ThkR. CkR jRLjp, Sm T]m ofu
RPdL LXm Rp Y[[m TYm, (UW TYm)
Y[of APkR TYm (SYV) RPok U LXm
YWp Es[ YrdLu Y[ofl TYeL[ Et
SdYm.
Y[ofVPRp GuT AqY[ XN] ApX.
Y[of APkRYoLd, ARY ZkR YrdLp
Y[of Es[YoLd Y[of GuT Lm
L]U] Ju\m. Tt\oLs ZkRu YrdL TY
Y[of XLp Gu] NnYRu RVUp
TnhPR Gi Yku\]o.
4.1. T]m ofu RPdL LXm

T]m ofu RPdLd LXm GuT YrdL

TY Y[ofd LXjp J ZkRV] TpYTPt\
RuUp Ck Ut\m APk Tp YT
RuUV APm LXm Bm. h GuTYo T]m
ofu LXm GuT Y[of Xp T] ElLs
ofRX
HtTjm
LXm
Utm
C]lTdLjtL] NVXt\X Tm LXm Gu
[ds[o. CkR X Y[ofl TY YV
Gum AZdLlT\. CkX TZdL YZdLeLp
HtTm Ut\eL[ P, J RSTo EPp T] o
HtTYRm, ZkR Tm NVXt\X TmT
HtTu\ EPu Ut\jRU d\.
BiLu EPp kR 14 YV ojVm T
EtTj B\. AR NUVjp U U Yu\
UuEWUm EYL BWmdm. TiLd UoTLm
ej Ru\ BWmdm. Um URPn BWmTUm.
223

T] ofu RPdL LXm GuT

RjRuUYnkR lPjRdL YThP Rd\
LXm Utm YrdLu GkR J Y[of Xm
HtThWR Y[of X Ut\eL[ EYdm.
1.

2.

3.

T] ofu RPdL LXm GuT Up Nu

Lkdm LXm H]p CdLXm m
ZkRl TYjRm Y[[m TYju
UWlTYm RPdL LXjRm Es[Pd Es[
LXm Bm. EWUPV TYj]o UuU
YnkRYoLs (Pubescents) G] AZdLl TYo. T]
o HtThP u]o, AYoLs Y[[m TYj]o
(adolescents) Gu AZdLlTYo.
T] ofu BWmT LXm GuT Lm V
LXm CWi Rp Su BiLs YW dm.
CdLXjp TX Y] Ut\eLs, EPu Es
ElLm, EPu Ym SPTm.
Ut\eLs WY] oYLY ApX UY]
oYLY CdLXm. TiLs BiL[ P
Wp oYoLs. B]p C T]oLPV
lhP YTLs Cdm.
T] ofu RPdL LXm TX XL[Ll
dLlThs[] YrdLl TYeLp Ld V
LXUL, T] ofu RPdL LXm CkRm,
CdLXm Um 3 XL[d Lis[RLl
dLlThs[. \V u Uu EWUPV
TY X, Uu EWUPV TY X, u Uu
EWUPV TY X GuT]Ym.

4.1.1. T] ofu RPdL LXju XLs

1. u Uu EWUPV TY X
CkR X Ju ApX CWi BiLs ZkRl
TYm m LXju Up Nu Lkdm LXm
224

Bm. CdLXjp Ru ZkRV] u Uu

EWUPV TY Xp Es[RL LRlT\.
CdLXjp JYW ZkR TY Xp ClTRLm
Gjd Ls[ V, Y[[m TYjR
APkRYWLm LR CVX. u Uu EWUPV
TYju (ApX oRp) Xp, QV]
T] \lVpLs Ru\ BWmdm. B]p C]
j ElLs UV] Y[ofVPk CdL.

2. Uu EWUPV TY X
ClTY X, ZkRl TYm Utm Y[[m
TYjtm CPV Es[ TY XVm. T]
o HtTYRtL] AlTP A[YLuT
ClTYjp Ut\eLs Rum. lTnRp (menarche)
TiLm, CWLp YVt\eLs HtTRp
BiLm EiPu\]. Uu EWUPV TY
Xp (ApX om TYjp) QV] T]
\lVpLs RPok Y[of APYPu Ut\ T]
ElLp NpLs EtTjVu\].

3. u Uu EWUPV TY X
ClTYX Y[[m TYju Rp Ju ApX
CWi YPeLu Up Nu Lkdm LXUm.
CkXp, CQ T] \lVpLs Su Y[of
APk Cdm. Um T] ElLs ot
T] RPedm.
4.

T] ofu RPdL LXm GuT YLU]

Y[of Utm Ut\eL[d LiP LXUm. T]
ofu RPdL LXm GuT YrdLu CWi
Y[ofl TY LXeLp Ju\L [e\.
CdLXjp YLU] Y[ofPu lhP Ut\eLs
EPp Lp HtTu\]. Y[[m TY Y[ofp
o YLm G] ClTYm lPlT\.
225

5.

6.

T] ofu RPdL LXm GuT GoU\

Y[oflTVm. YrdLl TtV GoU\V]
U]lTuU LsY Utm GoU\V]
TZdLYZdLeLs BV] ClTYju \lVpLs
ApX dVUL T] ofu RPdL LXju
tTp HtTm TiLs GuTRt NuLs
Es[]. L UNU] GoU\ Y[oflT LXm
AkR RlThPYo T] of APm T
m. CkX BiL[ P TiLPm
ALUL RVX\.
T] ofu RPdL LXm YThP YVLp
HtT\. T] ofu RPdL LXm GkR
SWjm 5 ApX 6 YVLdsm Utm 19
YVdsm HtTPXm. Um T] ofu
RPdL
LXjR
APm
YWX]
NVpTL[ RPoPV Ut\m UVYRt
RYlTm LXjm YTLs Es[].

T] ofu RPdL LXju AlTPj

RjYeL[Y]
TiLp lTnRp (menarche) RuYm,
BiLp CWp YVt\eLs HtTYm, o
CWNV] NR]Ls Xm PdL Tt\ NuLs, Gdv
LoLs (GdvW) Xm AVlTt\ Gm Y[of
BVY J ZkR T] oY lhP
TYXp APk hPR E Nn\.
lTnRp (menarche) ApX Rp URPn GuT
TiLdL] T] ou AlTPj RjYUm.
Ut\ YLp, BiLd CWp YVRpLs
HtTm. BiLd Rp YVRX o
226

NR]Xm Utm TiLd DvhW_u

Es[R ElTjm NR]Lm NnVlT\. L,
LpLs, hLs Tu\Ytu Gdv LolTP NR]Ls
Ht\RpX.

4.1.2. T] ofu RPdL LXjp HtTm

Ut\eLPu NoPV YWV\Ls - hhP
Wlu Te
CkR Wl CWi aoUuL[ Wd\.
1.

Y[of aoUu R STu EPp A[L[

oUlTp dV Te Yd\.

2.

L]PhWd aoUu L]L[

ALlTVL NVpVj i\.

T] ofu RPdL LXjt Nt u YW,

L]PhWd aoUu Wdm A[p W]
ALl Cdm. Um CkR aoUuLs L]Lu
EQo Vp, T] of RPdLd LXjp HtTm
Ut\eL[ Fddm LWVL AY [eu\].

L]Lu Te
L]Lu Y[of Utm TdLj]p, T]
ElLs RuUV] T]l TiLs A[p
ALj, NVpYm oYRm ERu\].
Utm CQ T]l TiL[], UuUV] EWUm
EYRp BVYm HtTu\].

hhP Wl Utm L]Ls Ju\uTp Ju

NVXtRp
hhP Wl EtTj NnR L]PhWd
aoUuLs, im hhP Wlu NVp m.
227

ARu [YL W] A[p Y[of aoUu A[

\k
Y[of
NVpT
RdLlT\.
L]PhWd aoUu L]Ls NVpRp
RPofVL, C]j NnVlTu\ LXm YW j,
\ TiLu URPn LXm m SWjm
(menopause) BiLd d[UdPod (climacteric) TY
Xm WLd \km.
Tp ofu RPdL LXjp EPp HtTm
Ut\eLs:

1. EPp A[p HtTm Ut\eLs

EPp EVWm Utm GPp EPp EVWjp L
ALU] Y[of APY Tp ofu RPdL LX
BWmTX (Both mean the same) RPok Rp YPjp
Ym. ARu \ Y[of \k, UYL RPok
SPTm. GP Rp GuT Ll, Gm Utm
RN dLu A[ ALlTp HtT\.

2. EPp ReLp Ut\eLs

UR] iP EPX], Y[of APkR
ZkRp, ALXUL U\ BWmdm. Cl Utm
RsLs, Cl CPlT BVY EYL BWmdm.
3.

T] RuU TiL[d dm T]
ElLu Y[of, BiLp L]Ls ApX
WLs Utm Bi Bm. TiLp Rp
URPp HtTm CWjRl Td. CkLrp,
CWjRm, Nl Tu\ Ts Utm LlTk
RThP Np dLs, 28 ShLd J\
YVt\lTm.
228

4. CQ T]l TiLs
4.1.3. L dV CQ T]l TiLs-BiLs
EWUm
WLs Utm Bi A[p TR Ut\m
HtThP J Bit \ UuUV] EWUm
Rum. UuU EWU Y[of YUL t\
u Adm, Ljm, EPm EWUm Ru\
BWmdm. Rp A]j EWUeLm LXeLXL,
APou, UeLX] \jPu, SojV] R
RuUV Cdm. \, EWUU] APoY]
\jPu, NWNWlTL Rum ApX Um.

Rp
Rp L]U]RL NWNWlTL XN] Fm
RuUV, APo \kR \jPu, VoY [Ls
Nt TR]RL Cdm.

WlLs
Rp Es[ NTVv ApX GiQn EtTj
Nnm Wl TR, Lm ALUL NVpk
TdL[ EYdm. Adp Es[ ATdWu WlLs
NVpV BWmj, T] ou BWmT Xp,
VoY WlT ALdm.

RNLs
RNLs lhP A[m, Em ALj,
LLs, LpLs, RsLd YYj] Ldm.

Wp
UuUV] EWUm EYL BWmdm LXjp
Wp Ut\m Ru\ BWmdm. Rp Wp Lhs[
229

Tum, u R \k, NjRm ALU, \

CUV] JVl TYo. Wp EPY Tu\Y
T] ofu T NRWQUL AdL HtTYi.

Uop fLs

BWmdm. NVv WlLs ALUL Wk Nok

LsYRp, TdLs Rum. Adp AlTdWu
WlLs AL VoYV, lTL URPn LXjt
um, um Wk J RU] UQjR HtTjm.

BiLu EPp AUlp TpUd CQV]

Elp XN] fLs 12 Rp 14 YVts Rum.
CmfLs TX YWeLs Xj Ck, \ A[p
\k m.

RNLs : RNLs EPu, A[p, TR

dVUL Tp om RPdL LXju
CPlTYjm, LPl TYjm, RsLs, LLs,
LpLs BV]Y YYm T\f Nn\.

CQ T]l TiLs - TiLs

Wp : Wp UlTm. Lm CUV]RL
Cdm. LWLWlT, EPk Tm Wp TiLPjp
LQlTYpX.

Cl
Cll T Nt ALu, Ei Rum.
ClTm A[p TR, RdLp Es[
Llu (subcutaneous fat) A[m ALdm.
UoTLm : Cl ALXUL UV u, UoTLm Y[W
BWmTUm. UoTLjp XdLm TRm. Tp U
WlLs EY, UoTLm TR, EiPVL Y[m.
EWUm : Cl Utm UoTLm EYd Li
CdLp Uu EWUm EYm. Rp URPn
ApX lTnm NUVjt \ Adm, Ljm
EWUm Ru\ BWmdm. Tp C] of APm
BWmT LXjp RURUL LLpLp EWUm Y[W
BWmdm. Ljp Y[m EWUm UhU SWLm,
XN] \jPm Rp LQlTh, \ APoYLm,
APoY] \jPm Cdm.
Rp : Rp NWNWlTLm, RU]Lm, VoYj
[Ls TVRm Rum.
WlLs : NTVv UtmAlTdWu WlLs
T] of RPdL LXjp L YLU] NVpTP
230

4.1.4. T] ofu RPdL LXjp HtTm

Ut\eL]p, TZdLeLs Utm U]lTuUp
HtTu\ [Ls
T] ofu RPdL LXjp Es[YoLs
RUp ClTRV Tm mYo. lTL
mT SToLPm Ck k ClTRm, NVp
BtYRm mYo. CfNVpT Jef
Num JjN Snd Gu \lT\.
YlTL, BoYuUPu LQlTY Lf NRWQm.
YLU] Utm Wt\ Y[of, TZdL YZdLeLu
JeQlp TlT HtTj JeLt\ mTjRLR
TZdLeL[ HtTj m. UuUo TYjp Es[
ZkRLs GlTU \Pu Jjl TL UhPoLs.
LjdLp UTYo, YRjPu EtNLu,
lPu, Rjk, LTjp LjYPu,
GfNPm LQlTYo. AYoLs Ru]mdL Cu
LQlTYo. AYoLs AL TYLm, AL fNjPm
Lm GUVLm LQlTYo.
231

4.1.5. T] ofu RPdL LXjp S[pX

Wlu NUUt\ Wl]p HtTm [Ls
Y[of aoUu \ HtTRp
\kR A[ Y[of aoUu Wl]p, u
ZkRl TYjm T] ofu RPdL
Xm, RSTo Y[of \k NWN A[Y P
\k LQlTYo.

L]Pp aoUu \ HtTRp

TU] A[Lp L]Pp aoUuLs
WdLlTPUp, Y[of aoUm NXp CpX
Gp, Lp, LLs L [UL Y[ok, R STo NWN
A[Y P ALUL Y[ok Yo. TU] A[p
L]Pp aoUu CpXp NRWQ T]
ElLu Y[ofm, CQ T] TiLm
TlTPk m. L]Pp aoUu Wlu TlTp,
RSTo ZkRV TXY ClTo ApX Go
T]jRYu TiL[d Li ClTo. CkR
[Ls ApX Ut\eLs, Y[of Zp GlTYjp
RPeLp HtT\ GuTRl Tj Lr\.

ALlTV] L]Pp aoUu Wl]p HtTm

[Ls
hhP Wlu YXp Wt\ RuU, Utm
L]Ls ALU] A[p L]Pp aoU]
EtTj NnV Sm T, ARu [YL L V
YVp, ARY 5 ApX 6 YVLp, T] of
RPdL LXm BWmTUm. CY (Precocious puberty or
puberty precox) gp T] ofV APRp ApX
YVd V Y[of G]lT\. CqY\]
ZkRLu T] ElLs, NVpThP BWmj
T] ofV APkkRm, AYoL[ EYjp
232

UTu, V EPp A[] EPVYoL[Lm,

CQ T]l TiLs YZdLU] YVp T] o
APTYoL[ ElLs Tu Su EYLUp Ck
\.
4.1.6. T] ofu RPdL LXjp HtTm
CPLs

1. EPp NokR CPLs

T] ofu RPdL LXjp HtTm
dVU] EPp NokR CPLs GuT S[pX
WlLu NVp XN] ApX dVU]
\Th]p HtTY. S[pX Wl Y[ofu
YLjR LhlTj, T] ou RPdL LXjp
T] ElLp Ut\jR HtTj\.

2. U] CVp NokR CPLs

A. Ru]l Tt SmdLVdLR TY]LjdLs.
AYoL[ SPYdLLp YlTjRlTu\].
\Pm Ck RmU Xdd Li RVL
ClT ApX YV NiP NnV ]km,
RtLjd LsYUL ClToLs.
B. NR]l Yp uRejRp YLU] EPp
Y[of]p, Ndu Not ClTo. CkX
RPm T YXp lTuU Utm GpX
R NVpThm YlPm, No U]lTuU
Pm LrYo.
C. T] ofm RPdL LXjp HtTm
Ut\eLd Ht\Y ReL[ RVoTjd
LsYp BVoLm, Tt\m T] ou
RPdL LXm TtV RYV] RLYpL[
UQYoLd AlTp dV Te Ydu\]o.
233

RLYpLs CpXp, ClTY LXjp UQYoLd

TRU] ATYeLs Sokm.
D. NLjRp AeLdLlThP T] TeL Htd
LsRp TX TYl TiLd, ARY
TZeLXm Rp Ti]ju T] TeL, WUL
lhP CPYPu URPn NUVeLp
Lm AN[LoVeLs, U] CVp NokRY. TiLs
Tu\ uTeL[ BiLs TYpX.

Y[[m TYm t\ Xp Ck 18 YV YW,

NhPlT oYPm YV YWm, u Y[[m
TYm GuT uLs (teens) Gu lPlT\. X
SWeLp Ps uLs (Terrible teens) ARY
LUV] TYm Gu lPl Tu\].

4.2.1. Y[[m TYj]u \lVpLs

1.

Y[[m TYm GuT Lm dVU] LXUm.

H]p CdLXjp Ru U]lTuU Utm
SPYdLLp EP]VL [Ls HtTu\].
E[ CVp NokR Utm EPp CVp NokR [Ls
CWidU CdLXm L dVU]. AYL EPp
Y[ofPu, YLU] U]Y[ofVm Y[[m
TYj]o APYoLs. AR]p U]m TkRp
RY HtTPXm. Utm \ RYLs V
U]lTuULs, UlLs, lTeLs BVYt\
XShd Ls[ YiV Cdm.

2.

Y[[m TYm GuT CP UTh XVm.

GkR J CPUTh X LXjm, J R
STu NRV TX (status) GuT RYt\RL
Cdm. Um, GoTojRT RSTo Bt\ YiV
Te TtV ZlTm Xm. Y[[m TYj]o, CkR
SWjp, J ZkRm ApX, UVL ot\
STm ApX. Y[[m TYj]o ZkRV TX
SPk LiPp, AYoLs YVtLt\T SPk
Ls Gu \lT\oLs. okR STW TX
SPkdLiPp Eu YVt C ALlTVm
G]d t\m NhPlT\oLs.

3.

Y[[m TYm GuT Ut\eLs LiP LXm Bm.

u Y[[m TYju T, EPp NokR Ut\eLs
L YLUL Cdm. U]lTuU Utm

UrfdL] 3 A dL[Y] : Htd Ls[lTY,

TNPu ClT, ]jRR APk NR]l Rp
(Acceptance, Affection, Achievement) BVY T] o
BWmTLXjp \lTYRp, T] ofu RPdL
LXm GuT YrdL XLp Lm uTm YnkR
LXLULd LRlT\. C Lm ATVLWU].
H]p uTm GlTU rk CdmT TZm.
4.2. Y[[m TY YV (Adolescent Years)

uLXjp UdLs, T] ou RPdLd

LXjRm, Y[[m TYjRm YrdL LXjp
UThP TiL[d LiP LXULd LRpX. J
ZkR C]lTdLm Nnm XV APmT,
Y[of APkR STWL Htd Ls[lT\.
Cu Y[[m TYm GuTRt Y] Ts
Ei. U]m, U]Yf Utm NLjp TZYp
ofVPk CjRp Utm EPp NokR ofVm
Y[[m TYU] EsAPd Es[. J ZkRu
T] ou BWmT LXm Rp RPe AY
NhPlT oYPu\ LXm Y[[m TYULd
LRlT\. u Y[[m TYU] 13 Rp 16, 17
YV YW jdm. u Y[[m TYm GuT u
234

235

SYdLLm Ut\eLs YLUL Cdm. T]

ou LWQUL, XVt\ EQoLs Li
ClToLs. CRu LWQUL Tt\Wm, BVo
L[m RYt\ RuUV SPjRlT\oLs.
EPp ElLp, lTeLp, NL u
GolTolLs BVYtp HtTm Ut\eLs, V
WfN]L[ EYdm. lTm Utm SPYdL
Lp YYjp Ut\m HtTm T AYoL[ Ul
Xm Ut\eLs HtTm. Y[[m TYj]o
RkWULf NVpTYRtm tTYo.
4.

5.

6.

Y[[m TYm GuT WfN]dV YV.

ZkRl TYm YUL AYoL[ WfN]Ls,
RYL[ Tt\oLs Utm BVoLs
TlTt NnR]o. W] Y[[m TYj]o
ClTYjp ReLs RkWU]YoLs Gu GiQm
Li, ReL[LY A]jRm NnV tTh,
Cp NVp XVf Nn YlPu ClTo.
Y[[m TYm GuT ReL[ AYoLs Ak
Lsu\ SWm. EPLp, Tfp, SPYdLLp
Y[[m TYj]o AYoLs EPu Cdm NL
YV]o Tu Ru\ Yim Gu GiYoLs.
AR]p AYoLs NLjp ReLs XV
LhYRt, u]UL BPLs, YL]eLs Utm
\o TodLd V Ut\ TsL[ EPUVLl
TVuTjYo.
Y[[m TYm GuT Tj RuU YnkR
UVU] LXm Bm. Y[[m TYj]d
TjRuU YnkR TV BoYeLs, lTeLs,
LsLs AYoLdLL UhUu, AYoL[
mTj]dm, SiToLdm G] A]YdUL
LilTo. ReLs U]p ]dLl Tt\
GiQeLs, dLsLs DP\pX Gp ApX
236

AYoL[ dLsLd \o RPVL Ck

u]\ PUp NnhP]o Gu ]dmT,
Y[[m TYj]o ALULd LTjPu SmdLd
Xk, U]dLNlPu LQlTYo.
7.

Y[[m TYm GuT oYPkRYoLdL]

Z Yp Bm. Y[[m TYj]o, ReLs
oft\YoLs Gu\ GiQjR EYdL, ReLs
BPLs Utm SPYdLL[ okRYo
LPVR TX LPllTo. ofVPkRYo
Lu NL X SPYdLPu NmTkRPV
TZdLeL[], LjRp, U AkRp, TR
HtTjm UkL[ TVuTjRp, T]
NVpTLp DTRp Tu\Yt\ Y[[m
TYj]o NnYoLs.

4.2.2 Y[[m TYjp EPp HtTm Ut\eLs,

Y ElLp HtTm Ut\eLs
EVWm:- J NWN Ti AL EVWjR 17 Rp 18
YVp AP\s. J NWN Bi J YPU ARt
\L AP\u. ZkRl TYjp Sn Rl
FTP ThP BiLm, TiLm YZdLUL EVWm
ALU]YoL[L, YVtLt\Y ClToLs. Sn
Rl TPlTPRYoLs, SVp Rdi, Y[ofp
RP HtTh ClToLs.
GP :- EVW Ut\eLd JjR AhPYQ T GP
Ut\eLs HtTm T, GPV] EPu A]j
TLm TWYXL dm.
EPp ReLs :- EPu TpY TLs W
TjRU] TUQjR (proportion) APm. ERWQm.
EPp ALXU [Um. Um, L LpLs L [UL
Cm Ru\.
237

T] ElLs :- Bi, Ti G] C TXPV

T] ElLm, A[p oYPkR XV
uY[[m TYjp AP\. B]p, AYtu
YXLs SPTYRtL] oY APYRt X
YPeLs Bm.

CQ T]l TiLs
dV CQ T]l TiLs Y[ok ot\
Xp, u Y[[l TYjp HtTm.

Y[[m TYjp EPp HtTm Ut\eLs

(EslLp Lm Ut\eLs)
WQ UiPXm
CWlT [U]RLm, Zn TX LQlTm.
PpLs [jm, t\[m Y[m. CWlTm
Pp YoLm Es[ RNLs RU]Lm,
EV]RLm B\. LpWp GP dm.
EQl TR Nt i Cdm.

CWjR KhP UiPXm

CRVm L YLUL Y[[m TYjp Y[m.
17ApX 18 YV APmT, CRVm \kR T
CkR GPV P 12 UPe ALj Cdm.
CRVju CWjR ZnLu YoLs AL [U]RLm,
Rjm Cdm. Um ot\ XV CRVm
APm T CWjRd ZnLm oYPu\].

YN UiPXm
TiLu WWp Ls[[Y okR
XV] 17 YVp AP\. B]p BiLs WWp
Ls[[ XV TiL[ P X YPeLs
Lj APu\].
238

S[pX WlLs
T] ou RPdL LXjp L]Lu
ALU] NVpThPp u Y[[l TYjp S[pX
Wlp RtLL NUXuU HtTm. T] WlLs
oY u Y[[lTYm ApX u o
TYm YW APVUp CkRm, T] WlLs
YLUL Y[of APk, NVpTPj RPem.

EPp dLs
EPp Gmd Y[of NWN YVR] 18 YVp,
u m. GmLs ok ARu A[] APkR
\, GmTj RW \ dLs RPok Y[m. C
dVUL RN p XlT\.

4.2.3. Y[[m TYjp HtTm U]YfLs

Y[[m TYm GuT \Y Utm AjRm
\kR LXUL, YYVL UW NoPVRL
LRlT\.
\Y

Utm AjRm EPVp Utm

WlL]p HtTm Ut\eLu [YL ALlTV]
U]Yf, Y CVdL Bt\p EiP\. LT Y
Gfd U\L Y[[m TYj]o, AYoL[ LT U]
XUV LjRj ReLh, TNk
lPu, AYoL[ LTjt LWQU]YoL[
\dd Lim ClToLs. Ut\Yo
T\UlTYo. Y[[m TYj]u EQoL[
UtYRt GoT]jR NokRYoL[ Tkd
Ls[m, AYoL[ NkR WfN]L[ \f
NnYRtm Tt\o Utm BVoLs ERY Yim.
Y[[m TYj]o AL SWjR AYoL[ SiToL[
NXYRp, Y[[m TYj]u U]lTuU, Tf,
lTeLs, Rt\m Tu\Ytp AL ShPm ClTm
\.
239

TPjhPjt LlT NVpTL[]

[Vh, TVQm, jRLm TjRp, TPdLh, Y],
RXdLh Tu\YLp Y[[m TYj]o AL
lTPu LY]m NjYoLs. X NL SPlL[]
k, U AkY, LjRp, \d ERRp Utm
EXL SPlLp Y[[m TYj]o lTm
Lis[]o.
TVp NVpTLm, RPoLm lTm
ClTYjp Y[o\. BLY, TVp Lp Y[[m
TYjp L dVU]. CdLpV mT SToLs
Utm BVoLs AdLXm.

4.2.4. Y[[m TYjp mT SToLPu Es[

E\Ls
L NRWQUL RX\ CPY ApX
Y[[m
CP (Generation Gap) GuT
TYj]dm, AYoL[ Tt\odm CPV Es[
CPYV lP TVuTjRlTm J Nt\Po
Bm. CkR CP GuT YLUL U\d V
LXfNWeLp NRWQU] SPYdLLu Ul Utm
RWeLp HtTm UV] Ut\ju [YL
HtTm J TV]R Bm. Um RtT TX C[m
YV]o Lpp, NLjp LXfNWjp AYoL[
Tt\o Y[[m TYjp Tt\ YnlL[ P
ALU] YnlLs Tts[R LiPL Li\m.
C LNVL LXfNW CP GuTRp Uhu
YUL LXYN ThVu YVT Es[
YTLs Bm.
Y[[m TYm u]t\m APm T
LtT]V] E\\Ls GuT Lm mTjRdL,
CUV], TNkR E\\Vp UtVUdLl
T\.
240

TYL mTjp HtTu\ EiU CpXR

SPYdL GYp, SPYdLLu RWm, Je
\Ls, EPu \kRPu Es[ E\Ls, kR
LX] U]lTuU, NL T[RW Xu
YThPp U] EQofd TVRp Tu\Y Bm.
Y[[m TYj]o mTjRkR BU V
HtTjd Li, AYoLs SiToLs Utm T]o
mu\ YLp SPk LsYo.
Y[[m TYj]o AYoL[ BUV Y[ojd
Lsm VtL[ GqY YtLWUL Bdd
LsY GuT r YY]Yt\ Nok AU\.
l

\o uTt\jRdL NVtLVpXR UldL

TZdLeL[ Y[ojd LsRp.

Y[[m TYj]u YU Utm YU

uUL[l Tt EiUV] Ul Nn
LsRp.

AYoLs NR]L[l Tt VVU] l

APkjRp Utm BoYVp, AYoL[ \p
J lhP \T Es[RL U]p ]j,
u]t\m APYRtL] VtL[ UtLsYo.

4.2.5. Y[[m TYj]o, om TYjt

LPk NpLp HtTm TY] RPeLpLs
UNU] AjR[m
ZkR TYjp SpX TZdL YZdLeLs
HtTjRlTPpX Gp, Y[[m TYjp Y[ofd
YjRUdLlThP Rf\l YnkR LhTLs T
SPk LsY L]U m. ZkRl TYjp
Y[ofd YjRUdLlThP Rf\l YnkR
LhTLs YtLWUL \Yt\l ThkRp Y[[m
241

TYjp A]j Xm mTjRdL Y[ofV

APYoLs Gu DuvTod GuTYo Yjs[o.

RURUL oYPRp
oRp RURUm T Y[[m TYju
Y[ofd YjRUdLlThPYL[ \ NnYRtL]
LXm \\. uTL oTYo GuTYoLs NWN
YVp oTYo BYo. RURUL oYPTYoLs,
oRu RPdL LX Ut\eL[ \ Nn,
Y[[m TYjRm \ Nnm Xp ClTYoLs
BYo.

iP LXjt ZkRVLY SPjRlTRp

Y[[m TYjp, Lm RURU] oRXp,
AYoL[ JjR YVPVYoLs of APkRYo TX
SPjRlTm T, RURUL oYPkRYoLs
ZkRVl TX SPjRlTYoLs. ARu [YL
of APkR YVm AYoL[ EUV APYp,
Rf\lU TY Utm AYoL[ TlLs
Tu\Ytp ReLd TU] \U CpX Gu\
EQo AYoLPm EY \.

Tep Ut\m
Y[[m TYj]o Tsl Tlt u ApX
Tsl TlT j h, YXdf NpX Sm
T LUV] [ Rm TeUt\jt
EhTjRlTYo. JjR YVPVYoLs LpV RPok
Li
CdLp,
ReL[
uTLY,
ofVPkRYoLu Te] HtL YiV Xd
B[L S\. Um of APm TYjt
UYL LPk Npm NkRolTjRm CZdL S\.
242

iP LXjt \W Nok CjRp

CkR XV], Y[[m TYj]o u ofm
TYm YW LpVj RPoYRp, \W Nok ClT,
Y[[m TYjk ofm TYjt LPk
NpmT J RPeLXL Cdm. H]p, BiL[
P TiLu Y] AL LXjt \W NokR
Xp LhPVUL CdL Yis[Rp, AYoLs
of TYjR APV Y[[m TYjRd LPk
NpX, \Wf NoklT J RPeLXL Es[.
4.3. SYV ApX oYV TYm (Adulthood)

J ZkRV], o YV TY X ApX
NhPlTVL o YVR APYRtL] YV TX
LXfNWeLp UTh Cdm.
TYL, ZkRLs, T] oRp LXju
Y[of YPkR \m, AYoL[ T] ElLs
EY, C]lTdLm Nnm XV APm
NUVjp, o YV TY XV APYoLs.

4.3.1. o YV TYju EhLs

u oYV TYm
CkR X 18 Rp H\jRZ 40 YV YW dm.
CkR Xp EPm, U] CVpm Ut\eLs HtTm.
CkR Ut\eLPu C]lTdLm Nnu\ RuUV
CZdm BWmT Xm Rum.

S o YV TYm (SYV)
S oYV TYm ApX SYV GuT 40 YVp
BWmj 60 YV YW dm. J NWN URPjm,
EPp Utm U] CVp NokRYLs R[oYPk ClT
YlTPVL Rm.
243

u oYV TYm (Ul TYm)

3.

u oYV TYm Ud o (senescence)

ApX Ul TYm 60 YVp BWmj, C\l YW
dm. EPp Utm U] CVp NokR R[oLs
ClTYjp L YLUL Cdm. S] UjY
hTeLs EPp TWUl Utm BPLs RX]Y
ASL Bi Utm TiL[ C[Up CkRRR
TX Ru\, NVpTP, Utm ]dLf Nn\.

u o YV TYm GuT dLp YnkR YV.

C[ o YV]o YX Nnu\ CPeLp,
YrdLj QPu, AL Sh YhPm Utm
E\]oLs BVPu hd Lj, Jjl Tn,
Tkd Ls[ YiV AYVm. GoTolLs
Lm ALm Utm RYL[ oj NnYm
L]U]RL Cdm.

4.

u o YV TYm GuT U]YfL]p

U]CdLm HtTm LXm. u oYV]o ALUL
LYXlTYRp U]YfL[p U]CdLm
EiPm. T Nnm CPjp HtTm YX T,
hp TU, Utm NL YhPjp dLpL[
NkdL SmT HtTm Yt, RpL[l
Tjm U]YfL]p EiPm U]CdLm
HtT\.

5.

u o YV TYm GuT NLjp

RUlTjRlTm LXm Bm \V] Lp
Lt\ \, o YV]u YrdL TeLUY
uTt, YX, UQm BVYtp ZkR \,
NL YV]Pu CkR Sh E\ UYL \k
\. CRu LWQUL u oYV]o NLjp
RUlTjRl Tu\]o.

6.

u o YVl TYm GuT TlL[

UtLs[ YiV SWm Bm. C[ o YV]o
UQYo Utm Nokdm Xp (Y[[m
TYj]u TiLs) Ck RkWU] oYV
TYj]WL Ut\m APYo. C[ o YV]o V
YrdL TeLU, V TlLs, Utm
ReLdL]m, YrdLj QdLLm
TlL[ Yj UtLi LPUV
XShYo.

4.3.2. u o YV TYju \lVpLs

YrdLu V TeLULs Utm V NL
GoTolLd Ht\T Tkd Lsm LXU u
o YV TYUm. C[m oYVp Es[YoLs,
YrdLj Q, Tt\o Utm mTjt EZdm
RXYWL Te Gjd Li NVpTP Yim. Um
V U]lTuULs, lTeLs Utm UlL[
Y[ojdLi V Te] ]lT NVpTjR
Yim. X \lT] TiLs BY].
1.

2.

u o YV GuT XV] YrdL\V

UtLsm YV. ClTYjp C[m YV Bi,
Ti TpY YrdL TeLUY, YX Utm
TpY SToLPu RPoLi YrdLVl
Tok Ls[ VtlToLs. RSToLu YrdL
TeLUY oU]m NnhPp U]p ReLs
RYL[ u]p Ym LXjtL] \lVp
YnkR TiL[] TeLUY SPYdLp
U]lTuU p Utm UlLp EYdYoLs.
u o YV TYm GuT C]lTdLm Nnm
YV. TX C[u o YV]d Tt\WY
GuT YrdLp L dVU] TeLL
LRlT\.
244

245

C[oYV]u AL Lpj R X, SpX

PU] BWdV X, YrdLj Q Utm
mT SToLu YLhRpLs, EVokR dLs
Utm UnUV] dLsLs, LPu Rp
Utm YtV Htd Lsm U]lTdYm,
\Pu RPo Yjd Lsm \u Utm
lTm, \Pm UVR Utm BoYjR
NpYdL] NL LVeLp TeTRp
RX]YLs, YtLWU] T[RW Utm NL
X] APYRtL] HlTLs Bm.
UNU] BWdVm ApX EPp NokR \T
Tu\Y. RlThP Utm NL TkRpLp
CPL[ HtTjm. B]p CPL[ mT
SToLs Utm SiToLu JjZlPu Vj
u]\ m.
C[m o YV]oLd TkRp L AL
A[p RYlT\. L dVU]RL UQm,
Tt\WRp, Utm Y] mT AUl BVYtp
TkRp L AYVUL [e\.
RUl TYm HtTP YnlLs ALm Es[].
B]p UQu ClT Tt TiLu U]
EQofLs Utm RUp ClTRtLL TkRp
TiLs BiLPm Ck UTu\]o. RVL
Cdm TiL[ P BiLd U]AjRm \.

4.3.3 C[m o TY YV]o RVL UQu

ClTRu LWQeLs
l

LYofu ApX EV Tp TjRu

RuRp

NVXt\Xj Rdm EPp \T ApX iP

LX SVp RdLlTh ClT.
246

QV RYp Rp APRp.

UQm Utm Tt\o X APYRp HtTm

TlL[ Htd LsYp lTuU.

iP SWjtm, LX SWu EZdm T ApX

ALU] TVQm UtLsm TV m
Htd LsY.

Tp Rjp NUuU Es[ NLjp lT.

GoT]jR NokR R YnkR SToL[ Nkdm

Ynl CpXU.

YVR] Tt\o ApX YVp \kR EPu

\kRW TWUdL YiV Tl.

UrfVt\ kRV mT Yru ATYeLs

ApX SiToLu NLm \kR UQ Yru
ATYeLu [Yp HtTm TY]
SmdLu LWQUL.

UQm CpXUp T]j RPoLs PlTRp.

TWTWlT] YrdL X.

Rp u]t\m APV PjR Ynl]p.

YX Utm YrdL XV Ut AUjd

Ls[ NR] NnYRtL] RkWm.

XTUL NLjp EVoYRt UQu, Jt\VL

ClT ELkR Gu\ GiQm.

EV] Utm lLWU] Sh\Y JW

T]jRf NokR SToLPu Li CdmT

Ru]jR T]jRYPu T] E\ LsRp

247

4.3.4. YLWj
YLWj GuT UQjp HtTm UNU]
TkR]m, WfN] EfNXV APYRp,
LQYu U] CYWm WfN]d lLWU]
P T\ VR Xp HtT\. TX UrfVt\
UQeLs URfNo, S\, T[RWm ApX
Y TX LWQeL[p, YLWjp TYpX.
Um, TX UQeLp CYm k YRp
\. NhPlT ApX NmWRVlT CpXUp,
LRXm TX UQeLs Tu\].
YLWjRp HtTm AofV] [ GuT
YZdLUL C\l]p HtTm AofV P ALm Bm.
YLWjt \ HtTm LNlT] NmTYeLs Utm
U]Yfu CdLU AofdL] LWQm. Um,
YLWj B]YoLs HtTm NLju
U]lTuUm, Aof HtTP LWQUL [e\.
YLWj ZkRLPm AL A[p TlT
HtTjm.
oTY YVp Tkd LsY]p HtTm
YtV 3 AlTP A[YL[d Li A[PXm
NR], l APRp Utm RlThP YLp
Tkd LsRp. o YV TYj]o YZdLUL
u lTLp T Utm mT Yr BVYLp
EfNXp ClTo. o YV]o, AYoL[ YrdLp
GoLsm dV WfN]Lp Tkd LsYp
GkR A[ Yt AP\oL[, AY AYoLs GkR
A[ l APks[oLs GuTR oUdm.
4.4. S YV - u oYVl TYm (Middle Age)

ClTYm TYL 40 Rp 60 YV YW
jdm Gu LRlT\. ClTYju BWmT
248

LXjp EPp Utm U]Xp of APk

hPR k Ls[Xm. X L dV TiL[Y].

4.4.1. \ll TiLs

1. SYV TYm GuT TWfNm YnkR TYm Bm.
U TYjt AjRTVL SYV TYU,
YrdL Y[of Xp TWfNm YnkR TYUL
APV[m LQlThs[. u o YV]o, AYoLs
SYVR APkhPR Jld Ls[UhPoLs.
B]p, LXiPo Utm XdLiQLs AYoL[
Jld LsU LhPVlTj\. U]X Utm
EPp R[oLs, C]j Nnm \u CZl, RkWm
Utm T[RW YW\p LhlT Tu\
LWQeL]p u oYV TWfNm YnkR TYUL
AU\.

2. SYV TYm GuT CPUTh XdL]

LXUm.
CPUTh X GuTR GlTm V
lTeLs, UlLs, JeL] SPYdLu
TeLU, EPp NokR Ut\eLs, Te Ut\eLs
Tu\Ytp Tkd LsYR dm. L dVU]
TkRp GuT YrdL Q CZlp HtTYR
Bm Gu\m YVL Tt\oL[p HtTm
WfN]Lp TkRm GlTm Cdm.

3. SYVl TYm GuT AjRm \kR LXUm

TPjp, hp, NLYrp TkRpLu
T, AjRm HtT\. TiLd URPn Zp
tm TYjp ALU] AjRm HtT\.
249

4. SYV GuT NR] m LXUm

S YV GuT T[RWm Utm NL Xp
HtTm YtdL] LXUL Uhm CdLUp, NhPl
TV] EUV XShPm, NpYdL TdYp
YtV HtTjm LXULm CdL Yim.
YZdLUL SYV]o Ytu EfNXV APkRu,
L] EZlTp PdLl Tt\ TVuL[ ATjd
Li KnYlToLs.

5. SYV GuT VUl NnYRtL] LXm

ReLs NR]Ls, \YtVYLs, TQm, NL
AkRv, mT A[, kRV BoYeLs, YeLX
YrdLdL] hPeLs RX]YLp ReL[l Tt
VUl NnYoLs.

6. S YV GuT hp JupX YUVL

Cdm LXm Bm.
ClTYjp ZkRLs Tt\u r j YZ
mT UhPoLs. ClTYm kR AofV, BiL[
P TiLd HtTjm. YX Utm \ NVpTLs
CpXUp CdL Sm T dVUL ClTYjp
No HtTm.

4.4.2. EPp NokR Ut\eLd TkRp

YVR] Bi, Ti BVo ReLs Rt\jR
Ut AUlTp Nnm TkRp L L]U]
Ju\m. AYoL[ EPp TU] A[t u TX
YX NnYpX GuTRm, TX dV TLs
Not NVZdLm SPXm GuTRm ]p
Ls[ Yim. C]lTdLm Nnm \u d
YYPu, T] EQof, lTm, T] LYofVm
CZdL YiV HtTm.
250

TiLu ATYjp URPn Zp W] u

Tm XV APVXm. ASLU] TiLd
URPn Zp u Tm NUVjp GP ALj
m. dVUL r Ytl Tm, Clm
Tj LQlTYo. BUm Ut\m HtTh,
U]fNoPu, GolQof Li ClTo. BiLu
XUp, L]Pp NVpTLp W] \T
HtTh T] E\ lTjm, T] ElLu
NVpTLm \ HtTm.
NL E\Lp Utm TkRp SYV]o SpX
Xp ClT L dVU]. ASL SYV]o
uTtm ANkRm StL (Nn StL) RjYjR
(rocking chair philosophy) Lh P Yim.
NVpTLs CpXUp CdL Yim Gu\ GiQm
Li CdLUm, ]lT Nnm YXLs Utm
lTeL[ hP Yim Gum ]dLd P.
RW, SYV]o \uL[ Y[ojd Li, HRY
T[RW Utm NL NVpTLp ReL[ DTjd
Li, mTjp TWdZkRL[ LYjRp Utm
ATYl Tl]L[d Li mT SToLd
EQVL Ck mTl TlL[ Gjd
Li NVpV Yim.
UQULR TiLd, BiL[ P ALU]
BTjdLs TkRp HtTu\]. YrdLj
QV CZk Ykm SYV TiLdm,
BiLdm TkRp WfN]Ls HtTm.
ClWfN] YrdL TeLUp \ThP HtTj
TlTPV Nnm.
S YV]o YWlTm U Utm T Kn
TRd HtT ReL[ TjdLs[ Yim.
SYVp BiLm, TiLm, Tk Yt
251

Tts[R AYoL[ NR]Ls, U]YfLu X,

EPp NokR Utm U] CVp NokR Ut\eLu [Ls
ApX BU Utm GkR A[t lVPk
Urfp Es[]o Tu\ SYV]u ATYeL[d
Li oQdLXm.

