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IGCSE Population Revision Notes

Specification: revision checklist

1.1 Population dynamics
Candidates should be able to:

TOPIC NOTES REVISED
Describe and suggest reasons for the rapid increase in the worlds population in
recent times, the population explosion.

Define the main components influencing population growth birth rate, death rate
and migration.

Describe the relationship between population growth and resources and explain why
problems may result in some areas such as over-population and under-population.

Identify and suggest reasons for contrasting patterns of population growth in different
world areas as influenced by differences in birth rate, death rate and migration.
Factors affecting these influences should be considered such as differences in
social, economic and other factors, e.g. government policies and their impact upon
birth rates, differences in health care, social and other factors influencing death
rates, especially the impact of HIV/AIDS. These factors should be illustrated by
reference to selected examples.

Describe the consequences (benefits and problems) of different patterns of
population growth. Consideration should be given to variations in the size and nature
of dependent populations and standards of living.

Identify and suggest reasons for different types of population structure as shown by
age/sex pyramids. Candidates should be able to describe population pyramids and
relate them to the different stages of the Demographic Transition Model.

Identify the major influences on population density and population distribution.
Reference should be made to physical, economic and human factors.


Describe and suggest reasons for population migrations. Reference should be made
to internal movements such as rural-urban migration as well as to international
migrations both voluntary and involuntary.



The study of population is often referred to as demography. Population is one of the most important IGCSE
topics because other topics are based upon it and it always appears as a question in paper 1 of your
examination.

Population Density: The number of people living in a given area, usually per km2. Singapore is a country
with a very high population density and Australia is a country with a very low population density. El
Salvador has the highest population density in Central America.

Population Distribution: This is how a population is spread out around a country or an area. If a country's
population is distributed in a regular pattern then we say it has an even population distribution. However, if
there are areas with many people and then areas with few people, then we would say that it has an uneven
population distribution.

Looking at the map of Australia, you can see that it has a very uneven
population distribution. If I was to describe the population distribution I
might say:

There is a high concentration of people along the east and south east
coast around Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne
There is a small concentration on the south west coast around Perth
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There is a concentration of people around the coast on the island of Tasmania
Most people live in coastal areas
Not many people live in the centre or north of Australia.

Two other good words to describe population are dense and sparse.

Sparse population: When not many people live in an area e.g. the centre of Australia.

Dense population: When a lot of people live in an area e.g. the Melbourne area.

If a question only asks you to describe distribution, then you just say what you see on the map, using words
like dense, sparse, even and uneven. If places are named on the map, you can refer to place names, if not
you can use compass points to help you describe.

If the question asks you to explain the population distribution, then you have to start giving reasons for the
distribution. To do that you could some of the reasons found in the table below. Population distribution can
be impacted by human and physical factors.

Causes of Sparse Population Causes of Dense Population
Mountainous area e.g. Himalayas that are hard to build
houses and transports links on.
Very hot or very cold area e.g. Sahara desert or
Antarctica
A heavily forested area e.g. the Amazon Rainforest
Areas that flood a lot e.g. Mekong river delta
No jobs
Poor supply of electricity, gas and water
Poor communications
Shortage of natural resources
No schools or hospitals
Areas that regularly suffer from natural disasters e.g.
volcanoes or droughts
Coastal areas that are good for fishing, trading
etc.
A flat area of land that is easy to build on
Areas that are close to a good supply of water
e.g. River Thames in London. Water is
important for fishing, drinking, washing,
etc.
Areas with good natural resources e.g. wood or
good
Areas that are close to good fertile agricultural
land
Areas with good developed transport links
Plenty of available jobs
Available electricity and water supply
Good communications e.g. internet and mobile
phone network
Good quality schools and hospitals

CASE STUDY NOTES: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY - BRAZIL
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World Population Growth



When describing a graph it
is important look for trends,
changes in trends e.g.
quicker increase, slower
increase and also
anomalies (things that
don't fit the general trend).
It is also very important to
support your findings with
evidence (this means
figures e.g. dates and
population figures). Below
is a good example
describing the population
graph to the right.




From 1750 to the present day the world's population has been constantly increasing. In 1750 the population
was less than 1 billion. The population rose very slowly for the next two hundred years reaching 1.2 billion
in 1850 and 2.7 billion in 1950. From 1950 to 2012 the population started to rise at a faster rate. By 1975 it
reached about 4 billion and 2000 about 6 billion. In the last decade the population has increased at an even
faster rate reaching 7 billion by 2012.