U]fNoY HtTjm ApX Jeu NVpTP

Ydm. Fdj iRp, R[o HtTPUp
ClTp dV Te Yd\.
2.

RlThP SToLPm Uu [YL TpY

Ut\eLs Lru\]. UdLPV U TYm
YThP XLp AYoL[ TWmTW Qm,
UThP NL T[RW XU Utm Lp
XLs Utm UThP YrdL TeLU
BV]Yt\l Tj HtT\. TY]
uT, EPp U APkR \ U]m U
APm.

3.

U GuT YThP X AlTP RjYeL[

Yj Ul NnVlT\ YV EPp Rt\m
Utm NVpTL[d Li UlPlT\.
Ys[ \PV LNPVYWL CkRp, AYW
U TYj]o Gu lYo. U
TYju AL[ U\lTRt TXo tTh
AYoLs Cum UV GnRpX Tu\ J
TnjRt\jR EYdYo.

4.

Ul TYjp U\ Xj FuV
YlTLs TX Es[]. TZeLX UdLu
SmdLLs, LRLs TtV BWnfLs, RLYp
RPo NR]m, LR, LtT]d LR, CXdVm,
L NnRp ApX UThP YYeLp SLfY
ApX gO] BWnfLs Tu\Y GpX
Rjm YVR] U TYjp Es[YoL[
[dLUL Yd\. Ul TYj]o GuTYo,
R[o APk C]lTdLm NnV VUp,
ALUL TjLd Es[, YrYRt LxPlTh
TVukR ShLs A]jm t CdL,
C[OoLd Ynl PlTRtLL UV]Yo
Ls \m Rs[lT\oLs Gu YdLlThs[.

4.5. Ul TYm (Old Age)

YrdLu Y[of XV \ Nnm LXm

Ul TYUm. 60 YVR YZdLUL SYV Utm
UlTYjR dm LPL LYoLs.
LXdLl \lT LdLlThP J UNU]
A[Yd LhP[VL Uu BWmT LXjR lP
TVuTjRlT\. H]p, BWmT LXjR lP
JjR YVPV R SToLd CPV lhP
YT ClT, NV] Ul TYm BWmTm
B\ GuTR m. UuUVPkR YrdL
XUL[] EPp BWdVm TWUlu LWQjRp
ASL BiLs Utm TiLs Cu\V Xp U]m
NokR Utm EPp NokR YVL TYju AL[
u GTLs YWm YV RVlTjYpX.
ALU] A[p TkRp \T HtTh
UrfV P Uru uTjp ClTR Ul
TYju \lVp Bm. AR]p Ru Ul
TYjR, SYVR P V] TWfNm YnkR
TYUL Lu\]o.

4.5.1. Ul TYju \lVpLs

1.

Ul TYm GuT R[om LXUm. R[o

GuT EPXp Tm, U] CVp NokR LWQeL[p
TUL HtT\. EPp NpLp Ut\eLs U
NVpTh]p HtT\. Ru]l Ttm,
TYL YrdLVl Ttm mTjRLR
U]lTuU HtTRp R[o HtTPf Nnm, ApX
252

253

L UNU] TkRp X GuT Uu

\lVp Bm. TVYoLs TtV mTjRLR NL
U]lTuUL[p, NLj]o AYoL[ SPjm Rjp
WTd\. TVYoLs ReL[LY ReL[l Tt
mTjRLR TdLjR EYds[]o GuT
BfNVjR HtTjYRL CpX. CY \Pu
TkRR SPYdLu XUL YlTjRlTh,
YqY A[p LUV]RL Cd\.

4.5.2. Ul TYjp Rt\jp HtTm TY]

Ut\eLs
RXlT
l

d [Um.

TtL[ CZlTRp Yu YYm Um ApX

NVtL Tp R AYRu LWQULm Yu
YYm Um.

LiLs UeLXL, lu Rum. GlTm

o Es[ TX Rum.

CWhP ApX u LYnd LhP EYm.

Lu]eLs BdLi, dLeL[, AL R[oYL

Cdm.

Rp dLeL[, EXok, APokR sLPu,

UfNeLPu, TiLPu Rum.

RXp Es[ LNm UpVR Yo LlTLm,

Ys[VLm \m U, Rj, hPV] s
Tu\ EWUm d, L, LiYeLp Rum.

EPtT
l

RsLs Y[k, RLj Rum.

254

Ytl T, Tj, Red LQlTm.

Cll T R[R[lTn Re, u CkRR P

ALXUL Cdm.

CPlT ALXU, EPmd hP Tu\

Rt\jR EYdm.

TiLu UoTLm R[oYn Re Rrk m.

L LpLs
l

Ut L R[R[lT, L]U m. rdL hPjp

em.

LpLs R[R[lT, LLu uTp Es[

S[eLs RYL Yp Rm.

TReLs, RNLs R[oY]Pu ARu [YL

TR m. Lp, Wp EWnYp HtTm Rl,
dLm (Collouses) Rum.

Lp, LLp Es[ SLeLs RU]L, L]U, EPm

RuUm Li Cdm.

4.5.3. EPVp YXLs NokR Ut\eLs

Todm, Lhm \u \k lhP Ut\eLs
Yp UQm \Rp, YdL] EQo uRm
HtTm. YVR]YoLs L Wp NoYPk
YoLs. Nop Ck [ AL SWm Gdm. \u
YnkR YXLp Ut\eLs, dVUL L Gj, V
\uL[ LtTp Lm uRe CjRp Utm
YXL[ AYlTL, JepXUp NnYo. ]p
Yjd LsYm TlTPm, U GnRYoLs
NTjV ]L[ U\dLd VYoL[, TZV
]L[ U]p LilTo.
255

YU]m CpXUVm, \kR T[RW

XVm, Ul TYjp Es[YoLs \W
NokdL Yis[. AR]p AYoLs T Td
AmNeLs, lTeLs Utm NVpTL[ hd
Ldm Xp ClTo.

LlTLm AUdLlTh Cdm CPeLs mTm

Utm SiToLs Es[ CPeLp Ck AL Wjp
Es[.

Rem A\Ls Lp Es[ A\L[ P Lf

VRL Cdm.

4.5.4. TY] EPp NokR CPLs

Cp SnLs Utm EPp F]eL[], CWjR KhPm,
Y[ofR Ut\m Utm U]X Tj HtTm
\TLs Rum. CRV SnLs, Uh^m,
hY, ToY Utm Lhm \p \T
RX]Y TY]Y.
E[ CVp NokR Utm EPVp NokR \T
Utm T[RW LWQeL[p, FhPfNjd \ GuT
Ul TYjp AL A[p TYL LQlTm.

4.5.5. Vo LlTLeLp YrYRp HtTm

SuU, ULs

SuULs
l

TWUl Utm o NnRp A]jRm LlTLU

Nnm.

A]j Y[ EQLm VVU] Xp

Pdm.

U TYj]d Ht\ T Td AmNeLs

HtTjRlThs[].

ReL[l
Tu\
lTeLs,
\uLs
LiPYoL[ Se RPo Ls[ Ynlm
Pd\.

NL YV UdL]p Htd Ls[lTYRt ALU]

YnlLs

RUVn ClT RodLlT\. H]p EPu

Tok Ls[ GlTU VWY EPu ClToLs.

mTm CpXRYoLd \ ShL[

LiPYRt RYV]YLs AdLlTu\].

kRV Xu AlTPp NL AkRvdL]

YnlLs HtTRp. B]p, C[m YV NokR
]o Es[ p HtTP.

ULs
l

ReLs Lp YrYR P ALU] NX

EPV.

LlTLeLp Es[ EQ YZdLUL h EQY

Tu Eim BoYjR HtTjR.

JW EQY AdL Nlm X. RUd jR

EQm PdL.

U]d ELkRYoLs ApXRYW Se Utm

RPok RPoL[ HtTjd LsY.

LlTLm AUdLlTh Cdm CPm, LPLs, T

TdLs Utm NL AUlLs Es[ CPeL[
h AL Wjp Cdm.
256

257

4.5.6. U TYj]u YrdLd NnVlTm

EPp NokR Utm E[ CVp NokR RYLs
EPp NokR RYLs
l
hp R`Q XV WL, RW Rp W
YW YdL Yim. H]p UNU] Lt KhPm
dVUL UlTYj]W o Tdm.
l

ToY UeRp, RYt\ ToYVp, TdLlThP

U TYj]o ALu\ _u]pLs XUL AL
YfNm T\ mYo.

TLltL] YNLs NnVlThdL Yim. X

TL[ H\ YiV rX CkRp, RW
ULlTh, YZYZlTL CdLUp, Yk, Yo
YW LmT[m dLlTh CdL Yim. BTj
\kR TLp [d YfNm GlTm CdL
Yim.

TX lLs Utm Y]eLp NnVlTm

Y[of \] \Yt\ Es\m Utm Yl\
T Td AmN [VhLd TU]
CPm AUdLlThdL Yim.

CWfNp LhlThp CdL Yim. lTL CW

SWeLp em CPjR hu AUV]
CPjp AUj CR] \Yt\Xm.

U TYj]o YXV GRdm NR]eL[d

LidL Yim. dVUL NUlTRt Utm
TjWeL[ jRm NnYRt LLs.

Vo Ym T JW R[jp AUdLl Tt
CkRp, TLp Hm NUVeLp RY YR
RodLXm.
258

E[ CVp NokR RYLs

l

U TYj]o \kR ThNm J V A\Vj

ReLd Yjd LsY SpX. AqY CkRp
AYoLd RU (privacy) Cdm.

Ym A\ AUdLlTm T NRWQ
TTdL[] TjRp Utm RXdLh
TojRp Tu\Ytt CPm AUdLlTh CdL
Yim.

U YV]u A\p SjR Utm

TWhL[l Tt\ EPUL[ NdL CPm
AUjdL Yim.

VoLs LPLs Utm NL Y]eLu L

ALUp YlT SpX. H]p AlT
AYoL[ NVpTLp RkWUL DTP m.

VoLs E\]oLs Utm SiToLu Ap

YdL Yim. AlT Ru AdL AYoLPu
RPo Ls[ m.

T TdtLLm, U] UrfdLLm YNLs

NnVlThlT AYVm. dVUL, ALU]
YlTm Utm o LXeLp hP h YV
NpY L]Um Tm, GkR NVpTm Cu
hs APk PlT U]fNoY HtTj,
NlhPf Nn m.

LPLs, U] UrtL] CPeLs, LNjR AZ

Nnm CPm, LpLs/NofLs Tu\YLdLL
TdYWj YNL[ UlTYj]d Nn
LdL Yim.
259

4.5.7. Ul TYjp U]Urf HtTjYRtL]

X dV YWV\Ls

T Td AmNeLp E\]oLs Utm

SiToLPu UrfVL CjRp.

Ul TYj]o, ReL[ P YVp jRYPu

LikR RPoTp HtThP U]Urp EY]
U TYm TtV mTjRkR U]lTuU.

h YXLs ApX NLjp R]L Ht Nnm

NYLs BVYLp TVuRm NVpL[
NnRp.

ZkRl TYm Utm SYVLp HtThP

UrfV] CUV] ]Ls.

RYLs Utm YiVYL[ TYRt

TU] T[RWm.

GkRR Y RPoLu RXLs Cu RU

U]t jR YrdL Te] AUjd
LsYp RkWm.

Ul TYjp EPp Utm E[ CVp NokR

Ut\eL[ ELkR U]lTuUV UV
Htd LsY.

SUd YrdL Xp oRu RPdL LXm

Rp U LXm YW Ak Ls[m, AdLXeLp
Es[ SuU, ULs Tt Rk Ls[m. J
NkRolTm PjR. Ce Es[ A]j lLm
NRWQ GkR \Tm EPp NokR WfN]Lm
CpXRYoL[l TtV.

Ru]m, R] RtTs[ YrdL XU

L[m AL GolTolLs CkRm, rf
HtTm Xm, AR] HtdLsRp.

lV], NLjRp Htd Ls[d V YrdL

TeLU] X ShYRt J Ynl.

AL lTjPu, YlTPVL mm
NVpLp RPofVL Te LsRp.

NL Yp Htd Ls[lTh, UVR Ul

PdLl TRp.

RtTRV AkRv X Utm kRV NR]Ls

j U]p HtTm l.

UQ YrdL X Utm T] E\Lp l

HtTRp.

lLWU] PU] BWdVm, GkRRU]

iPLX SnLs Cu ClT.
260

ClT Sm TlTPkR ZkRLu \lT]

RYL[l Tt TolTm.
4.6. F]t\ / TlTPkR ZkRLu
\l RYLs

eLs HtL]Y ZkRLs, EPp NokR, NLm NokR,

U]YfLPu Y[ok EYu\]o GuTR
TjRksoLs.
JqY R STm
Ut\ A]j UdL[ Tu\Yo
Ut\ X UdL[ Tu\Yo Utm
Ut\ GkR STW Tum CpXRYo.
A]j ZkRLm RuLWt\YoLs. B]m
ASL Y[of Rt\jm EYj ClToLs.
GlTkRm, X ZkRLs, AYoLs JjR YV]W
Lhm AL UThPu Ck YV Rj
261

tTo. YV tT GuT YlTPV]

WfN]L[ Y[m LXeLp EYdm.
C Tu\ ZkRLs, NRWQ/YZdLU] Y[of
LXjp HtTm WfN]L[, UTPu ClTRp,
EYu\ WfN]LPu NUdL YiV Cdm.
eLs GeLY, GlTRY C Tu\ ZkRVl
TojRiP? ZkRLPjp C Tu\ WfN]L[
Goj NUdm \]] YWVdLlThs[.
ZkRVp NL Utm U]Yf WfN]L[
NUdL CVXUp Tn\. CkR X lhP
[Y ZkRu RlThP Utm NL Y[ofp
HtTjm. C Tu\ ZkRd \lT] LY]m Y[m
LXjp, Bt\Pu Y[oYRt RYlT\.
CkR AjVVjR TjRPu, EeL[p
BWdVU] / F]t\ ZkRV YWVdL m.

ZkRp Ck Xf Nu \l YnkR Lp
NYLs, RYLs UTh Cdm. ZkRV]
ALlTVL k Lsm Bt\X T\ ERY
Yim.

4.6.1. F]t\ / TdLlThP ZkRLu YLLs

Bt\p CZkR ZkRLs YL u YLL[L
RdLlThs[]o. AY,
A. EPp CVp NokR F]t\ ZkRLs.
B. U] CVp NokR TdLlThP ZkRLs
C. NLjp TkRRp \Ts[ ZkRLs

4.6.2. ZkRLPV Bt\p CZl HtTYRtL]

LWQeLs
EPp NokR Bt\p CZldL] TpY LWQeL[Y],

BWdVU] / F]t\ /TdLlThP ZkRV

YTj \ m.

A. TWmTW

Bt\p CZkR ZkRLs EPp NokR F]m Utm

NLjp TkRp \T G] YLlTjR CVm.

C. ZkR \lu T HtTm LVm.

B. NRLpXR TLXjt kRV LXm

E[ CVp NokR YpSoLu tT J NRWQ

ZkR GuT J ZkR EPp, NLm, U]m,
Aj\u NokR Utm S\dLtT TkRp
Utm RlThP JYW Utm AYu/AYW tl\
rXdLt\T JjNklTm Bm.

D.

C Tu\ ZkRVp J lhP NLju

Ld EhTh NVpTP m.

F. u ZkR TYjp HtTm U]m NokR Utm

U]Yf WfN]Ls [YL dl TRp,
Tfj RUt\m Utm Tfd \TLs HtTm.

TdLo Su AVlThP E[ CVp NokR

BWnfV[o, Bt\p CZkR ZkRV NWNV] EPp,
U]m, U]Yf Utm NL TiL[ LiP
262

u ZkRl TYjp HtThP Tj]p AL

GoTol Clm, rf HtThPm, AR]
Htd LsRp.

E. Sn RdV TV AY Nn Yh GlTRp
NmTkRlThP WfN]Ls.

G. Lp RtdLs Utm LVeLu [YL Lhm

\p \TLs.
263

H. E[ CVp NokR, U]Yf WfN]Ls Utm

LYdLlTPUp \dLl NnVlTYRL EYm
GiQju [YL SPYdLLp WfN]Ls
HtTm. C Tu\ ZkRLs mTjRdL NL
Ld Ht\T ReL[ BhTjd Ls[
YpX. AR]p AYoLs TdLlThP
ZkRL[L LRlTu\]o.
I. LtT] \u \TLs @TkRm F]eLs
(Phantam handicaps) GuT ZkRLs ReLs
F]jPu ClTRL LtT] NnU T
HtT\. AYoLs NnV mTR NVpLp Ck
j U LYoLs.

4.6.3. Bt\p CZkRYoLs/F]t\YoLu YLLs

F]eLs GuT EPp NokR, SWm UiPXm NokR
Utm NLjp TkRp HtTm \TLs G]
[u\].

1. EPp NokR \TLs

A. LiLs : UL ToY CZjRp Utm TV]
ToY CZjRp.
B. LLs : L YUL L[U Utm Lhm
\p \T.
C. L, Lp CZjRp/YZkR L, Lp
D.

CVpd U\] EPu El : WpLp Rp

CZUm, u , B\Y L Lp Wp, \Pu
EY] L, Vp ER, [lThP ERLs, Lm
Utm EPp \lu T HtThP APV[ Ls.

E. \Ts[ Tf: dl TRp [YL

ZkRu BU TdLlT\.
264

F. Bi Ym RPm jR \TLs: YPm

m RPok, im RPofVL Cdm
\TL[ TYL, RPok dm \TLs
Gu lPlTu\]. ARY, CRV SnLs,
Uh^m, RNlTtdL[ Tdm Sn Tu\Y.

2. SWm UiPXm NokR \TLs

CYLs UjV SWm UiPXjp HtTm
\Th]p HtTY]Ym. ERWQm: T[
TlTp HtTm TdLYRm, LdLn Yl Sn, Utm
U] AjRm LWQUL U]fR Sn, T [
TlTp, [ NVL YX NnVRRp [m
TdLYRm/ Lp, LL[ ANdL VR \T
HtT\. W] GoTWR Rjp HtTm L, Lp,
Cl Utm EPX dj dlTRp Tu\Y
LdLn Yl HtTh, ARu [YL ] CZl
Utm RN LhlT Tu\Y TYL HtTm.
Cd\TL[ NNn PXm. AL A[p
u]t\m APV NnV m. Sn LiPk ARt
EiP] fNV NV] NUVjp Gjd Ls\
T, UjYm, AY Utm AVp u]t\eLs
BfNVlTmTVL TpY F]eL[ Goj
NUlTRtLL EYdLlTh Es[].

3. NLjp TkRp HtThs[ \T

NLjp TkRp \T Es[ ZkRLs
EYdLlThP L[ Htd Ls[RRp, \T
HtT\. ZkRLs NL WR NVpTLp
ReL[ DTjd LiYo. ARu [YL C[m
t\YLs Utm ARPu RPoPV WfN]L[
EYd Yo. NL Xp TdLlThP ZkR
GuT CZl ShP ZkR Au \V]
265

YLhRp Utm TY] NL TLl BVYt\

CZk ClTo.

4.6.4. GlT J ZkR, Bt\p CZk /

TdLlThPRL LRlT\?
J ZkR TdLlThPRL LRlTYRt
A. GlT AYu/AY[p ALThNUL Ju ApX
ARt UtThP EQo XuL[ TVuTjR
VUp ClT. ERWQm: ToYVt\ ZkR,
L L[R Utm TN VR ZkR.
B. GlT AYu/AY[p, AYoLs Ym NLjp
Tkl TLVR X HtT\R AdZkR
SPYdLLp WfN]L[ YlTjm.
L@lT GuTYo SPYdLLp \Ts[
ZkRLs GuTYoLs, iP LXjt Utm lhP
A[p, Tp lT (respond) AYoL[ rXd
HtT NLjRp Htd Ls[lTPR/V l AdLR
YLLp
YlTju\YoLs.
B]m
A]Ydm Lm SpX \p NLjRp Htd
Ls[lTYRtm Utm V l APm
SPYdLL[m LtdL Yim G] Yjs[o.
C. J ZkR ARu Xu EQoL[ UVL
SpX \p TVuTjm \Pu Ckm,
ERWQm: Rf\l YnkR/RY] As[
ZkR TdLlThP ZkRVL ClT Tt,
EeLdj RU?

4.6.5. ToY CZjRp

ZkRLs AYoLs Ym CkR EXLjRl TtV
RLYpL[l TYRt ERm dV L ToYVm.
ToY Bt\p \k YUL ToYV CZdL
266

SPXm ApX \s[ ToY HtTPXm. ToYVt\

ZkRLs AYoL[ UVL EYdd Ls[ \l
YnkR LL[m, \l YnkR LY]jRm
SYoLs.
ASLUL J ToYVt\ ZkRVp NRWQ
ZkRPu ThP V, CRu [YL,
ToYVt\ ZkRLs J lhP LXm YW EPp
YL Utm T[RW YLm \W Nok Cdm
X HtT\.

4.6.6. ToY CZltL] LWQeLs

Bt\p \kR ToY r Ym LWQeL[p
HtTPXm.

A. \V HtThP ToY CZl

CqYLp, \dm TR ZkR ToY CZk
\lTRd d\. UWTYp Bt\p \k, ARu
[YL \Ts[ ToYdL] dV ElL[]
LiLs L Y[ofu T \Pu EYm.
CdZkRLs tf Zp Tt AYRt R EQo
Utm Lhm \]V TVuTjYo.

2. CPV T\lThP ToY CZl

CkR ToY CZlp ZkRV] \p ToY
CZk \lTpX. ZkR ToYV Tju LWQUL
CZdLXm. C Tu\ ToY CZlT ApX ToY
\V CPV HtThP ToY CZl ApX CP
LrkR ToY CZl Gu\m.

3. FhPfNjd \Yp HtTm ToY CZl

L iP LXjt EofNj A \ EQp
HtTYRu [YL CkR Tl EiP\. EofNj
267

A \T LiLp Y\hVm, (_WlRpV), \kR

YfNjp TodLVR XVm (UXd Li)

HtTjm. GljVp dLu UNU] Xu
[YL Li RtdLs BV] Nok LiLd
BTjR] TlT HtTjm.

4. RURUL RWlTm fN
YU, AXhVl Td Utm TZeLX P
SmdLLs Tu\Y RURUL YZeLlTm UjY
fNdL] LWQeL[m. UjY YN \TLs,
Li NmTkRlThP L[L[ HtTjm. CkVp
Es[ ToYVt\o RLV] EXu UjR
RLp TmTuUV Yd\.

4.6.7. T ToYZkR ZkRu TiLs

J T ToYZl HtThP ZkR, \]t,
AYlT] Rt\Pu AL GfNdLPu AYu/
AY[ CVdLjp LQlTYo.
AYoL[ LiLs Yl \jPu, Pu, dLjPu,
AlPu, YfNjR Todm T fNjPm
Cdm.
ZkRV] RXY, Yk, Li ToYp ZlTm
Es[RLd \Xm.
ZkRd TdLYh ToY (squint) CdLXm. Um
KWdLi ToY (cross-eyed) Tum Ru\Xm.
UNU] ToY ZkRV GfNXPVf Nnm,
Rj Cdm XVm, rXp Ru] U\k
CdUm Nnm.
ZkRd L X YnlL[p \Pu, TX
YThP NL dLPu Jjl TL Ltd Li
CdLXm. CRu [YL NLjp TkRp
268

WfN]Ls HtTm. ZkRV] APeLRRL,

TVRRL YV NiP NnV ]m Qm
Li Cdm. H]p, AdZkRLs JqY V
YXdm \W SP Yi ClTRp C Tu\
NVpL[p Yl UXe Ck, Rr
U]lTuUV HtTj m.

4.6.8. ToYVt\ ZkRu \lT] RYLs

LiToYVt\ ZkRd YZeL YiV A]j
ERVm, LY]jRm dVUL Nn, AdZkR
RkWUL ClTRtm, Ru SmdLV CdLm,
T[RW XV WdLm YYL Nn RWYim.
EPp, NLm Utm U]Yfj RYL[ LYj,
\lT] LY]m Nj, l AdLdV TXuL[
T\ Y NnV Yim.

EPp NokR RYLs

ToYVt\ ZkRu Tt\o \l LY]m
Nj, ZkRd EQYj, EP EjR NnV
Yim. ZkRV AYoL[ ]N LPUL[]
LlT\V ETVjRp, jRp, EP EjRp Utm
EQ EiRp Tu\YLd Tt\o Tt AdL
Yim. ToYVt\ ZkRd hs t YW, GkR
Tu m Rd ZUp, AYoLs AThd
Ls[Up CdL \ll Tt Utm ANk Npm
Ttm ToYVt\ ZkRLd L C[YVXV
AdL Yim. ToYVt\ ZkRLd, ReLs EPm
Utm AYoLs ClPm Utm tl\m Tt Su
AkdmTm, YN EPVRLm Nn Ls[
Yim. Tt\oLs ToYVt\ ZkRL[ AdL
UjYPm AZjf Nu\ AYoL[ YYt\
EPXUlT Sn RdLUp TLdL Yim.
269

U]Yf Utm NLjRYLs

Tt\o Utm EPu \kRo, \lT] E\Y,
AQj CLj RRp, AuPu TNjPu LgRp,
CZkR SmdLV hPjRp Tu\Yt\ ToYVt\
ZkRLPm TVlTjmTm, U]YfVp
TlTPm T NnY AYVm Bm. RPok
AuPu, UuUV] TWUlPu, TNPu CjRp
TdLlThP ZkRd ERVL Cdm. Um,
ToYVt\ ZkRL[ Su TWUlTRu [YL
AYoLu U]YfL[ LhlTjd LsYp
Tt PlTRLm, U]R[p TLlTLm LYo.
Au, Yl, T\U, TVm, Urf Tu\YLs
Sm ]kRm Todm X U]YfLs Bm. J
V ZkRd ARu U]YfV \kR A[p
UhU LhlTjR m. J ZkR Y[m T
ARu U]YfL[d LhlTjd Ls[ Ttm
Pd\. TVm Utm p BV CWim Pu
CdLm R[ojY] Gu \lT\. U]YfL[p
Tkd LsYp WfN] Es[ ZkRLs
olT LhlThP RtLLUL CZk o
LjYoLs. LYXPm, lTL ClT, T
HtTjRUp EQY \j, EiQfNn UNU]
FhPX Utm EPpSXd \Ym HtTjm.
ZkRLd AYoL[ U]YfL[ LhlTjR
VR Xp lm Utm Yu AL Wm
Rum.
JqY ZkRm TLl EQo TYRt
Au, AWYQl BVY RYlT\. C Tu\
AWYQl J ZkRV NV] Yp,
Ru]mdLPu NVXtmT Nn\. J ToYVt\
ZkRu NL EXLm GuT AYu/AYs Tt\oLs.
Tt\u U]lTuU Utm ZkRu \ThP
270

HtdLsm RuU, iP SY TVQm TX,

AdZkR ]N WfN]L[ NUlTRt
Ru]mdLV ZkRPm EYdL Yim. J
NRWQ ZkRu Y[ofV Jlm T
TlTPkR ZkRu Y[ofm Lm
UYLY SPTm GuT HtdLs[ YiV
LjRm.
Au Nj Utm AuTl T. CRu AYVm

Lm EV]RL F]t\ ZkRLPV Es[.

Lm Nd YnkR Auu QlLs ZkRL[
U] Y[oYRt, Y[of RPoPV NVpThp
ERu\]. CRu TV]L ZkRLs NL Zp Su
Tkd Lsu\]o. NL Utm U]Yf NokR
TkRpLs TdLlThP ZkRLd L
dVU]Y.

RkWUL NVpTYRu AYVm

ZkRLs ReLs tl\eLp Es[Yt\ Bn
NnYRt Tt\o ERY Yim. Um, ]N
TLp RkWUL NVpTPm ERY Yim. Rp
RX LNm YRp, NhPp TjRu TjRp,
LXLp X (lace) LhRp Tu\YLd SWm
ALUL NXPlThPm, [ HPLPUL Cdm.
LrRp Xm ZkRL[ EtNLlTj, FdLlTj,
lTL[ SmdLPu NVpTjR YdLXm.
ZkRLs ReL[ Bt\X YlTjR, AYoLs \u
YnkRYoLs G] ]dU NnYRt, Rp Tt
YLhRp Xm Tt Aj, AYu/AYs T
HtTRt AlTt ERVL CdmT NnVXm.
CR]p ToYVt\ ZkR \W P ReL[V Nok
ClT EV\. eLs GlTRY ToYVt\o
ETVdm [U] Ys[ \dLX Toj
EsoL[? Lp J HtTjR UV TjRXm.
271

LpLt\u RY

4.6.9. L L[U

UNU] ToY, UjR ToY CZjRp, TV]

ToY CZl EPV ZkRLd LtjRp GuT
Bt\dV NVp Bm.

\kR ZkRLs NjRjt Ul Rdu\

YLp dm, LiL[ CUdLUp \j ARu
Lhm \] YlTjm. Y[ou\T Tt\u
WX APV[m Li Lsm; Um dLi,
L[L[Y] J Gl UrfVL ATjd Li
Cdm. Lhm \u, U Y[ofd Y Ydm.
\, ZkRLs NlReLPu LjR CQdL
LtdLsYo.

TV AfdL[ EPV jRLeLs, Utm JeL]

YfNPV U_Ls, ToY \T EPV
ZkRLd TU]RL Cdm. LU ToP
P TfN/Yo LU \ To, UhPlTPR
RsLs Utm UuUV] Ll TupLs
ETVlTRp, ZkRLs SpX TVL TodL ERVL
Cdm. F]t\ ZkRLs \l YnkR LL[d
Li, \lTL LtlTYoLu YdLhRp XUL
\lTL LtdLlTYoLs.
LUV] \TLs LiP ZkRLs \lT]
LL[d Li LtdLlTYoLs. eLs Wp
Tt LsThPiP? C J YLVL GjdL[
TjRp, GiLs Utm YojRL[ TjRp, GRp
\ Bm. AlTP WXo GuT 6 NLs LiP,
RhPf CVkWm Tu\ L Bm. YX TdLjp
Ck CP TdLUL JqY sVL jRlT\.
ZkRLd Wp ETVdL Je\VLd
LtdLlThPp Ltd LsY Y XTm; T
NnVlThP J SPdLs, ToYVt\ ZkRLs Lp
LtL TVuTjRlT\. ToYVt\ ZkRLs LRp
Lhm \] Y[oj LsY, L SpX\p Lp
LtL ERVL Cdm.
Lp Utm Tt XUL ToYVt\ ZkRLd
\lT] LY]m NjRlT\. SYVs[
F]t\YoLd YXYnlp, NhPlT Jd
NnVlThs[
GuT
UR
EUL[
XjYRt SmdL Ad\.
272

Lhm \]t\p \TPu ZkR \dL

ShPp ARu LjdL[ NlReLPu CQdL
VUp Tm. H]p AYoLs NlRjR LhdLY
UhPoLs. CRu [YL RLYp RPop RPeLp
ApX CPLs HtTm.

4.6.10. L L[U Utm Nt\ Np Es[

\T
LL[R ZkR GuT L Lhm EQo]
UV LtTRt uT CZkY Bm. CRu
Xm ZkRV] \dm TR Lhm \u Cu
\ks[ EV\. CdZkR GlTm
AUVL, NVpTu FUVL Cdm.
Nt\ NPL Es[ \T GuT Ut\ YLp
CVpTn YrdLu u Tp HtTm \TPm.
ZkRV] TpYThP A[Lp Lhm \]
CZdm X HtT\.

4.6.11. L L[U Utm Lhm \]

CZlTRtL] LWQeLs
Lhm \p \T Utm Lhm \]
CZjRp GuT rYm LWQeL[p HtT\.
273

A. J LPk Npm TRp Tl HtTYRp

(Conductive Deafness) EiPm L L[U GuT
Lu AUlTl Tt RYL Rk LiP
\ Su [em.
Lu Yl\jt JV] Ltu XUL
NjRlT\. NlT\u Nq Tu\ E\V
J APkRm, J AXLs, AWYhP t\[ EPV
LpYnLp WY XV Ut\m APVf Nnu\].
Yl\d Lp Lt Zk NpY J LPk
Npm TR Y Gu \lT\. LPk Npm
TR YV] TX LWQeL[p TlTPVXm. AY.

UReLds, J Lol UQp Y AmU SVp

(German measles) RdLlTm T L L[R \Pu
ZkR \dm. LUV] UgNs LUX SVp
RdLlTh, Ru CWjRm Lp Es[ ZkRu
CWjRjPu TkRR X Cdm T ARu
[YL LRpUPV L L[U HtTm.
D. LXYVL Lhm \u CZjRp GuT
Lhm\u Bt\p \Ls, J LPk Npm TR
TlTp L L[U Utm Xu EQo SWm NokR
L L[U BVYLu LXYu [YL
HtTu\.

1.

Ls U EYRp

4.6.1.2. L L[R ZkRu TiLs

2.

TRu Yp YlThLs CjRp

3.

Lu Yl\jp dLm CjRp

ZkR L L[RR, TN VR XPm

Cdm.

C Tu\ XLp RtLLUL L LhLR X

Cdm. CkX] UjY fN XUL N
NnPXm. J LPk Npm L L[Up u
RiPk, SdL YW Npm Zp
(Eustachian tube) APl HtTm. APlT HtTjm
WYm APoY m. AkR WYm AY fN XUL
YVt\lTm.
B. Xu EQo SWm NokR L L[U NlT\,
Nu sY[, LhPp RPoPV SWm, Utm
RPoPV [ NpLp HtTm TlTp Xu
EQo SWm NokR L L[U HtTm. CqY\]
Tl 1. L RXUPV L L[U 2. CVpTn
HtTm L L[U.
C. LRXUPV L L[U GuT UWT
\TL]m, \lu T Y[of
APVRRm HtTPXm. LolTju Rp u
274

Tfd \T GuT NRWQUL L L[R

ZkRLPm ALULd LQlTm.
AdZkRLs U/Np RLs BVYt\
LtdLsYp WUlTYoLs. JYdm LhLR
UVd LtdLi RLYpL[l TUd LsY
J LlTV NYXL AUk \.
dVUL, CdZkRLs, Aj\p \YL
ClToLs. H]p, AYoL[p Cdm YnlL[
JeLL TVuTjd Ls[ VUp Tn\.
CdZkRLs IVlT \kR U]Pu ClToLs.
H]p TojRp, LhPp JeQl CpXU]p,
CR]p \Pu Sh\ HtTj LsYm, \u
ClToLs.
J L L[R ZkR GlTm UTh
ClTPu YRjPm Cdm.
275

Lhm Bt\p \p \ HtTh Gp EQof

YNlTPdV RuU ZkRLPjp HtThPp
NVpThp \ HtTPf Nn YPu, Rr
U]lTuUV HtTjm.
UNU] RLYp RPoLs ATWU] [L[p,
NLjRPoLp WfN]L[ HtTjm.

4.6.13. J L L[R ZkRu \lT] RYLs

LL[R \T ALU] WfN]L[ U,
NpR Rp k Lsm \m, RLYp RPo
LsYm HtTjm.

EPp NokR RYLs

TVs[ NVpTh]p, EPp NokR YNL[
Nn TWUj, CdZkRLu Lhm \uL[
Y[ojd LsYRt Y Yj RW Yim. Tt\o,
ZkRd JVd LiPk RPo NnLs[ ER
NnVXm. ARY Km W ZPu, UVNV
LRPu; AYt\X TVuTj Tt\oLs, [Vh
\X] hTeL[d Li ZkRLd ER,
JV LiQWf NnVXm. ERWQm: CN JPu
V [Vh TmUV U\j YjRp Utm
ZkRV EtNLlTj AkR TmUu JV
Yj RP YjRp. TVYoLu ERV
ZkRV JLp YTL[ LiPVf NnV
Yim. ERWQm: Rn Utm RkRu UTs[
Wp, Th Utm AL RX]Y.
AjR T Gu]Yu\p, Tf JL[ APV[m
LiT. C SWVL ZkRu ToY Utm \
XuL[l TVuTjm \]l Tj AU\.
276

U]YfLs Utm NLjRYLs

HtL]Y TjR TX IVlT GuT CWiPY
TiTL L L[R ZkRLPm LQlT\.
dVUL, U]Yfp CdZkRLu NL
SPYdLLs NmUlTjRlTh, Tim UmTjRlTP
Yim.
A u N j , A u T T R p GuT
LiToYVt\ ZkRLd GqY[ AYVU, AR
Tu L L[R ZkRLdm dVU]Rm.

Aum, TNm U]YfLd TLlT

AlTR, UuUV] Lt\d RYV]
FdlTm, EtNLjRm Ad\.

Lt\u RYLs
Cp ZkRu UV k Lsm \m
Es[Pe Es[. ToYVm, EPp ANL[m,
RLYp RPo Ls[ Ltd LsYo.
YnUV] \ ApX ERPNYp
YlT GuT ERhPNL[ LYj, JL[
LiPY, L L[R ZkRLd LtdL J \kR
\Vm. C J UY] \Vm. Cm\p
LtdLsTYo Utm LtlTYo ALU] TUV
LPdL Yim.

EPp, L, Lp AN \ ApX NL U
Cm\p ZkR NLL[p, lL[p Utm
Wp GjdhPpLu ERVp RLYp RPo
Ls\. eLs GlTRm RXdLh Thp
Yn TN VRo Utm L L[RdL] \lf
Nn YdLlTYRl TojsoL[?
277

RkWUL ClTRu AYVm

L L[R ZkR RkWUL ClT Lm
AYVm. AqY Cdm ThNjp, Tt\o Utm
EPu\kRW Nokdm XV \d\.
RkWUL NVpTu\ \u Tt\p AdZkRLs,
AYoLs Ym NLjp L dVU] El]WLd
LRlTYo. Lhm NR]eLu LilLs, L
L[RYoLd Tm mUV Ljs[.

4.6.14. TdLlThP Utm CZkR L, LpLdL]

LWQeLs
TdLlThP L, LpL[d Li GmLs, RNLs
Utm hdL[ DTj NVpTL[ UVL
J ZkRVp NVpTjR V. C Tu\
F]jR L, LpLs CZkR ZkRLm ATlToLs.
CdZkRL[ Gmh NVZkRYoLs Gu
AZdLlT\oLs.
d`ud Gu\ E[ CVp NokR YpSo GkR
J ZkRd \T HtTh RY\] YYjR
ApX NRWQUL Gm, RN, hdLs NVpTYp
d HtThs[R, AdZkRV TdLlThP ApX
L, Lp Tu\Yt\ CZkR ZkR Gu
YWVjs[o. C Tu\ Gmd \T XV]
L RXUPV ApX CVpTn HtTm
\VLm CdLXm.

A. LRXUPV RY\] YYm

UWT WfN]Vp HtTPXm. LolT LXm GuT
CPokR LXm. Lol Ti UQpY AmU,
hPXmU, UgNs LUX Utm LUV] YWv
RtdLs Tu\Yt\p TdLlTh CkRp L
EYRp ALU] Tl HtTm. TR UkLs
278

TVuTjm Lolj RnLu Lp EYm u

GmLs, L, Lp Tu\YLm \ dV EPp
ElLm JeLt\ EYm Li CdU
[L[ HtTjm.

B. CVpTn HtTm Gm RPoPV \TLs

C Tu\ \TLs YrdLu GkR Xm
HtTPXm. C[ms[ YRm Utm Gmp HtTm
Gmd Sn ZkRLp Si Tu\
[L[ HtTj, iP LXjt dLf Nnm.
LRXUPV ApX CVpTn HtTm RN
TlTPRp, RNu Bt\pdL NVpThP Tdm.
Tlu A[, Tlu LUV Yj
oUdLlT\.
RiYP LVeLs GlTU EPp NokR
CVdLeLu Bt\X LhlTjYp TlT\.
L, Lp Tu\Y Yh GdLlTm TjdLu
[YL Gm RY\] YYm Tt ClTPu,
NVXt\ VR Xm HtT\.

4.6.15. Gm NokR \TL[ A[jRp

\Thu LjRZjR L, LpLu NVpThP
Li A[PXm. X L, Lp \TLs, J
ZkRu CVdLjt ALU] RPL[ HtTjR.
Ut\ YLp, \T Lm LUV]RL,
XV]RL CdU]p, ZkRu CVdLm Utm
RkWm Lm ALU] A[p TlTPm. G]Y,
C Tu\ XLs TjRp WfN]L[
HtTjm.
279

4.6.16. TdLlThP /L, Lp CZkR ZkRu

TiLs
EPp NokR \TLs Rr U]lTuUV C[m
ZkRLPV HtTj m. Tm Gu\ \Yt\
EQou [YL Ru CWdL (Self pity) U]lTuU
HtTm.
C Tu\ \Ts[ ZkRLs ts[YoLPm
Ck RmU RUlTjd LsYoLs. RVL
RUlTjRlTh ClT, AYoLs NLjp
RUt\PV SPYdLLp DTYRu Xm
WTdLlT\. Cum ALlTVL Y[okR
ZkR GlTm E[ CVp NokR AofV]
BTjdL[ GoLs[ Sm. H]p, WiTL[
LiP TlTPkR ElL[d LiP ZkRLu
TWoYeLs Utm NVXdL \uL]p Y[okR
ZkRLs AdL E[ CVp NokR Aof Rm
BTjdL[ GoLs[ Sm.
LYX, LlTV] U]fNo, Rljd LsRp
Utm ALUL YV NiPdf NpRp Tu\Yt\
TdLlThP Utm El (L, Lp) CZkR
ZkRLPV LQXm.

4.6.17. CZkR ElLs /TdLlThP L, Lp Es[

ZkRLu \lT] RYLs
ToYVt\, L L[R ZkRL[l TX El
CZk TlTPkR ZkRLd EPp, NLm,
U]Yf Utm Lp NokR \lT] RYLs
AYVUu\].
EPp NokR RYLs GuT ]N NVpTL[
JeL] \p \YtP EPp ElLs
JjZdL Yim. Tt\o, ZkRd P ALU]
280

A[t ERY Yim Gu\ U]lTuUV NVpTP

Yim. ZkRLu F]jt ReL[ LWQm Gu
Tt\oLs ]jd Li GlTm ZkRLs
Nnm ALlTV] RYL[ UudLj RVWYo.
LXm LPk NpmT, ZkR EUVL LdL
dL BWmj, ERV Htd Li, \
RkWULm, Ru] Nok SmdLPu ClTRt
Vt UtLs[ jm. AVp hTeLp
HtThs[ u]t\eLu [YL NVtLV]
ElLs LidLlTh EYdLlThs[]. EPp
\TL[ LPk YYRt NVtL ElLs
ERu\]. NVtL ElLs TolTRtm, ETVj,
NVpTjYRtm NRWQ SToL[l TX NVpTP
ER\. EPVdLm NokR fN (physiotherapy) GuT
J UjYm NokR AVp Bm. CkR AVp
F]t\ ZkRd EPp \]m ALlTVL
YlTjR ER Nn\. Rf\l YnkR LL[]
(caliper) Lp, Lp AjRm Cu SPdL ERm
CQjdLhPlThP, YfNp LXLs (shoes) Utm
NVtL ElLPu (L, Lp) TU],
Je\V] Ttm AdLlTmT Lf\kR
[L[ HtTjm.