Population growth takes place when birth rates are higher than death rates (natural increase). In most
continents of the world this is what is happening. The fastest rates of growth are actually happening in the
poorest continents like Africa, Asia and South America. However, in Europe death rates are actually higher
than birth rates so natural decrease is taking place.

Below is a table listing some of the reasons why birth rates are high in poorer countries (LEDCs), but death
rates are decreasing and also why birth rates are low in richer countries (MEDCs)

KEY TERMS:
Natural increase: When birth rates are higher than death rates.

Natural decrease: Where death rates are higher than birth rates.

Birth rates: The number of births per 1000 of population per year.

Fertility rate: The average number of children a female is expected to have in their lifetime.

Death rates: The number of deaths per 1000 of population per year.

Infant mortality: The number of deaths before the age of 1, per 1000 live births per year.

Life expectancy: The average age that someone is expected to live within a country. Generally women
tend to live a few years longer than men.







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BIRTH RATES DEATH RATES
HIGH Lack of contraception e.g. condoms
Religious beliefs e.g. belief against contraception
and abortion (Roman Catholicism)
Agricultural based society (need for people to
farm and collect water)
High infant mortality (if some babies may die,
couples will be tempted to have more
children)
No care homes or pensions so old dependents
will need their children to care for them in
old age.
Pro-natalist policies (governments encouraging
couples to have more children)
Natural disasters (often only causes short
term increases) e.g. Indian Ocean
tsunami
Conflicts and wars
Poor medical care
Poor hygiene and sanitation
Poor diet (might be a shortage of food or
unhealthy food)
Drinking alcohol, smoking or taking drugs
Lack of exercise (sedentary lifestyle)
Shortage of clean water
Diseases e.g. cancer and AIDS
LOW Availability and affordability of contraception e.g.
cheap or free condoms
Emancipation (freedom) of women (freedom to
get an education and work)
Improved levels of education (especially female)
Reduced infant mortality
Introduction of pensions and care homes
Development of economy into secondary and
tertiary sectors
Increasing cost of children
Delayed marriages and less children
Anti-natalist policies e.g. China's one child policy
High cost of raising children
Immunisation programs e.g. small pox
Availability of clean water
Improved diet and knowledge of diet e.g. five
portions of fruit and diet
Improved levels of exercise
Improved medical care
Improved preventative testing e.g. for cancer
so people can be treated before it kills
them

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Demographic means population and transition means
change, so the DTM basically means the population
change model. The DTM looks at how a country's
population may change as it develops. It looks at birth
rates, death rates and total population. The DTM is
usually divided into five stages. Stage 1 is the poorest
stage and stage 5 is the richest stage.



Stage 1: Has birth and death rates. Because birth rates and death rates are both high (no contraception,
agricultural based economy, poor medical care, etc.), total population remains low.
Stage 2: Birth rates remain high, but death rates begin to fall. This causes total population to increase
(natural increase). Death rates fall because of introduction of basic medical care.
Stage 3: Birth rates begin to fall, but still remain higher than death rates so total population continues to
increase. Birth rates begin to fall because of better education and availability of contraception.
Stage 4: Birth rates and death rates are both low so the total population becomes constant (stays the
same).
Stage 5: Birth rates start to fall below death rates so the total population actually starts to decline (natural
decrease). This is because of delayed marriages, cost of children and emancipation of women.
Natural population increase: When birth rates are higher than death rates, like in stage 2 and 3 of the
DTM.

Natural population decrease: When death rates are higher than birth rates, like in stage 5 of the DTM.
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Population Growth South Africa
Despite having very high rates of HIV and AIDS
South Africa has experienced population growth over
the last century. South Africa's population has grown
because of a combination of natural increase and net
migration gain. South African has experienced
natural increase because birth rates have remained
high while death rates have begun to fall.








Reasons for high birth rates include:
Lack of education about family planning
Poor availability of contraception and cost of contraception
Polygamy amongst some ethnic groups
Primary based economy
High rate of sexual violence often leading to unwanted pregnancies

Reasons for declining death rates include:
Better testing for and treatment of HIV/AIDS
Improved water supply
Improved housing (although large numbers still live in informal settlements)
Better education about diet

South Africa also receives large numbers of migrants from countries like Zimbabwe, Mozambique and
Swaziland. This is either because of lack of economic opportunities in these countries and/or political
problems.

Population Pyramids
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/population-pyramids-powerful-predictors-of-the-
future-kim-preshoff#review


Population Pyramid: A population pyramid shows the age
and sex structure of the country. It is a type of graph that is
divided into males and females and then age groups.

Young Dependents: The number or the percentage of the
population under the age of 16.