NL Utm U]YfLu RYLs

[Vh GuT L dVU] NRVm NokR
LrLp LXk LsYRt YnlTdm LVm.
TdLlThP El LiP ZkRLs GlTU
[Vh NVpTLp Ck Xd YdLlT
YoLs. C Tu\ YTL[ LiPmT NRVm
NokR NVpTL[ TlTPVf Nnm. ZkRV]
ALUL U]fNoPu, YhPjPu JdLlTh
Cdm. F]t\YoLs NLm Lis[ GiQm,
281

Tt\o Utm SiToLs dhPp Nn TlTPkR

ZkRu V UVRV Tl APm.
SiV] EPp, NVZkR U]X Cdm Gu\
PSmdLPu Es[ NLju U]lTuU,
TdLlThP F]U] ElL[ LiP ZkRd
RY\] V GiQjR HtTjm.
ALlTVL YfNiPRp Utm LeLTjR
W] YlTjRp Tu\ QeLs TYL L,
Lp F]t\ ZkRLPV LQlT\. AuPu
TWUjRp Utm Je\V] Tt BV]
RkWUL, Ru]V Nok Cdm XV EYdRp
Tu\YLs F]t\ ZkRLu AlTPj
RYLs Bm.

Lpj RYLs
Cp NnRp, GRp, [Vh, YWRp, YoQm
hRp, uRp Utm SP]m BRp Tu\ X
NVpTLs, Lp RYp NodLlTh, F]t\
ZkRL[ AYtp DTPf Nn NVpTP Yd\.
YZkR/CZkR El Es[ ZkR GqY J
CPjp Ck (L, Lp) Ut\ CPjt SLok
Npm?
NdLW StLLs TVuTjYRp KPjp Ck
Ut\ CPjt SLok NpYp u]t\m
HtTYPu Ru]mdLm Y[m. eLs GlTRY
L CZkR ZkRV TojsoL[? AdZkRLs
Lp/ Yu Q AZV YoQeLs hYp \k
[eY AVlT\. CdZkRLu tf
rXV \lT]RL AUdL Yim.
282

4.6.18. ZkRLPm HtTm NL GoU\V]

[LdL] LWQeLs
NLjRp TlTPk F]t\ ZkRLs, NLjp
ReLdL] J CPjR TYRt Lm
LxPlTYoLs. CdZkRLs, AYoL[ JjR YVs[
NRWQ ZkRL[l Tu SPk LsYpX.
CdZkRLs NLWR NVpL[] Rp, dTdLh
AlT, h [VRp, U Utm TRl
TZdLjtm AUV ClToLs. Cum Xo
t\eLs TX k ANRWQ TVp Utm Tp YThP
SPYdLLm TX YThP LWQeLd NL
Tldm Es[u\]o. AY

A. lThP mTeLs
Tt\oLdPV RPok NiPf NfNWLs
Cdm Xp, ZkRLs mTjp Ck
YYk Yo. ZkRLdj RYV] Aum,
TNm, YLhRpLm PdLUp Tu\.
ZkRLd X SWeLp TU] Au PdLUp
Tn YPu, Eo YrYRt RdLp AXm
oTkRm HtTh \. RYVt\ ZkRLm,
A]RLm, NLjp Tkd Ls[ VR Xd
B[u\]o.

B. YU Utm AVU
Lm HrU Xp Es[ mTeL[f NokR
ZkRLs Utm AVU Xp Es[ Tt\u
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285

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286

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287

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288

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290

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4.7.1. ZkR Y[ol TV[oLu YLLs

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291

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294

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296

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298

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299

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kRLu GidL

3.

GmUV] EQ AdLlTP Yim?

4.

GqY[ TQm NXP Yim?

5.

GlT Sm kR Yjd Ls[l T\m?

hPm T rLiP lL[ U]p Ls[

Yim.
1.

Y[eLu A[ Utm RYLs CY

CWidPp NVUld LQlTP Yim.

2.

RSTu rXdLtT oU]m GdL Yim.

3.

hPRp EiUV]RL CjRp Yim.

4.

hPRp UtVUdm RuUPVRL CdL

Yim.
300

LhlTjRp
hPjR NVpTjmT ARtL] Y[eL[
ETVj AjhPm UVL Yt Tm YW
LhlTjRp LV[lT\. CkXp Sm Sm
kR]Vf rXdLt\t TX UtVUdL
Yim. CqY UtVUjRp Sm Sm dL[
GRL APV CVm. ERWQUL EQj hPm T
AeLp X ThLs PdLpXVu\p
rXdLt\tTp Sm V oU]m Gjd
Ls[Xm.
LhlTjRu YqY XLs

1. FdjRp ApX NdhRp

C J NVX BWmlT Utm RPok
NnYRm. J lhP YXV NnYo
AqYXu NV] [Yl TYRt
FddLlTP Yim. hPRp Su\L CkRm,
AR SP\lTjY L]UL Cdm T
NdhPp GuT J Fddm LWVL AUm.

2. NTojRp
NTojRp GuT hP u]t\jRl TlTVL,
RUL UlRXm. ERWQm: Tsd NV]
SWjp NpYRt BPLs, EQ Utm jRLeL[
BVjRlTj YdL Yim. CqY BVjRUm
T JqY Xm SWjR AlTPVL Yj
NTojRp AYVUm.

3. JeTjRp
hPRp HRY V oU]m GdmT
JeTjRp AYVU\. CR Y[eLu A[ Utm
odL YiV WfN] BVYt\l Tj
NVpTjRXm.
301

NVp \u, Y[eLs PdLlTt\p Utm Gu]

NnV Yim Gu\ A CYVm J NVX
LhlTjYRt dVU]Rm.

UlRp
C NVp\V NToj u]f NpYRt
ERYd V \Vm. Sm Nnm NVp RPu
SPdL, YX]m AqYlT UlP Yim.
YX SPTm Rm, C Xu RWm
UlPlT\. RY] SdLeL[ Sm Nnm
NVp, YX]m UlP ER\. J
hPju YtV, RpV Sm YWVjs[
dLsL[l Tj AUks[. Sm NVp
RpVPkRp, Sm hPju \TL[d jd
Li GoLXj hPeLp AYt\f N Nn Ls[
Yim.
Sm Au\P YrdLp U] oYLm GuT CVdm
NdVL ClTPu mT Yru oYL TVLm
Es[. SmPjs[ Y[eL[j \UVL
ETVlTRu Xm Sm dLsL[ APk
YrdLp WQ lV APVXm.
5.3. SVeLs, dLsLs, RWm

Sm YrdLV YYUlTp U] oYLm dV

Te Yd\. UR SVju AlTPp RuV
dLsL[ APYRtj RdLY Y[eL[j Rj
TVuTjYRu Xm YrdLj RWjR EVojR
U]oYLm YYd\.
UR SVm, dLsLs, YrdLjRWm BVY
JudLu RPoPVY. UR SVU
AlTPV]. CkRu Ut\ CWim Ru\.
UR SVm GuT URd dVU] Ju. B]p
302

CRu NVtTL[ UVL [dY AR].

dLs GuT Lm lT]. C JYu GR]
APVl TT\u GuTR] RYL [dm.
YrdLjRWm GuT GR]m Jlh TolTRtL]
J AlTPVm.
SVm GuT CXd, TkR], rX, dLs
Lj BVYtt LdLlTm UlTm. URu
lTj] \YtYRtL] J Tu ApX
URu \UV SVm Bm. CY Sm NVpTht
YVLm Sm LsLd BRWULm AU\.
CY UR]p EYdLlTh, RWm dLlTh \
ATdLlT\. GR JYu SVUL L\]
A AYd AL dVjYm YnkRRLd Cdm.
CY TlTVL LXju rXdLtT U\d V
CVpPVY.
UR SVju RuU JqYYPjm YTh
Cdm. UR SVU] URu Ru Ru\ \Y
APYRtL] VtL[ APu NVpTjR
ERu\.
UR SVU] CYLlTm. AY
1.

CVpPV SVm (Intrinsic)

2.

iPdV SVm (Instrumental)

UR CVpPV SVm JYW NkR SXdLL

mTjRdLm dVU]Um. E R W Q U L
LXQo GuT AZL CWdm RuUPV
CVpT] SVUm. B]p iPdV RuUs[
SVm Ut\ SVeL[ APYRtj iLXL
AUks[. ERWQm \UPu YX NnRp.
X SVeLs CkR CWi RuUL[m
Lis[]. UR SVeL[] Au, TNm, BWdVm,
303

YN, dLs, BoYm, A, YLm, [Vh, LX

Utm URm Tu\YLs CWi RuUs[
SVeL[m.
T o d L o GuTYo RuUV]
rLiPY YLlTjs[o.

SVeL[

Au
UR E\p LQlTm BoYjRd dm. TVp
Au, Tt\o Au, SR Au, NRVl Tt
Tu\Y CjRXlp APem.

BWdVm
C EPp, Es[m BVYtu BWdVjRd
dm.

YN
YrdL CuTUL, UrfVL CdLj RYlTm
SVUm.

dLs
YrdLp dL[ YtLWUL APYRt
EiPm lTm ApX BoYUm.

A Utm YLm
Au\Pm SoUV] YrdL YrYRt Am,
YLm L dVUL LRlTm SVUm.

Rp hT BoYm ApX \UV] EZl

SpX BdLloYU] ThL[j RVlTRtm,
TVuTjYRtm ERm SVUm.
304

[Vh
lTjPu LtT] Utm BdLj\Pu DTPd
V NVpL[m.

LX
CkR SVU] AZ kR GpX LXl
ThL[m CWdm RuUVm.

URm
SoUPu YrdLd dL[ APYRt
YL\ SVUm. URu GlT SoUVL YZ
Yim? GRtLL YZ Yim Gum RjYjR
Es[PdV.
SVm URoLu lTm Utm BoYjRp Y[o\.
UR SVU] UR TiThtLtT U\d V. mT
SToLPV UR SVm Y[oYRt mTU
TlTm.

dLsLs (Goals)
dLs GuT UR SVjR AlTPVLd
LiP SdLeLs. CkR dLsLs JYPV
lTm, LPkR LX ATYeLs Utm tl\m CYt\p
Ut\lTu\]. dL[ APYRt JqY
RURm, mTm, lTjPu NVpTu\].
mT dLs, mT YrdLj RWjRm,
AUlTm YYUdL ER\.
RURPV dL[V ApX mT
dL[V HtTjYRtm, APYRtm, A, o
Lm RuU Utm mT Y[eL[l TVuTjR ERm
YL[l k Lsm \u RYlT\.
dLsLs oU]ULm, RYLm Gp APVd
VRLm CjRp Yim. dLsLs AUlT
305

GuT J RPofV] NVXm. TX dLsLs

EP]VL APVd VRL Cdm. J dLu
Yt AjR dLdm ARtLjR dLdm
YL\.
dLsL[ V LX, SjRW Utm iP LX
dLsL[L YLlTjRXm.

RWm GuT URu \Y] YrdLd

AjVYVU] GY, RYV] GY GuTR]l
Tt U]ts Gu\ ]L[Vm. Sm ]l
TYt\ YrdLp APk hPp UrfVm,
CpXu U]fNeLPU] XVm C HtTj\.
JqYYPV YrdLu Y\dm,
TZdLeLdm C J dV AmNUL [e\.

\kR LX dLs EP]VL APVd V

Ju\m. CY dLu BWmT XVm. AY
iP CXhVjt YL\. mT rXm
ATYeLm mTju dLsLs EYL LWQUL
AUu\].

YrdLj RWm JqYYu mT SVjt

Ht\Y YT\. CRu AlTPp YrdLj
RWjR CWi YLVLl dLXm. AY. 1. TZeLX
YW\Ls 2. rXdLt\Y U\dV
YW\Ls Bm.

mTju L dVU] dLsLs ApX

CXhVeLs

TZeLX YW\Ls

1.

mTj]d TU] EPp Utm U]

BWdVjR AlT.
2. mTjp JqY R STdm TU] WQ
Y[ofd YYlT.
3. mT E\L[ \YdY.
4. UR YtUL[ Ak, Ht Ak ARl
TWhRp.
5. NRVjPm ARu EhLPm Sp\]
UtLsRp.
YrdLj RWm
RWm GuT JlYRt ApX UlYRt
ERYdV A[LXm. UR SVm Utm
dL[ P YrdL RWm Lm lT]. RWm X
lPjRdL ApX dVU] ThLPu RPo
EPV. C \d LWLs Xm TlTP\. YrdL
dL[ APYRtLL HtTjRlThP GpXdLP
RWm Bm.
306

NL SVj]p HtdLs[lTh XlTjRl

ThP. Cp UdLs YW\dLt\Y ReL[ Ut
AUjd Lsu\]o. CY J lhP LXjt
XV]. NLju X UTm T Ru C
URdhT\.

rXdLt\Y U\d V YW\Ls

JqY R URu RYdLt\Y Ru\d
Vm, U\d VUm. URu rXdj
RdLY U\dV. B]p CkR YW\j hPeLs
NRVjRp ALUL HtdLs[lTYpX. TX
dVU] YrdLu YW\Ls Ju Nok
YrdLj RWjR HtTj\. A J mTju
NkR`U] Yrt RYV] ETLWQeLs,
JjRNLs Utm U] \u RuUV Es[PdV.
aNp Lod GuTYo YrdLj RWm GuT
dVU] UR SVeLu Xm T\lT\
Gu s[o. Um C YrdLu AUlT
307

oUdLd V J dVU] NVXm. Gu\o.

mTjp EiUV] YU]ju Xm mTju
YrdLj RWm oQdLlT\. YrdLj RWm GuT
mTjp ETLWQeLs, JjRNLs BVYtu RuU,
GidL UhUpX AR]l TVuTjm RjRm
[dLd V Ju\m.

oUjRu TLs
WfN]V
EQoRp

oL[
LiPRp

U] oYLm GuT TX RPofV] oU]eLs

Gdm U] XV Es[PdVRm.
oUjRu TL[Y]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

WfN]L[ EQoRp
WfN]dV oL[ LiPRp
oL[ BWnRp
WfN]dL] oY RokRjRp
oUjRu NVpT Utm AR]p HtTm
[Ldl TlTt\p.
CkR TL[ rLiPY TPju Xm AUdLXm.
U] oYLjp oUjRu TLs
308

oY
RokRjRp

oUjRu NVpT,
[Ldl TlTt\p

5.4. oUjRp

U] oYLm GuT oU]eL[ Gdm J

RU] NVXm. oUjRp GuT U] oYLju
CRVm Tu\Rm. oU]eL[ GlTRt, RYV]
RLYpLs AR YrdL rXp ETVLlTjRp
Utm AYt\ RkLi TVuTjm BoYm
BVY AYVm. BLY oYLjp oU]eL[
GlTRuT Au\P YrdLp HtTm WfN]V]
rXp dVU] RLYpL[ RkLs[p Utm
AYt\ EiUp ETVjRp Bm. Sm Au\Pl
WfN]L[j olTRt rX TtV Am AkR
A] SP\uT Sm lTjtLt\Y
TVuTjd LsYRtL] \Um RYlT\.

oL[
BWnRp

WfN]L[ EQoRp
C Rp WfN]V k LsYRm.
WfN]Vl k LsYRt NV] NnLs
RYlT\. WfN]Vf NVLl k Ls[UX,
ApX ARtV LWQeL[l TtV Nn
CpXhPX, CR]l Tt AVUp CkRX, SmUp
RYLl WfN] Gu] GuTR EQW V. ARtf
\lT] om GdL V. ERWQm Sm htj
RYV] YXV GRdm NR]eL[ YeRp,
h YXL[j hPRp, mTjtL] EPL[j
RokRjRp.

WfN]dV oL[ LiPRp

WfN]dV LWQeL[l k Li ARtV
TX A\L[l Tt kjRp Ru \lT]
Y\L[l T\ m. CRt \kR Aj \m
Y[m RYlT\.

WfN]dV oL[ BWnRp

oL[ LiPkR \ JqY Y\Lu
SuU UL[ RjRVL BWV Yim. SmPV
Ulhtm, dLdm, Ht\Y Sm YrdLj
RWjR EVojYRtL] NVp \Vj RokRdL
Yim.
309

WfN]dV oL[ RokRjRp

oL[ BWnkR \ G \lT]RL
LRlT\R AR]j RokRj NVpTjR
Yim. CkR Xp UlRp dVl Te Yd\.
C WfN]d o LiTRt Lm ERVL Cdm.

oUjRu NVpT Utm [Ldl

TlTt\p
C o LRp HtTm [L[j W BWnk
AR] Htd Lsm \u Bm. C J Ulm
XVm. oUjRu C [Y C dm.
CjRLVj o Lm \V] Ru]mdLVm,
U]RVjRm Aj GkR WfN]Vm RPu
NUlTRt TXjRm, GoLXjp Ad\.

oUjRu YLLs
oUjRp TX YLLs Es[]. AY, R STo
oU]m, j oU]m, TZdLjthThP oU]m,
T[RWj oU]m, RXVV (ApX) hTU]j
oU]m Bm. Um oUjRp GuT AYm,
ATYjRm TjRRm.

R STo oU]m
C J R STWf NokRRm. ERWQm : Tl
R STo oU]jR Lm WYL GdLXm. CkR
oU]m AYWYu SVm, dLs, YrdLu RWm,
Utm AYoLu TeLtT Tj AUYRm.

oU]m
TX SToLu Lj, BXN]Ls TkWdLlTh
Ak \lT]Yt\j RokRlT oU]Um.
Cp TeLtTYoLu SVm, dLs, YrdLu
310

RuUdLtT oU]m TkWdLlTm. C L]U]

Nt RURU] NVp\Vm. X NUVeLp
SToLPV Lj YtU HtTPm Ynli.

TZdLjthThP oU]m
C oU]ju Lm AlTPf NVXm. Sm
Au\P YrdLp YqY NVpL[ YZdLUL,
YN T NnYRt Tt T\lT\. AR]p
SmPV Au\P YrdLp AdL Lru\ GkR
NVpL[m TZdLju LWQUL GR Rp NnV
Yim, GRl \ NnVXm GuTR] Gp SmUp
oU]m Nn ARuT Y GRLf NVpTP \.

RXVVj oU]m
C J NVX UVL lTRt BRW
RWdV TX oU]eL[d LiP. ERWQm
YeY GuT J dVU] oU]Um. CRt
QVL Es[ TX LWL[] Nl, TdYWj YN,
NL YNLs Tu\Yt\f kjRl \L
YeYRl Tt oU]m NnV Yim.

T[RWj oU]m
C mT Y[eL[ Jd NnY Utm
RYdLtT Ut ETVlTRf NokR. CjoU]jp,
J dL[ APYRt RYV] UR Utm
Ts Y[jR Jd NnY AYVUm. ALU]
\Y Rm TXRU] dLsL[ APYRtL]
Y[eLu JdhP C YdLh\.

RphT V] oU]m
C hPhP dL[l TYRtLL PdLd
V Y[eL[ JeQj \lT] \p
TVuTjYRtL] oU]eL[ GlTRm.
311

Am ATYm AlTPVLd LiP oU]m

SmPV Au\P YrdLp J X oU]eLs
SmPV kRV ATYjRm, ARl TtV
AYm AlTPVLd LiP. C JYo \kR
\p oU]eLs GdL YYdu\.
5.5. mT Y[eLs

JqY mTjm ojf NnVlTP YiV

RYLs X Ei. AY AlTP RYL[] EQ,
EP, ClPm Utm CWiPm YL RYV] Tl,
TTd, YN AVY. CjRYLs mTjp
Es[ Y[eL[l Tj oj NnVlT\.
Y[eLs GuT UR lTeL[ \YtYRm.
mTju CXhVeL[ \YtYRtm mTju
Y[eLs dV Te] Yd\. Y[eLs GuT
SmPV RYV oj NnV ERm UR RuULs
Utm ThL[m. JqY URPjm,
NLj]Pjm, RNjPjm UTPd V Ju\m.
Y[eLs C YLlTm. AY UR Y[m, Utm
Ts Y[m Bm. UR Y[m GuT URPV
QNVeL[m, BoYeL[m LiPRm. ARY
Lp, Ru RWm, BoYm, BU, \U Utm CRW
UR Q SXuLs Cp APem. Um BdLloYU]
NVpL[ EYdLlTVuTm Y[eL[] SWm, Nd,
\U, BoYm BVYm UR Y[eLp APeTY.
TsY[m GuT XR]m ApX ThL[d
dm. ARY , UWfNUuLs, TQm Utm NL
YNL[] eL, XLm, AW UjYU], Ts,
LPLs Utm LdL YNLs Vm Cp APem.
CkR Y[eL[ Gp LidL m. B]p
PdLd V RuU J lhP YWmd
EhThPRm.
312

oYLju YtV] Y[eL[ Ak JqY

RYdm Jd Nn TVuTjm \]l
Tj AU\.
GpX Y[eLm TVPVY. B]p CYtu TVu
YrdLu dLdLtT UT\. GpX
Y[eLm \Y]Y. Y[eL[] RWjRm, A[Ym
\lThP Es[. ERWQm. SWm J \Y]
Y[m. H]u\p SWj] GoLXjtLL fNlTj
Nj YdL V. AR TX Ndm Lhl
TjRlThP UR Y[Um. C URd URu
YTm. TQd\Y GidLu Xm A[PXm.
B]p TQju RY, URd URu, rXdj
RdLY SWjt SWm UTPd V. mT SToLu
\U Utm Bt\p, AYWYoLu Nd]m,
Tt]m Tj AU\.
SUd Pdm Y[eLu RWj] SmUp A[P
V. SUdd Pdm ThLu A[m NL
YNLm AYt\ oQdu\].
GpX Y[eLm JudLu RPoPV]. GpX
Y[eL[m JeLL CQj NVpThPp
YrdLu CXhVl TRV APV m. mT
oYLju \u JYo TVuTjRd V Y[eL[l
TjRRm. o Y L m G u T h P R p ,
SoLlTjRp, CVdjRp, YLhRp,
JLlTjRp, LhlTjRp Um Ul NnRp
Xm mT Y[eL[] Ts Y[m, UR Y[m
BVYt\l TVuTj \Y] UrfVl
TYRm. YrdLu RWU] Y[eL[ JeL]
\p ETVLlTjYRu Xm oQdLlT\.
ERWQUL, YXV GRdm NR]eL[ YeRp.
CRu Xm SpX EQ, EP, hu lW
313

BVYt] SpX \p T\ m. C
JYPV SWm, NdV fNlTj \Y] NVXf
Nn Urfd jRdu\.
5.6. SWm Utm Nd oYLm

5.6.1. SW oYLm
SUd JqY Sm 24 U SWm Ru Es[.
CR Sm GlT YiU]m TVuTjRXm. SWm,
oYlTp J dV AmNm Gu]Yu\p Sm SWm
Gu\ Y[jR TokLsYm Utm SmPV CPjR
Sm rXp oQjRXm. SmPV NVpLs
ARY ERWQUL TdLdf NpRp, LXp
GmRp, EQ EiRp, [VRp Tu\YLs
SUd Pdu\ LXm ApX SWjRl Tjs[.
SWm, Ndm Ju\Pu RPoPV. CYtp
Juu ETVLm, ARu oYLm, Ut\uu
ETVLjR Tdu\.
SWm ETVlT
TdLlT\.

rLiP

LWL[p

1. mT YrdLf Ztu X
mT BWmT X GuT mTjR AUdm
BWmTLX LhPUm. C UQSs Rp ZkR \l
YWs[ LXUm. CkR LX A[ Rp Su BiLs
YWVm. SWju RY mTjR oYlTYo T
NnTYW ApX hlTYW GuTRl Tj
UTm.
CWiPm X mT YdL XVm. CkR
Xp ZkRL[ YTjRm, AYoLPu
NXYdLm, AL SWm RYlTu\. u\m X
314

GuT mTm em XVm. ZkRLs UQm

ApX T jRUL mTjR h Npm
LXLhPUm. mTjtL] SW RYLs Lm
\YL ClTRp, NRVl TLp TeLtTRt AL
SWm Pd\.

2. rX
hu A[ Utm YL, mT SToLu GidL
Utm AYoLu YV, T Nnm CPm LLs,
ETLWQeLs Tu\YLs SW ETVLjRl Tdu\.

3. h YXLs NnRp
hYXL[j RjRVL NnRp ApX mT
SToLs Tehf NnRp SWju ETVLjRl
Tdu\.
4. h YXL[d jR U]TYm Utm
mTjR EYdTYu YYn, Nnm T
BVYm SWju ETVLjR Tdu\.

5.6.2. Nd oYLm
Nd oYLm GuT Nt L]U]m, dLX]Um.
H]u\p YqY YXL[f NnV YiV
JqY STu Nd AYPV EPp Utm U]
BWdVjRf Noks[. SWjRl Tu\ Ndu
RY mTju BWmTX Utm em Xp
\YLm, YdL Xp ALULm Es[.
YqY hYXL[ NnV TtTX VtLs
RYlTu\]. AYL[Y] EPXp, LXp, LVp,
U]Rp Utm ToYVp GdLlTm VtLs Bm.
YXL[ AYttj RYlTm NdV Tj
rLiPY YLlTjRXm.
315

GR] YX ERWQm: RVp, TjWeLs.

LRp, Rhh NUuL[ jRm NnRp, TdRp
Tu\YVm.
SjRW YX ERWQm: UNRp, L[
v TRp Utm L[ ReLRp.
L]U] YX ERWQm: TdL NnRp,
RWV nUlTjRp, YjRp, ZkRL[j
df NpRp BVY.
TX YXL[f NnYRt Ndu ETVLm, U]
NW X, RN AjRm, Tp LY]m Utm AYoLu
\U Tu\Yt\ TjRRm. No ApX L[l,
YX Nnm A[Y \dm XVm.
NoY CWiPL YLlTjRXm AY EPp No
Utm Es[f No.
L[l HtTP TX LWQeLs Es[]. AY.

SWm Utm Nd oYLm

hPRp
oYlTp RpX hPRXm. Au\P,
YWkW, TY Utm \l YXL[ NnV RYV]
A[ SWjR LQdp Li SWm Utm Nn\
BVYt\j hPP Yim.
SWjR hPRp Su TLs Es[]. AY
T - 1 mTju ]N, YWkW, TY Utm
TTd NVpL[ ThVRp
T - 2 Au\Pm jR SWjp YZdLU] YX
\L[ NnV hPm hRp. ClT NnYRu Xm
Ggs[ SWjR AV ERu\.
T - 3 \l Utm TY YXL[, Rs[
SWjp NnmT AUdL Yim.

1.

AL SWm EZl (EPXp, U]Rp)

2.

L]U] EZl

3.

LhPV EZl

T - 4 mTjp Vo GkR YXV NnV Yim

GuTR oUdL Yim. CR A]Ym Yj
NnVXm.

4.

RVR YX

LhlTjRp

5.

YXV dL VR rX

6.

JW RU] YX

7.

FdjRp CpXU

8.

YXp lTuU

9.

YXV jR lTm

10. hPjp Rp
316

SWm Utm Nd oYLjp Aj YY

LhlTjRp Bm. C SWm Utm NVp
\jhPjR NVXdLm NnRp Bm. CjhPjp
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AlT TVuTjRRT TLltLL YpY

YjdL Yim.
336

hXV EQY] 1/2 Uk J U

SWjts YL YdLlT\. Thu A[Yl
Tj CWi ApX u YL EQL[
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337

TVuLs

1. Zu Adm YL

YdLp Th NRm NUlTRtm, Lg NnYRtm,

LnLLs YL YlTRtm TVuT\. H]u\p
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1.

NUVp L UYL NnVlTu\.

2.

KW[t EQY YL Yj ARu \ Ru

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3.

TU] A[ YdLp APdLlTPpX

Vu\p YlTm YV EQ YLUXV
Cdm.

TWUl
1.

Thp APdLlTm YdLp jRU]RL CdL

Yim. AdL ClThV Yp LV YjRp
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hP Adm L (Egg Beater)

CdL EQd LXYLu FP Lt\ Nj
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YLLs Es[].
1.

Zu Adm YL (Rotary Beater)

2.

Um m Adm YL (Whisk Beater)

338

Um m
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2. Um m Adm YV Rsm
L
YL
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L
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1.

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Qm.

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339

3.

LlpXUp TVu Tj]p Lp LVm

HtTm

TWUl
hP Adm LL[ TVuTjVl \
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m L

uNWjp CVem NR]eLs

oTR]l Th
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L oTR]l ThVm. CkR ExQ XV
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RWjR oQdu\.
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C NUVp YXd Lm ALULl

TVuTjRlT\. Cp EQlThL[j
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W CVkWm
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LR

uRe

TWUl

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TPm 11 : oTR] Th

LnL Rp m NR]m

TVuLs

TmTX] Lp TVuTjRlTu\ Qd
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1.

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2.

EQl ThL[ W YlTRt TVuT\.

3.

YPm Ym GpXR EQl ThL[m

ETVj UrYRt u\.

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TPm 10 : LnL Rp m NR]m

340

341

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7.

1.

E\T EYLR ApX R]LY E\TV

EL Ydm CVdLeLiP oTR]l Th Utm
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tLlTY]p oTR]l ThV AdL jRm
Nnm YZdLm \khP. BLY EQl
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2.

kV EQj dL[ PdLhPm Es[

Ydm EQl ThL[ YdLhPm
AYtu YN]V Ut\ EQLs EgYRt
Ynls[. CR]p EQl ThLu EiUV]
UQm Uu\.

E\TV ALtm Tm TdLh RhP Gdm

Tm W] BReL[l TVuTjRp P.
uNWd LXYd L
CdLV YZdLjp d Gud Yo.
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AWdm
_
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TWUl
1.

oTR]l Thp EQl ThL[ SdLUL

YdLd P.

2.

AdL oTR]lThVj \k Rp P.

3.

P]l TjWeL[d W YjRlu]W Es[

YjRp Yim.

4.

Nj YjR EQl ThL[ AqYlT

LiLj Q]l ThL[ EPdPu ALt
Rp Yim.

5.

6.

oTR] Thk YlTm YVm YiQm,

ThV Ytk 1530 cm Rs YjRp Yim.
ofV] CPjdm TVLl TojdLs[
Yim.
oTR]l Th NqY] YXf NnV E\ T
Ls Tk PUp AdL dRp Yim.
uNWjR ilTRu XULY ApX LRYj
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YdLXm.
342

WYdm
LhlTj
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TVuLs

TPm 12 : LXYd L

1.

TXYL NhLs AWlTRtm, EXo UNX NUuLs

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1.

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343

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1.

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P.

2.

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3.

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Yim.

4.

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DWm TLj Pj YjRp Yim.

5.

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Ydm NR]m
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344

X Ydm LLp V EXW Ydm

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Lm L

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LR
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l ThPo NXY Nnm
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TPm 13A : C ZPV Ydm NR]m

345

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1.

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YdLY ApX AXNY YpX.

uNWjVem AWYd L UR EZlT

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SWjRm, NdVm fNlTjm CdL CWi
YLLp AeLLp Pdu\]. Um UNu
Up Yj TVuTjm YLm Es[].
1.

TWUl
1.

2.

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SWm V \k Ls[ YlTm \k
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2.

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Rp YL J TdLULY Zm GP ALU]
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346

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Es[l TYRtm, Es[PYRtm Ynls[.
347

3.

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Floor

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AqY NnRp UhPo AL SWm UYL KP
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TPm 15 : ALtm L
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YjRp Yim. CpXVu\p J R
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L[ Es[Pds[.
348

V NkPV
ddZn

1.

hj RW, Yo, Rh hf NUuLu UXs[

V dYm, UtWs[ KhPPVl
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2.

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3.

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jRlTjYPu, Y L (Sprayer) Li
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\T
1.

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CfNR]jRl TVuTjRp P.
349

2.

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TTP Sm. UhPs[ u s Gk
Tnm.

TVuLs
1.

TWUl

hPl TX YXL[f NnU AUdLlThs

[. CqYl EQY YLYlTRtm, AlTRtm,
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ZlTRtm ALtm LV SpX \p
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\T
1.

uNWjp CVeYRp CdLVl TVuTjm

T LLp DWm CpXUp Tojd LsRp
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lT \kRPu EPdPu L NnRp

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2.

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YjRp Yim. UhPm NVL CpXVu\p
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3.

Te Yu\ EQ YLL[ CqYlp

NUjRp CVX. uNW tl Tl HtTm.

hPl
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TPm 16 : hPl
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TWUl
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351

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TVuLs

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TWUl
1.

Yl\jR DWjd Lij Pj

jRlTjRp Yim.

2.

Ls LV Whj iLs dd Lik

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3.

s LWiVl TVuTj Es[ dd Lid

m Whj iL[ dRp P. AqY
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352

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u]hPjR ijR u]W ZVj RRp
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TWUl
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d CQld Lj u AofVj RjRp
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353

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HtThs[].
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URu EPp RY, Es[jRY, T[RWj

RY CYt\ \ NnYp TQm J dVl Te
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mT YU]m
J lhPd LXjp Pdm TQm, Ts,
YX, U] mU Tu\Y mTju YYn
G]lTm. Cp YXd Pdm FVm, YTjp
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Yh, RhPjp [m ThLs, YXp Pdm
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5.8.1. YYu YLLs

mT YU]jR rLiPY u YLVLl
dLXm:
1.

TQ YYn (Money Income)

2.

EiU YYn (Real Income)

3.

U]\ Rm YYn (Psychic income)

TQYYn
J mTjt Ym TnRs, SQVeLs,
LNX, TQ YW (Draft) BVY TQYYVm.
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Pdm CXTm, Yh, Tl ThLs RV]m
APem.
354

R SToLm, mTeLm TQjR UlTRtd

LWQm ARu ThL[ Yem Ndm, ARu Xm
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TVuL[p HtTm U] \Yd dm.

NX
mT YYVf NX Nn, A]Yu
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356

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NXY oQdu\]
1.

mTju YYn

2.

SToLu GidL, mTju RuU

3.

mT SToLu YV Utm Rp

4.

Lp

5.

mTju ClPm

6.

mT SToLu BWdVm

7.

mT SToLu BoYm Utm \U

8.

hp HtL]Y Es[ ThLs

9.

ThLu XY

10. mTj]u TZdL YZdLm

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357

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11.

TQjR JeLL ETVlTRt Ydm J

hPU YW NX hPUm. mTju YYV
AlTPVLd Li GfNdLPu NX Nnm
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LXf NXLs, RtLXf NXLs; GoLXf NXLs
CYt\d Ljp Li LPdLlT\.
J lhPd LXjtL, TYL J URjt
YW NXj hPm RVdLlT\.

hPju dVjYm
1.

TQjR NXYlTRt J SpX YLhVL

AU\.

2.

mTju UjR YYVm LQdP Y

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mTjR Su oYlTRu Xm mTju
EiU YU]jRm oTjR m. CqY
NnYR]p mTjt NXYjRl TL, NdLm
CVm. mTj RX mT SToLu RYL[ \
Nn, GoLXjtf Nj Ydm YiQm YYV
SpX \p NXYdm \U TtdLYim.
mT SToLs ReLs mTjtj ReL[p CVu\
ERV] Lp Ltd LjRp, (tution) ht TsLs
YeRp, ZkRL[l Tojd LsRp, SVVd
375

LYjRp, BPLs RjRp BVYt\ NnYRu Xm,

h YXdLL TQm NXYj BhL[ VlTR
RodLXm. Um, FLn, _m Tu\ TsL[
hXVj RVlT]p AL XLj
NkRLp CYt\ Yem NX]eL[m RodLXm.
RuLV R]dR GuTp SmdL, dL]ULf
NX NnRp, Kn SWjR JeLn TVuTjRp
GuT]Yt\d LPljRp h YU]jR
ALlTPu UrfVL YZm m.

TV]t\ ThL[f NpYUdRp

URu ]kRm RuPV YXLp TX
YLV] Y[eL[ EtTj Nn ETVdmT TX
ThLs Qu\]. ETVLUt\ Ts GuT Sm
ETVdL, U]u Jd Yjdm TVs[
ThL[m. CPUdm Y[eLs Gum CYt\d
lPXm. ETVLUt\l ThL[ im
ETVdLj RdL NpYUL UtVUdL m
GuTR] JqYYm EQW Yim.
1.

LnLLu RX QdLUp YVp AWdLXm.

2.

EPkR eLu _Ls, Ukl hLs, RLW

PlTdLs CYL[ UXo AXeLWjt TVuTjd
Ls[Xm.

3.

kR YiQj L[d Li TLs, RXVQ

l, RW l Utm ZkRLdL] Y]
TmULs RVdLXm.

YiPR ThLk TVuTPdV

BdLloYU] ThL[j RVjRp
LQUpT] TZV eLu Ro TjWjRl
TVuTj UXo iQm RVo NnVXm. TZV L
376

AXmm TLV Es AXeLW N Y[olTRt TVu

TjRXm. TVuTjV Tp Xdm L[ lT
jRm NnYRtm, TjWeLu LlV jRm
NnYRtm TVuTjRXm. AjRd LLXd.
TVuTjV TZV WlTo Y[VjR Lt]p i
Nlm UNp P] TjWm YlTRtLLl
TVuTjRXm. ApX TX\ LmT p Utm [vd
Lt]p WlTo Y[VjR t hu Yt\
AXeLdLXm.
TZV i L[ Li RW lLs, TLs,
Y] TmULs, UN Ls, Yo ReLpLs
RV ThL[ RVdLXm. TZV Lp TLs,
TgNQ RXVQ E\ Utm Nu]p WLs RVd
LXm. TV]t\ ThL[] LV] hLs, PlTdLs,
BVYt\d Li UXod iQeLs RVdLXm.
5.9. LoYo Utm AeL

LoYo SPjR
RuPV lTeL[m, RYL[m
lLWUL oj Nnd Ls[j RYV]
ThL[m, \ NYL[m TVuTjYo
LoYo G]lTYo. YeRp GuT TQjRd Lj
ARtl TXL ThL[m, \ NYL[m Ttd
LsRXm. TVs[ \p YeYu Xm,
mTj]u U] Urf, BWdVm YPu
YrdLj RWm UmTYRt EVdu\. TU]
A[p YU]m Dhm mTeLm mT
AeLj]oLs AlVL YrdL SPjd Lil
TR Cum TodLXm. H]u\p AYoLdl TVs[
\p hPhl ThL[ Ye LoY GlT
Gu RVR Ru LWQm.
377

5.9.1. NkRLu YLLs

2. LPp Yem ThLs

TmTuUV] LoYo lLWU] \p

ThL[ YeYpX. CRt LWQm LoYPs[
\Ud \YVm. jNj R]UL ThL[
YeYRt LoYo ReLs, Gu] Ts YeL
Yim? GlT YeL Yim? GeL, GqY[
YeL Yim? GuTR u hV oUjRp
AYVm.

LPp YeLd V ThL[ CWi YLL[Ll

dLXm. AY AXeLWl ThLs Utm ETVL
s[l ThLs. CkR YL ThL[ AYNWUL
YeLUp TX LPLs Toj, Rj, YeTYu
YNdLtT T\Xm. CRt ALU] pX\ tT]
NkR RYpX. ERWQm: Rhh NUuLs,
SLLs RVY.

NkRL[d rLiPY dLXm

1.

ThL[ tT] Nnm CPju AlTPp

Eso NkR, RV NkR Utm NoYRN NkR

2.

ThL[ tT] Nnm AlTPp Tj

NkR, ReL NkR

3.

TUt\ju AlTPp EP] TQm Nj

ThL[ Tm NkR, RYQ \ NkR

4.

LXju AlTPp iP, V LX NkRLs

5.

ThLu RuU AlTPp LoYo

ThLs NkR, RtNX ThLs NkR.

6.

ThLu RuU Utm tT]u A[u

AlTPp UjR tT] NkR, pX\
tT] NkR

5.9.2. ThLu YLLs

LoYo ThLs Yem TZdLju AlTPp
ThL[ u L[Ll dLXm.

1. YNV] ThLs
CkR YL ThLs AdL, \kR A[p Ap
CdLd V LPp YeY, ERWQm: NnjRs,
Nl, EQ ThLs RVYVm.
378

3. dVU] ThLs
CkR YL ThL[ YeYRt RjRuUm,
AL \Um RY. ClThLs RlThP LPLp
UhU Pdm. ERWQm: Y], RXdLh,
YL]m RV].

5.9.3. YeRp oU]eLs

ThL[ YeYRt u JYu RY Gu]?
TX NWd ThL[? TZeL[? LnLL[? TX? UkR?
ApX RlThP AZ NR]eL[? GuTR LiPV
Yim. hPRp AYVpXR ThLs YeYR
RolTRt ER\.
\ GqY[ ThLs YeL Yim GuTR
oUjd Ls[ Yim. C ThLs QYR
RolTRt ER\. ThL[ Yem u AYt\
Ul Nn TodL Yim. ARY EtTj ,
APV[ h, X, A[ Utm I.Gv.I. (I.S.I.) AdUod
(Agmark) L[ Ul NnV Yim. C
LoYo \kR Xp SpX RWU] ThL[ YeL
ER\.

1. GlT[ YeRp
mT SToLu RYL[ YW NX hPjp
JdLlThP YYnds hPRp Yim.
379

2. Ge YeY

3.

AkRkR TYLXeLp UYL Pdm EQl

ThL[ YeRp Yim. XYLV] TZeLs,
LnLLs ALUL [m TYLXeLp AY
UYL ClTPu, jRm VRLm Cdm. X
EXokR EQlThLs TX ShLsYW
LPUdm. BRXp A, [Ln Utm Tl
YLL[ UYL Pdm jW, YL
UReLp UjR VTW AeLp AL A[p
Ye 3 ApX 6 URm ApX 1 YPjt Nj
Yjd Ls[Xm.

4.

TYpXR tT] LXf NLL[l TVuTj

X ThL[ Ye TQjR fNlTjRXm.
ERWQm: LPd LXeLp uNW oTR]
Thu X ALUL Cdm. UZd LXeLp
ARu X \dLlTh NL Xp
PdLXm. BLY CfNLL[l TVuTjl
ThL[ Yel TQjR fNlTjRXm.

C ThLs Yem CPeL[ oUd\.

1.

]kRm RYlTu\ LnLLs, TZeLs,

ULl ThL[ h\ AeLp YeLXm.
Ce ThLs jRU]RLm, RWs[RLm
UYLm Pdm.

2.

AL A[p RYlTu\ ULl ThL[

UjR AeLLp YeLXm. UjR AeLLu
ThLs UjR Xp UYL Pdm. A[m
NVL Cdm.

3.

SmdLdj RkR LPLXV GlTm YeRp

Yim.

4.

YdLVL Yem LPLp LPdLWo

SpX\p LYlTPu, RWU]l ThL[m
LlToLs. Um TWm T ThLu
XL[ \dLm Ys[.

3. GkR SWjp YeY

1.

2.

LPLp AL hPpXR SWkRu ThLs

YeL RkR SWUm. tTLp ApX tTLp SWjp
LPp hPm \YL Cdm. AkSWjpRu,
TWTWlpXUp NUuLs JqYu\m LY]ULl
Toj YWhs[ YWeL[k \lTL YeL
m. Utm UYL GpX LPLm Gu]u]
V Ts Pdm GuTR Rk Ls[ m.
ThLu A[Y \jR ApX Utd
LjR tT]V[o LoYW HUt\ CVX.
hPm ALUL Cdm LX SWeLm, UX
SWeLm LPdf NpYR RojRp SpX.
LnLLs, TZeLs, W YLLs RVYt\
LXp YeL Yim.
380

4. GlT YeY
C ThL[ TQm LjR ApX RYQ
\X YeYR dm.
1.

TQm Lj GlTm ThL[ YeL

Yim. ARu CXTLWU]Rm. AlTR
UjR TQjRm Lj YeYRp RWU]
ThL[ TX] Nn UYL YeLXm.

2.

B]p AL Xs[ LoYo ThL[]

RXdLhl Th, oTR] Th, U AWdm
CVkWm, d, uNW Al, Lo Tu\ ThL[
UjR TQm Lj, YeL VR \kR
YU]m Es[YoLs CYt\ RYQ \p
YeLXm. CR]p AL Xs[ ThL[
LoYRt C YYdu\. B]p RYQ
\p ThLu XPu ARtV Yhm
381

Nok LQdPlTYRp ANp XV P

RX] RL LhmTV] X Cdm. Rp
ThLu Xp up J Te TQjR
Nj h, fN RLV GV RYQLp 3,
6 ApX 10 UReLp l NjRXm. Lm
AYVm Gu\XV RYQ \p YeYR
RojRp Yim. CR]p A]YVUL LPu
TYRm, TQm WVUYRm RodLXm.

5. GkR A[p YeY

C ThLu Yem A[Yd dm.

u\oLs. CkRm LoYoLs RVlT[oL[

TXY ApX tT]V[oL[l TXY
ThL[l TtV AjR] RLYpL[m AkdL
CVX. BLY AYoLs ReLs RYL[ Rk
ARtLt\ YLp ThL[ Ye LoYRtV
\UV Y[ojd LsRp Yim. AlT Ru
LoYo NkRp ThLs YemT VTLs
RmU HUt\Up TLjd Ls[ m.
Cq`Vjp LoYo Lp kR Qlu\.
CdLp LoYo TLlt dVjYm Ldu\.
Sm JqY Ym LoYWL ClT]p SUd
LoYo Lpl Tt Akd LsYRt EU Es[.
H]u\p LoYo Lpu Xm JqYYm ReLs
YrSs Ym \kR LoYWL Cdm RuUV
Tu\oLs.

1.

Gp LPdV Tp, hP, UNm, LnL TZeLs

Tu\ ThL[ RYV] A[p ]kRm
Yel TVuTjRXm. jRm V LnL Utm
TZeLs, Y kRRm, Njs[RLm Cdm.

2.

oTR] Th, _]R oTh YjlTYoLs

CWi ApX u ShLd RYV] LnL,
Utm TZeL[ Ye Nj Yjd Ls[Xm.
Cp hPL[ 1 YWjtUp LPUp Yjd
Ls[Xm.

LoYo Lpu TVuLs

1.

CdLp]p
JqY
LoYdm,
ThL[m, \ NYL[m \UV]
\p Ye Lm \U Y[ou\.

EXokR ThLs Y ShLs LPUdm.

BLY A, , [Ln Utm Tl YLL[
X UYL Pdm jW, YL UReLp
UjR VTW AeLLp, RYdLtT AL
A[p Ye 6 UReLs ApX 1 YPjt Nj
Yjd Ls[Xm. CR]p EQtLL NXYdm
UjR RLp Tj NRR TQjR
fNlTjRXm.

2.

dVU] RYL[ lTeLk

YTjd Lhu\ \UV LoYdj
Ru\.

3.

LoYo SuUdLL HtTjRlThP TLlf NhPe

Ls, RW oQVeLs j YWeL[ Adu\.

4.

JqY LoYWm TLlT], SmTjRkR

RWU] ThL[ VV Xp Lhl T\
RVoTj\.

5.

UdLPV AYo Rm EU Utm LPUL[d

lQofV HtTju\.

3.

5.9.4. LoYod YLhRp

JqY LoYm R]dd PjR RLYpL[
Li ReLd YiV ThL[ RokRd
382

383

LoYu R EULs
TLl EU LoYo JqYYdm ReLs
BWdVjt F [du\ ThLP
km, EWl Tdu\ ThLPkm
TLjd Ls[ EU Ei.
2. LoYo JqYYdm ReLs Yem
ThL[l TtV YWeL[j Rk Ls[
EU Ei.
3. LoYo JqYYdm ReLs RYdLtTm,
lTjtLtTm ThL[l TXRWeLp,
\eLp, YYeLp, A[p, \kR Xp
Yed Lsm EU Ei.
4. LoYo
JqYYu
U]d\Lm
tT]V[Wp LhLlTP Yim.
5. YeV ThLs EP] TlThPX, RY\]l
ThLs RWlThPX ARt SxP D T\
JqY LoYdm EU Ei.
6. LoYo JqYYdm jRU] TLlT]
tl\jp Ym EU Ei.
LoYu LPULs
1. hPh, ReLs RYdLt\T ThL[ YeL
Yim.
2. JqYYm ReLs RYL[l oj NnV
RYV]l ThL[f RkWUL Ye NVp
TPYim.
3. [mTWeL]p iPlThm, Ut\Yo NpYRt
LLY YeLd P. ReL[ oU]m NnRp
Yim.
4. ThL[ YeYRtu AlThL[l TtV
GpX YWeL[m Ak Ls[ VtLs
UtLs[ Yim.

5.

X EVokRl ThL[ Yem u]o, Th

Ld EjWYRm LdLlThs[R Gu Rk
YeL Yim.

6.

AYNWlTh GR]m YeRp P.

7.

dVU] ThLdl TgNm HtTmT ReLs

RYd Up Ye, VTLs ThL[l Td
YlTRt U\LUL FddLd P.

8.

RYpXR hd lTL[ ALtm T Ru

YlPju tl\jR AjRm NnVUp jRUL
YjjRp LoYo JqYYu LPUVm.

1.

384

5.9.5. LoYo TLl

Y[ok Ym gO] EXp UjR EtTju
XUL h ETVL LLs, BPLs, SLLs,
[Vhl ThLs, AZ NR]eLs, TdYlTjRl
ThP EQLs Tu\ TpY ThLs ]kRm
AeLp tT]d Yu\]. CR]p LoYo,
GkRl T[ YeY, GkRkR YLp ThL[l
TVuTj TV]PY GuT Tu\ TX YWeL[
oUdL VUp Zmu\oLs. LlTjV
[mTWeLs, LiQ LYm YiQl ThLp Th
L[d LhRp, Utm UdLs NR] RPoLs CYtu
Xm RVlT[oLs ReLs ThL[ LoYPjp
RsYR CdZlTeLdLpXm LWQeL[m.
GpXj RVlT[oLm, tT]V[oLm SoU
B]YoLs Gu NpX CVX. ALUL CXTm
NmTdL Yim Gu\ TWN GiQm LiPf X
RVlT[oLs LXlTPl ThL[m RWUt\
ThL[m AeLLp t LoYoL[
HUtu\oLs. Jh UjRUL YRu\p RtNUVm
CkVp Cdu\ LoYoLs TWNl jR
SoUVt\ VTLu p T[RW p
385

HUt\lThd Lid\oLs. BLY LoYo

A]Ydm AYoRm EUL[l Tt Lpl Lh,
HUtu\ VTLs k AYoL[
lTm, AWNeLm Utm Ru]oY hPUlLu
Y]eLs ERd Li LoYWl TLlTm
Lm AjVYVUm.

TRlTjRlThP EQLs, RVeLs, Utm NV

ThLs, ClLs, T]eLs, AfhP RsLs RV
ThLu RWjR LhlTjR CkV RW Y]m
ER\. CkR NuRrL[p LoYd ThLs,
\kR Xm, jRULm, TLlTLm
Pdu\.

CkV AWNeLm LoYo SX]d LlTRtLL TX

NhPeL[ CVts[. AYtp dVU] X NhPeLs
uYU.

UkLs Utm AZ NR]eLs NhPm (1940)

1. EQ LXlTP LhlT NhPm (P.F.A)

C 1954 Bm Bi CkV AWNeLjRp
TWUu\jp \Yt\lThP. GpX ThLdm
\kR[ RWjR oQj _u 1995 Bm Bi
YPlThP. GkR EQl T[Y oQdLlThP
\kR[ RWm P CpXUkRp AkR EQl Ts
LXlTPU] Gu EQ LXlTP LhlThf NhPm
AjR.

AdUod NhPm (1937)

CkV AWNeLm YNVl ThLu RWjR
oQdL AdUod hP NkR Bn \Vp
BWmjR. AdUod jWV EQl ThL[],
GiQn jdLs, Sn, YiQn, hP, Tl
YLLs, RVeLs, NlTh GiQn, YoLs RV
ThLd oQjR. CR]p LoYo RWU]
EQl ThL[ RokRdL ER\.

RWd\Y] UkLs Utm AZ ThLk

LoYWl TLdL CkR NhPm BWmdLlThP.
ARY Uk Utm AZf NR]l ThLs
EtTjVPm Utm NkRLp RWd\Y]
ThLs tT]VLR YiQm CfNhPm TLd\.
UX AWNeLjRp AeLWm Tt\ \ Ru UkL[
tT] NnVY, NdLY Yim.

AjVYVU] ThLs NhPm (1955)

AjVYVU] EQl ThL[] LpSP,
EQ, L, Cm, G@, LRm, Tj Utm LmT
Ls, ThWV ThLs, UkLs, EQLs Utm
NQp , Tj Xl ThLs RVYtu EtTj,
TLl, VLm BVYt\ NYWf NnYRt UjV,
UX AWNeLm CkR NPPjp EUVjs[.

GPLs Utm A[Lu RWjRd LhlTjm

NhPm (1976)
CkR NhPU] rLiPYL[ Es[PdV.

I.Gv.I. (1947)

1.

CkV RW Y]U] TXRWlThP EQu RWjRd

oQj ARtL] NuRZ ISI jW Xm
VTLdd Ld\. EQl ThL[] LnL,
TZm Utm UN EQ ThLs, UNXl ThLs,

GP Utm A[Lp NoYRN A[ \V

NVpTjs[.

2.

A[htl TVuTjRlTm GP Utm

A[L[ YWVjRp.

386

387

3.

EtTj NnYRt uT ETLWQju UV

Lij AeLWm T\ Yim.

4.

jWpXUp ApX NTodLUp Cdm

A[Ls GkXm NV]RpX.

\Yt\m TWP, LoYo Gjd Lsm J

h VtV LoYo CVdLUm. AeLLs SpX
\p CVeL Yim GuTR LoYo CVdLju
CXhVUm.

LoYo TLl NhPm (COPRA - 1986)

LoYo CVdLju dLsLs

LoYo u]t\jt AdLpXL ClT CkR

NhPUm. EtTjV] Tp HRY SxPm HtThPp
LoYo SxP D Ttd Ls[ AYoLd EU
Ei.

1.

AeLLp ThL[ Yem LoYdm

Ts tT]V[dPV LU] Sp\Y
Y[olT.

2.

SoUVt\ VTW \Lk LoYWd

LlTtY.

3.

LoYu RlThP EUL[l TLlT.

4.

LoYu WfN]L[ AWNeLju LY]jt

Li NpY.

5.

AWNeLj] AdL A LoYo TLlf

NhPeL[ CVtYRt YYlT.

6.

SoUVt\ VTW \L[ Gojl TWP

LoYW Ju\L CQlT.

7.

GkRkR YLp LoYo VTL[p HUt\l

T\oLs Gu\ RLYpL[j Rj LoYPj
J lQofV HtTjY.

8.

LoYo Lpp, TpY LrfLs XUL GkRkR

\Lp VTLs UdL[ HUtu\oLs Gu\
RLYpL[d LoYW GfNdL NnY.

5.9.6. LoYo CVdLm

Cu\V NRV AUlp LoYo AWNoL[Lm
AWL[Lm YodLlTu\oLs. B]p SP\p
TojRp LoYu X Lm YjRlTPjRdL
Xs[. TX YLm AYoLs VTL[p
HUt\lTh Yu\oLs. EQp LXlTPm, Ukl
ThLp LXlTPm, T Uk, RWm \kR EQ,
RY\] YLf u]jRl TVuTjRp ThLu
GPd \, TnV], LlTjV [mTW \Ls,
Ls[ VTW \Ls BVYt\ uTt VTLs
LoYoL[ HUt Yu\]o. CYt\VpXm
Akm Jum NnV CVXRYoL[n LoYo Es[]o.
VTLu ALl TWNm, HUt jRLm
LoYPj
HUt\jR
HtTjs[].
VTL]p HtThP HUt\m AR]p HtTm
Alm LoYo CVdLm RuYRt AlTP
LWQUm.

LoYo CVdLm Gu\p Gu]?

VVUt\ VTW \L[ Goj AeLLp
ReLs EUL[ X ShPm, lTeL[
388

LoYo CVdLm LPkR X YPeLd u

LslTPR Ju\k RtT CqVdLm
389

BWmdLlThkRm CRu Y[of L UYLY

Cdu\.

Y]eLs j RLYp Rj AYoLd

lQofV Ei Tiu\].

LoYo CVdLju UkRU] Y[ofd LWQeLs

CkV LoYo YLhm NeLm (Consumer Guidance

1.

LoYPjp TY] lQof CuU

2.

YU

3.

TlTuU

4.

AVU

5.

lQofVj iPd V A[p TU]

LoYo LpuU

6.

UdLs RLl TdLm

7.

VVUt\ VTW \L[ GolTp LoYu

UjR]U] U]lTd,

LoYo NeLju Te
Ru]oY LoYo CVdLeLu NY Sht
Lm RYV] Ju. CkY]eLs
1.

LoYd lQofV HtTjYp Tm

Te Ydu\]

2.

LoYo Lp Xm lQofV HtTju\].

3.

\kR \p ThL[ Yem AWL[

Yju\].

4.

ThLu TLld j YWeLs Rd

u\].

5.

RXdLh, Y], LiLh CYLu XUL

LoYo TLltLL HtTjRlThs[ NhPeLs,
390

Society of India) (CGSI)

CkVdu\ LoYo CVdLeLp

u]du\ NeLeLp Cm Ju\m. C
J Ru]oY, VXTUt\, AWVp NoTt\ AUlTL
1966Bm Bi JuT CpXjRXLs Utm X NL
FVoL[p
BWmdLlThP.
CfNeLm
BWmdLlThPu SdLm CkVdu\ A]j
LoYoL[m ClTXmTkV CVdLjp
JeQlTRVm.
Cu u]du\ CfNeLju AeLj]oLs
TpY UjV, UX AUlLp ReLs WL[
Vjs[]o. CfNeLm LoYdl TXYLm
Ri Nn Yu\. AY uYU.
1.

LoYo Ldm t\fNhL[j oj Yj

BY] NnYp BoYm Lhu\.

2.

CfNeLju U j Gu\ TjLu Xm

LoYu SX Yrtj RYV] TVs[ TX
RLYpL[ Yh LoYPjp l
QofV HtTju\.

LoYo Uu\m
LoYo TLlf NhPU] (1986) LoYoLu
EULd \kR TLl Ad\. tT]V[d
m, LoYdPp RLW HtTu LoYo
\ol Uu\m Utm BQVju Xm \T
Ld o Ttd Ls[Xm.
391

LoYo \ol Uu\m Utm BQVjR

Am u EtTjV[o ApX tT]V[Pm
\L[ RVlTj ARtV YWQjR LhT
Lm \kR.

A. Lo NnTYu TVo Utm LY

\L[ Yoj NnYRt j \Vp

AeLdLlThP Uu\eLs u YLLp Es[].
AYL[Y].

D.

1.

UYhP LoYo \j ol Uu\jp Tn 5

XhNm YWs[ SxP D UdLd o LQl
Tu\.

2.

UX LoYo \olTVjp . 20 XhNm YW

SxP D Lm UdLs o LQlTu\.

3.

RV LoYo \olTVjp . 20 XhNjt

UX] SxP D UdLs o LQlTu\.

UYhP LoYo TLl Uu\m, UX AWNp

JqY UYhPjm AUdLlThs[. UYhP
Uu\m u SToL[d Lis[. AYoLp JYo
UYhP TVYRtV RPVYWLm, Ut\Yo
NL RiPtm TiUVLm CdL Yim.
JqY STm 65 YVdhThPYWL CdL Yim.
AYoLu TRLXm Ik BiL[m.
UdL[j RdLp NnYRt uTL rLiP
lL[ LY]jp LsY L AYVUm.
1.
2.

UY NRWQ LRjp GRXm. j\ ApX

YYVj \ jWL[ JhPj RYpX.
\h Up rLiP lLs LQlTP
Yim.
392

B. WYu TVo Utm LY

C. Lu YWeLs
Lo NnTYo Lm SxP D

UYhP Uu\m Utm UX BQVm YZem

olLs lLWUL CpXVu\p SxP D Lm
Ul \YL CkRm UX Utm RV
BQVeLp \ NnVXm.

Nn\
1.

YRmJqY m mTjp LQlTm

WfN]V LiPk ARtj RYV] oY
LiPV NnRp.

2.

Uh NQ Y]p HtTjRlThs[ AlTl

ToYPp.

3.

TpYThP YXV GRdm ETLWQeL[

LPdf Nu ToYPp

4.

YXV GRdm ETLWQeL[ Tt NkRp

LiPRp

5.

YXV GRdm ETLWQeLs YX Nnm

RjR Nn LhPp

6.

TpY YYn Es[YoLd YW NXj hPm

AUjRp

7.

TV]t\ ThLk TpY ThLs RVo

NnV LtdLsRp
393

8.

EQ LXlTPjR LiPRp

3.

LhlTjRp

Y GTs

9.

TpTs AeL Nu ToYPp

4.

SVm

NTojRp

5.

\U

YXV GRdRp

6.

Ye R

LoRp

7.

GPF

TodLo

8.

Ahu

Ru]oY Nl

9.

dVU] Ts

LhPV Nl

10. LoYo Uu\jt Nu ToYPp Um

LoYo Uu\m TX YlT\p Sjd LhPp.
LsLs
I. LhP CPjR WlL

1.

dVU] Y[eLs __________ _________ Bm.

2.

L[lu C YLLs _________ ________ Bm.

3.

EQ ThLs Utm EZl ________ YYn

Bm.

4.

10. COPRA

UR Y[m

III. NV? RY\?

1.

TQjR TVuTjR TVuTm hPjt _______

Gu TVo.

Y[eLs TVuTjYR Li YrdL RWjR

LiPVXm.

2.

5.

EQ LXlTP Rlf NhPm _________ Bi

BWmdLlThP.

RXVV oU]m GlTRt Ut\ oU]m GdLj

RYpX.

3.

6.

ISI ________ Bp AdLlT\.

RNV \UVLl TVuTj YXV XTUL

dLXm.

7.

NQ GYp Es[ GThLs _________ Utm

__________ Bm.

4.

U\L YYn UdLd lVd\.

5.

8.

YNV ThLd AdLlTm _______

YYn ALjRp EQt NXm NXm

ALdm.

9.

ThWp GY _________ \ Lt\ P AL

APoj YnkR.

6.

NQ GY J CVtLV] GTs.

7.

10. HeLu LoRp uT YYn ALU]p

NXu A[ ________

dVU] ThLs YeYRt Rj\U

RYlT\.

8.

II. TjL

Gk YlT NdVd Ldm Td

GTs Gu TVo.

9.

ThWp J WY GTs.

1.

HeLp

YL]m

2.

UiPp

1986
394

10. YdLp Thp

TVuTjRlT\.
395

NUjR

EQ

IV. V PV (2 UlTiLs)

23. NkRL[ YLlTjL.

1.

mTm Gu\p Gu]?

24. LoYu LPULs Su .

2.

oYL \Ls VY?

25. PFA Gu\p Gu]?

3.

hPRu Su RuULs VY?

26. LoYo CVdLm l GL.

4.

oYLjp NdhPp ApX FdjRp Gu\p

Gu]?

V. Y] PV (5 UlTiLs)

5.

oYLjp UlRp Gu\p Gu]?

6.

UlRu dVjYjR Y.

7.

SVjR YLlTj.

8.

RWjR YLlTj

9.

dVU] oU]m Gu\p Gu]?

10. Y[eLs Gu\p Gu]? YLlTjL

11.

L[l EiPYRtL] Su LWQeL[ G.

12. YX NnYRt RYlTm TpY \uLs

VY?
13. YX XTUdY Gu\p Gu]?
14. YYV YLlTjL.
15. HeLu LoRp l YWL.

1.

U] oYLm GuTRu LjR Y.

2.

oYLjp hPRu dVjYjR Y.

3.

TodLo SVeL[ GqY YLlTjs[o?

4.

oUjRu YLL[ Y.

5.

SWjRl TVuTjYR Tdm LWLs VY?

6.

mT YYV ALlTjm Y\Ls VY?

7.

HRm Su YLV] AlL[l Tt GL.

8.

ETLWQeL[ RokRdm T U]p Ls[

YiV lLs VY?

9.

LoYu EULs VY?

10. LoYo CVdLju dLsLs VY?

11.

LoYo CVdLju UkRU] Y[ofd

LWQeLs VY?

16. LQd TVu CWi YLLs VY?

12. CkV LoYo YLhm NeLm Tt GL.

17.

VI. Y] PV (10 UlTiLs)

Nlu YLL[ GL.

18. Nlu dVjYjR Tt GL.

19. NlT Tdm LWL[ GL.
20. SpX GTu RWjR GL.
21. GTu YLL[ GL.
22. YXV GRdm LLu TVuLs VY?
396

1.

Cu\V YrdLp oYLju dVjYjRl

Tt Y.

2.

oYL NVp \L[ Y?

3.

SVeLs, dLsLs Utm RWju dVj

YjRl Tt GL.
397

4.

oU]ju \L[ ERWQjPu Y.

5.

SWjR oYlTp oYL NVp\L[ GqY

TVuTjYn?

6.

UuPu Ut\m Tt Y.

7.

YW NX hPju dVjYjR Y.

8.

NXY Tdm LWL[ GL.

9.

YW NX hPm hm T NVpTjm
\Ls VY?

10. SjRW YU]m LiP LQYu, U] CWi

Ts Npm ZkRLs Es[ mTju YW
NX hPjR AUj [dL.
11.

Yem \U Gu\p Gu]?

12. LoYo TLl NhPm Tt GL.

398

6. Ls Utm APLu
@lTPLs
6.1. BPL[j RokRjRp

tLXjp ASL UdLs RY HtTm Tm,

HRY ` LXjtm ApX TZV BPLs
ETVdL VR A[t Cdm Xm V
BPL[ YeYo. J NWN UR]p AY]
AlTPj RYL[ AL A[t YeL CVX.
Cu\V Xp YU]m ALjs[Rp UdLs
BPL[ ALUL Yeu\]o. BLVp BPLs
YeYRu SdLm Us[. SU RYdL ApX
lTj]X BPL[ Ye\m. BPL[
YeYRu SdLm Sd Ss, TVuTjYu
GiQm BVYtt HtT UT\. BPL[
YeYRu SdLm rdLiP lTeL[ Tjs[.

SYSLLUL CjRp
Cu\V SLLjt HtT EP AYRtLL
ETVdLdV SpX BPL[ Sm LLs
Bd\m. CRV LoYo \dLl (Consumer
obsolescence) Gu Yo.

LYofVL CjRp
SU BPLs SmU Lf \lTL LhYRtm
SU CVpT] QeL[d LhYRLm CdL Yim.

Ut\Yo U]p Rf\lTL TRp

SU lTm Utm YU] XV BPLs
XUL YlTjR \. XUls[ lhP
399

X ThLs SU AkRvjR YlTjm u]UL

[e\.

SiToLs Utm EPu EZlTWp HtdLs[l

TRp

RPoTjd Lsu\]o. YZdLUL J SLL

Tu AUl \V Ro NnY ApX
WLlTRu LWQm Gu]Yp, \ju LYofV,
LYofVt\ RuUV ApX ReL[ \jt
TkRRR Bm.

SiToLs p Es[o Ut\YPk UTP

mTUp JW GiQm LilTo. JjR YV]W
LiP k YTP mTUp, ]u
Pu ReLs lTeLs, Utm GiQeLPu Ju
Yo. ReLs mm BPL[ YeYRt
BXN] Utm X YdLhRpL[ ReLs u
Xm Tu\]o.

CZ AUl ApX CZSVm

U] GfL[ oj NnRp

SLLl Te] Ydm XlThLs L,

EYW Zp YYm, Utm YXlTLs.
BPL[d LYofVL ReLYm BPu
Rt\jRl Td\. LoYu SLL U]XVl
TjR RtTRV SLLm Ul NnVlT\.

jRPLs, J URu U]X \lTL NVpTP

ER\ Gu\m, C Tu\ GiQm, AL A[p
BPL[ YeL iLp B\. (LY]UL
kdLUp YeY).

LYofV] YY AUl \u XlThLs

(Elements of fashion appeal)

LYofV] YY AUl \u XlThLs

GuT] AlTPp EYW uUu
XlThL[ JjRYV Bm. B]p LYofV]
YY AUl \u XlThLs, BPV
EYdTYW P YeTYu GiQjR Nok
AU\.

\m
YZdLUL LoYo, EP YLLs ApX Ql
ThLp ReLs Es EQoY YlTjm Rp
Tid \Um. UdLs SWVL \jR ReL[
400

J BP ApX QlTs NnVlThP

u UtTWlT CZ SVm G]lT\. CZ
AUlp Xu EQo NokR LYof ks[UVp,
LoYPV lTjRf Noks[.

SLL Te

SP\p LY]jp Ls[YiVY

X
NWN LoYo L dVU]RL SP\p
LY]jp Ls[ YiV XV Bm. LoYo
BP ApX QlTu SLL TidLu
UjR UlT pX\ tT]Pu RPolTj
X] Ul NnYo.

TjRm
LoYo BPVj Ro Nnm EPVk
TolT Lm dVm. H]p A[ Tk CdL
Yim GuTRt EjWYRm CpX. JqY BP
Y]m LoYW, JjR UL[d Li RVjR
BPL[ AVf Nn TolTo. Gm, JqY
401

EY AUltm TpY A[Lp Ak Todm

LoYod AYoLs mV SLLjPu AYoLs
EYjt Ht\RL AUks[R GuTR Ul NnV
ER\.

TjRU]RdRp
J SLL BPV], LoYu YrdLl Te
Utm lhP X LrfLu RYdm
TjRU]RLm, Htd Ls[d VRLm AUV
YiV L AYVm Bm. ERWQUL, TV
SLWeLp YrTYoLs, WUeLp YrYWP TLhPL
BP EjR Yis[. ALU] A[p BPL[
Yem LoYo, EP ReLd TjRU]R]
GuTR Ljp Ls[Up, AYoL[ AXU Ls[R
A[t BPL[ Ye Yo.

RW APV[m
C RVlT[oLu RVld T[
APV[m LiPYRtL] Bm. AL [mTWeLu
[YL X LoYo lhP RW APV[m LiP
RVlL[V YeYo.
EZdm \u Utm TWUl
BP ApX QThLu jR EZl
Utm AYt\ TWUlTp Es[ GU, WUm
BVYt\ BPV Ro Nnm T LY]jp
Ls[ Yim. ASL LoYoLs GV TWUl,
NXY Nn Ejm L[V mu\]o.
Gu\m AUV] YXlTLs \kR
YLL[ mm X LoYo AkR BPLu
EXoNXY Utm TWUlt NX NnV RVeYpX.
ZkRLu EPLs Utm YXdf NpYu
YLLs GRL TWUdLd VRLm, AL ShLs
EZdLd V \lm Tt CdL Yim.
402

AW \Lp, BP RVdLlTm, p
CZu Es[PdLm Utm TWUltL] AWLm,
RtT RYlT\.

BPp YXlT\u
BPp YXlT\u GuT RWU]
YYUjRp, RjRp Utm \ NnRX Bm.
YXVhLu j RLu Ht\jRp oQdLl
ThP RWU] rf APks[. WoxPYNUL
ASLU] LoYo YXlT \] Ul NnYp
kR AdL\ NjYpX. C[m YdLV[o
RWjt R[ LY]m NjYo. J BP k
ETVLlTjR VR X HtTm uT AkR
BPV Gk Yo. hPTYo, NULXjRYo ApX
TY YV EPV YdLV[o G] Ut\ TdLm
SdLp, TYL BPLd NXPlTYR
RPLY GiYo. Um j EZdLd V
RWeLs, AL YXlT \u EPVRL CdU
V]p, ARt AL RLV NXPm RVeL
UhPoLs.

LoYu RYLs
LoYu YrdL Td, HtT LoYu
RYLs Utm Ut\eL[l Tj RVlT[oLs
Utm pX\ tT]V[oLs TpY A[Lm
XLm Utm TXYL RWeLp, T Utm
YLV RVdu\]o.

A[ YN
YqY EY YLLu RYd HtT JqY
A[m BP RVdLlT\.
C[YV YdLV[o A[Ls 3 Rp 15,
LiPYoLs, C[m YT YV EYj]W P
403

\Y] Y[of APkR EYm Utm hPV]

[m LiP u\ CP, Cll T LilTo.
Y[of APkR EYj]o, 6 Rp 16 A[L[
LilTo. C[m TYj]o, 2 TL[ LiP
BPLp X UX NhPLs Utm L]U] LmTf
NhPLs 30 Rp 36 A[Lm ApX V, SjRWm
Utm TV Gu\ A[Lm Es[. 30 Rp 36
A[Ls GuT] AeXeLs. B]p AkR EPp A[Ls
YPeLs NpX NpX ALdu\.
V A[Ls YoLs Utm C[m TYj]o
AYRt HtT Pd\. YoLm V A[
GuT s[U] V EYj]dm, C[m
TYj]d WjVLUL AYoL[ EYjt HtT
V A[Lp Pd\
TV ApX TiLd [Vh EPLd
ETVdLlTm, A[L[] 36 Rp 52 YW Up
EPLdm (_dLhLs Utm NhPLs), 30 Rp 40
YW r EPLdm (TihLs Utm TYPLs)
AW A[Ls (12 Rp 24) TV A[ EPLd
TVuTu\].
CY YZdLU] TV A[L[ P hPV]
u\ Cl [m, Nt\ TV ClT[Ym
Lidm. (TPm 1).

BPYu hLs 36 Rp 44 A[Lp, AYoLs

UoT[L[ Tj Pdm. A[ GiL[ Nok
[m AUm. R GuT YZdLU], S GuT
hPV], L GuT [U].
C[m BPYW A[Ls, V C[m TY TiLu
A[Ld NUU]RL Cdm. YZdLU] BPYo
A[] P Up NhP Cll Tp LX]
A[Ym r EPp Cll Tp Nt Rp
A[Ym Lidm.
\oLdL] EPLu A[ AYoL[ YV
] Tj AU\. ZkRL[ EP A[Ls
Es[ YVRl URdLQdp Es[ YVRl Tj
Cdm. YZdLUL 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 B]m ZkRd,
ZkR Y[of Rm UTYRp, ASL RVlT[oLs
GPV Tj A[] AUj hp
lu\]o.
SPTm, SPdm ZkRLdL] EPLs 1 Rp
3 A[Lp Es[]. ZkRLu A[Ls 3 Rp 6
YW Es[]. CkXp Bi Utm Ti ZkRLu
A[Ls UTm. Ti ZkRLs EPLs 7 Rp 14
A[Lm, Y[m u C[m TYju EPLs 6
Rp 14 A[Lm, V TY YV TiLu
A[Ls 3 Rp 18 A[Lm Es[]. Bi
ZkRLu EPLs BPYo EPl Te] uTt
RVdLlTu\], Um 7 Rp 14 A[Lp Es[].

X YN

TPm 1 : TiLu A[ YN
404

J BP ARu Xd HtT UlT Tt CdL

Yim. YdLV[u TpY GoTolLd HtT
TX X RLp BPLs, Pdu\]. AL
XUldL BPLs RWm kSLLm, ,
405

TjRm, \ Tt YYUdLl Tt CdU

YdLV[oLs GoTolToLs.
YXlT dL BPLs kR XPu
tLlTYRp AqYPL[ Yem UdLs
\k Y\. BLY, ALU] YXlThPu
V BP YYUlT[oLs, Ld \kR X
UlPV LL[d Li BP RVdu\]o.
JqY BP RVlT[m J lhP X
Rp BP RVlTp \k [eYo.
YYUlT[o Utm tT]V[oLs, u X
Utm EYdm YWm TtV LjR U]p Li
BPVj RVdL Yim. BPj RVdL Bm
NX J lhP Xj Rp TkRd VRL
AUV Yim.

SLL Teu RLs

TiLu EPLs Utm TiLu [Vh
EPLs RtNUVm TpY SLL Te Rm,
A[Lu Rlm Es[]. CYtp, X Np
RLs im CPm TYRu LWQm Gu]Yp
SLL Teu RlLs, YV NokR k
YkRY. ASL ULo Cu YW\L[ , AYoL[
YV] P EYjtm, BUdm TjRUL
BP Au\]o.

BPLu Ls
Cu Sm LiPL Lm TpY BPLs Tu
u LXjp CkR CpX. TpY RU] BPLs
SU TZdLeLs Utm Teu Ut\eL[p HtThPYV.
TpY LrfLdm, A]j YrdL Xdm,
HtT SUd RtT BPLs Es[]. pX\VL
tT] SPdm LPLp, TpY YLV]
BPLd G] RlLs Es[].
406

ULo EPLs
ULo BPLs TpY L[ EPVY.
EsPj R BPLs, UXSW BPLs, hLs,
Yp NpX Edm BPLs Utm [Vh
BPLs. UQlTitL] BPLs Utm LolTLX
BPLs Tu\ \l YLV] BPLm Es[].
CYtPu, Cum ALlTV] QlThL[L,
td Ls[d V BPLs, RXV dLs[d
VY, LlTLs Utm LXLs BV] TY]
BPL[L AUks[.

BPYo EPLs
ULd Es[ EPYLLs Tu BPYoLdm
Cu ALYLV] BPLs Pdu\]. BPYd
G] RjR BPLs hLs, Up LhLs,
[Vh Lh hW[NoLs, TLp Utm UX EP,
NhPLs, LmT EPLs, Up NhPLs, Ndv,
EsPLs, td Lsm EPLs (Wlv) (Robes)
T_Uv (Pajamas)
CqY\L, SLLU]Y GY, RtNX EtTj
NnTY GY GuTR oUlTYoLs LoYo GuT
dVUL lPjRdL. SLL BP RVl
Y]eLs AL NdYnkR LoYo dLu
RYL[ oj Nn\. H]p, AYoL[ Lm
AL YU]m TPjRYoLs G] BP RVl
Y]eLs oU]m Nns[.
CYW BP Ro NnRp Tt Ak LiPm.
C BWmT Xs[d, YYUjRp Es[
AlTPLu RYLs Tt LiTm.
6.2. AlTP RVp L

ASLUL, BP RVlt RYlTm LLs

TV Pm, NRWQ Pm A]j
407

CpXeLm Cdm. H]p CdLLs TiLd

Lm RYV]Y Bm. Lm \kR LLs
BPLs RVlp AL RWm YnkR BPV p
PdLf Nn\. BWmT Xs[oLd, r Ym
ThVp Es[ ThLs TU]YV.

LLs
Yhm LjRdLp (Shears)
8 Rp 10 AeXeLs [m Es[ Yhm
LjRdLp Y[kR Pu ClT \kR. Y[kR
V] U_ j YdLlThP V
YLULm, GRLm YhP ER\. Yhm
LjRV WL YjdL Yim. YhY
RW Yhm LjRV Y GRtm TVuTjRd
P.

LjRdLp (Scissors)
6 AeXeLs [m Li W] TL[ LiP
LjRdLp mTjRdL. LV[ RVWL GlTU
Yj CdLm, H]p, LjRdLp YhYRtm,
[Tj lTRtm, JeLLm, Utm \ Yhm
YXLdm RYlTm.

jWlu]p YXlTLdL] LjRdLp

(Embroidery Scissors)

CkR YL LjRdLp AL A[p RYlTm

L ApX. Gu\m RVp CQlT ALt\m,
pL[ YhPm, V LjRjRdm, L iV
ApX AUV] YXlTP YhPm ERm.
JeV tTtL[ (Pinking Shears) EPV
LjRdLp) EeLs ETVLjt YNV] A[p
tTtLs LiP LjRdLp Ju\ YeLm. ARu
408

Y[kR Yhm LjdLp

JeV
tTtLs EPV
LjdLs

l YW Tu\
KWYLjRdLp
jWlu]p
YXlTdL]
LjdLp

TiLu
EsPj
dL]
LjdLp

RVp
LjdLp

XNL Wdm
LjdLp

RVp YpSu
o] EPV
LjdLp

TPm 2 : LjdLp

GP L]pX Toj YeLm. CQl KWeL[

ApX AXeLWU] KWeLd UhU CdLjRV
ETVdLm. (TPm 2).

iLs (Pins)
\kR vp iL[ YeLm. AhP
PlTdLp Ye]p AY L \Y] X
LiPY. AYt\ ETVdL GRL Cdm.
ThLp Ck iL[ GlT, iL[
UjR Tu\ AUlp j Yj GlTR P
G. BLY RVp CVkWm TdLYhp, U_ Utm
Cv Tm U_ AL J i PlTY
Yjd Ls[m.

YWLp (Ruler)
TpY \kR YWLpLs ASL LPLp
Pdu\]. EeLs YWLp EXLjRp NnVlTh
CdL Yim. YZLs Li ClT mp
NnV ERm. TjRu [ CYRt, A[
409

TodL YWLp [UL CkRp YNV]. YWLX

RVp CVkWm AL YjkRp A[lTRtm,
Rdm T NTojd Ls[m YNVL Cdm.

NXYl Th Tm U_ (Ironing board)

RlTYd NXYl Th Utm NXYl Th
Tm U_ Lm AYVU]. J \kR BP
RVlTYo NXYlTh Tm U_p AL A[
RVp Nn\o. RdL BWmdm u NXYl Th
Tm U_ RVo NnVlThs[R G] E Nn
Ls[m. CkR dLU], GV \L[ Lt\ u
Rdm u AjRUL RndLm GuT GqY[
dVm GuTR EQWXm.

GdmT [Up Cdm. C KWeLp Ckm

GiLs dLlTh CdL Yim GuTR E Nn
Ls[ Yim. GidLp APeLR RVp
YXLd AkR SPY ETVdLXm.

A[Lp (Yard Stick)

LL[m, Nnj RVpL[m NTodL,
A[LX TVuTjRXm. J EYWV
UtVUdL tTP ]dm T, CkR A[Lp
Lm AYVm Bm. (TPm 3)
A[dm SP

Wp NXY NnRp (Steam Iron)

EP] W ApX EXo NXY ELkR. Rdm
Rp Lis[ SToLd NXY Nnm Th L
dVU]. NXY Nn BPV TWUdL J NXY
Nnm Th CuVUVRRm. CkR Th
RlTYd SWjR fNlTjm.

RVpLWo P ETVdm APV[m

\dLh (Tailors Chalk)

A[Ls

TPm 3 : A[dm LLs

ULf NdLWm Utm LoTu LRm (Tracing wheel
& Carbon paper)

eLs LPp P Yem T U]p

NnVlThPRL CpXUp iQmTp NnVlThPRL
Toj YeLm. TX YiQeLp Pdm Gu\m
Ys[ \U \kR. RVpLWo Uj A[YlTRt
TXL ASLUL iQm YRV ALUL
LVsu\]o. H]p iQm Ls L
WYLm, LfRULm YXV T\ Nn\.

ULf NdLWm Lm AYVpX. A]j

Lm RVpLWu iQm GLp Li
NnVlTPXm. B]m TX NUVeLp ULf NdLWm
L YLUL NVpTm. BPjRVlTYu LoTu
LRm GuT RhPfd TVuTm X LoTu ApX.
RVp LWu LoTu LRm GuT ULf NdLWjp
TVuTjRlTY Bm. TX \eLp LPLp
Plm Ys[ Utm UgNs \ LoTu LReLs
ALm RYlTu\].

A[dm SP (Tape measure)

BP YYm (Dress form)

A[lTRt \kR SPY ETVdLm, A

[vd ApX [vdLp NlThlu, A[

BPV] Sm EY YYUlu, UTYUL

CkRXV, Sm EPd LfRUL Tk CdL.

410

411

Gm, LjlThP, Rs ThP Utm \

dLeLs RWU] YYjt NTodLlTPXm. J X
RU] BPYYeLs, Sm EPd TkRd V
RLm AUVXm. AY XN] GPLim, YXl
TLs NnV SP\p TVuTjR VRRLm
Es[].

RVp CVkWm (Sewing Machine)

Sm GqY[ Ru AZLL RdL kRYWL
CkRm, EP YRm LL[p RdL mT
UhPm. LL[p RlTRp AL SWm QdLl
T\. SpX RWm YnSR GiQt\ RVp CVkWeLs
Es[]. TX CQlLPu V NRWQ RVp
CVkWU Ye ETVlTRtm Ht\Rm.
RVp CVkWjR TVuTjRm, TWUdLm SUd
AW lLs, CVkWjR Yem T Pdm.
TZV RVp CVkWm EeLPm CdUV]p
RVlT[Pm \VL o Nn Li Je
TWUl \L[ \VL Ak Ls[m.
ClT, Sm AlTP RVp hTeL[ Ak
Li BP EYdRp Tt Rk LsYm.
6.3. AlTP LjRVpLs

CWi YLV] RVpLs Es[]. 1. Lj RVp

2. CVkWj RVp. CWi YLLm TpY hTeL[d
Lis[]. RVtLX LtTYo BWmT Xp LVp
RlTRt YiV hTeL[ Ak Ls[Xm. Lj
RVX Wk JeLL NnYRt Tt RY.
B]p AlTP Nn\Ls RYV] \uL[
Y[ojd Ls[ ERu\].
AlTP LjRVpLs, RtLL RVpLs Utm
WkRW RVpLs G] dLlThs[]. RtLL RVpLs
412

Um NUf W] Tve (Even basting), NUWt\ Tve

(Uneven basting), PVL]p Tve (Diagonal basting) Utm
vl Tve (Slip basting) G] dLlThs[].
Fp p Lodm u NnVlTP YiV
u]tTLs:
1.

30 AeXeLs [m LiP X Yhd Ls[m.

L [U] X TVuTj RdmT f
k RlTRt RPVL AUVXm.

2.

u J ]V Fu YWjp Nj
CdLm.

3.

Fp NjRlThP u ]V Ut\
]Pu Noj f TPm.
RtLL LjRVpLs

1. W] Tve (Even basting)

u \jt UThP J X ETVdLm.
Rdm u u\jp u f CdU
RdL Yim ApX TX EV] RVpLs
u mp RdLXm. Khj RVX 1/4 AeX
[jt JW A[p Yl\m, Utm Eh\jp
CdU RdLXm. u mp EVL,
SZRY X TLdL Yim. ULdL] Lf
EPu mT WUjPu RdmT NUVf W]
Tve RVp TVuTjRl T\. Lm dLX] Up
RVp LiP YXl TL[ Rdm T NUf
W] Tve RVX \lTjR QVL AU\.
(TPm 4).