Old Dependents: The number or the percentage of the
population over the age of 65.

Economically Active: People between the ages of 16 and
65. This is basically the working group.

Obviously some people stay at school past the age of 16,
some people retire before 65 and some people work after
65. Also some people between 16 and 65 might unemployed. However, when we are look at entire
populations we have to look at averages (the norm).

Dependency Ratio: The ratio between the amount of dependents (old and young) and the economically
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active.
Population pyramids can be related to stages in the DTM. If a pyramid has a wide base it indicates high
birth rates. If the groups reduce in size quickly it indicates high deaths rates. If there are a lot of old
dependents it indicates high life expectancy. If the base curves in, it indicates falling birth rates.
Young and Old Populations (Dependent Populations)

Ageing Population: This is when the proportion of old dependents is increasing. This happens because
life expectancy increases, but also because birth rates start to fall. This happens in stage 5 of the DTM (it is
currently happening in very developed countries like Japan). A country with an ageing population might
have a higher death rate than you expect, because old people eventually die even if there life expectancy is
high.
Problems of Ageing population Solutions to Ageing Population
There may be a shortage of workers (not enough
economically active)
If there is a shortage of workers there are less
tax payers and the government receives
less money
Old people tend to get more sick, so there will be
an increase in pressure on hospitals
In many countries retired people can claim
pensions off the government. If there are a
lot of old people this can be very expensive.
The government has to provide places in care
homes or provide services so people can
care for themselves at home e.g. meals on
wheels
Increase the retirement age. In the UK the
retirement age has increased from 65 to 67
Increase the amount of tax charged to economically
active.
Introduce private healthcare, so that the
government doesn't have to pay
Encourage people to have private pensions so that
the government does not have to pay
Economic immigration could be encouraged to
reduce the dependency ratio
Have a pro-natalist policy so that birth rates and the
number of young people increase

Elderly Care Costs Could Treble Says OECD - BBC article - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-
13437528

Japan's Population To shrink by one third by 2060 - BBC article -
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16787538

Retirement Age: The age at which people officially stop working. In many countries they can claim a
pension off the government when they stop working. People have retired are often called pensioners
because they receive a pension.

Pensions: Money that people who have retired receive. The money may be received from the government
or from private pensions.

Despite there being many problems of an ageing population, there are some advantages, including:
Less need to spend money on schools
Older people are less likely to commit crimes
Old people tend to travel less (no commuting) so congestion and pollution might reduce.

Young Population: When talking about a young population, you are usually referring to young dependents
(those under the age of 16). You might refer to a young population if there are too many or too few. Both
can present advantages and disadvantages.

Replacement Rate: The number of children each couple has to have to maintain a country's population.
The replacement rate is about 2.1 - two to replace the couple when they die and then 0.1 for children who
might die in infancy or who are unable to have children themselves (infertile).


Problems of Young Population (too many) Solutions of Young Population (too many)
Child care has to be provided so that parents can
return to work.
Governments need to pay so that young people
An anti-natalist policy might be introduced like
China's one child policy.
Increase family planning. Make contraception
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can go to school
Young people get sick so the government has to
pay for healthcare
An increase in the dependency ratio
Creation of teaching and nursing jobs.

available and affordable
Ensure females are educated and emancipated.
Problems of Young Population (too few) Problems of Young Population (too few)
Closure of child related services and loss of jobs
e.g. schools and nurseries
Less consumers and taxpayers in the future
An increase in the age of the population
Birth rates fall below replacement rate cause the
population decline. Also in the future there
will be less people in the reproductive age
range causing further declines.
A pro-nalalist policy to increase birth rates.
Subsidised childcare and education to encourage
more families to have more children.

Reproductive age range: The age that females normally have babies. Biologically this can be anytime
between puberty and menopause but is more likely to be between 18 and 35.

Below are some advantages of a large and small young population:
Potentially large workforce in the future (too many)
Population who has grown up understanding modern technology e.g. computers and the internet (too
many)
Reduced dependency ratio (too few)
Reduced education and medical costs (too few)

Dependents are cared for differently in LEDCs and MEDCs. In LEDCs the focus is very much on families to
care for dependents, whereas in MEDCs there is a lot more assistance from the state (government) as well.
Look at the table below to see some of the ways dependents are cared for.