TPm 4 : W] Tve
413

2. NUfWt\ Tve
UThP \m EPV p TVuTjRlT\. p
SZRY u u fPu CdLf NnVm
ApX TX V XV] RVpL[ Nn p
EPu SZUp CdmT NnVm. CWi
RVpLs, Ju 1/4 AeX [m, Ut\u 3/4 AeX
[m LidL, J ]p Ck Ut\ ]
YW RdLm. p mp SZRY Tojd
Ls[m. NUfWt\ RVp, PYp @Tpv Rdm
T TVuTjRlTh, XV] RVp RdLlThPPu
dLlT\. [ L Tu\ RVX RdL NUfWt\
TveL QVLd Ls[Xm (TPm 5) .

TPm 6 : PVL]p Tve

4. vl Tve

TPm 5 : NUfWt\Tve
3. PVL]p Tve
ds, Fu ], RlTYW SdmT
NjRm. NejR] RVp u NV]
TdLjp Rm. d Khj RVp C AdL[
Ju\dLm ApX Lu ]L[ RtLLUL
CQdLm ER\. Lu mp CjRVp
TVuTjRlTYpX. B]p EsYj Ls Utm
YPj Lm, TjRu YWeLm
TdLhLm TVuTjRlT\ (TPm 6).
414

CjRVp YX TdLmCk RdL BWmdLm.

J m], Ut\uu YdLm. Go
\PV X Gj RVp, mu Yp r
Cdm p NnVm. Cp F Up TWlp, Up
TLjp Es[ u YVL NjRlTYpX.
vl TveL EYYUdLlThP Lp YX
TdL mp Ck RdL TVuTjRXm (TPm 7).

TPm 7 : vl Tve
415

Tve RVX jRjRp

2. u\j RVp (Back stitch)

RYV \YtV u Tve RVp EP]VL

jRdLlT\. AqY jRdLl TPp
m \ TmTm, Ajm Tm d
Nnm. fL[ Yh Pm. u X
AeXeLd CPV TveL LjRj Pm.
u X Cj Gj Pm, Ttl em Cd
Tu\ LL[ Li X GdL tThPp,
Ld TlT HtTjRXm.

NV] TdLjp u\j RVp CVkWj RVXl

TX Rum. B]p CVkWj RVp Es[Tp
ApX U\jp Ju\u Ju\L RVp LQlTm.
1/8 AeX [m LiP Khj RVX Rj, im
FV Rp RVp kR CPjp ZdLm. u
u]d, r TdLUL Nj Ut\jt, LiYk
kRV RVX P J RVp [UL RdLm.
im AjR RVX RdLm. u\j RVX,
CVkW RVp ThP CPeLp TVuTjRXm. Um,
jWl u]p RVpLdm, Up APl A RVp
Lm BWmjRdm, jRdm TVuTjRl
T\ (TPm 9).

WkRW LjRVpLs
WkRW LjRVpLs, CVkW RVpLd TXL
NnVlTu\]. CY WkRWU]Ym, RYV
oj NnVd VYm Bm. WkRWj RVpLs,
Khj RVp (Running stitch), u\j RVp (Back stitch),
KYoLvh RVp (Overcast stitch) KYo aih RVp
(Over hand stitch) Utm le (Whipping) BVY Bm.

1. Khj RVp (Running Stitch)

CjRVp NRWQUL 1/8 AeXm ApX \kR
[m LiP. p FV NjR kR A[t
TX RVpLs J [ Fp NnVlTu\]. L
SojV] Khj RVpLs Es[PLs, NhPLs Utm
ZkRLu EPLu mp CVkWjRVpL[
TX NnVlTu\] (TPm 8).

TPm 8 : Khj RVp

416

TPm 9 : u\j RVp

3. KYo Lvh RVp (Over cast stitch)
CjRVp KWeLs TrTPUp LlTRtLL Ju
ApX C ]Lp RdLlT\. mu ]V
CP L TWp Utm WXp jd Li,
FV ]u u TdLjp Ck, 1/8
AeXeLs k NjR Yim. RVp JW W]
A[p CPY hm, BZUL k GlTRp
CUPe CPY h RdLm (TPm 10).

TPm 10 : KYo Lvh RVp

417

4. KYo aih RVp (Over hand stitch)

KYoLvh RVp Tu\R Bm. B]p u
]p 1/16 AeXm CPYp RdLlT\.
FV SmU Sd SWL NjRm. V, L
SojV] FV ETVj, A[p RVp
EYdLXm. KYo aih RVp, Xv Tu\Yttm
ApX RhPV] Lid XlTPR mp
CWi UlL[ LiP ]L[ CQdLm
TVuT\ (TPm 11).

TPm 11 : KYoaih RVp

5. le (Whipping)
J TjRU] Xd Li le
NnVlT\. Nn RVdL] mp Uj,
YX TdLjp Ck CPlTdLjt FVd Li
RdLm.
p Es[ Ju ApX C CZL[ Ul
KWUL Gj WL Nnj RVX NnVm. RVp,
u NV] TdLjp LiLd RVd P. le
RVp 1/4 AeX CPY RVd RVp CdL
Yim. (TPm 12).

TPm 12 : le RVp
418

6.4. jWl u]p YXlTLs Utm Up

APlT (Embroidery & Applique)

jWlu]p YXlT TZU YnkR

LjRpLs Ju\m. TiPV LXjp Ck,
ARY Lp NVm Ht\TPUp LVp SnR
LXjp Ck, LtT]V CQj AZTjR
SNY[oLs TpY \L[ uTt]o. jWl
u]p Gu\ Np UVjdhThP V] SLL
TeL d\.

RYV] ThLs
Ls
@lTu Rp RpTs YWX] GkR YL
Tm jWlu]p YXlThP NnVXm.
NVtL Utm CVtL Lu R, BWmT
Xp jWu]p NnTYd AfjRp
[d\. TX NVtL Ls, CVtL L[
P L UY] Xm j EZdm \m
Tt Es[]. B]p, TYL, NVtL CZLs,
jWlu]p YXTht LV[ Nt WUUL
ClTRp SUd TU] ATYm Tm YW CVtL
CZp NnVlThP Lp jWlu]p NnVXm.
pLs
TpY pL[d Li jWlu]p
YXlTL[ NnVXm. Th, Tj, SoU (]u),
LmT, NVtL Utm EXLeL[p TpY GPLs
Utm RlLm Es[]. JqYuu lPjRdL
RWjt Thu lp Ck LmTu
Y] UZ AUl YW TpY TXuL[
]lPu EYdm. JW YLV] Xd Li
J jW YXlu]p YXlThP EYdLXm,
ApX TXYLV] p Li EYdLlThP
YXlT SmU LYUm, FdLlTjRm UThP
419

RuUVm Cdm. CRu AlTP LsL

Gu]Yp m, m Jj EQoPu, U
VdLlTP Yim. J X Ll TY] jWlu]p
YXlThtL] pL[Y]:
1.

Wf jW YXdV dLlThP UpV LmT

p ApX LmT KVjW X.
2. Tj]p NnVlThP, Ys[ SVm dL
Es[ ALXlu]p YXlT.
3. YX NnV TjVp NnVlThP CZ
dLi.
4. jWl u]p YX NnV TVuTm
UuThZ. u ReLPlThP Tj.
5. UuUV] jWlu]p YXdL] Tj
ApX @l[v (Silk floss)
6. Thu UuUV] CZ
7. TjRu YWjt dLlThP Th CZ.
NRWQ RVp ApX Pde (tacking) NnV ERm,
X] J YYjR Y Jup Ut AUdL
TVuT\ (TPm 13).

FLs
F GuT Lf NRWQ L, B]p F
CpXp jWl u]p YXT GuT CVXR.
L SojV] vp FLs ETVdLlTu\].
RtT TpY YLLp, A[Lp, RWUl
YndLlTt TX RlLp, UdLu TVuThtLL
FLs EYdLlTh Pdu\] (TPm 14).
oU

CP X A[
EPV
ULo Rl, A U
NnVl TVuT\

WfjW
YXd

Tj CZ
NlTP
L\dL]

UuTh
YXd
ULojRp
CWhP [m

TnUWeLs
NnYRtL] FLs

Es ]
p YhPdLiLs

WfX YXl
TdL] F

d NlTP

Y[kR
FLs

TPm 14 : FLs
oU (Sharp)
V YhP LiPu, J X NjRd V.
BP RVlp dVUL TVuTjRlT\.

TPm 13 : jWlu]p
420

421

dVp ApX WfjW YXd (Crewel)

LLs (Tools)

dLlThP UpV LmT p NjRYRt,

FV] [ LiLs, UpV, o]V LidL
Yim.

jWl u]p YXd J _R LjRdLp,

oUV] ]V, V Yhm YnlTPu
VRL CdL YiV AYVm. CdLjRdLp X
JeLL Yh, Fs L GRL NjYRt
TVuTm.

UuTh UN YL (Chenille)
[ Li, WfjW YXd TVuTm FV
P [jp VRLm, A[ RLp ALULm,
o]Pm F CdL Yim.

LmT KV WfX (Tapestry)

[ LiLs, UeV ] LiP FVL CdL
Yim.

UL[d LojRp (Beading)

CRt L [U], SojV] Y[k Ldm
RuU YnkR FVL ClT SpX.

Rj hRp (Darning)
WfjW YXV JjR.

Y[kR (Curved)
ALu\m, V LiL[m LiP, AW YhP
Y[ EPV. UjR RlTRt UhU dVUL
ETVdLlT\.
J FV Ro Nnm u GkR YLp A
TVuTm GuTR U]p Ls[ Yim. p ApX
pLs Fu Li YV GRL NpXd VRL
CdL Yim. FV] p NjRlTm T
p RjR RuUp Clm, GqR WUm
HtTjRUp, L GRL s CdLlTP Yim.
422

Lp YYeL[ YWYRtm, \ YYeL[

Ld UtYRtm J A[Lp Utm A[dm
SP TVuTm. Um, GLp, YRt T],
Wgf iQ GLp (French chalk), Wl Rs (Graph
paper), AfNdm Rs (Tracing paper) Utm BP
RVlT[u LoTu (Dress makers carbon).

jWYX NnV Q YfNhPm (Frames)

Ro Nnm NhPm jW YXlu]p YXThu
A[ Utm YLV ALUL Noks[. Um
TVuTjRlTm , Utm AqYXlTh] J
CPjp Ck Y\ CPjt Gj NpY
Tu\Yt\ Tjm, NhPjR Ro NnY AU\.
YhP YYm LiP NhPeL[ Lm GUV],
ETVdLj RkRY Bm. YhP YY NhPeLp
CWi Cdm Cml ThPLs, V CPV CdL
Juds Ju\L TjRlTh Cdm. YV Es[
ThP TdLYhp Es[ J vdYp CdLlT\.
CfNhPeLs UWjRp NnVlThdm, TpY A[Lp
Pdu\]. Cum X U NhPeLs RWX ApX
U_ R, XVL Cdl dm LVd (clamp)
Li TjRlThdm.

Tm Ej (Finsishing Technique)
jWlu]p YXlT Tt\ u op
rLf NnV Yim. J jRU] V J To
423

 j, ARu DWU] Xp NV] TdLm

Ut\UL CdU Toj dLm. St\m To
BVp ToPu Noj CdLUL Cj RnpX
CQdLm. \ AqYXlTP Su EXWf NnVm.
jWlu]p YXlThP TWUjRp
1.

SWV] V Jp jWlu]p YXlT

Es[ V ReL Pd P.

2.

AdL YjRp Utm Cv TYR RojRp

AYVm.

3.

h ETVLjt Es[ ]u Utm h Rhh

ThLp Es[ jWu]p YXlTL[
NRWQUL UuUV] Ydm Nl Li,
YYlT] p, (NVm p d\ ThNjp)
LL[p YdL Yim. NVm TLd V
jWlu]p YXlTL[ EXoNXY NnV
Yim.

4.

jWlu]p YXlThP iP LXjt

TLdL Yim Gp, Rp jWlu]p
YXlT Es[ V YjRu Ys[ \
AXjRuU CpXR UpV Rp Uj YdL
Yim.

5.

ChP], EXokR CPjp, fLs YiL[p Tl

HtTPUp TLj YdLm.

jWlu]p YXlThtL] RVpLs

GpXdL RVpLs (Outline Stitches)
CjRVpLs LXlTid YYeLd (design
motifs) Yl\d Lht TVuTjRlT\.
424

u\jRVp (Back stitch)

GpX YW L SW] RVd ALUL
TVuTjRlT\. L [ HtTjYRt L
GV RVp. Ut\ AXeLW RVpLd CkR RVp
AlTPVL AU\. AlTP RVp YX TdLjp
Ck CP TdLUL NnVlTP Yim. FV Gi
1p Y Li YWm, 2p im jRm, 3p YV
Li YWm. 3dm 1dm Es[ CPYm, 1dm
2dm Es[ CPYm NUUL CdL Yim. CR
Tp RVXj RPWm.
2Y Tihp Ym FV], 1Y TiPp
kRV RVXp Zj HtTjRlThP YWjp
NjRlTP Yim. u RVu [m JW A[p
WL CdL Yim (TPm 15).

3 1 2

TPm 15 : u\jRVp
Lmj RVp (Stem stitch)
C Rp X GpXdL RVp Bm. B]m,
YXlT EYYeLp LmL[ RlTRt
TVuTjRlT\. CjRVp CPlTdLjp Ck
YXlTdLUL RdLlT\. 1p FV Y LQWm.
2p FV ZdLm. u 3p AW RVp [jt
im YYWm. 13 [ A[m, Utm 32 [ A[m
425

NUUL CdL Yim. Cm\V im NnVm.

kRV RVp 3m Gi, AjR RVp 1m Gi, 3m
Gip YYm FV] Gi 2p YkR kRV
RVp YWm, YVL YkRRm. ALXU] Lm
RVd, F 2m Git Ym Tm, 3p YVm
Tm NnYL TPjp Es[ TX NjR
Yim (TPm 16).

TPm 17 : [jRVp
LmT[j RVp (Blanket Stitch)

1 3 2

TPm 16 : LmjRVp
[jRVp (Split Stitch)
Lmj RVp Tu\ NnVlT\. F
YYmT, RVp NnVlTm ZV [
TPfNn\. m Xp, UpV Nej RVp
TX Rt\m Adm. GpXdL GuT Lm
TYL TVuTjRlThPm, PUL YNLm
TVuTjRXm. CPlTdLjp Ck YXlTdLUL RdLl
T\. FV 1p Up Li Yk 2p Z NjRm.
im 3p Up LQok, ZV Ujp [d\.
im RVX RPWm. kRV RVp 3m Gi,
RtTRV RVp Rp Gi. RVp [m JW
A[]RL CdL Yim. Y[Lp Rdm T
[jR Nt\ \jd Ls[Xm (TPm 17).
426

Wj Tt\ RVp TYRt ]Lp

NnVlT\ RVp Bm. V A[Lp NnVlTP
YiV
NUVeLp
GpXdLLm
NnVlTu\. CP TdLjp Ck YX TdLjd
RdLlT\. r Lhp 1p FV Yd LQWm.
2p Up Lhm Nt YXp j 3p YV SWVL
Z Li YWm. FV YV Cdm u,
d ZV F ]u r TPjp Es[
Tp LQWm. AjR RVX NnVm. 3m Gi
X, kRV RVp CkR ClT 1m Gi.
YN RVm JW WL, RVu EVWm JW
A[p CdmT RdLm (TPm 18).

2
1

TPm 18 : LmT[jRVp
427

Nej RVpLs

Nej RVp
C jWl u]p YXlTh RVpLp
GpXdL RVd Lm Wj Tt\ RVXm.
SdLU] YNLp RdLm. J lhP TV
WlYRtLL NnVlTm RVdm CjRVX
TVuTjRXm. 1p FV YLi YWm. im
FV AR 1p Es[ [p Nj, 2p Y
LQWm, CZV Fu o]d Yj FV
CdLm. ClT 2m Gi AjR RVd 1m GiQL
AUm. C Tu A]j RVXm Nn
dLm. t\ J RVu [s FV
Nj AjR RVp NnVlT\. AkR YNV
dd Li YW, J V RVX C Ne
Liu (Loop) Up Nn EVL CdLfNnVXm
(TPm 19).

1
2

1
2

TPm 19 : Nej RVp

X Pn RVp (Lazy daisy stitch)
J YhPju Up RVL GqR RVPm Nok
CWUp RdLlTh, CXLs Tu Rt\Udm. 1p
FV Y LQWm. im 1p AR [p
Nj, 2p FV Y LQWm. ZV F
]u r Li Yk, FV CdLm. im
428

3p Ne Lip Up FV NjRm, im
1p FV YV Li Yk AjR Nej RVp
RdLm. A]j CXLm Rj Tm
YLp, RVX RPWm (TPm 20).

TPm 20 : X Pn RVp
Wlj RVpLs (Filling Stitches)
Rj RVp (Seed Stitch)
C L GR] Wlm RVXm. CkR RVp
LjRLY ApX AeeULY NnVlTPXm.
R RVp RlTL Lm SdLUL RdLlTh
CdmT ZYm Tp Cdm. FV 1p Up
LQok, 2p V RVp RdLm. L]jR RVd,
FV 3p Up LiYk, 4p AjR RVp
NnVlTh Rp RVd SdLUL CdU
NnVm. A]j RVpLm JW Np NnVl
ThkRp, RVXp WlTl TPYiV CPm WLd
Lh Rm (TPm 21).
32

TPm 11 : RjRVp
429

Nhu RVp (Satin Stitch)

C PU] Wl RVp Bm. EYYm NnVlTP
YiV CPjp [, SW] RVpLs L SdLUL
RdLlTh WlTlThdm.
RVpLs YZYZlTL, APoj XPu Cd
Um RdLlTh ClTRt LY]Pu NVpTP
Yim. RVX CPlTdLjp Ck YXlTdLUL RdL
Yim. 1p FV Up Li Yk, 2p SWVL
Zj, 1d L AL 3p Y Li YWm. AlT
Ym WlTlTm YW RPok RdLm (TPm 22).

Cum CdLUL CdmT LYjd Ls[m.

fLs EYYm CdL YiV Tp
AeeUL AUkdU NnVm. Wgf fLs,
FV ts[ ZLp fL[ ALj,
TV A[]RL NnVXm (TPm 23).
1

2
1

TPm 23 : Wgf f

pVu f (Bullion knot)

TPm 22 : Nhu RVp
f RVpLs (Knotted Stitches)
Wgf f
Rj RVp Tu\ TVuTjRlT\. B]p
BWnkRp Nt UpR[d LX YXlThPu Up
Gmd LQlT\. fLs Lm SdLUL
RdLlTh AkR lhP CPjR \ Nn,
VXL Rt\m HtTjm. FV 1p Up Li
Yk, ZV, Fp TPjp Es[ Tp C\
t\ Yim. UYL ZV Cj, dLs
Fp CdLUL CdU NnV Yim. LY]UL
1p FV ZdLm, u CdLm. Zu ]
430

CjRVX WlYRtm ApX GpXdLh

RVdLLm TVuTjRXm. FV 1p UX Li
YWm. 2p Zj 1p im YV Li YWm.
B]p ZV CdL YiPm. ZV RVp
[jt Ht\Y F ]p 5 Rp 7 \
dd Ls[m. \ LY]UL FV Utm
dLPu CdLm. dLs SZUp CdU
LY]UL NnVm. ZV 2m Git CdLm.
AlT s NUUL AUU NnVXm. Rdm
T ZV CdLUL CdLm. F ]V
TVuTj ZLu tV dLs JW NUUL
Nok CdLf NnVm. im 2m Gip FV
ZdLm (TPm 24).
431

EYYeL[ SLp GdLm ApX Yh GdLm

ERm ThLs Bm.

Pm[hLs EYdRp (Making Templates)

2
1

TPm 24 : pVu f
Up APl A (Applique)
J Tp Ck YhPlTh Ut\u Up
TjRlTm JlT] YXlT Ald G]lTm.
Ald YXlT AlTPp RVtLXV Jj
ClTRp RVd RYlTm ThLm
LLU CRtm RYlT\. Ls CqYXl
Tht CuVUVR Bm. B]m, Tm A[p
RYlTYpX. iLs, LjRdLlThP dLs
Tu\Y V NVp\Ld TU]Y Bm.

EYm, YYeL[ LReLp EYd Yh

Gj YYeL[ TmTR ApX, jRLm Utm
EYW YYeL[ Yh Gdm T AjiLs
NV] Pm[hL[u\].

EYW uUL[ Y\up Ut AUjRp

(Transfering Designs)

EYW uUL[ Ut AUdm u,

u]p Es[ V Yhd Ls[m. YhPlThP
iP], Jh RVp YXd ApX BP
RVdm Td RYlTm A[p CdL Yim.
EUV NV] CPjp LfRUL TjYRt,
[Yhm, dYhm UjV LL[ u]
i p jd Ls[ Yim. UjV LLs
Jh i YXd Lm EQV]Y.
H]p, AY AldL NV] CPjp Tj
NnV ERm. JW J AldL TjYRt
u]j p Ls RYpX. H]p
UjV LLs ARt TU] QVL AUk
m. AL LfRUL ClTRt, Ald NnVlTm
CPjt Ls TkWdLl Tu\].

Ald YX NnVlTP YiV CPjp A]j

RVpLdm ETVdLlTm RVp X
TVuTjRXm. X ALlTV] AXeLWj RVd,
jWl u]p YXlTLd TVuTm dpXR
UuThZ ApX Tj CZVl TVuTjRXm.
`olv (Sharps) GuT] J YLV] NWN [PV
F. C LjRVp YXd ELkR. Ald YXd
oUV] LjRdLp _Rm Lm CuVUVR
LVm.

AldL[ YhRp

BPj RVlT[o P TVuTjm GLp,

AldL[ ARu CPjp ANVUp CdLf NnVl
TVuTm [U] iLs BV] Ut\ dVU]
RVp ThLs Bm. V Cd dm NhPeLs,
AfNdL ERm RsLs (tracing papers) Utm YYm
EYdLl TVuTm YiQ LReLs RV]

TpY AldLs Yh GdLlThPm, Rp

LhPjp, Lp iL[ JeTj, \VL
Yj GkRRUL AldLs GRt JjdL
TVuTjR m GuTR] oUdL Yim. \eL[
NUXd Li YWm Vt NnV Yim.
NnVlTu\ Ald YXlThu AfLs, EV]

432

433

CZVUl SVm BV] NUXPu d Jj

CdL Yim. Sm RokRjs[ p AL
UmThP AfLs ApX SN Clu, JqY Ald
im AkR Af ApX SNY GqY CPm T\
YlT GuTR LY]UL BWVm. ERWQjt, AkR
p YLs Clu, AldL Yhm T YLs
SodLPLY, ddLPLY, ApX NnkR
LPLY Au u YLm NokRRLm CdLXm.
JqY GdLm AldL t Yp
Es[ V LY]jp Ls[ Yim.
A. Pml[hP u YXlTdLjp iVp
jd Ls[m. AfNdm (Trace paper) Rs
Li EYW YYjR BPRVlT[o
TuXp AfNdLm. 1/8 Rp 1/4 mu
Lhp Ck CPY h dLm. V
m CPjR Lm R[oYL SnVlThP Lp
TVuTjRm.
B. dLlThP LLd YV V h
Yh GdLm. AjR LhPjp CqY
ALlTV] ALX CPm YRp AldL
Yj RdL CXYL Cdm.
C. Aldu KWeL[ Uj YNVL Yj mu
Es[ EsLhts RdL Yim. RVp
CVkWjR J AeXjp 1215 RVp YU N
Nn YdL Yim.
D.

TPjp Lhs[ TX Aldp Yp KWUL

Rm pL[ AZLL YhPm. mp
Es[ CPYV Y[Lp Utm XLp
JeLL j CQdLm. AlT Ru KWeL[
JeLL lT m.
434

AldL[ LL[p Noj RjRp

AldL LL[d Li RYlTm CPeLp
C\Lp RdLXm. Rp \V], AL SWjR
Gjd Lsm. B]m, BWmT Xp Es[o
Cm\V uTt\ TkW NnVlTu\]o.
Cm\p RXL Tve NnV Yidm.
Aldu KWm CPjR Z Uj ARu CPjp
Yj, u\jp Es[ d \Y] A[p CPo
HtTU NnVlT\. CWiPY \p KWeLp
BWmTjp NnVlTm Tve NnVlTYpX. TXL
AldL TjR YiV CPjp i Yj j
YdLlT\. KWeLs u\UL UdLlThP u
RdLlT\.
AldL TLdL SojV] vl RVp
TkWdLlT\. CkR RVp AldL ARu CPjp
Tk CdL Nn\. L hTUL YX NnVl
ThkRp RVp LiLd XlTYpX. LL[p
Up RVp NnVlThkRm LiLd RVUp
CkRm, YXlTLd, RnlTRp ALt\l
Tu\ Xp TVuTjRlT\. jWlu]p
RVpL[], KhPjRVp Utm dj RVpL[
ETVj Ald YXlThP CdLU]RL
BdLXm.
CY A]jU ToYdL] AXeLWj RVpLs
CjRVpLm EYYeLu J TLs Bm
GuTR U\k PdP.

vl RVp NnYRt
YX TdLjp Ck CP TdLUL RdLm.
Aldu Ul ]p FVm, Xm Li
YWm. u]p Es[ p Ck Go\UL Ju
ApX CWi pL[ Fp GdLm. \ FV
435

Uj ]p Nj, Ulp 1/8 FV vl Nn

FV YV LiYk X CdLm. RVX
dm YWp CR] RPok NnVm (TPm 25).

Ht\t TX CQLs UTu\]. TjRuLs,

TjRu YWeLs, TjRu EXLd LmVp B]
Ld Y[, R] Tt Tjd Lsm PR
CQ Utm Ajm TjRuLs, LdLs Utm
CZ uYRtLL iZ, LiLs Utm V
pL.

TjRuLs Utm TjRu YWeLs

TPm 24 : Ald
AldL[ AXeLjRp
jWlu]p YXlThPd Li AldL
AXeLdmT Aldu UjR EYYm Um
UhPlT\. Um AZTjm GiQm SUd
CpX Gu\m, Yim Gu\ hPh AZ
NnVlThP Tu\ NjVd Ls J Ald YX
\YPkRPu HtT\. jWlu]p YXlT
RVpLs Ro NnV ALU] GidLp
CkRm, Rf\l YnkR YXlTht
TVuTjYRtL] YWeLs ApX \l [Ls,
ApX NRWQ AXeLWjPu AldL ARu CPjp
CdLUL SYUp Cdm Tf NnVm.
6.5. Tj CQlTY (Fasteners)

@TvP]ov GuTY BPLu C ]Lm

TLlTL CQdLlTYRt RdLlTTY. TX
YLV] CQLs Cdu\]. JqY BPdm
436

BPLp TjRuL[ Li YRt AkR

BPu YYjt TjRuLs TjRU]RL
CdL Yim. Lm TV A[X, TjRu
ClTRp ApX V A[X ApX RY\] Ut\d
LhU] AUlT] EYYUlTm TdLd
m. AXeLdLlThP TjRuLm Es[]. B]p
AYt\ Rok Gdm T NVtL AUL[
Ro Nnm T Es[ AR LY]m RYlT\.

TjRu YWeLu [jR oUlTY

TjRu YWeLu [U] Sm TVuTjm
lhP TjRu A[] Tj oUdLl
T\. TjRu hPju A[m, TjRu
EVWjRm Noj Es[ A[Y TjRu YWju
[m Gu Ls[Xm GuT]Y TY] .
p V \p Tu Yh, RdLlTP YiV
TjR] Ad\p YV NjRm. B]p TY]
uTtYRt Ht\ \kR QVm.

Lp TjR] TjRp
TjRu [L[ YX TdLUL TjR Yim.
AlT YX TdLs[ CP TdL Tk
TiLu BPLd TLlT\. Um TjRu
[Ls, BiLu BPLp CP TdLUL Nn,
YX TdLm dLs[ YN NnVlT\.
437

AkR TLjp TjRu RdLlThP X CjRu

[YL N AjRm HtTh Cdm Ut\
] GpX ] (bar end) G]lTm. TpY [j
RVpL[ ]p Nn GpXV EYdL
Yim.

L YXlTh TjRu YWeLs

r Ym lLs LL[p TjRu YWeLp
YXlT NnV TVuTu\].
1.

2.

3.

4.

Tve RVX TjRu YWm YVL, SUVd

Lhp Nn RdLm. TjRu [u
[jR oUj, Tve (Basting) RVp hP
Rp RVd CQdLPLd Li RdLm.
TjRu YWeLs NnVlTP YiV CPjp
d Tve RVp Li NnV Yim.
NqYLjRf t CVkWj RVp NnVm. RVX
Gid Ls[m. AlT Ru NqYLeLs [,
ALXeLp JW W] A[]d Li Cdm.
J X RVpL[ CWiPm \ NnRp Cp
f TP YiV AYVm CdL. TveL
jRj Pm. JqY NqYLju Ujm
RL YhPm. YhmT u JW
CZp JeLL SWL YhU Tojd
Ls[m.
TjRu YW RVpLs YXTdLjp Ck CP
TdLUL RdLm. YhVd\p YVL FV
NjRm. \pThP \l YVL FV Nj,
Fu ] u YVL CVkWjRVX
YU RdL Yim. C pL[m F
]] t LiYk p LiL[
YhPlThP \p ]p RVX \f
NnVm, RVX im Nnm, B]p
RVpLu CPp UhPpX GuTRm
RVp SdLUL Cdu\] GuTRm E
NnLs[m. RVpLs JW A[Pu BZjPu
CdL Yim.
RdLlThP TjRu [Lu p, S Uju
SWL J ]p YYm TX Rum;
438

5.

GpXV [eLh RVp Li TPjp

Lhs[TX U\dL Yim (TPm 26).

1
2

TPm 26 : LYXlTh TjRu YWm

TjRu Lt Y[VeLs
NhPdLu u LlTLp TjRu Lt
Ul Y[VeLs NnVlTu\]; Um, BPLs,
NhPLu u ApX u TdLeLm NnVlT\.
Lt Ul Y[VeLs GlTU, TjRu
YWeLd TXL RdLlTu\]. Ul Y[VeLs
BPLu SLL Tet HtT JuPu Ju CQVd
439

V YLp AUVl Tu\]. Lt Ul

Y[VeL[ GkR YL]p B] TjRuLPm
ETVdLXm, B]m EiP TjRuL[ \lTL
TkRdV]. TjRu Lt Ul Y[VeL[
BPu \l ] mp TjRXm ApX
LgdLX], RYt\, AXeLW RY[ YYm
Lidm, CqYYm t\ BPu Yl
\jp RdLlThdm.
TNR]dLL ]p Lt Ul Y[VjR
Nn Toj, L Tp NnV \R G]l Toj,
NV] A[d Ul Y[VjR oUdL Yim.
Yh GdLlThP j ip J TjR] Rj,
Lt Ul Y[Vm XTUL SZdVRLm, NVL
TjRuUp TkRdVRLm, BPu ]L[
Noj TjRu CQj, PdVRL CdL
Yim. L Y[Vju hPjR NToj, hPU]
TjRu A[t TjRU]RL CdU
NnVm.

/8

Y\m

440

WdLlThP
2

Y
\m
3

TPm 27 : Lt Tl Y[Vm
Lt Ul Y[VeL[ BPLp CQjRp
1.

TjRuLu GidLV Tj ARtLt\

GidLp Lt Ul Y[VeLs RdLl
T\. TjRuL[ YX TdLm u\UL
CPV AeX CPY h RdLm.
TveRVp md Lhp u TdLm
Nn RdLm. d Tve RVX Y[Ve
Lu CPYdLL dLm.

2.

TjRu A[t, Ul Y[VeLu A[]

NR] NnVm. J Zn Tu\ AUlT
Lt Ul Y[VUL Pd (tack) NnVm. u
TjR] Y[Vjds Njl TodLm.
TjRdL, ApX Ul Y[VjtL
RYVt\ AjRm HtTjRUp YNVL TjR]
Ul Y[Vjs NjRd VRL NnVlThdL
Yim. Ul Y[Vju A[ NV]RL
Clu, md Lhp Ck RYV]
CPYp AjR YNd TveLp
NnVm.

Lt Ul Y[Vm RVjRp
V NnY], 2 AeXeLs [m 1 AeX
ALXm Es[ tL[L YhdLs[m. [Ydp
TVL Yl\ TdLeL[ Noj UdLm. UdLlThP
]p Ck V Cj j So LPL
Go TdLjd CQVL 1/8 AeX A[ m CPm
h CQdLm. TV Fp L]U] YXdL]
TX AeX X NjRm, u mp Zn
Tu\ AUlu p X CdLm. u, Rp
Fu LiQ Zs NjRm; XNL FV
] TYW NjRm. NRWQUL UjR ZVm
NV] TdLjt Ut\m. CTX ]p
CdLlThP X Cj, mL[ Zn Tu\
AUlts Njm NnVXm (TPm 27).

Ul ]

441

3.

Ul Y[VeL[, TPjp Lijs[

C\Lp HRm J \Vd Li
CQdLXm. \YPkR u Rt\m R[
UTh Cdm. u mdLhp XVL,
LhV], V RVpLs Tve NnVlTh,
Y[VeLu [m ALUL Clu WL YhP
Yim.

TjRu TjPm
BP \ Tm Xm, TjRu Ul
Y[VeLs RdLlThPu, TjRuLs XV
NnV Yim. TjRu XdLhP BP
YYUdL BWmdmT NnkRm, TjRu
YWeLs Nn dLlThPuRu TjRu CPm
YL oUdLlT\. TjRu Es[ TdLju
UXL, TjRu YWs[ TdLjR Th, BPV
AYRt ClTTX, S UjV u Utm u
LL[ CQVf Nn, TjRu YWeLs CPV
iV Li CQdL Yim.
dYhp TjRu YWeL[ AUdL,
TjRu YWju \lp, \ NnVlThP
BPu mp Ck, u r 1/ 8 AeX
CPYp J iV YdLYim. [Ydp
TjRu YWeL[ AUdL, 1/8 AeXm A[t
\p TjRu YWju \lu Up XVL
TjR] AUdLYim. iu Up TjRu
YWjR LY]UL Gj, u iV JeL]
CPjp im CQdL Yim. i
CPjp TjR] UVlTj, SWVL UVdLhp
Yj, Sm ETVdm TjRu YLd HtT ARu
CPjp Yj RdL Yim.
442

[ LiP TjR] RlTRt

RdLlThP BPLdL] TjRuLp CWi
ApX Su [Ls Cdm. Su [Ls LiP
TjRuLs J hTU] EYY Rt\jR, X
[Lds TpY YLp ZdL Y Yd\.

TpY YLV] [Ls EPV TjRuLs

CkR TjRu RhPVL, mu Cdm. Tj
RU] BP, RVpLs SrYL CdmTVL
RdL Yim. Yp Ck V RVX
RYV] CPjp ( 1/16AeXm ) GqY[ RU]L
Clm RdLm. Cum J X Gj f
SZRY CdLfNnV Yim. TjRu
JjdLd V dfV Yj, FV TjRu
[Lu YVL UX LiYWm. dfu Up
TjRu YVL TpY RVpL[ NnVm. u
dfV Gj Pm. u TjR] Up d,
pL[ CdLUL TjRPu Noj Cj, pLu
m TjRd Z RU NnVm. pL[
t, SZUp pL[ CQdLm (TPm 28).

TPm 28 : TpY YLV] [Ls

EPV TjRuLs
Ttd L[TY P L[TY Utm AjR TjRuLs
Ttd L[TY GuT] V CQlTuLs Bm.
CYtt LdLs Utm Lis[YL[ P
443

R[Y j Rem Nd Es[. JqY Ttd

L[qYdVYtm CWi TLeLs Es[] J
TTkm J T iQm Ttd L[TY. TpY
A[Lm, GPm TXR ETVLjt G]
PdLlT\. AY Ll \jm Ys
\jm Cdm (TPm 29).

1.

LdLm, UhPERm [Lm

CY Lm VY. B]p JlU TjLp
EV] CQlL[m. BPu \lp J
lhP CPjp UhU TYL TjRlT\,
ARY Cl CPlT ThPp ApX Ljl
ThPp LdL[m, [L[m YUL
\kdm BPu CQldm TVuTjRXm
(TPm 30).

TPm 29 : Ttd L[TY Utm

AjRl TjRuLs
Ttd L[TYLu CdL YiV X]
Pm, J YNp RYlTu, JW A[p
CPY Pm.

2.

BP \mT Up TLUL Cdm Tu

mp RhPV] TLjR YdLm.

3.

TjRU] \PV CWhP YVL X

TVuTjRm.

4.

TX Up LjRVpL[ J [ YVL
NnVm, Ttd L[qYdVRu Ap FV
Nj, AjR YWju Y YV Li
YWm.

5.

Up LjRVpL[ [ YVL Nn,

RPWm.

6.

BPu YXlTdLUL RVpLs RVdP.

pL[ CdLUdLm.
444

TPm 30 : LdLm, UhPl TVuTm [Lm

445

JqY lhP RYVl oj NnYRt

TpY YLp LdLs Utm UhP ERm [Ls
YYUdLlThs[]. AY TpY A[Ls Utm
GPLp Pdu\]. JqY AhPm CWi
YLp B] [Ls NodLlThs[]. YhPU] [
CQm C KWeL[ CQdLm, SW] [
Ju\u Ju Tm KWeL[ CQdLm TVuTjRl
T\. BPu u TdL \lLd, LdV]
YX u TdLULm, TYPLu \lp u
TdLULm LdLs TjRlTu\].
1.

LdLu X] j, LdL[ Rp
RdLm.

2.

3.

Cdm, Ld AkR Y[p Nok CTm

GuTR ENnd Ls[ Yim. Y[VeLu
Up, TjRU] CPjp TX Up LjRVpLs
NnVm.
6.6. KWm Es Uj RjRp (Hems)

BPu r Es[ m KWjR Es Uj Rj

\ T\ NnYR am G]lTm. BPu SLL
YYm Utm Vl TjR am RVp Ro
NnVlT\. GkR YLV] amU Ro NnRm,
JX \L[ LhPVUL LPdL Yim.
1.

BP JW WL AZPu LYofVL ReL Yim.

\YPkR mp Ck \kR 1/8 AeXm

uSd LdV TjRm, AlTRu Ld
ARu Xp Ck CTPUp, YV R\
X HtTPUp Cdm.

2.

KWjR Es Uj RlTRtL] N NnVl

TY UjRUL, BPp CdLd P.

3.

AXeLW AUltLL CkRp Au, \t\

amLs RYL RVRRL AUV Yim.

Y[VeLd Up LjRVpL[ Nn,

RVpLs BPu YXlTdLm RVRY E
NnLs[m LdL[ Noj Up Lj
RVpL[d Li CQj Pm.

amLu NVp SdLm

4.

Ju\Pu CQm KWeLu ]lT

\t\ mp Ck 1/8 AeXm YPV
Yim; C Tu\Ytp YhP [Ls mp
TVuTjRlT\.

5.

Ju\u Ju Tm mLp TYu

A[] Tj SW] [ \t\ mp
Ck TpY CPYLp YdLlTu\].
[ Ldu ]YW Cdm GuTR
]p Ls[ Yim. BLVp, Ldu
]V iVp j, CkR ] [p
XVLl TVuTjRm, [p V Y[
446

1.

amu L dV NVp SdLm Lu JW

AUpXR mL[ \ NnRX Bm.

2.

amu UtU dV NVp SdLm VRp,

GPVd h, A[] ALjd Lh BP
ReLPlTmT AZ] hP Yim.
GPm, A[m TYPLp KWm Uj
RdLlTmT Lm dVU]YVm.

KWm Uj RdLlTm Lh] jRp

(Marking the Hemline)

A]j am \Lm TYL Es[ Rp

T Gu]Yp, am RVdL] Lh] jRp.
J lhP UlLPu V SLL Te] LiP
BPLs RW, Ut\ A]jtm BP YYUjRp
447

\t\ u NnVTl\. BPu \t\

[U] ALUL, YYUlu SLL Te]m,
RtTRV SLLjRm Tj oUdLlTYRp,
TpY YLp [jp UtVUlTRm, AkR
BPV ATYd AL Urf HtTjm.
YYjR YhYRt HRm Ut\m HtTP Ynl
CdUu, BP YYjR Yhm u KWm Uj
Rdm L, CdL YiV CPjR LY]UL kj
oUdL Yim.
1.

2.

3.

Tio TYP, EhT Utm Cl CPl

TV RjRlu CWi ApX u \
NVL TjRUL Es[R G] TojRu, CVL
KWm Uj RjRdL] Lh] dL Yim.
AlTP BPYL Utm LXLs, u]o
Am BP ApX TYPd Ht\ Tp
AV Yim, H]p R[ CdLjp
YTRX ApX Lp EVWm YTh
ClTRm, TYP [jp Ut\jR HtTjm.
TX Y YLp B] dm GLm, i
Lm am LLd NnVl
TVuTu\]. A[ LXV ApX PnXov
vVWV (Tailors Square) TVuTjRXm. Lk
JhPlThP ThP Yo ApX C RuU EPV
ThPV fu NV] CPd l Nn
A[ GdmT A[ NVL LfRUL AUm.
CVtL Xp LLs TdLULm, LpLs
CQVLm, L SdLUL tLm AR Xp
am YUL dLlTm YWp tLm R]
NnRp \ TVuTjRlTPp, TX
ApX PU] U_ u, hPu (Fitter) Li
X A[t am L AUVf NnVXm. hPo
am L dmT LhPu Nok SLW
YiV X Cdm.
448

4.

Lh] iLs ApX iQm GLp

Li, JqY 3 Rp 4 AeXeLd dLm.
am Lh], ClTRp U \jt lT
P.

amU RVjRp (Preparing the Hem)

amU lTf Nn NNUUL NnRp (Turning
Hem and Making it even)

1.

amLhP RhPV] Tp TWYXd L

NUWL CpXR XV LiVXm. amU
lm u, am LhP 1 AeX Tve
RVpL[p, [U] UpV FV TVuTj
dLm.

2.

RY\] TdLjt amU l, NeLQeLp

iVp Y[m CPjp Es[ Lhu AL
jRm. amp SUVdLm, mdLm
BPu LPu TkRdVRL CdL
Yim. mm ]p Lhp 1/8 AeXjt
TveL, 1 AeX RVpL[p RdLm.

3.

am Lhu Xdm, EYRdm NTodL

Up TdL ]V ARu CPjp iVp j,
\ BPV RdL VtdLm.

4.

amL, EYjPu NTodLlThP \,

amu BZjR, u L]jt Ht\Y
oUdL Yim. NRWQ Plm, L]m LiP
BPLs 2 ApX 3 AeXeLs BZPV
amL[p AZLL Rum.

5.

Ul Nnm LVV ApX AhPVV

Utm iQm GLp Li amt
NNUU] BZ A[] GdLm.
449

 Nnm u Up TdL m \YL NV]

Xp Es[R G] E NnLs[ Yim.
iQm m Lp Li dLlThP Lhp
YhPm.

amu YLLs (Types of Hem)

TX YLV] am \Ls Es[].

C. AX AXVL m YXlu]p V
WfX Ulj ReLp Tu\ [L[
ApX AX AXVL m YXlu]p
BP KWd gNm Tu\Ytp Cm\]
TVuTjRXm. WfXV] UlL[
LilTRp am RVp J X CPeLp
YV RU Es[.

Su YLV] am \L[l Tt Z
YdLlThs[.

D.

YhPU] TYPLm Cm\]p NnVlTm

\Yp TVi.

1. RdLlTh Utm lTlTh RjR am

2. aoe Tu am ApX Lhf vhfh am

(Stitched and Turned Hem)

(Herring bone Hem or Catch Stitched Hem)

am NUUdLlTh, WL CpXR ] 1/ 4
AeXjt UdLlTh m GpXd L Ap
CVkWjRp RdLlT\. \ am ARu CPjp
1
/2 AeX CPYh vl RVXp (Slip stitch)
RdLlT\ (TPm 31).

am NUUdLlTh, JeLt\ ] T\Up

PlT\. am RtT tUL Ut\UL
lTlTh, AeX CPYPu V Lhf
RVpL[p JeLL RdLlT\ (TPm 32).

1/2 AeX
CPYh RVpLs

TPm 32 : aoe Tu am

TPm 31 : Rj, \ lTlTh Rj am

TVuLs
A. Rj RuX YnkR
TVuTjRlT\.

Lp

Cm\

B. XN] GPPV TjLdm Cm\

TVuTjRlT\, H]p, Cm\p Y
dWUL \YL TU]RL NnV \.
450

TVuLs
A. TpY RdLlThP L]U] LmT BPLp
Cm\ X NUVeLp TVuTjRlT\.
B. Eh\m Lj RdLlThP BPLp L
dVUL CkR am TVuT\.
451

3. lh am (Whipped hem)
am NUUdLlTh JeLt\ ] AeXjt
lTlTh, le RVp AeX CPYPu
AkR Tp am NnVlT\. u NV]
Tp RVpLs RYL RVRY CdmT E
NnLs[ Yim (TPm 33).

] HtTm. u FV NnYL Uls Nj

im RPWm. (TPm 34).

TPm 34 : `p ] am
`p ] amU CVkWjRp NnRp
TPm 33 : lh am
TVuLs
A. XN] GPs[ Tj Ld Cm\
TVuTjRlT\.
B. LX] amLm, J \UL NnkR Rt\jR
\ NnVm Cm\ TVuT\.

4. LVp RdLlTm `p ] am
/8 Rp 1/6 AeX amU RY\] TdLjt l,
WpLd CPV Uj ApX AjRm. ]
Y[k CkRX ApX Nn Rt\m
LikRX, CVkWjp Yl\ ] AL
RdLm. SpX FV Li, amu lTlThP
TdLjR SmU Sd jd Li, YXk
CPlTdLUL RdLm. u RVp (back stitch) Li
X Cdh, \ XNL Nnj FV Uls
Nj X YUL U\dLm. FV ]p
Y LQok Up Lj RVX amu Up
NnmT CWhP Y N Tu\ AUl EPV
1

452

`p ] ApX TX N [L[ TYRt,

RVp CVkWju Xm NnVlT\ h RVX
TVuTjRXm. d^d RVpLs (zig zag) BPLu
UdLlThP ]Lp NLs Tu\ Rt\jR
[du\].

TVuLs
A. CW BPLp CkR am TVuTjRlTh
BPL[ AXeLdu\.
B. Es[PLp CkR am, \ NnYp Lm
\l YnkR.
6.7. o TjRp Utm Jh TRp

kR BPV N NnRm, Jh TRm Lm

NRWQUL TVuTm o Tjm \L[m. TpY
YLLp Rj hRpLs L[ oNnV
TVuTu\]. Nu X Utm u YLV
Tj Rj hRp TVuTjRlT\. Lm GV
\p So NX o NnV m.
453

Rj hRdL] AlTP Ls

1. SW] Np

1.

F Lm SojV]RL CdL Yim. u

\m Utm CZVUl BVYtt TjRU]
X TVuTjR Yim.

2.

kR Tu KWeL[ JeTj, Tk
Yj Noj, AeXm A[ts[ KWjp Ck
RVX BWmdLm, V Khj RVpL[p u,
u TdLULm RVPm.

BPu J Tp SW] (Straight tear) Np

HtTh A CNV ReL YidUu J
[U] Yji (tji) u\UL AkR CPjt
TVuTjRlTh Tve Nn, u]o Rj hPl
T\. AkR tj i, kR u JjR YLVf
Nok, \jm JuThdLXm. B]p V]
GPp \YL CdLXm.

3.

d AL CN AkR lhP CPjp

CpXRRp, u ]p f TP YiV
AYVm CpX.

4.

V Khj RVpL[ \lLu dp RPok

Nn, kR KWeL[ Ju\L CQdLm. kR
TLjt NeLQUL YNVL RVP Yim.
u SN[ NnVlThP d CQVLm
RVp NnV Yim.

5.

UU Ym \lp Ju\uUp Jum AjR

UL RVpL[ mp RdL Yim. C
RhPVL Rj hRX EYdm.

6.

Jhj RVp YNV] [jp JepXUp

CkRp, CN AL NUUL TWYXdLlThdm.

7.

Rj hRp RVpL[ CdLUL Nn,

dLeLs HtThPUp LY]UL Tojd
Ls[m.

8.

CqYLV] Rj hRX TYL u

YX TdLjp Ck NnYi.

Nu YLLs
Np u YLlTm, SW] Np, m]
Np Utm X hPd L Np.
454

X NUVeLp BPu pLs Sk Tlu,

B]p kTLUp CkRp, SkT] TLjp
SkR u JjR i Ju\ SkR CPjp
TjRUL Yj SW] Nd NnVlTYTX
Rj hRX NnVm. u L]jt Ht\Y
RVpL[ NnV Yim.

2. m] Np (Three - Cornered Tear)

CdNm, SW] Nd Rj YRl Tp
NnVlT\. B]p RVpLs \lt NeLQUL
NnVlT\.
BPp HtThs[ CqYL \p B] [
Ydm, dm Es[ pLp HtT\. J
]p BWmj, J TdLUL Es[ NX
YUL Rj Pm. \, Ut\ ]p
BWmj, AjR TdLNX Rj Pm. CqY
NnmT Sp Rj PlThP CPjp J RVp
im RVp NnVlTh, EVdLlT\.

3. X hPdL Np (Diagonal tear)

Cd Np T pLs Utm Wl pLs
YhPlTu\]. BLVp CYL pLdm
CQVL Rj Rp NnYRtm, BPV Wd,
NX Su EVL NnYm L AYVm. Rp
455

Rlp Es[ RVpL[ Ut\ \ Rj RpLd,

uT YjRRTX TVuTjRXm, RW
CjRVpLs Nd NeLQUL RdLlTYpX.
CWiPY Rl RVpLs NeLQUL
RdLlTu\. (TPm 35.)

[emT Khj RVpLs NnVlTu\].

CjRVpLs J u Um Utm m dLL,
NRWQ SNp ClTTX NnVlT\. Rj
hRX \ NnR\ CdLUdLlTPUp,
YhPlT\ (TPm 36).

SW] Np

m] Np
XhPL
Np

TPm 35 : Rj hRp
KhPV Rj hRp (Darning a Hole)
J KhPV Rj hRp NnV J Po]W
AqPjp Zj, KhPd r Yj, Po]o
TjVL CkRp, Rj P AR \ Tjj V
TVuTjRXm. A Th VL CdUVu Th
ApX T[T[lT] Tj X TVuTjRXm. p
f TVuTjRl TYpX. J YNp, JeL]
V Khj RVpL[ KhPlTu Up NnVm.
X \lu dp Li YWm. u Khj
RVpL[ KhPl Tu r LiYk, KhP
YUL PlTmYW RPok Rj Pm. u
CNV TWYXLd Li YYRt, RVpLs
JeLt\ [jp YNVL CdmT LYdL Yim.
Rp NnVlThP Khj RVpLd NeLQUL
456

TPm 36 : KhPV Rj hRp

JhTRp (Patching)
dWUL NnYRtm, i EZdm \
Gu]Yu\p, KhPV J R i V Li
WlRX Bm. Cm\d Jh Gu TVo. Jh
TYRt NnVlThP V Tu\ JW V
TVuTjY SpX. u mp CkR, Nnj
RVp NnVlThP EhTdL iLs J X
NUVeLp Jh TYRt Ht\. AqY NnmT
d AkR Jh LlTjRUL AUm. AkR
V] NXY NnVd VRLm, Um NVm
TkRX, JhlTPlT\ m, ARu Jhm
NVm Tn \m Ue ClT TjRU]RL Cdm.
LWm ALm Es[ NlLPu NXY NP Noj
457

NXY NnmT Lp \m Ue\. Su

AX, Yp EXWf NnV Yim. Jhj iP
TjmT, Jhjiu pLs BPu
ZL[ TkR Yim. Vp BPV
YYUjR \, EYYm B], JhTRp
\YPmT d TjRU]RL AUV
Yim.

JhjV NV]l T, kR BPu

RY\] TdLjp Yj iVp jRm. AlT,
kR T Ym U\dLlTh, JW A[p
]lTp \lt Ajm, YL Jhj
Cdm. E YYjtm, pLu TjRm
BVYm TkR Yim. ARu CPjp Tvh
(Baste) NnVm.

Nnj RVp Nn Kh TRp (A Hemmed Patch)

KhPu JqY ]Vm dLL

AeXm h l NnL ApX ALXjR Es[
UPd PXm. pXR KWjR AeXm Uj, Tvh
(Baste) Nnm.

Nn RVp Nn, JhTRp TYL, AdL

NXY NnVlTm ThLs NnVlT\,
H]p, Nnj RVp Nn Jh TRp j
EZdLd V YLVm Nnj RVp Nn Jh
TYRt, Rp Jh TP YiV u
KWeL[ Wd, ReLd VRL, NWULY ApX
NqYLULY NnLs[ Yim. JhTP
TVuTjRlTm V A]j TdLeLdm
ALU] AeXm ALXjR Gjd Li, ]L[
Wd SWd Ls[ Yim.
A. NV] TdLjp Jh
ARu CPjp Tvh
NnVlT\.

B. RY\] TdLm
C. Nn RVp Nn
JhTPlTh
\t\ NV]
TdLm
D.

RY\] TdLm (TPm 37)

Jhu KWjR T\f NnV, RY\] TdLjp

Wt\ KWj] AeX Uj BP] Tvh (Baste)
NnV Yim. NV] TdLm, RY\] TdLm Tvh
NnVlThPPu, XNL AjRm KWeL[ CVkWjRp
RdLm, ApX Nnj RVXp RdLm.
TveL[ Gjh, AjRm. Jhu KWeL[
CVkWjRp RlT WYL m. B]p LVp
RlT Nt RURUm. CVkWjRp RlT RYL
Rm. LVp NnVlTm Nnj RVp Lm
lVL AUkm.

ThP Vp JhTRp (Print Patch)

JW UV] u i Ju\ Yhd
Ls[m. i u EYYm BPu
EYYjPu Lm LfRUL TkR Yim. u
LXL KWjR Jhj p Uj, kR BPu
NV] TdLm Yj RdLm. RY\] TdLjp
KhPV NWUL Yh, LmTj RVp TVuTj
Wt\ KWeL[ RdLm.

TPm 37 : Nnj RVp Nn Jh TRp

458

459

LsLs

3.

KYo Lvh RVp

T - A

4.

Tj CZdLi Tj CQlTY

5.

WfX YX

o NnRp

6.

Wgf f

WkRW LjRVp

I. LhP CPeL[ WlL

1.

_________ p Ut\YPk UTPUp JW

GiQm LilTo.

7.

2.

_______ J URu U]XV \lTL NVpTP

Yd\.

Ttd L[TY Utm

AjRl TjRuLs ULdL] BPLs

8.

Rj hRp

m L

3.

LYofV] YY AUl \u XlThLs,

AlTPp _________

9.

LolT LX BPLs

SPm ZkRLu
A[Ls

4.

_________ Ydm XlThLs GuTY L,

EYW Zp YYm, Utm YXlTL[m.

10. A[ 1 k 3 YW SP\p LY]jp

Ls[ YiVY.

5.

________ GuT LLs Utm Nnj RVpL[

III. NV? RY\? G] GL.

6.

________ GuT RtLL LjRVp Bm.

7.

________ GuTm RtLL LjRVp Bm.

8.

________ GuT TZU YnkR LjRpLs Ju.

9.

________ GuT J GpXdLhj RVp Bm.

NTodL ER\.

10. Nhu RVp GuT J ______ RVp Bm.

11.

________ GuT fj RVp Bm.

12. BPu r m KWjR Es Uj Rj

\ T\f NnY _________ G]lTm.
II. TjL.

1.

jWlu]p
YXlTh p

2.

ULf NdLWm

fj RVp
460

1.

YXlT \u GuT YYUjRp, RjRp, Utm

YXV \ NnRp BVYt\d d\.

2.

V A[Ls YoLs Utm C[TYj]o

AYRt HtT Pd\.

3.

YhYRt 6 AeXeLs [Pu Y[kR

LlPu ClT \kR.

4.

JeV o TtLs EPV LjRdLp L[

YhYRt TVuTjRlT\.

5.

vl Tve GuT RtLL LjRVp Bm.

6.

Khj RVp RtLL LjRVp Bm.

7.

pd @l[v GuT jW u]p YXdL]

FVm.

8.

dVp GuT J jWlu]p YXlT

FVm.
461

9.

X Pn RVp GuT jWl u]p RVp

Bm.

10. LmT[j RVp GuT J GpXd Lhj RVp

Bm.
IV. J YojRp PV

1.

J BPVl TjRYW, LoYo YlTjm

Rp Tid GY]d \lT\?

2.

SU BP SmUf \lTL LhYRt GqY

AUdLlThdL Yim?

3.

15. Wlj RVp Ju\ G.

16. AldL p TjR TVuTjRlTm RVp
Ju\ GL.
17.

Tj CQlTYLs Ju\ GL.

18. HRm J amU G.

V. C YLp PV

1.

J p CZ AUl Gu\p Gu]?

2.

SLL Te Gu\p Gu]?

Ls Yem T LYdL YiV L dV

SP\ NokR Lj Gu]?

3.

BPVj Ro NnYR Tdm X LWL[l

ThV.

4.

V TjR YWp Utm \ Tm

GqY APV[m LiQoYn?

4.

RW APV[m Y.

5.

BPV] EeLs A[t TjRU] Gu

GqY LilTn?

5.

EZdm Wu Utm TWUl Ttd l

GL.

6.

\lT] LjRdLu A[ Gu]?

6.

7.

RVY ALt\m, mj RVX ALt\m

TVuTm L G?

LoYu RYV NUlTRt RVlT[o

LVm X lL[l ThV.

7.

LjRdLp Gu\p Gu]?

8.

m LL[ TV.

8.

9.

A[ GdL TVuTm Lu TVo Gu]?

AlTPj RVd RYlTm Tj LL[

ThV.

9.

NUfW] Tved Gu\p Gu]?

10. RtLL LjRVp Ju\d .

11.

WkRW LjRVp Ju\d .

12. jWlu]p YXdL] p Ju\ GL.

13. jWl u]p YXd RYlTm L Ju\
GL.
14. jWlu]p YXp TVuTm GpXd L
RVp Ju\ G.
462

10. vl Tved Tt GL.

11.

u\j RVp GqY NnVlT\?

12. le Gu\p Gu]?

13. TpY YLV] RVpL[l ThV.
14. NRWQUL jW u]p YXlThtL]
pL[l ThV.
463

15. jW u]p YXlThp TVuTjRlTm

TpY FL[l ThV.
16. QYf NhPeLs Gu\X Gu]?
17.

jWl u]p YXlThtj RYlTm

LLs VY?

18. Lmj RVp Gu\p Gu]?

4.

WkRWU] LjRVpLs Gu\p Gu]?

5.

jWlu]p YXlThP GqY TWUlTn?

6.

2 YLV] Wlj RVpL[l Tt GL.

7.

2 YLV] fj RVpLs VY?

8.

BP RVlT[o GqY LoYu RYV

oj NnYo.

9.

l YWL. A. \dLh B. A[dm SP C.

A[ Lp D. ULf NdLWm Utm LoTu LRm.

19. Nej RVp Ttf l GL.

20. Nhu RVp Gu\p Gu]?
21. Ald Gu\p Gu]?
22. Tj CQlTY Gu\p Gu]?

10. HRm 2 GpX RVpLs Tt G.

23. Lt Ul Y[Vm Ge CQdLlT\?

11.

24. Ttd L[TY Utm AjR TjRuLs Gu\p

Gu]?

12. Ald EYW u UV GqY Y\up

Ut AUlTn?

25. am Y.
26. LdLs Utm UhPlTVuTm [ Gu\p Gu]?

13. AldL[ Yhm T LPldL YiV

TLs VY?

27. amLu YLL[l ThV.

14. TjRu Lt Ul Y[Vm Tt l GL.

28. oTjRp YLL[ GL.

15. Ttd L[TY Utm AjRl TjRuL[

GqY AUlTn?

29. Nu YLL[l ThVp Nn.

30. lThP Vp Jhl TRp Gu\p Gu]?

T - B

Ald EYW u RVpLs Tt G.

16. KWm Uj RdLlTmLh] lTp

Es[ TpY TL[ GL.

VI. dLU] PV

17.

1.

BPLu L[l Tt Y.

18. HRm 2 YLV] amLs Utm AUlT GL.

2.

TpY YLV] Yhm LjRdLpLs

VY?

19. JhlTRp Tt lTL.

3.

RtLL LjRVpLs Tt GL.

464

amU RVlTp Es[ TL[ GL.

20. Nnj RVp Nn GqY Jhl TPlT\?

465

T - C
VII. Y] PV

1.

BPL[ Ro NnYRt ERm LjLs VY?

2.

V RokRdm T SP\p LY]jp

Ls[ YiV LjdLs VY?

3.

AlTP RVp LLs Tt YL GRm.

4.

2 YLV] LjRVpLs Tt YL Y.

5.

jWlu]p YXlTht RYlTm

ThL[ Y.

6.

TpY YLV] GpXdL RVpLs VY?

7.

Wlm RVpLs Utm fjRVpLs Tt

Yj Y.

8.

Ald YXlThp Es[ TpY TL[ (steps

involved) GL.

9.

TjRuLs Utm TjRu [ AUl Tt

YL GL.

10. LdLs Utm UhPdV [Lu AUl

Tt Y.
11.

TpY YLV] Nnj RVpLs VY? YL

Y.

466

7. LjlTUt\ \uLs
U]VX Ltdm \Ls

LjlTUt\m GuT NVtTeu SP\

XUL NnL[ BWmT CPjp Ck TTYd
CP Ut\m NnYR Bm. Cm\p NnL[
TjRU] Y XUL C YL UdLd CPX
ApX ]PV AlYm, TYm Bm.
LjlTUt\jR Njm YV], RLYp
ApX NnL[ AlYRt FPLjR HtTjm.
LjlTUt\jR Gjf Npm Y ApX
Ttdm \Ls / Lt\p ApX LjlTUt\
hTeL[ TX YLLm ApX TX YLm
YdLXm. CY \ Lp (formal) Utm \NW
Lp (informal) Ttdm \Ls Utm Ls/Li
NR]eLs BVYt\ Es[Pd Es[. C Tt YL
kRV Yll TPljRLjp YdLlThs[.
CkR AjVVjp Sm RokRdLlThs[ X \Ls
Utm YlT\p BVoLs Utm UQYoLs ReLs
GiQeLs Utm NnL[ GV \p
GjWlTRt TVuTjm NR]eL[l Tt
AkLsYm.
U]Vp CWi RlThP LtdLdm
XLs Es[]. ARY, \V] Lp Utm \NW
Lp Bm. \NW Lp LtTYPm Ck, \V]
Lp LtTYoLs, AYoLu u], Y[m, YnlLs,
Utm FdjRp RVYLp UTu\]o.
TZeLXjp, YlT\p Ltdm \L[L \V]
Lp LtTRt dLp TVuTjRlThP \ NUU]
[Y \NW Lpp HtTjR. \V] Lp
Lt\p BVPm RPoPV \L[
467

TVuTu\. B]m \NWdLp Ttdm

rXp LtTYPm RPoPV \Ls,
NVpTjRlTu\].
G GlTVm, Ltdm X GYm,
AlTP UlLs, LjdLs, Utm YWV\
Tu\Y Ltdm \Lp NUU]RL Cdm. RLYp
TUTYoLs GkR J \Vm, rXd Ht\Y
Ut AUj ApX Nt UmTj DTjm
\UV CdL Yim. ERWQm : \V] Lp
Ltm Xp, RYV] YlT\V AUdL
Yim. u NuPu [dL Yim ApX Rp
BX (workshop) \L[ TVuTjRYim. B]p
TsNW Xp UQdLo, UWjRX, RrYWjX,
Ts ApX TgNVj AYXLeLX EhLok
Ls[Xm.

GjWjRp, LmTXLV TVuTjRp, LsL[

Gl, EhT[ YL Gjd Rp Tu\Y.
Cm\u Yt, Tm YZeLlTu\ RjR
Noks[.

WVtm \u UlLs / TVuLs

1.

J V RXl ApX TPjR ALlTj

YRt, Cm\ Lm \kR \Vm.
\Vt\u Xm, JYo J TPjR
UtToY Nn, dLlThP u TPjt Wk
s ToY NnV Yim.

2.

W GuT ASLUL A]jYLV] Up

X LpLm TVuTjRlTm LtdLdm
\Vm. Cp U]Vdd Ltd LjRm Es
APe Es[. ALU] A[p W \p
HtTm [Ls Tt Ul NnVlTh t\m \
LidLlThPm, W \p LtdLlTYRp
J X dLsL[ APYRt AL Bt\X,
Cm\ Tts[. lTL UQYoL[ Nu APV
YiV AlTP RLYpLs. U]Vp J
EhTjRlThP Je\V] TPl Gu\m, X
\ EiULs (facts) Utm TdLhTLs (theories)
Tu\ TpY TPlL[ NokRYL[
Es[Pds[.

WVt\dj RVdm T WV[o,

TpY jRLeL[ TX] Nn, GjR[u
SdLeL[m, UtLsL[m LY]ULl Toj,
RVj, YlT\p J TV TV, L GV
\p dLUL lhP SWjp Ltd LdL
\.

3.

Cm\p LtdLlTm T V NnL[

YZeL\. H]p, WV[o LP
Pjm NnL[ Ut AUj W
NnVXm.

4.

Cm\ Lm Tj [dL YiV J

\Vm. H]p, LjR TUTYo NnL[
LhTYd YiV A[t YL \ \.
A Uhu, EP]VL UQYoLPm Ck
Ttd Ls[dV u ATYjp (feed back)
Ck TPjp GlT, Um RYL YL
YdLlTP Yim GuTR AV \.

WV] TX NVpTL[ Es[Pd Es[.

AY RXlT ALlTjRp, ERWQeL[

WVtRp GuT J LXVm. CRt J

lhP SP\ Te PV. SP\ TeL]

7.1. W (Lecture Method)

468

WVtm \V TVuTjRp

469

WVtTYoLdPV YTm. WV[u

RlThP Tfj\] TjR Wu NVp
[ HtTm. GYm, rYm YLhRpL[
TVuTjm JYo R] WV Lf\l
YnkRRL Nn Ls[Xm.

1. hPm X
A. Y/dm hPjR BWnRp
J WV[o, Ru YZeLl Tm WV,
GlTlThP u]p Es[ t YZeLlT\m
GuTRj Rk Ls[ Yim. ERWQUL,
YTLs \kR YL, (heterogenous) CkRp,
WVt\ YiV CPm, Utm AL LY]m NjR
YiV TLs YTm. Aj\u Utm oY]
(homogenous) UdLs LiP YL Clu,
WV[o \UV Ndm Ljl T[
t YZeL, iRXL AUm. WVt\
JdLlThP SWjR U]p Li ARt HtT
WV AUdL Yim.

B. EhT[ JeLL AUdL Yim

TPju dL[ Tj, EhT[ Ro
Nn, ARPu RPo Es[ NnL[ TpY
lLk NLj, u JelTj GqY
YZeL T\m Gu oUdL Yim.
WdLu\ dV lL[ RVj lTj
YjdLs[ Yim.

ApX NLLs (signs), SLfYjRuU (humour)

jl TRp (pause), Uu s[ SpX BdLm
(good command over language), Utm Ru]mdL (self
confidence) WV[o ]W SV E\Y
HtTjd Ls[ Yim. YlT\u J TdLjp
Ck Ut\ TdLUL LiQhPm h, ]W
Ls Lh, YlT\ YRjp ]W Te T\
YlTRu XULm, ]W SV E\Y HtTjd
Ls[ m.
Ltdm NR]eLs, YYUdLlThP lLs ApX
LlWL[l TVuTj WV YZeL m.
Wu Cp, WV dLUd, RLYp
RhPd (References) lL[m UQYoLd
TlTRtLL LdL Yim.

3. W YZeLlThP u Es[ X
CkXp YZeLlThP Wu AlTPp,
UQYoLd Yj JdRp (Assignment)
YXV LdL Yim. Yj JdRp
GuT TZLd VRLY, GRdVRLY,
X RLYpL[ NLlTRLY, J BP ApX
A\V YYUdLf NnRp Tu\ \ YLVf
NokRRLm CdLXm.

W \u GW] X (Disadvantage)
1.

470

Y Ljl TUt\jR ( o n e - w a y
communication) [dLXm. TpY XLp

Wp UQYoLs TeLtLhPp, UQYoL[

Ltm \u UkRUm. CqY\L LXk NVpTm
YnlLs \dLlT\.

2. WV YZem X
\u YnkR YZeRd, J X QeL[
WV[o Tt CdL YiV AYVm. ARY
Wp Ht\ C\dLeLs, EPp ANLs (body language)

2.

J lhP TPm/ RXl A]j UQYo

Ldm JW UV] lTjR RW.
471

3.

Nj\u \kRYoLd Cm\Vp kR

TVu[V.

4.

LhT RXlLd (Theoretical topics) UhU

W \p LY]m NjRlT\.

dLUL \ YiUp, W \V
JeLL hPh, Bt\p YnkR \p YZeLlTm
T YtLWUL AUk \. \ NokR
RuU]p W \V], \ NWR Lpd
dLp TVu Atl Tn \.
7.2. NuPu [dm \ (Demonstration Method)

NuPu [dm \V] AL Bt\p YnkR

\Vm. Cm\ J lhP Ts GqY YX
Nn\, GRd Li EYdLl Tt\, Utm Hu
AqY[ dVjYm YnkRRL LRlT\ GuTR
\mTP [d\. UQYoLs, ClTPjPu Ju
ReL[ DTjd Li Yo. H]p, AYoLu
LY]jR DodLd V lhP RuU YnkRYt\
UhU SdYo.
NuPu [dRp \, TYL EiUV]
RhQWjRdLYV Nok Cdm. ARY, EQY
RVjRp, U] AXeLWm RX]Y Gu\m, J
X EiUV] LVeL[ RTjRm, TVuTjRl
T\. EPp Rt\ AU, \Pm SPk Lsm
\V] TiLs, J STW ALlTjm Rm,
SoLQdf NpX BVjRlTj LsY, Utm
XYttl TVuT\.
NuPu [dm \V] BVoLs, Ut\ \
Yp]oLs ApX UQYoLs XUL YZeLlT\.
UQYoLd, NuPu [dY GuT Ul kR
NVpTPm. H]p, Cm\ UQYoL[ Ljl
472

TUt\ RPoPV NVpThp TeT\ Yd\.

CfNVpT kR TlLm, NVpLm
UQYoL[ DTP Yd\. UQYoLs YnUVL
[dLm AjRm, TX Y Ltdm NR]eL[
TVuTj
NkRLeL[
Yoj
NnVm
Yidm. CjRPoPV NVpTh]p,
UQYoLs, Ljl TUt\jR Bt\p kRRL
NnYRtL] hTeL[l Tt Ltd LsYo.

NuPu [dm \u Ul/ TVuLs

1.

WVp kdLs[ VR Ju\ LiL[p

Li, NuPu [dm CfNVpTeL
SP\p k Ls[ m. ERWQUL, J
BPV EYYm AUdm \Tt, NuPu
[d Ltd LdL m.

2.

UmTjRlThP NVp\Lu TVuL[ Tt

UdLd lQo HtTjRlT\. ERWQm:
NLjp, NUdm \Ls L UNU] Xp
Cdm T, NuPu [dm \Vd
Li, SpX NUVp \Ls Utm SuUL[
UdLd Ltj RWXm.

3.

Cm\ V hTeL[ j, BoYjR i

V EjL[ LV[f Nn\. A RW, NuPu
[dm T UdLs V NUVp \L[
LV[m, NUVp TZdL YZdLeLp Utm
Yp J UuUTjRlThP RWPV EQY
RVdm BoYm HtT\.

4.

Cm\ LtTR GRd, SWjR WVm

NnYpX. WV[o NuPu TlTVL
[dYR, UQYoLs LYlTRp, AkR NVp\
V] UQYoLu U]p L Gp Tk,
473

]p t\. ClTVL, WV[W Nn\

L[ im, im [dd Yp Ck
Roj, SWjRm \d\.
5.

6.

AL X Lj ASL UQYoL[p YeL

VR ThL[d Li NnVlTm
NR]Ls NuPu [dm \p Lm
TVs[RL [e\. ERWQUL, NXY
Nnm CVkWm/ i AXAl CVem
\] A]j UQYoLdm NuPu
[dm \p [dd LidLXm. H]p,
CdLLs A]YPm CdLd V Ts
ApX.
YdLlThP RWU] hTeLs ApX \ Tt\
ThLs Tt W Nn LtlTRt NuPu
[dm \ TVuT\. ERWQUL: LdLs
NnVlTm IeL NuPu [dm T,
UQYoLs RYV] ThL[ NV] Rjp
TVuTjYRtm, Tvhu (paste) Xlj
RuU Utm Ie NnYp Es[ hTeLs
Tu\YL[ Ltd Ls[ \.
NuPu [dm \p CWi YLLs Es[].

7.2.1. Nn\V NuPu [dY

(Method Demonstration)

C V hTeLs ApX TZdLeL[ NuPu

[dY Bm. ARY, CkRl Ts GqY
NnVlThP GuTR [dY Bm. J U]Vp
BVo ApX UQYo, J Ld RVjRX Nn
LijRp Bm. ERWQUL AYu/ AYs hPV
GqY Ajd LXlT, ThL[ GlT Ju\Ld
LXlT, KYp GqY LXk ThL[ YlT, LXkR
474

ThLs TU] A[ Yk hP GuTR GlT

Rk LsY Tu\YL[ UQYo Rk LsYo.
Nn\V NuPu [dm \p, LtTYo
NVpThPm Su LYdL \.

7.2.2. [Y NuPu [dm \ (Result

Demonstration)

Cm\p, NuPu [dLlThP \u

TZdLeL[m, RtT LVm TZdLeL[m
Jlh, ARu [L[ TolTR Bm . NuPu
[dm \p J J QdLV]
TVuTjRlT\. ERWQUL, Tde NP
NodLlThP EQY, Tde NP NodLlTPR EQPu
JlRp, TZeLX Utm RtLX A\ AUl \Ls
Utm TX.

NuPu [dYRt RVjRp

NuPu [dYp CWi XlThLs
Es[Pes[ NuPu [dTYo Utm LYlTYo.
BLVp, [dLm RYRtLL RVl NnYRt
TLlT] LY]m CYdm RYlT\. Ce,
Nn\ NuPu [dYRt hPLp LY]jp
LsYRtL]
dVU]
YLhRpLs
LdLlThs[].
1. eLs NnVlTm NuPu [dm \u
SdLjR oUdLm. ARY, Am\ J
\] ApX J V TZdLm ApX hTm NokR
lQo HtTP, NuPu [dLl T\R Gu
oUdL Yim.
2. Cm\p EeLs SdLjR \YtYRt,
Gu] oU]m NnVl ToLs GuTR
Nn Ls[ Yim.
475

3.

EiUV] ThLs, ULs, TN NlThP Zt

TPjRLLs, TPeLs Utm ZtTPeLs ApX Y
Ql ThL[ NuPu [dYRt
TVuTjR Rok GdLm.

4.

RPo YNp, TlTVL NuPu [dLl

TYRtL] T[ Ad AUdLm.

5.

NuPu [dYRtL] U_ ApX J Tp,

ThL[ GqY AUlT Gum, RYV]
ThL[ GqY GRL, YNVL RYlTm
T LVsY GuTRm hPhd Ls[
Yim.

6.

A]j ToYV[oLm, Nu [dLlTYR

TodU A\V GqY AUlT, GuTR
oUjd Ls[m.

7.

TPjhPju YWmt HtT TU] SWjR

NuPu [dLm, u LsL[ GlYRtm
SWjR Jd NnVm.

8.

NuPu [dLm RYRt SWVL Utm RYL

LWV AdL Yim. AlT Ru NuPu
[dYRu SdLm Ttm AR]p oj
NnVlTYR RYL Rk Li, ARu Xm
UQYoLs Gu] Ltd LsYo RX] TXYt\m
LtTYoLs AYo.

9.

Nn\ NuPu [dRX SPjRp (Method

demonstration)

NuPu [dYp BTjdLs CkRm,

uYm VN]L[ UtLi VVUL Yt
VPVXm GuT EV].
1.

u]tTPL, NuPu [dYRtj RYV]

A]jl ThL[m RVWL YdLm.

2.

AWYhPUL ToYV[o AUoYRt AUl

HtTjYRp, LtTYoLs, [dLlT\ Nn\
[dLjR Su\L TodL m.

3.

A]Ydm Lhm TVL NjRUL Wp EVoj

TN Yim GuTR U]p Ls[ Yim.
LtTYoLs LY]jR DolTRtLL AqYlT
LsL[d LhLXm. CqY NnY, Lt\d
ER\.

4.

ToYV[o, AYoL[ dL[ APYRt

RYV]Yt\ UhU NpXXm ApX
LidLXm. CuVUVR LjdLs j Tf
W NnYp UhU LY]m NjR
Yim. T TdtLL TNd P.

5.

LtTYo LiQhPm NjR Yim. VR

Tu\ Rt\m ApX ZlTUL Es[ Tp
Rt\jR Lis[]W G] LYj RYd
VXm.

6.

Je\V] YLjR NuPu [dYRt

LV[m L]U] TL[ LPdmT
R]ULm, RYlTm T mTm \
Yim.

Sm \Pk NuPu [dYRt T\dV

ERLs Clu, RY HtThPp TYRt
hPPm.

10. LtTYoLd (LlWLs) LLp Gjf NpXm,

ApX Y X hd Gjf NpX, Th
L[ GlT LdL Yim GuT Tt
Nn Ls[m.
476

477

7.

dVd LjdLd Ltdm LL[ ALU]

AjRjR TVuTj LdLXm. ARY
TVuTjV ThLd UL[d LidLXm,
Utm ZtTPeL[ TVuTj FhPfNjdLu
UlTd \Xm, ApX [dLlTPjPu V
@l[x AhPL[ Nn\V [dL TVu
TjRXm.

8.

NuPu [dRp, LtTYoL[ YUL

DTjYRt, AYoLPm RVlTRt ApX
RVlp Te Tts[ J \l YnkR hTjR
Vt NnYRt ERUm LhLXm. ERWQUL,
\l YnkR Uj, Eh RVdLlTm J EQl
Ts ApX CqQl Ts RVlp
LtTYoLs EQY UlTRt ER NnVXm.

9.

Cm\p LilTL SWjR hPh LPdL

Yim.

10. LsLs LhTR FdLlTjRm. NVpThP

dLm. CY NkRLeLs Utm ZlTeL[
dYRt ERm.
Cm\ lTL, \ NWR Lpd p Bt\p
k LQlT\. Cm\p V LjdL[
TVuTjU AYoL[ DTP YlT L GR]
Ju. H]p, SdY GuT BRWoYU]
(Seeing is Believing).

NuPu [dYR BVo NTodm ThVp

(check list) ApX Nhu (rating scale) ERV
Ul NnVXm.
7.3. YR \ (Discussion Method)

J lhP rXp Lj YT HtTm

T YRm SPT\. YRm LsLs Utm
LjdL[ TeLtTYoLdPV TUd Ls[
478

YL Nn\. YRju SdLm. GiQeLs Utm

SdLeL[ TUd Ls[ FdLlTjY Bm.
B]p, YRm GkR J WfN]dm YV
ApX oYV LQ Yu Nn m.
ap, T (1968) TpY Bn AdLL[
LYj, NR] Nn TojRp YR\m,
WVtm Tm hPjRhP U]p Tm RuU
CWidm JW A[]RL Cd\. YR
Nn\Lm, WLm NWNVL JW A[
Bt\Xd Lis[] G] Jl Nn Lij
s[]o. \ GdLlThP A[Lp YR \V
W, TjRp BVYt\ P U]p LjR TV
YlTp UXe Es[RL AVlThs[. Lt\kR
`VeL[ NVpTjYm, SPYdL TeLUY
ET\f NnYp dV Te Ydm U]lTuUV
EYdYm, YR \Ls UXe Es[RL Li
Aks[]o.

YRju UlLs/TVuLs
1.

UQYoLPV YRm NnYRt \UV

EYd\.

2.

UQYoLPm Ru]mdLV ALUL Y[od\.

3.

WfN]d o LQ UQYoLd TXRWlThP

GiQeL[ YRm Yd Li Y\.

4.

YdLlTP Es[ LsV NokR u ATYeLs

Utm RkR EiUL[ Yd Li Ym.

5.

J R STd Gfh, NVpTP Yj AYW

XV UmTj\. ERWQUL, SnjRl
TYRu [Ls, EiUL[ YY,
Utm RPoPV ATYeLs BVYt\
YlTRu [YL, RlThP SToLs, ReL[m
479

ReLs mT SToL[m Sn Rl Thd

Ls[ YlToLs.
6.

dL[ NVpThtL] hPeL[ YdL

Yd\. ERWQUL: TiLdL] YU]jR
TdYRtL] NVpTLu TVu Tt
YlTRp TiL[ AfNVpTLp DTP
Yd\.

YRju YLLs
TpY YR \Ls, LtjRd TVuTu\].
.AY,
1.

YlT\ YRm

2.

YRd

3.

LjRWe

4.

J u YRm (NmT`])

CYts, \NWR YlT\ YRm AL A[p

TVuTjRlTm YlT\ LtjRp \Vm.

1. YlT\ YRm (Class Discussion)

C T RXlT] U]Vp Lpu AYVm
ApX lhP RXlT] U]Vp LtTRp HtTm
YXYnl Tu\ RXl NokRRLY AUVXm.
YlT\ YRju Bt\p GuT YV XLs
Utm UQYoLu \ULs, Ylp UQYo
GidL, LtdL YiV TPd LlTs Utm
ATYm, BVu YRm SPjYRtL] \u
RX]YL[ Nok Es[.

2. YRd (Panel Discussion)

YRd GuT YhP U_ YRm Gum
\lTm. Cdp 3 Rp 6 SToLs ClToLs. AYoLs
480

YdL LdLlThP WfN] NmTkRlThP LjdL[

Gjd Yo. YRd ]o WfN]d o Li,
JqY STm im NVpYRt u YRju
JqY lTm L GRLm, LhTum
YlTj YRm EWhPm dLRL NnVlT\.
J YlT\p, YRd Y] UQYoL[p
EYdLlThkRp, J BVW ApX UQYW,
SXV]YWL, SYo TeL YdLXm. SYo u
JqY STm \kR \p TeLtU NnV
Yim.
YRd u dV TVu Gu]Yu\p,
UQYoLs Wk, RkWUL kdLm, ReL[
YlTjd Ls[m ATYjR Ld\.
X NUVeLp CqYL YRjp JqY
RSTm YThP LjdL[ YlTjYRp
Cp YRd WfN]dj o LQ CVXR
YLp UNU] XUV APk \.

3. LjRWe (Symposium)
Cm\p, TX TfN[oLs, J LdLlThP,
TPjRd j ReLs GiQeL[ GjWlTo.
TfN[oLPV NVp Go NVX (interaction)
RtlT dLs ApX; B]p TfN[oLu
GiQeL[ Gj EWlT dVm Bm. ClTVL,
LjRWe \, \kR LXjp, YThP GiQeLs
ApX TZdLeL[ uXlTj YZe\. Um,
UQYoLd T TfNt\d ATYjR Ad\.
uXlTjRX RPok AR RXlp YlT\
YRm SPTm.

4. J u YRm (Colloquium)
Cm\ C L[d LiP. J p
YpSoL[ ApX \lT] RuUL[ EPVYo
481

ApX iV \m YnkR SToLs ClTo. Ut\ p

UQYoLs ClTo. UQYoLs p Ck Lm
lTU], RPoPV RXlLp Ck LsL[
Gl, Go]Pm Ck TX GoTolTo.
ClTlThP YRm UQYoLd Y GkR
Ym PdLl T\R RLYpL[ YZe\.
BVo ApX UQYW SYWL ClTo. Cm\
YRjR TVuTjYp L dV WfN]
Gu]Yu\p YdLd V \U YnSR SToL[
LilT Lm WUU] LVm.

YR \] SP\lTjYRt u
u]V] TLs Es[].

EVoRWU] BRWeL[, U]Vp TPm LtlTRt

YiV ThL[ Aj ER\. ERWQUL:
YXdf Npm TiLdL] Y]eLd,
F]t\ ZkRLu SXdLL ApX EQ
RtNXLd L[lTVQm Nn ToYYRp,
TpY TPeLd ALU] RLYpL[ Ld\.
J L[lTVQjt hPm T L dV Lj
Gu]Yp, AdL[lTVQm TPjhPjt EhThPRL
AUV Yim.

L[lTVQju Ul / TVu
1.

RuU RLYXL, SWV] ATYjRp RtTs[

XUd HtT UQYoLd YiV LjdL[
SWVLd Li PdLl TY.

2.

UQYoL[ FdLlTj, LtL YlT. H]p

AYoLd ThL[ Ro NnVm, V
LjdL[ T\ YnlLm Es[].

1. WfN]V LiQoRp
Y] o LQYiV WfN]d EPuTP
Yim.

2. WfN]dj o LiT Tt kjRp

WfN]V LiQokR u, YRd
El]oLs AYWYoL[, GiQeL[ YlTj
YRp, WfN]Vj lTRt Gu] YLs Es[]
GuTR JqYYW GiQm YlTj\.

3. lV] od EPuTRp
UjR tm C J oYL AUk, NVp
hPeLs EYdLlTu\]. YRju [Yl Tt
TolTpX. C XTLWU], H]p p JqY
STPm HRY Ju TWlTh WfN]d oLQ
Ynl AdLlT\.
7.4. L[lTVQm (Field Trip)

L[lTVQm GuT YlT\V h, J NRVm

ApX YlT\u YPeL[ Nu ToY Ch,
482

J YtLWU] L[lTVQm, r Ym XL[

Es[Pd Cdm.

J L[lTVQjt hPRp
BVo AkR L[lTVQjtL] CPjR Nt uTL
Rp Nu ToYP Yim. ApX AkR H_u
ApX STPu RPo HtTj, L[lTVQju
NVpSdLm Tt Gjd, YNV] S[
NnV Yim. BVo UQYoLPm L[lTVQju
NVpSdLm Ttd , GkR YL RLYX Ae T\
m GuTR Nj Ak Ls[ Yim. ok
LYj RLYp NLdL Ltj, UQYoL[ RVWdLm.
BVo Utm UQYoLs CQk L[lTVQjp
L[jp Es[ STPm LhL YiV LsL[
ThVh, TdYWj, EQ RX]Yd hP
483

YoLs. UQYoLs UVL DTh TVQjt

RYlTm A]jRm AUdm T Ru
UQYoLs SP\, WfN]Ls Utm BTjLs
Tu\ TVQj] HtT Nnm T Es[ CPo
Tt Ak LsYo.