OLD DEPENDANTS YOUNG DEPENDANTS




MEDCs




Retirement homes
Public and private pensions
Personal savings
Hospitals (government and private)
Doctors surgeries
Day care centres
Home help (meals on wheels)
Families (sons and daughters)
Pre and post natal care
Hospitals (midwives)
Doctors surgeries (immunizations)
Nurseries
Schools
Nannies
Families (parents, etc)
Child support (from govt.)
Orphanages


LEDCs
Families
Community
Basic medical care
Charitable organisations
Personal savings?
Families
Community
Basic medical care
Charitable organisations
Orphanages


Japan's Ageing Population

Japan has an ageing population because the birth rates
have fallen and it has one of the world's highest life
expectancy's. In fact the islands of Okinawa off Japan's
south coast have the highest life expectancy and the
greatest percentage of centenarians.

Japan has the highest proportion of old dependents
(about 23%) and the lowest proportion of young
dependents (about 13%) in the world. It has a total
fertility rate of only 1.25. This is well below the
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replacement rate of 2.1.Even though the Japanese are working longer, it may have to look outside its
borders to prevent future population decline and economic decline. Japan is traditionally a very insular
(closed) country so allowing large scale immigration would involve huge social and cultural changes.



CASE STUDY THE UKs AGEING POPULATION
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Pro and Anti Natalist Birth Policies

Pro-natalist Policy: A policy that encourages couples to have more children. You can not force people to
have more children so you have to offer incentives instead e.g. free childcare or even money.

Governments may have a pro-natalist policy if they have a declining population and a shortage of young
dependents (low birth rates and fertility rates). A government can't force couples to have more children, so
instead it must offer incentives. Incentives may include:
Cash payments
Free or subsidised healthcare
Free or subsidised education
Free nurseries or subsidised childcare.
Reduced tax rates
Child benefits e.g. weekly or monthly payments
Free equipment e.g. pushchairs, cots or even washing machines
Poster and advertising campaigns

Vladamir Putin reveals plan to boost Russia birth rate - BBC article -
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13143523
Australia's birth rate at 25 year high - Reuters article - http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/06/us-
australia-babies-idUSSYD29125420080806
Singapore's birth rate challenges - Asiaone news -
http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20100126-194441.html
Lie back and think of the bank balance - Taipei Times
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/05/29/2003157431
France plans to pay cash for more babies - Guardian article -
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/22/france.jonhenley1
Singapore's Pro-natalist Policy

Singapore is a developed country in SE Asia with a population of about 5 million people. For many years
the Singaporean government has believed that Singapore is underpopulated and has tried to increase its
population. Singapore has one of the lowest total fertility rates in the world, standing at 1.1, which is well
below the replacement rate of 2.1. Already 36% of the Singapore population is made up of foreign nationals
and in some sectors like industry, 80% of the workers are foreign.

To overcome worker shortages, the Singapore government has encouraged immigration, but it is also
trying to increase the population through raising birth rates. The government is doing this in a number of
ways. It has increased maternity leave by 50% to 12 weeks and it will cover the cost of maternity leave (the
cost to the parents employers) for the first four babies. The Singapore government is also increasing child
benefits paid to families. The government will pay money into a special bank account of up to nearly $1000
for six years. The Singapore government has also sponsored dating organisations to encourage people to
get married earlier and start having children.

If Singapore's policies are not successful it will become increasingly dependent on foreign workers,
gradually see an increase in the dependency ratio and ultimately economic decline.

Anti-natalist policy: A policy that attempts to reduce birth rates. This might be through better education
and supply of contraception or through much stricter policies like China's one child policy.

China - One Child Policy

After China were invaded and occupied by Japan in the World War II, they wanted to strengthen their
military so that it never happened again. To do this they encouraged citizens to have more children,
because a bigger population potentially meant a stronger army. This policy would have been fine if China
had the resources and technology to match. However, they did not and coupled with the crippling policies
of the cultural revolution, mass famines ensued. It is estimated that up to 30 million died during the 1960's
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and 1970's. This was not a sustainable policy, so the Chinese government was forced to introduce an anti-
natalist policy.

The policy China decided to introduce was extremely strict and probably not possible in a non-communist
country. The government stated that from 1979 all couples were only allowed to have one child. They also
increased the marriageable age of men to 22. To get married and to have a child, citizens had to apply to
the government. If you applied by these rules you were entitled to free education, healthcare, housing and
given a job. If you did not follow the rules, then benefits would be removed and females who were found to
be pregnant were given forced abortions and even sterilised.

To enforce the policy the government relied on community enforcement. Often elderly residents who were
trusted within the community were asked to inform, elderly female informants were nicknamed 'granny
police'. The strict enforcement of the policy led to a problem of female infanticide. This is the killing of
female babies, because couples favoured male children. Males ensured the family name was maintained
and were able to work manual jobs, whereas females would be lost after marriage (females normally went
to live with their husbands family).