2. L[jp SP\Ls
UQYoLs dL[L dLlTu\]o.
(GidL ALUL Clu) H]p, p
UQYoL[p Su\L ok LYj, Su LhLm
m. L[ju EUV[W (host) p Es[
A]Ydm ALm NnV Yim. UQYoL[
Ls LhTRt FddL Yim. X Ro
NnVlThP UQYoLPm, L[lTVQjR T
NnYRtL] Tl JlTPdLl Thdm.

3. u RPRp (Follow up)

L[lTVQjt \ u RPRp NnV Yim.
Cp Su LReLs G, L[lTVQjR Yt T\
NnR L[ EUV[dm, ER NnR SToLdm
LlTo.
UQYoL[ dL[LY ApX RlThP
\X L[lTVQ AdLL[ NUoldU Lh
Ls[ Yim. AkR AdLp L[lTVQm HtT
NnVlThP T hPhP SdLm \YVR Gu
lPl ThdL Yim.
TpY UQYoLu ATYeLs Tt Yj,
CdL[lTVQm GqY AYoLd XTLWUL AUkR
Tu\Y YlT\p YdLlTP Yim. X
ThLs NLdLlThkRp, AlThL[ Lhl
T[dYRt, Lh AUdLlThdm.
484

J SpX hPPlThP L[lTVQm, UQYoLd

AY GqY NVpTjY GuTRt ERVL
Cdm.
7.5. LiLhd YjRp (Exhibition)

LiLhd YjRp GuT \V] ULs,

EULs, YWTPeLs, ZtTPeLs, TPeLs,
YWhLs, RLYp RX]Yt\ LhVUlTRt
YNlTVL J lhP LlTPu NLjp
lQoY HtTj BoYjR HtTjYRt
TVuTPdVRm.
CkR \V] A]j YLV] UdLd
ELkR. LiLh GuT WUm, YhPm, Eh,
UYhPm, UXm, RV Utm EXL[V A[Lp
SPjRlTPXm. J dVU] LlT[ Yj
LiLhV SPj]m ARPu RPoPV
LjLs Utm RPoTt\ TTd AmNeLm
LiLhp APem.
Ts ZdLs Utm TsLdPV SPjRlTm
X NVpTLp LiLhm APem. SU NLjp
Es[ ZdLXeLm LiLhLs SPTu\].
LiLhdL] RL[ Nnm T, RxQ
X, Ut\ NVpTLs Utm LrfL[ U]p Li
oUdL Yim.

SdLeLs
1.

UdLu RWj] UmTjRm, RLYpLd Y

NnRp.

2.

ALlTV], RLYXlT\ BoYjR HtTjRm.

3.

RWm YnkR TZdLeL[ LVYRt FdjRp.

485

Rp hTeLs NokRY
hPRm RVjRm
l

J Y RU] Utm TjRU]

dL[ YpSoLs, Eso RXYoLs Utm
BhV[oL[d Li AUdL Yim.

Lj] oUj NmTkRlThP Y]eL[m

oUdLm.

U YW NX hPm RVj Ul Utm

hPjtL] T[ NLdLm.

CPm, SWm, LX A[ BVYt\ oUdLm.

Lrfu hPm Tt GjYYjp RVj

RPoPV A]Ydm EV SWjp RLYp
LdLm. X LX LrfLs Utm U]UrdL]
LrfLm UX SWjt HtT NnVm.

lhP Rp LiLh SPT\l Tm

CPjR RVWdLm.

CuVUVR YNLd HtT NnVm.

J vPX (stall) TpY \Ls Lhd

YdmTm ThLs Tt AlTRt RVo
NnVm.

TdhPm, Tt Utm TTd

LrfL[ SPjYRt TkRX AUdLm.

dVU] CPeLp YWhL[ Lhd

AUdLm.

EV Y\Lp TUdLd LiLhl Tt

Al NnVm.
486

Lhd Es[ LPL[

WdmTVLm AXeLdLm.

GUVLm,

TU] J AUt HtT NnVm, \l

YnkR [Y HtTjm [dL[ RYV]
CPeLp TVuTjRm.

SpX RWm kR YiQUVU] Lhl ThL[

RVj ToYV[oLd RYV] NnL[
APmT NnVm.

Esp Pdm ThL[l TVuTjRm.

ThLp TUW UdLdl mTVL h

hp GRm.

50 Rp 60 N. EVWjt Lhl TsL[ CWi

hPo [jt RWk EVoj AUdLXm.
YNlT JeLL AUdLm. TsL[
SdLUL YlTRj RodLm.

YrdLd CuVUVRYL[ NVp Utm

EWhPm Es[RL AUdLm.

TV[odl Ttm, lhP TVm Jd

NnVm.

iP LX LiLhd TV[oLd T SWjR

Ut AUj NVpTYRt YN NnVm.

LiLhp Lh AULs, YWhLs, ULs,

TPeLs, ZpTPeLs, XlTPeLs RVY
APes[].

NVpTjRp (Implementation)
l

\V] \lt Eso RXYo ApX LrdL

TU YnkR STW AZj \l Z SPjRXm.
487

ToYV[oLs RPeLu NpX Y AUdLm.

YL[ ToYV[oLd VLm

NnVm, TV[oLd LiLhV LQYm
ToYV[oLd RLYX RYL GjWdL
Ltd LdLm.

YpSo LiLhPjp ClTRt HtT

NnVm. AlT X WfN]L[l Tt
ToYV[oLs YpSPu Yj lTU]
RLYX T\ m.

AYoL[ LiLhl TtV NkR [dLeL[

RLYpLdLLm T Nn Ls[Xm.
l

Eso RXYoLPu T LiLhu Ytj

UlPm.

LiLhd TVuTjVYLs Utm AL

dVjYm Lj HtTjRlThP YNLs
BVYt\Tt E NnRp.

NLjp LiLhu [YL HtThP Ut\eL[

LiPVm.

hPeLs Tt hPeLs TLp SWeLp HtL]Y

hPhPlT SPjRlTm.

CW SWeLp T Td, LrfLdLL

TkRXl TVuTjRm.

ALU] m, RVlm RYlT\.

AdL LiLhV SPjR V.

TUdLu Lh TsL[ Ul Nn,

TLs Utm NuRrLs YZeLXm.

7.6. Ltdm NR]eL[p Gu] NnVm?

Lh TsLs Utm LiLh CPjR jRUL

YdLm. Lh ThL[ RYVtThPp Ut
AUdLXm.

LPL[ Lh AUlu RWm, ToYV[oL[

LYm \U Utm NnV TUYp Es[
Bt\p, ARu [ BVYt\ AlTPVLd
Li Ul Nn NuRrL[ YZeLXm.

oUjRT LiLhV lhPd LXjt \

Te Tt\o Utm ERVYoLd Su
\\f NnVXm.

u RPoRp (follow up)

l

ToYV[o XW RlThP \p Nkj,

ToYV[dL] lT Ju\ TWUj
488

YWV\Ls

Ltdm NR]eLs
l

XQo NokR ATYeL[ AL A[p

UQYoLd YZe, AYoLs k Lsm
U]XV EYd, PjR AY iP
ShLd U]p TV Yjd Ls[ 5 XQo
Lu ERm RYlTm. (ToY, LhPp, R
EQo, UQm, Y).

TXYThP Ltm LLs Utm ATYeL[

Ldm. [dL YWTPm (Chart), UuTN NlThP
Uu RL (film strip), U (Models), jRh
TmU (puppet), J SP (tape) RX]Y.

NRWQ Wd TXL UQYoLPV LtTRt

BoYjR ALj, U]m Ju NVpTm XV
EYd\. Ltm NR]eLs Li NnVlTm
489

WLs, UQYoLu LY]jR Utm lTjR

ALdm.
l

SpX PU] AjR[m AUj, AlTP

LjdL[ kj, \ JjNY, \fNdLWm Xm
T\ AlTP LjR EYd\.

J BVo [dL NVpThp RY]

YlL[ AdL, BVd ETLWQeLs
Lj ER\. C]lTdL NVpThP [dL
YWTPeLs Utm ULs RYlTm.

Lt\X BZU]RL, YL NnYRt L GRL

T\ VR ATYeL[ UQYoLd Ad\.
\ SLp Ym UdLu YrdLl Tt J
SPp T NnY.

BVoL[ AL Nd Es[YWd, Ltm ATYeL[

UmTj, Ljl TUt\jR \lTL NVpTP
Yd\. J BVo AYoL[ Ylp LtdL ERm
NR]eL[V ALUL SmYpX. YlT\
AlTlu LtdLUp \ YXp LY]m NjR
BVo NuPXm.

LtjRd ERm NR]eL[ RokRdm

T LYdL YiV TY] \Ls
A NkRY (Academic)
LtTYd Ht\RL Es[R? GuTR LY]jp
Ls[m.
l

YVZkRLs, Y[[m TYj]o, okRYo.

AojRs[ Np RL[ (meaningful vocabulary)

ALdL ERm. CkV jW YXlT u]p
Lu (embroidery) NV] TVW UL[d
Li Ltd Ls[m.

ATYeLs HZ, TQdLWo, SLWm, WUm, Bi,

Ti

A \u UYL, NWN, UmTjRlThP

RPofV] kR]L[ EYdm PU]

BWdVm Utm UdLs RL Lpu AYVm
Tu\Y.

BoYm BoYm CuU, \kR BoYm, AL

BoYm

V NVpThP ALlTj, YWh RVjRp,

EXL SLu YWlTPm YjRp, Qm
ThL[ ETVj dLs NnY.
RX RPod T ERVL Es[. UuTN
NlThP Uu RL, RXdLh, Y] JTWl
LlWLs (pamphlets).

GlTVm, Ltdm NR]eLs Ju\ Uhm

NnV CVX GuTR U]p Ls[ Yim. ARY
BVW Ut AUlT. TYL CYV]jm
490

CY EiUVL, NVL CuYW Lrks[

A]j NnL[m [d\R? ERWQUL.
l

EQu A[Y T APV[ [dLd YW

(Area Graph) TVuTj

hu A[ U hPd Li

BPLu \m ThL[d Li

Y[of Rm A[Yd LLp A[YVd

L[ jd Lhm EYLd LhPm (Bar graph)
ETVdLm.
491

RPos[ RXld HtT CY T[PdLjt

Utm Rtm AL dVjYm Ldu\]Y?
AY,
l

EQY YLlTjRp.

(vPup) Es Yhj RL LiP SLX Gdm

\ ApX Tjd AfRp.

AY UQYoLd ER, ReLdL] kj

NVpTPf Nn\R? ERWQm: JYu NVp
Thdm, BPu Te Utm AqYPdL]
EYYm AUlTR J UQYo Gj
NnYRtm Es[ RPoT k LsRp.

CY CpXUp AkR RXlT LtdL U?

Ltdm NR]u LtLd V NUVp \Lu

TVoLs

EPp NokRY
l

Y]jRp AYt\ YeL U?

RXLh Utm TPeLs, Rp YemTm,

o NnmTm AL NXY HtTjm.

AY XTUL TWUdL Ht\R?

TLeLs PlT, NTodm YNLs, \l YnkR

Nl YNLs, ofhPlThP A\Ls Utm
vpL]hLs. CY Ae CdL.

CY XTUL Gjf NpXd V]Y?

J Gd L AU (projector) Utm WLs

UjRUL, GPdV]YLm, Utm PU]
TdYWjd RYV] Yi Utm ERd
BhLm RYlTPXm.
492

7.7. u EY[Y NR]eLs (Three Dimenstional

Aids)

SWV] SdLm \kR ATYeLs GlTm,

PlTpX. AlTd PjRm, GlTm
TVuTjRd VRLY ApX AR] TVuTj
LtjRX Bt\p dLRLf NnYm VUp Es[.
Y]Xe TtV J LjRm, AR] TLlTR
Ttm LtdL, A]j XeLu NWQXVeLdL,
AY Cdm CPeLdL Nu UQYoLs ToYP
V. X ATYeLs Lm TZUV]RLY
ApX YeLXjt Ht\RL ClTRp, EiUp
SP\p CqYTYjR TY L]U] Ju\
\. J URu Li ApX Y J El
PdLd V Ju Ru. B]p YWUL Lt\d,
TVuTPR Ju\L LRlThPm, LL[p LVsY
AYl EiPdm. ClTVL, EiUl ThLs
X SWeLp LV[ Ll TRLm ApX Lf
VRLm Cd\.
C Tu\ rXLp Lh AkR ATYeLu
ERVp, EiU XL[ dh, dLUd
LtdLXm. X dLX] ApX R\Ydm YWeLs
dLlThm, X V] NodLlTh, Utm EiUV]
Yt\ \lTL k Lsm SdLjR A[Lp
Ut\m NnVXm. Lh AkR ATYeL[ X
ThLs (objects), EULs (specimens), ULs
(models), CVkWlTu U (mock-ups), XVL
TjRlTPRYLs (mobiles), jRh TmULs
(puppets) Tu\YLs XUL YZeLXm.

7.7.1. ThLs (Objects)

CY EiUV] UWlThLs, TmULs, o
NR]lThLs, AjRd LLXuLs, TZeLs, dLs,
493

jRLeLs RX]YLs. TX ThLs L GRL

hX ApX SiToLPU, TdLj AeLX,
Lp Y]eLX ApX AeLhVLjX Es[].
ThL[ YlT\p LtdL ETVLlTjRX
FddL Yim. H]u\p AYLd
l

RVl RYlTP ERWQm RWdL]

EiUV] RW lLs. W\] Ut
AUj, LtjRX BoYdLRL NnVXm.
ERWQm LnLLs, TZeLs RV] Tt
NjQVp TNXm.

LjRl TodLf NpXXm. SWm Pdm T

Ym LXjt, SWm Utm NdV fNlTjYRt,
LtjRd ThL[ NLj Yjd Ls[
Yim. AhPl Th PlTdLp ThL[
NLj, NdLXm ApX NpX@Tu (Cellophane)
TLp ApX, LiQVp PlThP `Lv
AXULp AXeLWUL WkRWUL Yj, AeLh
VLjRl Tu TWUj YdLXm.
rYm LWQeL[p, X SWeLp, ThL[
YlT\p TVuTjR VUp T\.

LjdL[ LiL[p TodL AV ERY Yim.

ERWQUL: SWjR fNlTj YXV
GRdm AjRd LLXu Utm d Tu\
CVkW ThL[d Li SWjR fNlTjm
LjR AVf NnRp.

1.

YlT\d Ht\ T[L CdL ERWQUL,

V] ApX U]jRm TX Ll TV
A[p CdUV]p, YlT\d Gj YW
V.

LtjRX Bt\p dLRL NnV YjRX Lj

RYL NnRp Xm T\Xm ERWQUL,
ZkRLs ReLs V ERVp, ReLs BPL[
ReL[ AYRt YYL NnVlT\.

YiLs, hl fLs TX LfV]YL

CkRp, AYt\l TolTRt YNVL CdL.
Um, Y] [dLeLdm, Bndm
YNVt\RL Cdm.

UQYoLd YlT\p RYRt, ATYl

TYRt, Li BWV Utm TlTRt Ynl
AdL Yim.

TmLs Utm Lh XeLs Tu\

ATVLWU]RL CkRp, YlT\d E[[ Li
YY TLlT] ApX.

YlT\p, ThL[ eLs YZem T

`Lvp YdLlThP, \lj RuUV V
AoYU], X V], Lm iV YXl
TL[d Li NnVlThP ApX Ylp Es[
A]j UQYoLm TodmT U_ Yjd
LidLXm. L AiUp UQYoLs T[ Toj
Am Th, LfVRL, EPVRRL, TLl
T]RL Clu YlT\p UQYoLs A]Ydm

URdLi Tu\ ElLs, L UuUVL,

Lk SYRLm, LV[ WUjR
HtTjYRm YlT\d Li NpX V.

LhPPeLs Utm RhPeLs SLWRY. AR]p

AYt\ YlT\d Li NpX V.

2.

XYLl ThLs ALUL ALd VY.

ERWQm TfN CXdLnLLs.

494

495

3.

4.

SmU t Es[ NLjp X ThLs PlT

ARL Cdm. ERWQm YSLp Ck
C\dUV] X EVokR BP, ALXuLs
ApX EQl ThLs, TX t\iLd u
CkR XV YlTjm ThLs LX SVm
dL tTm Utm TZUV] LhPP LXLs Utm
RtT Es[YLs.
J X ThL[ AL X LWQUL YeL
VR X HtTh \. ERWQm CVkWeLs,
EiUV] ALXuLs, XU] \jp Rum
UiTiP YXLs.

7.7.2. EULs (Specimens)

vLpXo, NoXv, YpPo (1957) BVu tlT
EULs GuT U T\R T[m ApX,
J ApX RWm YnkR JjR Td J UVL
AUY Bm. ERWQm
l

U T\R Ts Thl PYu J T

t UVL ClT J CX, J T,

t\dL Ul (folder)

CY ThPmf, dLs TX AY]YL

(perishables) CdLXm ApX KLs, Ls, LtLs,
RVeLs TX ALR XV] (non-perishables)
ThL[Lm CdLm.
EULs X \kRY Utm JW BRWjp
Ck ThL[L GRL Tt NLdLXm. J
XYtp EiUV] ThL[ ETVdL VR
Xp EULs AkR SdLjR oj Nn m.
EULs YlT\p YZeLlTm T EU
496

Lu A[m, p Es[ UQYoLu A[]l

(GidLp) Tj AUm.
l

AY Ll TRL CkRp, U_ YdLm.

AlT UQYoLs CdLp AUokRY TodL
m. ERWQm AXeLdLlThP TV UiQp
NnVlThP TiPeLs, Lf ApX W_vRu.

AY Lf VRL, YNVL, TLlTL Gjf

NpX VRL, UQYoLd CPV Yl
SPTm SWjp TodU NnV Yim.
ERWQm iLs, LR EY YYeLs, \
EULs. t YW AlYRt u Ll
Yfhp (label) lPm.

AY Lm VRL, YNVt\RL, t AlT

TLlu CdU]p, UQYoL[ JYo u
JYWL RjRV ApX dLp
uTdLUL Yk, AYt\ Yl SWjX ApX
\L Tj AVf NnVXm. ERWQUL
YWeLs, YiQjl fLu C\dLLs,
SojV] Ys ALXu, ThLs RVY.

GlTm EUL[ LY]UL YeLX

ETVLjt NLj YdL Yim. A]j EVp
EUm LiQ _p ApX hLp
@ToUu, dNu Tu\ CWNV]eL[d Li
TLdLlTu\]. ALRY ApX EXokR
EULs RYL, lPlThP UWjRp ApX vp
AXULp ApX Y] AhP ThLp NLj
TLdLlT\. J EXokR EUV TN, i,
SP ApX Xd Li WlT] i AhPp
Su Tj, Thu Y] AlTLjp YdLm.
lf hp (label) JqY EUu TVWm
G JhPm.
497

7.7.3. ULs (Models)

J U GuT u EY[ L[d Li
J T[ ]p Li, AR] Jj Cdm.
J UV] T[ TX JjR A[Yd Li,
Tu WVL ApX T[ P VRLY,
Ll TVRLY CdLXm. TX LQeLp Ck
TodLm, LV[m VRL Cdm. ULs TX
YLV]Y.

A[ Lu U (Scale Model)
A[d Lp U, Tu NV] WVL,
A[Lu XUL Tu NV] A[Yd Li
Cdm. Uu A[ Nt TRLY ApX
\YLY, RYd Ht\T AUdLlT\.
ERWQm YiLs, fLs, LhPPeLs RX]Y.

GUVdLlThP U (Simplified Model)

CmU, J Tu Yl\ Up EY
AUlT Bm. C ZkRLu Lp, Utm TlT
CpXR TUW UdLdm ALUL TVuTjRlT\.
ERWQm T\YLs, TZeLs, T]Ls RVY.

Tp Ym UdL[ k LsYp dL
TVPVRL AU\. ERWQm CUXV UXLs
Utm W_vRu NUYLs.

NVp\ NokR U (Working Model)

C ThLs GqY CVeu\] GuTR GV
\p Lid\. NVpTe \m, CVdm
Rm, NVp\ NokR UV TVuTjYRu Xm
Su k Ls[ \. ERWQm UR CRVm
CVem Rm, NXY CVkWjR CVdm Rm.

dYh U TYm (Cross section Model)

C J Tu Eh\ AUlTd Lh\. Cp
T[] dLL YhPlT\. EPVp, NjQVp
Utm RphTd L[d LiP RXlLdm
TPm LtdL CmU ERVL Cd\. ERWQm
[, Li, LXl EWYL, LpXR Al RX]Y.
EiUV] ThL[ ETVLlTjR VR
Xp ULs TVuTjRlT\.
CY RW, rYY]Ytdm TVuTjRl
Tu\].

XlTPjp UL[l T A[YjR UL[Ld

Lhm Ti (Relief Model)

NVtTe SP\ Utm XlTPR GiQeL[

Gj Y. ERWQm EPu WQ UiPXm.

CmU @l Ul Gum \lT\. CmU

EiUV]RL, ]p Ls[d VRL, Shu
WVL ApX J TVL Cdm. ERWQm
CkV, _Wj.

C ThLs EiUp TRL ApX SLWVR

A[t CdmT, BVo TPm LtdL
Y[k Ldm (flexible) RuU RYlT\.
ERWQm Ls, Utm ARu AUl, RhP
AUl RVY.

C ALUL L[m Tu\ TPeLp Es[ U,

Ts[eL[ (elevations) LtdLdL ER\.
GYm, J @l Ul XUL J lhP
498

ULs GuT]
l

RVlTRt Rp NokR \u RYlT\.

499

kR XPVYVL CdLXm.

EPm RuU LiPY.

GuTR ]p Ls[ Yim.

LpdL] ThLs Es[ LPLp UL[

YeLXm. ApX \kR TVo Tt\ XLeLs,
TpLXdLZLeLs Utm AeLhVLm Tu\Ytp
Ck Ttd Ls[Xm. C RW ULs Rp
NokR LX QoLs, BVoLs Utm UQYoL[m
RVdLlT\. TpY ThL[] AhPl TXL,
(card board) UWm, EXLm, U, LUi, [vd,
[vPo B@l Tv, [vu (plasticine) ApX
TjLs Tu\Yt\ Yj NnVlT\.

YlT\p UL[ TVuTjRp

YlT\p A]Ym YRt u, Njl
TodLm.
l

Uu A[Lp NVL Es[ Uu \m

UeLpX.

Ul TlTPVpX

Yl SPk Lidm TR ApX Yl

kR \L, ULs JeLL AUdLl Tt CdL
Yim. U AUdLlTm CPU] A]j
UQYoL[m TodLd VRL, RY HtThPp Rj
Tj Ak, LV[m YiV Cdm.
ULs NVL NR] NnVlTPhPm,
JeLL TVuTjRlTP hPm, RY\] GiQeLs
EYm. BLY, rYm u]fNdL SPYdL
L[ UtLs[ Yim.
500

L TV ApX A[ \dLlThP ULp

A[Lp, RYL lPlTP Yim.

TZeLs, LnLLu EiUV] GP, ULu

GPp Ck UTh CkRp, AR] R\
NnVm.

kRp, RuUV] EiUl ThLs ApX

\ UL[ Ylt Li YWm; ULu
\eLs EiU Tp Ck UTh CkRp,
Tu EiU \eL[ Yltd LhPm.

ULs, , AL YfNm Utm \ ThLu

AjRjRp HtTm TlT RlTRt, UL[
JeL] \p TLdL Yim. CpXp,
ULs EPk, \m Uem. LiQ Up
Pu V m YY AXULp NLj
YdLXm ApX uTdLm LiQL[d LiP
AXULp Yj, WkRWUL LiLh T[L
YdLlTh SdLjR \ NnVXm.

7.7.4. jRhl TmULs (Puppets)

CY TX BWm YPeL[L EXLju A]j
TLm, UdLu EQoL[j i, T
TdYRtLL TVuTjRlTh Y\. NL
NVpThu u]t\jtLL ClTmULs
TVuTjRlTh, ARu TV]dm TeL YtLWUL
NR] NnR hP. jRh TmULs TX
YLLp Es[]. LLs (hand) ApX L\Ls (glove),
f (rod) Lm (String) ApX jWlTY (Marionette)
ApX Zp (Shadow) BV].
ClTmULs Lpu
TVuTjRlTu\]. H]p,
501

SdLeLdLL

YdLV], LlTjRlThP EYm Utm

TiL[ NVp SdLjR LtTYd, lTL
ZkRLs, WU UdLs Utm TlTpXR TUW
UdLd ERYRtLL TVuT\.
mTjRdL NL NVpTL[], NL u]t\m,
RjRp, (prohibition) mT SXjhPm, NjQ, NLj
ULs, PSmdLLs, NRVjp TiLs
LUd B[Rp Tu\Ytt RPoPV
GiQeL[m, LjdL[m TmULs Xm
TUd Ls[Xm.

EQofdL, U]Rj RPd V RXlL[

Bt\p dL YNf Nns (Satire) Utm SLfY
(humour) EQoY TVuTj YZeLXm. AqY
CpXp ToYV[oLu EQoL[ Tdm.

Lm TmUL[ RW A]jRm L XTUL

RVj TVuTjRXm. Lm (string) TmULd
Uhm \ldL \uLs RYlT\.

CYtu X \. \Y] A[ BP,

ALXu, AXeLWm Utm UPdLLs
RYlTm YlT\ ApX YdL Lp
SdLjt TVuTjRlTm EiUV] SPLjPu
JlLp Lm X UY]R.

UjR /Ylm TmUXhPm RVj

YZeYRt DTjRlT\. (TmULs RVl,
BPLs, ALXuLs, Lh WjR (scenery)
CN, J AUl NnRp Utm LVRp
(manipulate).

TmULd ALXuL[ Ut NV] CPjp

TLj im ETVLlTjRXm.
502

Lp SdLeLd TVuTjRlTm A]j YL

TmULm J X RuUL[l TtdL Yim.
l

RX Wjp Ck Todm T RY]

UrfVdLd V, Htd Ls[d V, EY
AUlPu B] RuUV LidL Yim.

30 Rp 40 SToLs EPV t TU] A[p,

SpX LYofV] \jPu CdL YiV AYVm.

TmULs ARu Tet (role) Jjl Tm

BPL[ AV Yim. ERWQm WU\m
NokR TZdL YZdLeLd WU UdLs TX EP
AV Yim. J YVR] _ YVR] Rt\m
Li CdL Yim. Ys[ LNm, dd
LiQPu Ru\ Yim.

i EZdm \Pu XN] GPs[ (paper

pulp) ThLs Li TmULs NnVlTh
CdL Yim.

jWlTY Utm Zp TmULs, LVYRt

WUUL ClTRm, \l YnkR TmUXhP UPLs
/ WLs RYlTm GuTRm, EiUV] YlT\
Zp AYt\l TVuTjR YWV\ NnVlThs[.
BLY, Ce L E\ TmULs Utm f
TmULs RVlTl Tt Uhm YdLlThs[.
TgN Yj L]p NnY
L\ TmU, RX Utm R[oY] L\
EPXd Lidm. L\ EPX], TmUXhPm
NnTYu Lp TjRlTh, LL[ U\j YdL
ER\. Bs Lh Wp TmUu RXlTp
Tkd Li, TWm, SWm L U\ks[
Tp Nnk ClT TmUu LWeL[l TX
Ru ANdL m LL[L NVpTm.
503

RX GuT rYY]Yt\p NnV m.

TmUXhPeLs YW\d EhThP.

Tl \ LR T, LRm APdLlTh,

p TgN APj ApX C Ad

L[ Li EYmTX RlT.

LUi, U Af ERPu LR Ux RVjRp

WlTo Tk

TmULs ReLs L TY]L[ Utd Ls[

V. SPLm Ym JW UV] Ur, dLm
ApX SX LjRd Li Cdm. SPLju
T TmULs EPL[ Ut\ V. JW TmU
TpY NVpTL[ TX CPeLp NnY
WfN]V EYdm. ERWQm J TmU UQm
Nn LsY Tm, u AR TmU dL LrY]
C\l Lrfp LXk LsYm, Lm TmULs
RW Ut\ YL TmULs TpY NVpL[ LidL
V. lTL Lp ANLs, H]p, TmULd
LpLs PV.

EYm Utm YTjd Lhm L[]

StlTh ApX N Tu\YL[ NodLXm.
\ L\ TmUu Ljl TV YWTPm
YWm LRjR (chart paper) h, Zp Tu\ YYm
EiPd EYdLXm. u Zp Tu\ AUlT
RXlTs, RXlTu r Es[ [ YVL
NjRm.
L\V C Adj L[d Li
RdLm. LL[d LsYRt Ht\Y ALu CdL
Yim. L\ i ZeL YW YU jR
Yim. L\ TmUV EYjt HtT BP
Aj, AXeLWm NnVm. ERWQm PY Utm
ALXuLs ApX Rlm, NhPm.
J f TmU YZdLUL CQdLlThP EPX
Li Cdm. EPm WlT] Rs Li
WlT] LmV CQdLlTh Cdm. Pp
Es[ LmLs ApX UpV UWdfLs, LL[Lm,
EPmTLm NnVlT\ ApX RXm, J
UWdfm TVuTjRlT\. fL[ TVuTj
XeL[ TPjp Yh Jh NnYm, UPp
UWfNUu NnYRtm ApX TPdLhV UP m
ApX UPp SLoY TX NnVm TVuT\.
504

dLUL YdL YiV RLYpL[d LiP

RXlL[ TmUL[d Li Ltd LdL
V. H]p AYL[p UdL[ NnXV
UhU iP m.

TmUXhP SPLeLs
kR BoYjR iP, TmUXhP SPLeLs
l

NL NVp LjdL[ UhU RVlTjR

VtdL Yim.

YV, ToYV[oLu ATYm ZkRLs,

Y[[m TYj]o, oYVPVo, WUl\m
ApX SLol\m, Lp A Es[o Utm Lp
ApXR TUW UdLs BVd Ht\Y,
mTj RkR RXlT Ro NnV Yim.

dLUL CdL Yim.

LtT]Ls \kRRL CdLYim

YojRL[ P Ym NVX Nok CdL

Yim.
505

dLU], GV EWVPp Li CdL Yim.

J UPp X SLoLs Uhm J SWjp CdL

Yim.

AL A[ CNV NodL Yim.

TmUXhP UPLs EiUV]RLY ApX

UmTjRlThPRLY CdL Yim.

UmTjRlThP UPLs
J U_ ApX lT, TmUXhPm NnTYo
TVuTj, AYW U\jd Li, L\
TmULs Utm Lm TmUL[ Ap Ck
LidLXm. iLs ApX CWi CdLL[ 5 Rp
6 A CPY Wjp AUdL Yim. CYt\
l ApX PYV CQj TmUXhPm NnTYo
U\tL] CPm AUdL Yim. TmUXhP
UPp ALU] J, RYV] Ql ThLs
Utm UPp AUdL YiV TPdLhL[
iVp jR Yim. Yh GdLlThP
YWTPeLs ToYV[oLu LY]jR Xjm.
7.8. Lhd YjRp (Displays)

GqYLV] Ts Lhd YdLlT\

GuTR Tj, ThL[ AUdLXm. TLl
ERPu ApX Y] TXL, [Pu V
LkRm (perforated Magnet) ApX iQml TXL
LiQp NnVlThP ApX YoQm NlThP TXL,
AXeLW AXULs, U_Ls, ReLs Utm LhPLs
Tu\ ThL[ AUdL Yim. Lhd YlT
GuT YZdLUL LY]U] Utm LYokdLd V
YLp ThL[ AUdL YiVR Bm. A
C E A[Y NR]UL (2 dimensional) LRm, ,
506

SPdLs Tu\Y ApX u EA[Yd Ls

(3 dimensional) ThLs, ULs, EULs
RVY. J \ Lhd YjRp (Single Display)
ThLs CYLV] E A[YL[m Li
Cdm. ERWQm TPeLs, Lu UL[ Li
Lhd YjRp RX]Y.
TpY YLV] Lhd YjRp, (displays) ARu
SdLjR oj Nnu\].
l

UQYoLu BoYjR iu\]. (J pXhu

TXLp UXo AUlTR Lhd YjRm,
iQm TXLp TPeLs Utm LLs YWk
YX NnVlTh ClT.)

GiQeL[ WTXlTjRp ([s[ LkRl

TXLp, LhL[ AUj, mT SXjhPjR
WTXUdRp)

GiQeL[ NVp [ EPVRdYRt

Yj [dRp (iQm TXLp TpY
TL[d LiP, XdL EXLjR jRm
NnRXl Tt [dLm).

TpY R\dLlThP GiQeL[ Ju NojRp

(SVp NQp Vp NnVlThP To WR
BRWeLs TtV LR, NjdLu Ul Utm WRd
\Th]p HtTm SnLs)

J RXlT ALlTjR ERY ApX

RXlT d Rp. (Su EQ RlLs
Tt, NR EQ TPju BWmTjX ApX
X J AXeLW AXUp LhVU NnV
Yim).

UQYoLu EiUV] YXdm, BdLoYU]

YXdm AeLWm AdL Yim. ERWQm
507

u TVUp Ll NnR (insulation board) TXLp,

vPup Afl ThL[ Lh AU NnVm.

Li Cdm Utm Nl NnYRtL] YNm,

u\jp AUdLlTh Cdm.

LhVU J UQYo Yp HtTjRl

ThkRp, J EQoY HtTjm.

J SLp ApX EU UhU CdUu

UQYoLd ER ThL[ Te TPf NnRp.
ERWQm J EQl TiPm, J Ts, J
TPm HRY J U]Vp TPm NokR RXl.

J i GiQn 30 x 40 AeX A[p,

LmTXL YoQm Li NlTh, h Ydm
iQm TXLVL NnVlT\. CkR hV
TXLV J CPjk Ut\ CPjt NLd
LtjRdm, YdLl TdLLm YNVL Gjf
NpXXm.

Wd NR]m TX, LhVUL[ Jl Nn

Todm T X UY]R. BLVp, ASL TsLs
Utm oYV]dL] Lp NVtTL[m AkR
NXY HtL m. Cp AlTp PdLl Tm
ThLs APem, Utm UmTjYR ALm
NnY CVXdVRm. A]j LhVULdm
X TY] SuULs Es[]. AY,
l

AYt\ u hV NnVXm ApX AkR

LhVU T[ uhV RVj PXm.

Lm GRL LhVUdLL Nn PXm,

TVuTjRXm Utm CPm Ut\m NnVXm.

im im TVuTjRXm.

TpY TPeLdm CR TVuTjRXm.

7.8.1. iQml TXL (Chalk board)

J iQml TXL, C LtjRdLL EXLUem
TVuTjRlTm J dV Ltdm NR]m Bm.
CR] GYRt, YWYRt TVuTjRXm. CkR
TXLV] vXh ApX LiQ ApX UWlTXLp
YoQm V ApX Ytu J Tp LmTXL
YoQm NlTh NnVlTh CdLXm. J iQml
TXLV] Juds Ju\ (sliding) Rsm LRLs
508

iQm TXLV NVL YdLm

Yp Es[ iQm TXL WkRWUL Yp
TVlTh Cdm, TXLd Aj Yp LRLs
ApX _u]pLs Cdm. AY ALU] YfNjR
Lj LiL[d Nf Nnm. TdLhLPu, J
LX (Gallery) Tu\ YlT\ AUlp, iQml
TXL Lid NLo SWL AUVl TtdLXm.
YlT\d Es[ J t t Yk J, YfN
A[Ls Utm A]j LQjp Ck iQml
TXLV SdLm. iQm TXLV, DNp Rep
(Easel stand) Yj CdLXm. J A\p Ck,
Ut\ A\d Gjf NpXm, \kR Utm AL
EVWjp ToYV[u lTjtLtT Ht, C\d
Yjd Ls[Xm. TPeLs, ZtTPeLs ApX
ReLPlThP AXeLWl ThLs HRm iQml
TXL AL ReLPlTh CkRm, AY
ToYV[oLu LY]jR R\dLf Nnm GuTRp
ALt P Yim. iQml TXL GuT LmTXL
Gum AZdLlTh L AL A[p TVuTjRl
T\. H]p ARu TpY TVu Adm TXuL[p,
l

C Jlh Todm T Lm XUY]

Utm GRL Pd\ ApX NnVlT\.
509

C u]tTP] RVlT AUd\.

NuPu [dRd u, Ylt UQYoLs
Yu, J BVo A]j RYV]
ThL[m, Nn\L[m GqY [dY
GuTR u hV GRXm.

U]Vp TPjp HRY J RXlt CR]

TVuTjRXm. ERWQm WRm, LjYLs,
RR, \kR ZkRV TWUjRp RX]Y.

C A]j YV]dm TjRU] UZXVo

Ts ZkRLs Rp o YVp ClTo YW.

C LtjRd HtT Y[m (flexible) RuU

LiP. Ltdm T JYo GRXm, YWVXm,
AdLXm, im GRXm, V NnL[
NodLXm. RPoPV RLYpL[ CQdLXm
Utm TX.
UQYoLs Te Ls[ FdLhPlTu\]o.
AYoLs u Yk, X YjRp ApX YWRX,
J iQml TXL ERPu NnV Yim.

iQml TXLV Bt\p VL TVuTjR

YLhRpLs (Guidelines to use a chalkboard effectively)
l

iQml TXLV ETVdm u, jRUL

Es[R G] LYj, TU] A[ iQm
GLp Es[R Gu Toj, PlTuLs
Es[]Y G] Tojd Ls[ Yim. iQml
TXLV jRU], DWj Li jRULj
PdLm.
TXLp Gu] G YZeL Yim GuTR
uT hPP Yim. u] UQYoLs Utm
GV RXlLs, u]tTu EP]VLf
510

NnVlT\ YWRpLs Utm Ls GRl

Thdm. B]p C[ UQYoLs Utm dLX]
TPeLd, iQml TXLp NnVlTP
YiV YX u]tThPu hPPlTh
CdL Yim.
l

GV, AjRU], TV Af YL, NnY]

GjdL[ P SW] GjdLs TlTRt
GRL Cdm. YXlThPu, KhPd LVj,
RhPf GjdL[ RodLm.

TV GjdLPu, V GjdL[ Noj

GRm.

TXLp Gm T Ym df NjRjR
RolTRt iQmd LX NnYLl j
GRm.

iQmd Lp Li Gm T, TU]
AjRm Lj, GjdLs RYL RU
GR Yim.

dVjYm LdL YiV lLd

AjRU] \PV Y iQmd Lp
TVuTj GRm.

dV lLd AjRm LdL AmdLs,

YhPeLs Utm LhPeLs TVuTjRlTu\].

BVoLs AdL SPlTR LhlTjR Yim.

H]p, AY UQYoLu LY]jR N lm.

Th, EP]VL dLUL GRm. Gm T

TYRj RodLm. AlT Gd LiP
T]p LmTXLPu TYRl TX Rum.
GV \, J TdLUL tLm, ToYV[oL[
SdLm, u YdLm. LmTXLp Es[R
511

hdLh SPjYRt, hm L (iPLp) V

TVuTj, J lhP Tp LY]m Nj
LtdLm.
l

TXLV jRm Nnm T W] \p

Uk ZL NnV Yim. AlT NnmT
iQmjs TXLp mp ApX TXLd
So ZL Yo KWUL RWp NLdLlTh Cdm.

AL YojRL[m, GiL[m Li TXLV

WlYR RodLm. HtL]Y YjRYL[,
C RYTP Gm Xp Aj Pm. Su
hPRp ALUL ERm.

TodLdV NR]eL[], YWTPeLs, YWLhPeLs,

XlTPm, EXLlTPm Tu\Yt\ TVuTjRm,

GiQeL[ LL[p YWVdVYt\ TPeLs

ApX TdLm SdV LU Zp EYm (silhouette)
ApX [PlThP (perforated) UWjRp ApX
AhPVp B] vPup Li [dLm. L
ApX f TPeLm ERVL Cdm.

7.8.2. LX Al Yh TXL (Bulletin Board)

CkR TXL YZdLUL LX Al YhP
RVlTjR (Bulletins) TVuTjRlT\. B]m
CkRl TXL r Es[YLdm ERu\].
l

AlLs NnYRt

lL[ YlTRt

Ro L[ JhYRt

Lh AUL[ YlTjYRt

Sm \kR GPp Es[Yt\ pXhu TXLp

JhPXm. ARY pXhu, il TjdL (leaf let),
i Y (Pamphlet), V jRLm (Booklet),
TjdL (Journal), TPm (Picture), Yh GdLlThP.
(Cut out) Al (notice), T AdL (announcement)
UlTPm (chart) XN] U (light model) hP EYW
(sketch) RX]Y. Lh AUL]p TY]
SuU Es[R Tt u YjR J \m
CkRm, pXhu TXLp Lh AU NnYRp
YlT\p SPjRlTPR TPeL[ LtL Y Nn\.
ERWQm CkV GkRl ThL[ HtU Nn\
ApX WUl\, SLol\ ULu LpV Tu\Y
Lh AU NnVlThdm.
J pXhu TXL GkR A[m CdLXm. Yu
J TVV ApX YUL U\dLXm. B]p
sYh EY[ 30 AeXeLd \YL CdLd
P. B]p, [dLd V ThL[ Lh
AUt YdL YiV CkRp, 40 AeXeLs
ALXU] TXLV TVuTjRXm. J pXhu TXL
GuT r YY]Yt\ Yj NnVlThdm.
RX (Insulex) TXL (TpY RUp Utm 8 x 4
A A[m Pd\).
l

RdLV] TXL (Cork Board)

LlT ApX LRlT

Tl LRm (Brown paper) ApX NnjRsLs

(News papers).

UQYoLd TlTRtL ApX TolTRtL

JhY.
512

GlTlThP UuUV]RL CkRm, Lh AU

ThL[j Rem A[t i ApX PdLs
(tacks) Xm Xj tm RuU Li CdL
Yim.
513

[PlThP TXL ApX AhPL[ ReLp,

NUU] [Ls Es[YL[ SojV] iLs
Utm Ql ThL[d Li CWi EY[Y
(two Dimension) Utm u EY[YL[d (3 dimension)
LiP ThL[ ReU, ARY LYXlTLs
Utm jRLeL[ TPXm.

T ThLh RYdLL NnVlTm T LY]U]

hPRm, AUlm RYlT\.
1.

YV, ATYm, ToYV[u k Lsm RuU

BVYtt HtT RXlT Ro NnVm. ERWQm
Lp UQYoLs, TpY NRVjR NokR ULo
(o YV]dL] Lp YlLd NpTYo).

pXhu TXLV TLdLm, UWjRp ApX

[vd SP ApX Y T[p B] NhPeL[d
Li YdL Yim. NLdm AXUu u
ApX u TdLm pXhu TXLVL AUdLlTh
CdLXm ApX LiQVp B] AL BZpXR
(4 AeXm BZPV) J LiQ LR ApX C
LRLs Juds Ju TkRd (sliding doors) VRL,
h Th hd Ls[ YNVL 3 EY[YL[
(3 Dimensional) Lh AUt ThL[Ld Ls[Xm.
(jRLeLs, ULs, EULs Utm 2 EY[Y
ThLm).

2.

Lh AU ThL[ oU]m Nn Ls[m.

AY TPeLs, XN] ULs, Yh
GdLlThPY, hP EYWLs, GRlThP
ThLs RX]Y, [dLeLs TVRL,
YiQeLPu, RXlt NmTkRPVRL,
GUVL k Ls[d VRL CdL Yim.

3.

J pXhu TXLp dVjRXl CdL

Yim Gu\ AYVm CpX. B]p Ro
NnVlThP RXlLs, dLU]RL, LY]jR
LhPVUL DolTRL Utm RPoPV RXl
LikRm TWYpX. ERWQm

CkRl TXLV] Yp vddLs Li

TjRlThdLXm, ApX DNp ReLp ApX
U_Ls ThL[ LhVUd YdLXm.
pXhu TXLV ]kRm AlLs T
AdLLs, LX Al YLs, JhP TVuT\.
GlTVm TXLV] AjRU] \m LiP
u] ApX LRm ApX ApX WkRWUL
[vd YoQjRp NlThdU NnV Yim.
(ASLUL LR ThLs, Ys[ ApX UeLX]
\m LilTRp).
pXhu TXLp Lh AU NnVlTY,
lTL Lh AU ThL[ ThLhVL
NnYRt Bm. YlT\ LtjRp ApX \l YnkR
514

dL[ CpXR T...

LmTL[ TLdLm

4.

RY] LY]jRd LYm TV RXlLs,

h hLs, RXlLs, Bt\p dL Lh
AULd L dVU]Y Bm.

5.

TXL A[tm, ToYV[u GidLdm

Ht\Y GjdLu A[m CdL Yim. Ll
TV GjdL[ dV RXlp RodLm. Lf
V GjdL[ Qj RXlLdm, jRL
TWm RodL Yim. GV TV
GjdL[ TVuTj, AXeLWl TeLUY
RodLm. YojRLdPV CPm Y TodLd
VRL CdL Yim. AY CVkWj RuUPu
515

AUdLlTh CdLd P. J X SdLeLdLL

RhPf YNV]RLm, TU]RLm AU\.
B]p TZdLju LWQUL UdLs SojV]
]Vd LiP T]Y Yj LL[p G
u\]o.
6.

CPjR hPPm, \ NokR Utm \NW

LtjRXL CdLXm. YlT\ LtjRd \
NokR TjRUL AUm. \NW LtjRp
Y]m YRtm ApX T UdLd
TYL FdjRd TjRU]RL Cdm.
Lh AU ThLs ALUL YdLlTYR
RodLm.

AL L]U] ThLs, TV TPeLs BVYt\

r Tp YdL Yim. AlT PU] TLl
EQoY HtTjm. RXlLs NejRL ApX
dLL GRlTPXm. Clm, dLL GRlTm
T Su\L TdL \. YojRL[ j GY
ApX GjdL[ TWl GYR RodL Yim.
7.

U]t jRU], LYofV] J X \eL[

TVuTjRm. HtL]Y Lh AU NnVlThP
ThLp Es[ \eL[d Li RXl
TkRd V, kR Bt\X, GoU\VL [
HtTjRd V \jR Ro NnVm.
u]dL] \m Lh AU ThL[ Su\L
Gjd Lhm TVLm, u], ToYV[u
LY]jR ALUL DodLd VRL AUV Yim.
BLY, LiLp fNm HtTj Tdm, R
RuU L]U]RL, AjRU] \m LiP,
u]VLm Li CdL Yim. eLs X
UY] \j YLV ApX \PV
LReL[ TVuTjRXm. CY L GRL
pXhu TXLu A[t Ht\Y Yh
516

GdLlTh im YeLXjp AR]

TVuTjm YLp AUm. CWi ApX
ARt UtThP \eL[ YqY A[Lp
LXk lTlTm u]V HtTjRXm.
pXhu TXLp Lh AU ThLu \m,
AUdLlThs[ NUXV EYd \lTjRm
EPVRLm LZ NnV Yim. u T, Lm
BrkR \eL[ XNL, \kR A[p TVuTjR
Yim. H]p, Ak\eLs LiLd GfNXm,
ToYV[oLd AN[LoVjRm HtTjm. UdLs
ofV] \eL[ RPok iP SWjt Tojd
LiP ClToLs. BLY, BrkR \eL[] Yl,
UgNs, U_kR, TfN Tu\YL[ V A[Lp,
UdLu LY]jR LYoYRtLL TVuTjRXm. B]p,
dVUL TodL YiV LhL[ ofV]
\eL[ TVuTj YZeL Yim.
\eL[ TVuTj
l

LY]jR DodLm

GpXd LL[d LhPm

dL[ YLlTj LhYRt

ThLd NVp kR u] HtTjR

pXhu TXLp Es[Y Lpu UlT
ALUdLhPm.

8.

\l RuU YnkR \m, ANRWQ EYYm, TPm

RVYt\ TVuTjY, LY]jR ALUL
Dodm. CkR LsLV] SsRm LtjRd
RYlTPm \l YnkR T LiLhd
CuVUVRRL [em. LPk NpYu Rp
ToYp LY]jR DodL VUp Rp APV
ShPp, J pXhu TXLp GqY[
517

SojVL, AZLL AUdLlThkRm A

RpV APm.
9.

LRjiLs, SPLeLs ApX pL TVuTj,

Lh AUld EiP] ThL[ CQj,
LiQ J lhP Np SLWf NnV Y
Nn\.

10. X iL[ TVuTj Lh AUdLj

hPPm. RYlTm Ut\eL[ NnVm. \,
Lh AUdL ThL[ TjRm. ThLs
ZRY, LY]UL, AZLL YdLm. pXhu
TXLd GpXV L AZLL AUdL Yim.
11.

pXhu TXLp Lh AUlt YdLlThP

Ts 3 EY[Y [Y (3 Dimensional effect)
HtTjYRt XN] UL[ TVuTjR
Yim. XN] ULs TpN UWm Al
TXLp lTUQ Rt\jR EiPdm TpN
UWm, (Balsa wood), vPW@Tm (Styrofoam) Utm
RdL (cork) Tu\YLs Bm. CYt\ RhPV]
KLs (tiles) Utm ThLu u]p Th,
uLs Z ZRYm, TXLs YUL
C\e PUm LYjd Ls[ Yim. CqY
CkRp, L]U] (thick) RhPV] ThLs
TXLp Ck Nt GmV TX AUdLlTh
3 EY[Y [Y HtTjm.

12. pXhu TXLp Es[ Lh AUL[ AdL

Ut AUj, UQYoLu LY]jR DodLm.
eLs Lh AU ThL[ NLj TjWUL
TLj YlT, im TVuTjYRt ERm.

u\m Jh CQj, @l[]Xp PlThP TXL

Ydm T, AY TXL , iLs CpXUp
Jhd Lsm. ClTlThP jR Lh
AUGuTR @l[]p TXL Lh AU ApX
@l[]pW@l (Flannel graph) Gu AZdLlT\.
C dVUL rYY]Ytd TVuT\.
l

UQYoLs / ToYV[oLu LY]m DodLlTh

XjR, SPL T XUL A, Lh AU
ThL[ EP]VL Li Yk \ Gj
Y Bm.

UQYoLd ERYRt, lTL ZkRLs Utm

TlT CpXR TUWoLd BdLoYUL Ltd
Ls[ CkR \ ER Nn\. CkR \Vp
LjR EYd, im TodLdV YLp
EYdLm.

J LR EYdRp ApX NuPu [dRp

ApX Ju\u u Ju\L X TL[ YZeLf
NnY, CqY\L A Bt\ YiV YX
ALUYRt
u
GkR
JYWm
ToYV[oLu LY]jR R\f NnV V.

CRu TVu Gu]Yu\p Ut AUjd Ls[m,

Y[k Ldm RuUm Bm. C YZeLlTm
T rYm LWQeLdLL dLUd Ls[Xm
ApX [UL Nn Ls[Xm.
l

TPju SdLjt

ToYV[u RuU (ZkRLs, C[m YV]o

ApX o YV]o, WUm ApX SLol\m, Lt\Yo
ApX TlTpXRYo)

TXLu A[

7.8.3. @l[]p TXLLs (Flannel Board)

eLs @l[]p iLs ApX UQp LRj
iL[ TPeLs, ZtTPeLs Utm YWLd
518

519

Lh AU ThLu A[

LtlTYdL] SWm Jd

NkRUL @l[]p TXL RVjRp

E]d RY
l

J AlTP TXL, A l[Eh aoTo

ApX LoTo G] GkR YLVLm CdLXm.
J CuXdv TXL TVuTjRlThPp, A
pXhu TXLu SdLU] Lh AU
ThL[ TjYR oj Nnm, GkRl
Tu u]p @l[]p JhPlTPpXV,
AlThLs u, i Utm PdLs (tacks)
Li TjRlTu\]. 36 x 48 AeXeLs
A[s[ J TXLV 30 SToLs LiP t
TVuTjRXm. TXLV YRtL] , Tj,
@l[]p, LmT , @Tph (belt) ApX LRo
Tu\Ytp Ck Ro Nn Ls[Xm.
AlTP TXLV Gj, YRtL] 3 4
AeXeLs Yhd Ls[m. CkRj
TXLVP TVRL CdL Yim. AlT
Ru KWeL[ TXLu Up JeLL Uj
uTdLm Cj NodL m. TXLu Up
V CdLUL CdLm. KWeL[ u\m Uj
Pd (tack) NnVm. @[]p TXLV
UmTjYRt J TZV LmT `p ApX
[eLhP (shawl or blanket) Gj, Yu Up
Yj CdLm ApX RolTu Up Nt Gm
CdU ApX J U_ m j NnVXm.

@l[]p TXLdL] Lh AUl Ts

LYofLWUL ClTR, EeLs @l[]p TXLp
Lh AUlT] Wjp Ck GRL TodLd
520

VRLm, GRL k Ls[d VRL

AUdLlTh CdL Yim. BLY, Lh AUlt
ThL[ Ro Nnm T rLiPYL[
\ Nnu\]Y Gu TodLm.
[dLWLs TV, AjRUL RPu,
GUV].
Gj AUl LlTV, AjRU] RY]
Af GjdLs.
\eLs X, U]t jR \eLs, AY
u]p RYLj RV Yim.
u]p Es[ u \jPu NTodLm.
Tj @l[]p GuT ASLUL Ys[ \jm,
TvPv Zp TPeLs (pastel shades) GjdLs,
YWTPeLs, BVYt\d Li Cdm. CY
TVRL, TV ]Wp TodL VRL CdL
Yim. @l[]p TXLV P TVRL k
PUp, Tojd Ls[ Yim. AYtu GP
LWQUL ZUp TodL Yim. [ThPL[L
YhPm, ApX @l[]p iL[L YhPm. \
TN/TdLp Yj Lh AU ThLd
u]p JhPm.
@l[]d Tp UQp LRm TVuTjRXm.
NWNWlT] T Yl\UL YdLlTh, CdU
NnV Yim. B]p, C \kR Bt\p [Y
HtTjm. H]p, @l[]p TX Wk Jhd
Ls[, Um i Lsm RuU YnkR.

@l[]p TXLV ETVjRp

EeLs @l[]p TXLV DNp Rep ApX
NnY] U_ YdLm. C, Lh AU
521

ThL[ YZeYRtLL TXLp JhYRt

ER\. Ut\ \ lL[], ARY, @l[]p
TXLV YlTRt, pXhu TXLV YlTRt
uTtV AR Nn\V uTt\m.
YZeLlTPl TYR im Nn Toj, AlTP
LRL[ ApX TL[ U]p TV Yj Rk
Ls[m. EeLs TPd lL[m, RPoPV
lL[m CPV TodLd P. EeL[ A]j
Lh AU ThL[m RVo NnVm. YZeYRt
Ht\\p Lh AU ThLs TdLjp Es[
vp/ U_ Up YdLlThdL Yim.
TXLp J TdLjp tL Yim. Lh AUd
il T[ YjRPu ToYV[Wl TodL
Yim. ToYV[Pm TNm. eLs LRu Rp
Lh ApX TV d, AjRYt\ SPjRm ApX
eLs YUL LRu A]j TL[m EYd,
Ju\u u Ju\L @l[]p TXLp NnVm.
l

EeLs UQYoLd TU] SWjR Lj

JqY TPjR ApX GRlThP iL[
Lj, AjR LhPjt Tm u AYoL[p
JqY lTm k Ls[ \R G]
TodLm.

UQYoLs TeLtU NnVm. ERWQm TpY

EofNjdLu BRWjRl Tt YjR u,
UQYoLs u Yk, CkR EofNjdLs APeV
EQp Ro Nn, AL A[p NLdLlThP
TpY EQp Ck CqofNjdLs \kR
EQl Tt [dLeL[j RWm.

(Maps), @l[x AhPLs (flash cards) YWhLs (posters), TPeLs (pictures) ZtTPm (photographs) i
TjdL (leaflets) t\dL (folders) i Y
(Pamphlets) SLfY (comic) YiQeLs LiP
YWTPm (curtoons).

CY C EY[Y ThLs CYtp BZpX.

EiU LrLs (facts), LjdLs (ideas) RPoLs (relationships) BV RLYpL[ TUu\]. CY
YojRLs, LLs, YWTPeLs, u]eLs Utm
TPeLs XUL RYdLlTu\]. jWm NokR
NR]eLs, Lpu SdLeL[ p Es[ 20 30
UQYoLd TPm Ltdm Xp oj Nn\.
CY,
1.

k Ls[ L]UL dLlThP LjdL[

LiL[p TojRp A[ TtV Lj, Y[of Rm,
J Ts ApX CVkWju Eh\ AUl
RVY.

2.

YnYVL Tm A[] \j RY]

[dLeL[d LlTRt ERRp, UlTPeLs,
YWLhPlTPm, YWTPeLs Utm YWhL[l
TojRp CY YojRLs TNlTYR \du\].

3.

lhP Utm W] \p RLYX YZeY.

TmTuUV] ThLs, \ NokR NR]eLs.
BLY AY WLm, JLlTjRlThm AUV
Yim.

CY Wj Tt\Ym P, H]p, CY

7.9. jWm NokR NR]eLs (Graphic Aids)

1.

Jl NnLp X \Y]Y.

jWm NokR NR]eLs GuT] UTPm (Charts)

YWTPm (diagram) YWLhPlTPm (Graphs) XlTPm

2.

GRL NnVd V. H]p hTj\uLs

ALUL RYlTYpX. Je \V],

522

523

BVoLs, \Y] YWm \U CdLl

Tt\m, BdLoYU] NVpV lTlT
TYoL[p RVdL m.
3.

GRL TVuTjRXm. L \kR AUlm,

CVkWeLm RYlTP.

4.

GRL TVuTjRXm. im TVuTjRd V

RhPV] 2 EY[Y ThLs Bm.

NVXdL RPoLs J Y]jp Es[ NVXdL

RPoLs GuTR LLs ApX AmL[ Li
LidLXm. ERWQUL
oYL AUl
l

Rem YNPu TpLXdLZLm

A]j CkV U]Vp LZLm

jWm NokR NR]eLs - 1 (Graphic Aids 1)

JeQdLlThP ZkR Y[of hPm RV].

U]Vp LUV] YlT\ LtjRd ERm

jWm NokR NR]eLs, A]jm JjRYVL Es[].

CWi ApX ARt UtThP ThL[], \Ls,

Y]eLs, [ThLs, SToLs, LjVpLs, LhP
YYUld LX, hPeLs RX]Ytp JtU,
YtUL[d LQXm.

AY RVlTRu LsLLs YZeLlTRp Utm

NLj Yj ETVjRp. U] AVX Ltd
LdL ERm ThL[ GqY NnV Yim,
YZeL Yim Utm TLdm \V Tt Ltd
LdL Yim.

7.9.1 Ul TPeLs (Charts)

C LiQp TodLd V NR]m. C TPju
EhLjR [dYRt ER\. [dLlTYRtL]
NVpTLp dLUL Rp, GoU\V]Y Utm
Jl NnRp APem. C YUL GRlThdm
ApX X GRlThPY Utm TPeLs Tu\ TX
YLV] UlTPeLs Es[].
GkR J RLYm, SWjR NodLlTP Yim
Gp, TjLp (columnar form) YZeLlT\. TjLp
NodL YiV CdLXm ApX \dLlTPXm.
Cdm RLYpL[l Tj TjLs ALULY
\jR YZeLlT\.
Y[of Utm EYRX TodLXm. C JW
BRWjp / Rip BWmj, \ [Ld TW\.
524

7.9.2. YWTPeLs / jWeLs (Diagrams)

YWTPm GuT LiL[p LQdV u]m. CR
LLs Utm V YYeLu ERV,
TPeLu XlThLs Cu, ASL NVpTL[
[dYRt ApX HRY Juu TL[ YRt
G] YWTPeLs TXY YLLp Es[].
GpXdLhP Li TVm, ThLu
EYYjRm Lij, AYt\ \eL[d Li
\ NnVXm.
EhTLeLs Utm ARu Es AUlT J T[
sYh Rt\m YmT Yhd LidLXm.
EU YWTPm, A[Lp Li YWVlTh
YZeLlT\. ERWQm RWTPm (floor plan).
RVp CVkWju TLeLs LhPlThs[]. p
Lodm \Ls P LdLlTPXm.
525

AVp oYU] NR]Ls C Tu\

YWTPeL[d Li [dLlTu\].

7.9.3. YW LhPeLs (Graph)

YWLhPm GuT GiLs ApX A[Lu
YWlThVXd LiP TPjPu [dRp Bm.
YW LhPm GuT TX YYeLp Es[].
J XlT YWLhPjp, GV \p Jlh
NWN A[ Utm NV] A[p Es[ YTL[f
NnVXm. 2 EY[Y VU EYeL[] NWeLs,
YhPeLs, NqYLeLs Tu\YL[ TVuTj, CWi
ApX u ThL[ Jl NnVXm.
J PU] YW LhPjX, 3 EY[Y, VU
ApX TPfu]eLs GkR Em Cdm. CY Jl
NnV ER\. C XlTWl YWLhPjR P
L]U]. H]p Jl GuT XlTWlp Au
Ls A[p NnVlT\.
L YWLhPm Gu lYRd Lhm
Y[ YWLhPm Gu lY Ll TjRU]RL
Cdm. CqYL YWLhPeLs, C RPoPV
YWeL[ UVLm, pVULm LilTRt
CR] TVuTjRXm. Cm\ TmTm lhP
A[] ARPV LX A[Y CQj
u]t\m, Ut\m Utm Y[of RVYtp Jud
UtThP YWeL[ TYRt TVuT\.
J To YWLhPm GuT GV Utm EYdL
XTU]. C CWi ApX ARt UtThP
ThVpL[ Jl NnV TVuT\. C AUhPjp
wVjRd Li Cdm. YWlThVp d Utm
SoToLs ERV sPlT\. ToLu
[U] A[L[ ReLs, LXLs, Wm, LW NWN
(mean) Tu\YL[ d\.
526

J T YWLhPm GuT YhP YWLhPm ApX

NdPo YWLhPm Gu \lT\. T GuT YhPm,
A UjR, A[L[ GiL[Lm, J i GuTR
lhP RULm du\. C u]jdV
RPoL[ LilTRt TjRU]. GlTV]m,
TVL dLlThP Utm ReLs Lf V]YL
CkRX, AL A[X ApX AL JtUV
CkRp, RVlTRtm, k Ls[m L]UL
Cdm.
iLu A[Yd Li UlYR P
SP\p Es[ ReLs iLp NodLlTh
CkRp, UQYoLs Cum \lTLd Ltd Ls[Xm.
TPeLs NokR YWLhPjp, CVpTt\ RuX
[dLjt u]eLs, ToL[ XVL jYRt
TXL TVuTjRlTu\]. C TmTm,
[mTWeLs, TY]Ytp ApX X NVpTht
ApX Td UdL[ FdLlTjRp Tu\
SdLeLdLL TVuTjRlT\. GUV] TPeLs
NokR YWLhPjp u]eLs HRY Ju\ lTR
P VN] \.
YiQlTPm NokR YWLhPm
1

Ls A[L[ RLp LhYR P GiLp

Lh\.

2.

Rj Es[ XlThL[ LilTR P Jl

Nn\.

3.

NWNV] A[L[ Lid\. pVU]

A[Ls ApX.

EiU XV YlTj]m, YiQlTPm

NokR YWLhPm.
527

1.

WYL TlTRt V.

2.

Uls[ RLYpL[ YZeL V.

3.

u]jdV ReL[ LidL CVX.

7.9.4. XlTPeLs (Maps)

YlvPo (1967), J XlTPm GuT u XlTWl
ApX X TL[ lT Bm. RPoPV A[
Utm XV Lij J Lp ApX XdL[ju
G TPm ApX X] j Lh\. Gu
YWjs[o . U] AVp Tt TlTp
XlTPeL[ L[m Tu\ Tlp TX ALUL
TVuTjRpX Gu\m, J UQYo p Es[
TpY EiUL[] NL WfN]Ls, XULs
Utm LrL[l Tt Rk CdL Yim.
CVtLV] tl\ rX AUlT SWL
Li CkRp, CYt\ Lm Su\L k Ls[
m. CdLjPu Sd]p, CVtL AUlL[l
Ttd m X YWTPm, GV CVtLVUlu Xm
Utm o UtTWl TLu GpXdLLs ApX
EVWm, YlTX, RYW Y[of, Utm Ui Tu\ Y
TX YWeL[ Lidm. XYWlTPeLs
RtNX (TVPu RPo Lsm T)
ApX AWVp NokRYVLm Cdm.
XYWTPeL[l TVuTj rYY]Yt\
NnVXm
l

UQYoL[ FdLlTj LtL YlT.

RuX [dLm RY, UQYo t Gu

NVp\ HtTLs, ERWQm CkVp
jWlu]p YXlT, CkVu U]Vp
LpLs, _Wjp U]Vp TPm Es[ TsLs,
528

TWPp Es[ ULo Y]eLs, Utm UYhPe

Lp Es[ oTYj]odL] Lp UVeLs
BVYtt XYWTPm RVdm hPeLs.
l

Jlh, jVNjR Li, YRt TPeL[d

LieLs. ERWQUL UXm ApX UYhPjp
Es[ Tp TiQLs, (JeQdLlThP WUl\
Y[ofj hPm) J UYhP WUeLp Es[
hPeLs.

Lt\dL] \ GuTR oj Nn\. ERWQm

UQYoLs AYoL[LY Lt Ak Ls[,
HRm J NLjR TtV XlTPm YWRp.

EXLju U (XLm) GuT NWNVL EXLju

EYYjRl Tu\R. C ] LLm C
YeL[d Lidm. NejR] NUhP Xp
AR t PXm. EXLju YqY TL[
YWTPjR Li LQ ER Nn\.
C J RhPV] C EY[Y LiP XlTPm.
Cp Es[ TPeLs, ZtTPeLs, TsLs, dLQeLs
ApX Y TX EiUV] u]eLs Tu Es[Rd
Li EV] RPoL[ TLs Utm
RPoPV RLYpL[ EYdRp. YLh GuT
dVUL RYlTY Utm u]eLs Lj RYL
CdL Yim.
XlTPjp YL GuT WkRWU]RL
iQm TXLp AfPlTPXm ApX GpXd
LP (hWv Rp) AhP TXL ApX UW vPup
Li AfNdLXm. A[p XlTPeLu SLpLs,
SLp Gdm CVkWju Xm im RVdLlTh
RlThP UQYu ETVLjt TVuTjRXm.
529

YWLhPju Ql ThLs II (Graphic AidsII)

5.

CkRl T, W YlT\ LtjRd, AlTPp

ETVdLlTPR YWLhPju Ql ThL[
Lis[. Um, RlThP lhP LsLL[,
RVj, YZeYRt QThL[ Lis[.
NkRLu, CR]p PdLlTt\ AY NR]ULd
Li J U]Vp BVW AY[ YXV
\mTP \Yt\ ER\.

iP LXjt ]p Ls[d V [Y,

GV LiL[p Lm YLp T[PdLjR
TlTpXR UdLs Utm ZkRLPm EYdL
Yim.

6.

GV LiL[p Lm YLp T[PdLm iP

LXjt ]p Ls[d V [Y HtTjR
TlTpXR UdLs Utm ZkRLPm EYdL
Yim.

7.9.5. @l[x AhPLs (Flash cards)

@l[x AhPL[ RVdmT U]p Ls[

YiVYLs.

@l[x AhPLs dLU], LiL[p LQdV

RLYpL[ L]U] AhPLp ( dV LjdLd,
J LR YYjX ApX TLX ApX lLs
XUL) dVjYm LdLlTh YZeLlTYRm.
B]p, CY ALU] dV NnLs LtjRd
TVuTYpX. J L ApX RLYX RokRjR
u LrL[ Li EYdLlThP LRV
YZeLm, CdLjdL[ @l[x AhPLd Tl
TVL YNVL Ut\ Yim. CY rYY]Ytd
TVuTu\].
1.

RLYX GRL, WYL, NV] \p

YZe\. ERWQm RSV BWmT Xp
LiPV Yim.

2.

LtlTYW FdLlTj. ERWQm LXW GlT

TW\ GuTRtL] LR.

3.

J GiQjR EYd, Y[olT. ERWQm

EQjhPjp TfN CXdLnLL[ NodLm.

4.

W Tfp dV lLd dVjYm

Lj, dLUL TNm. ERWQm ULo Utm
ZkR SXjt CVem Y]m NVpT.
530

1.

UjR 10 Rp 12 AhPLs UhU Li CdL

Yim.

2.

CkR AhPL[ SWL dL YiV ClTRp

L]U] LReLp NnV Yim.

3.

NV] TjRU] A[p Ls[m. J Ts

J AeXm ALm CkRp JeLL 32 A
Wjp Ck TodL m Gu\ V
TVuTjRm.

4.

Su TdLeLdm 1/2 Rp 1 AeXm CPm Pm

(margin)

5.

AjRU], GV [dLeLu ERVd Li

LjR JeLL, GUVL Wk NnVm.

6.

\Y] X YWeL[d Ls[ Yim. ERWQm

AfLs LiP PYV P GkR Afm CpXR
PY, LLs Li YWRp, TX \eLPu
SPLjW LhPlTm iZYm
(silhouettes).

7.

XN] \ u] Utm Ll ApX L BrkR

\eLs Li [dLeLs Lj, AYt\
531

YV RmT Nn, GRL TodLd VRLf

NnVm.
8.

Lf X \eLs Li, R Utm dVjYm

AdL Yim.

9.

GiL[ G, dLU] RLYX JqY

AhPu u\jm GRm.

10. [U] hLs LiP LR E\Lp

NLdLm.
@l[x AhPLs, Ut\eLPu, Ut\ YWLhP
Q NR]eL[ P, UThP \p YZeLlT\.
AYt\ rYm \p ETVdLm.
l

ToYV[oLd NuPu [dYRt uTL,

TX\Ls @l[x AhPL[d Li GlT
YZeY GuTR TX \ Nn TZdLlTjd
Ls[ Yim.

Tf BWmlTRt u @l[x AhPLs Gi

YNlT Ad YdLlThs[]Y Gu
Njd Ls[m.

ToYV[oL[ RWp EhLW YdLXm (YdLl

Tp) ApX StLp AWYhP AUlp
EhLW YdLlThPp A]YWm NVL TodL
m.

RY HtThPp, dLU] LWV @l[x

AhPL[ Lh AUd Ydm u
LdLXm.

u @l[x AhPL[ Uod SWL jd

Ls[m.
532

Rp @l[x AhPV [dLm, \ UjR

AhPLdm u]p Yj Pm ApX
u\m ZL TodU U_ YdLm. AjR
AhPV [dLm. Nn\V im NnVm.
YUL A]j AhPL[m [d dm
YW.

@l[x AhPL[ dm T, YUL

A]jm LtTYoLd RmT dLm. TWlp
Es[ GkR Tm U\dLlTPUp UVL
RYL RV Yim. AkR AhPp \lj
RuU YndLl Tt\ HRY lLs Up Utm
r TLp LQlThPp, [dLm.

7.9.6. @ll U TPm (Flip Chart)

@l[x AhPL[ JjRY. B]p s Ts

(spiral bound) Li AhPLp [PlTh

A]jm Ju\L Noj YdLlTh Cdm. W

NnTYd CqYhPLs TVuTjYRtm, GRL
ClTRtLLm, YNVL CdLm, U_ Yj
LtTYoLd [dYRtm, [dLjR jR u
AhPL[ l Yj GRLd LRV [dL
\.

7.9.7. TPeLs Utm ZtTPeLs

CY LiQp Toj Ak LsYRtL]
ThLs, LtTYu BoYjRj iP TVuTjRl
T\. JeLL Rok Gj, RYd TVuTjY,
TlTYoLd k Ls[ ER\. TPlT[
QVL Es[ A]j ThL[ ]p Ls[
ER\. CY LtdLm, LtLm rYm \Ls
XUL ERu\].
533

1.

ThL[m, URoL[m Toj T Nn

Ld\. ZtTPeLd Es[Y\ Lidm
\u TPeL[ P AL A[p Es[. TPeLp
YWm Qu \u Noks[. NnkR LQUL
CkRm, AY TPeLp WTlTpX.
ERWQm J TiUu ZtTPm, AY[
EYjR Jj Cdm. AY[ YWVlThP (portrait)
TPm, AY[ dL C[UPu RtT Es[R
P AZLL Lidm.

2.

Es[ Utm EWt\l ThL[j Rjd

Rp.

3.

UQYoLs Rj TlTRtLL TVuTm lTL

UYL LtTd ER\.

4.

TpY TPeL[ Es[Pds[. J ZtTPm

GlTR HRY J TPjR YWYR VdV
Ju. J BVo AYW NkRTPm/ZtTPeL[
EYd AYt\ NLj Yj RYlTmT
TVuTjRXm.

RYlTm SWjp J lhP TPjtLL R

AXYR P SWjR QdYR P, AYW
NLdLlThP TPm, ZtTPeL[ TVuTjRXm. ERWQm
TWmTVm kR TZeLX UQeLp TpY
URj]o ApX UXjRYo TVuTjV BP,
ALXuLs BVYt\ Lidm ZtTPeLs TpY
NRVj]u U] AXeLWeLs Tu\Y.
5.

ZtTPeLs lhP A[]RL Y RVUp

APdLU], NLj, TLlTL TX YPeLd
\lT] TWUlPu, UuRLL[p B]YL[d
Li SPj\ (Lamination Treatment) Nnm
YdLXm. C LPkR LX NjW T UlTn
534

NnYRtm ER\. ERWQm BP,

ALXuL[, LhPPd LX, YrdL \, YL]eLs
RX]Y.
GlTVm, TPeLs Utm ZtTPeLd X
YW\Ls Es[]. CY UQYPV LX SWm,
A[, \m Tt RY\] LjdL[ EYdm.
SWm ZkR Y[ol TtV ZtTPeLs NV]
Y[of GuT 12 YPeLs YW SPTm. B]p
UQYoLs Y[of L WYL SPTYRL GiYo.
A[ V]u TPm V]V Toj CWR
ZkRu U]p V]u A[ TPjp Es[ TX
Cdm Gu\ RY\] GiQm Li Cdm ApX
TRdLlThP J Lu ZtTPm, Lu A[
Lm TV Gu\ RY\] GiQjR EYdm.
TPeLp Es[ A]j \ ThLs, UQYoLd
TZdLlTh Clu, AYoLd V ThLu
A[Y Ul NnV ERm.
\m EiUV] UXoLu \jR P TPjp Es[
UXoLu \m Ut\lTh CkRp, UQYoLs, UXoLu
\m j RY\] GiQeL[ EYdd LsYo.
6.

ZtTPeLs X ALU]Y, ZtTPm Gdm

LLu X, EYd, AfRp YWp
XLs EVojRlThP LWQjRp ZtTPju X
ALUs[. ZtTPjtL] NX EeLs
YWVdLlThP hPjds APe\R GuTR
LWu X, (film), NVp\ BVYt\d
Li oQVm NnVlT\. LUWdLs dLp
k AL A[Lp LPLp Pdu\].
UVL RVeLs Rp, GUV]
535

dLPu TPm G ULs, J LW LV[

XTUL, YNVL ClTRV m ETVdL,
Ro NnVXm.
7.

8.

9.

TPeLs AfPlThP BRWeLp Ck NLjRR

P LL[p YWVlTYRt YWm \u RYl
T\.
CkR NR]eLs dVUL CVeYR Noks[
ThL[ TtV GiQeL[ YTjR V.
ERWQm : RVp CVkWm CVem Rm.
TPeLs Utm LlTPeL[ NV] \p
TLdLhPp AYLu \eLs Ue, k
m.
CkR AY \lTRt
E\Lp Th Yj UPeYR RdLXm

ZkRLu BPLs, uV EPLs RX]Y

ApX J GiQm ERWQm : TQjR NlT,
RiW TLlT, jRUL YlT NdV
fNlTjY, LllTR Rp, YWRhNQV
JlT Tu\YLs.
J YWhV RVo Nnm T
1.

J NVX i\ J GiQm CdL Yim.

2.

22 x 28 AeX A[ Es[ L]jR AhP ApX

YWm LRjR TVuTj, A]j TdLm J
AeX GpXdL Yj YWV Yim.

3.

\NW \p CkRm AUl hPm

NNUUL CdL Yim.

4.

TWkR, TR], dLU] [dLjRl TVuTj

LPk NpTYod Nn GRL PdLf NnV
Yim. dL EWLs Utm LUVdRp
RY CpX.

5.

NVX iPd V dLU] mTjRdL

RXlLs RY. ERWQUL, LnLL[
EieLs. BWdVUL CeLs. BWdVm
Lm AYVm Tu\Y.

6.

GUV], TV, RY], dLL GjdL[

TVuTjeLs.

7.

JW UV] Li ANY hPeLs.

8.

YiQeL[ TVuTj [mTWjR LY]jR

Dodm YLp NneLs. CiP u]p
RYL XN] \jp GjdLs Utm Htd
Ls[d V [dLm Utm jVNU] YWh
Su\L Tkm. X YiQeL[ ETVj

AYt\ BpTeLp JhPm

JhYRt DW\ XULY, ARY u (glue)
ApX TdLp Utm EXo\ XUL
YiQnjRs (Butter paper) Utm P] NXYl
ThV TVuTj TjWUL YdLXm.

7.9.8. YWhLs
YWhLs GuT] GRlTPR ApX R[
GjdL[d LiP AjRU], RY] [dLm.
J \ Todm TR ARu NnV [dL
Yim. YlT\Lp dVU]Yt\ LtlTRt
CR] TVuTjR V. H]p CRu dV
SdLm : J LrfV [mTWlTjRp ERWQm :
W, J LrY YlT, LiLh, ApX J
T[ ERWQm : RVp YXTs[ EPLs,
536

537

\kRR TPjR Utm R[ WLNU]

YiQeL[ ETVj A]YWm LYRp
Yim.
9.

EVWU] CPjp [mTWjR JheLs. GpXm

TodLd V A[m Ut\ [mTWeLu
CPpXUp Cdm CPjp YdL Yim.
ERWQUL : tifNX, XLm, T
A\Lm YdLXm.

Nn\Ls
U] AVp TPeLp HRY J LjR
UQYoLs RokRj ARtLtT Ltdm \L[m,
RkR NR]eL[m TVuTj Nn\V
YlT\p Nn LijRp. (EPVp, NjQVp,
U] oYLm ApX Ls).

LsLs

T - A
I. LhP CPeL[ WlL

1.

V RXlT ApX TPjR ALlTjR _________

Lm \kR \Vm.

2.

NVpTm Rj] RVlTjR _________ \

Lm \kR \Vm.

3.

_________ GuT RY] AjRjPu [dLl

TPjPu GRUX ApX \YL GYRu Xm
NnVlTm.

4.

UQYoLu LtdLsm BoYjRm, AYoLs

NVpThPm __________ ALlTj\.

5.

__________ \ TlTpXR UdLd LpV

AdLdVRm.

6.

___________ ATYeLs EiU XL[ ll

TRu Xm Ltdm \V GUVdL ERm.

7.

_________ NR]m TYL Lp LtdLl TVu

TjRlT\.

8.

_________ ________ BVY RhPV] CE Y[Y

NR]m Bm.

9.

_________ GuT u UtTWlt APV[UL

Cdu\].

10. ________ GuT NVpTL[ / NnL[ BWmjR

YPk TTYd Ut\lTYRm.

538

539

II. TjL

8.

YWTPeLs, KVeLs BV CWim JW LjRl

WTdu\].
ERWQULd LhPlTm [mTWl TXL GjRLV
EY[YV CdLXm.

1.

NVp \ NuPu
[dLm
A. YhP UN YRm

9.

2.

YRd

B. V dVf Nn LhRp

10. LmT YWTPjtd LhdLR AYVUm.

3.

mTVm

C. NkRd LjdL[
ALlTjRp.

4.

L[lTVQm

D. GidL ApX RWU]

RLYpLs

5.

YWLhPm (graph)

E. Rp RLYp

III. NV, RY\ G] GL

T - B
IV. uYT]Yt\ [dL (2 UlTiLs)

1.

NVp\ NuPu [dRp

2.

3.

EULs

4.

@l[x TXL

1.

NuPu [dRp J NVX U]dLiu jR

ER\.

5.

YWTPeLs

2.

TmUXhPm NLf NVpL[ ALlTjR

TVuTu\.

6.

A[ Lp U

7.

3 EY[Y NR]eLs

3.

ThLs UQYoLd AYL[ RhQok

ATj Bn Nn LiPV NkRolTeL[
LlTpX.

8.

pXhu TXL

9.

YR \

10. RLYp TUt\m

4.

Lj YTLs HtTm TRpXm YRm

HtTu\.

5.

W TUt\m J LXVpX

12. YWLhP NR]eLs

6.

Ljl TUt\m GuT tm J Y\Vm.

13. @l[x AhP

7.

To YWLhPm GuT GUV] Utm CWid

UtThP s YWeL[ Jj TodL Lm CXY]
Bm.

14.

540

11.

L[lTVQm

ZtTPm

15. XlTPeLs
541

T - C

REFERENCES

V. dLU] PV (5 UlTiLs)

Unit - I : CONCEPT OF HOME SCIENCE

1.

Wu u hPRu XL[ GL.

2.

YR \p TVuTjRlTm TLs VY?

3.

ULu YLL[ [dL.

4.

TmUXhPju TVuL[ GL.

Robinson C.H. Normal and Therapentic Nutrition. Macmillan

Publishers Co., 1986.

5.

Shl\ TPpLs VY?

St. Johns Ambulance. First Aid.

6.

pXhu TXLV GqY TVuTjRXm?

7.

Nn\ NuPu [dRp GqY [Y

NuPu [dm \p Ck YT\?

Garrow J.S. Human Nutrition and Dietetic. Church Livingston, 2001.

Joan Gomez, Family Guide to Common Ailments, The Hamlyn
Publishers Ltd., England, 1981.

Unit - II : PHYSIOLOGY
Best and Taylor, The Living Bodu 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, 1961.

8.

YlT\p UL[ TVuTjm \lTt GL.

Guyton, Physiology of the Human Body. 5th edition. Saunders College

Publishing : Philedelphia.

9.

LiLhV EYdTY VY?

Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness

English Language Book Society, Churchill Livingston, 2003.

10. \NW Lp \p TVuTjRlTm ETLWQeLs

VY?
T - D
VI. Y] PV (10 UlTiLs)

1.

NuPu [dRu Ul] ApX TVuL[

GL.

2.

YReLu YLL[ [dL.

3.

u EY[Y NR]eLs VY?

4.

TmUXhPeLu
YLL[m
ETVLeL[m GL?

5.

L[l TVQju Ul ApX SuUL[ GL.

542

Unit - III : FOOD, NUTRITION AND HEALTH

Passmore P. Eastwood M.A. (1986), Human Nutrition and Dietetics
English Language Book Society Churchill living stone.
Sethe M and Malhan S. (1993), Catering Management An Integrated
Approach. Wiley Eastern Limited New Delhi.
Srilakshmi B. (2002), Dietetics, Fourth Edition, New Age International
(P) Limited, New Delhi.
Srilakshmi B. (2002), Nutrition Science, New Age International (P)
Limited, New Delhi.

AYtu

Srilakshmi B. (2003), Food Science, Third Edition, New Age

Inernational (P) Limited, New Delhi.
Swaminathan M (1989), Principles of Nutrition and Dietetics. The
Bangalore Printing & Publishing Co., Limited, Bangalore.
543

Swaminathan M. (1985), Essentials of food and Nutrition, Volume I

& II. The Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company Limited,
Bangalore,
UNIT - IV : LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT
Bossard, J. Family Behaviour and Child Development Agro Botanical
Publishers, India, 1996.
Hurlock, E. Child, Growth and Development Tata Mc Graw Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1994.
Laxmi Devi, Child Development An Introduction Anmol Publications
Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi, 1998.
Prachi Kanbai Child Development and Disability. Common Wealth
Publishers, 2001.
Shuster C.K. Stevenson. M.F. Ward. P. Family Day Care Support
Systems. An Emerging Infrastructure, Young Children, 1992.
Unit - V : HOME MANAGEMENT
Deacon, R.E. and Firebaugh, F.M. Home Management, Context and
Concepts, Boston Haughton and Muffin Co., 1975.
Gross, Irma and Cradall Elizabeth. Management for Modern Families.
New York. Appleton Century Crofts, 1963.
Kirk D. Services, Heating and Equipment for Home Economists,
Ellis Morwood Ltd., 1982.s
Nickell, Paulena and Dorsey Jean M. Management in Family Living,
New Delhi. Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1985.
Sherlekar S.A. Marketing Management, Bombay, Himalaya Publishing
House, 1981.
Vanzante J. Helen, Household Equipment. Principles, New Jersy,
Prentice Hall, 1964.
Varghese, Ogale and Srinivasan. Home Management, New Delhi, Wiley
eastern Ltd., 1985.
544

Unit - VI : FUNDAMENTALS OF TEXTILES AND

CLOTHING
Allyne Bane, Creative Sewing, Mc Graw Hill Book Co Inc, New York,
1956.
Anna Griffithis, An Introduction to Embroidery, 1953.
Encyclopedia of Textiles, Doric Publishing Co., Prentice Hall Inc,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.1973.
Evelyn A Mansfield, Clothing Construction, Boston, Houghton Mifflin,
1953.
Gini Stephen Frings, Fashion 11 ed, Fashion from concept to
consumer, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
1987.
Irene Hurst, The Complete book of Needle work, Word Lock and Co.,
Ltd., London 1963.
Ksynia Marko, Embroidery, Treasure Press, London, 1986.
Lucy Rathbone and Elizabeth Tarpley, Fabrics and Dress, Houghton
Mifflin Co., New York.
Readers Digest Complete Guide to Sewing, Pleasantville, New York,
1988.
Unit - VII : COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Rajammal Devadas P. Teaching Home Science in Secondary Schools,
NCERT New Delhi, 1958.
Ray G.L. Extension Communication Management, Naya Prakash
Publications. Calcutta, 1998.
Venkataiah S. New Dimensions of Extension Education, Anmol
Publications Pvt., Ltd., 2001.

545