There were a number of exceptions to the rules, if you had twins or triplets this was fine, if your first child
had a physical or mental disability you could have a second, families in rural areas (farming areas) were
often allowed a second, ethnic minorities were allowed a second and often couples who bribed officials
could have a second.

The policy has been relatively successful, birth rates have fallen from a peak off 44 in the 1950's down to
just 12. China's population is also expected to peak in the next 20 years and then slowly start to decrease.
Because of its success there have been further relaxations including:
All of families in females areas can now have two
Two people who marry from single children families they are allowed two
Females are better educated about contraception and are free to make their own choices.

However, there are also a few problems:
China is still overpopulated, there are over 1.3 billion Chinese
There is a male female imbalance in the population
People are demanding greater freedom and choice
China will slowly get an ageing population.
There are large numbers of abandoned children

China facing growing gender imbalance - BBC article
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8451289.stm

Has China's one child policy worked - BBC article
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7000931.stm

CASE STUDY NOTES Chinas one child policy (anti natalist policy)
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Overpopulation, Underpopulation and Optimum Population

Carrying Capacity: The amount of people that the resources of a country can support. The carrying
capacity of a country can change with improvements in technology e.g. desalination, discoveries of new
resources, or the loss of existing resources e.g. volcanic eruption destroying farm land.

Overpopulation: When there are more people that the resources available. Overpopulation might lead to
unemployment, famine and homelessness.

Underpopulation: When there are not enough people to fully maximise the potential of a country. For
example there might be vacant jobs or resources that can not be fully exploited.

Optimum Population: When population and resources are perfectly matched. In reality this is almost
impossible to achieve.

PROBLEMS OF OVERPOPULATION PROBLEMS OF UNDERPOPULATION
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There could be unemployment because there are
not enough jobs for everyone
There could be a shortage of schools and
hospitals
There could be a shortage of hoses and informal
settlements grow
Congestion may increase as there are more cars,
buses, etc. on the road
Prices may increase as demand for houses,
resources, etc. increase (inflation)
There may be a shortage of clean drinking water,
electricity, etc.
There may be an increase in air, noise and water
pollution e.g. open sewers, fires, etc.
The rural-urban fringe may be damaged as
informal settlements are built
There are a shortage of workers
There will be less people paying tax
Schools and hospitals may close because there
are not enough clients
Public transport links might close because of less
customers
There may be less innovation and development
(lee brain power)
Not possible to exploit all resources
Hard to defend country
Necessary to attract migrants

CASE STUDY NOTES UNDERPOPULATION RUSSIA (also can be used to show
pro natalist policies)


















CASE STUDY NOTES OVERPOPULATION BANGLADESH (also can be used to
show the problems associated with high birth rates and youthful populations)

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Disease (HIV and AIDS)


HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus

AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

HIV was first discovered in 1981 and is believed to be a
virus that crossed over from monkeys to humans in Africa (in
Africa it is very common for people to eat bush meat like
monkeys). Worldwide, AIDS has killed over 25 million
people and nearly 3 million extra people became infected in
2009. HIV is the virus that you catch and AIDS is basically
the name for all the symptoms you catch when your immune
system has been degraded. People normally die from
diseases that they have caught because of there weak
immune system e.g. pneumonia. When HIV was first
discovered, victims would have a fairly short like expectancy
(a few years). However, even though there is still no cure
peoples lives can be prolonged for years because of drugs
designed to support your immune system.

HIV is transmitted through infected bodily floods (blood, seamen and breast milk - it is not possible to
transmit through saliva). The infected bodily flood needs to come into contact with another persons bodily
fluids or mucous membranes found in the mouth, nose, ears and genital areas.
Therefore some of the most common ways of transmitting HIV are:
Unprotected sexual intercourse with a HIV sufferer
Sharing needles with an infect HIV sufferer (common amongst drug users)
Receiving a blood transfer from infected blood (nearly all blood around the world is now tested)
Breast feeding
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Mother to unborn child (this can be prevented if the mother knows that she is infected).

Africa is the continent that has been hardest hit by HIV. As you can see from the map over 15% of the adult
population in Southern Africa suffer from HIV, this is as high as 40% in some countries like Botswana.
However, even with these high figures, the true figures might be a lot higher because not everyone has
been tested.
CAUSES OF HIGH HIV RATES IMPACTS OF HIV SOLUTIONS TO HIV
Lack of education about HIV
(causes, transmission,
prevention).
Availability and affordability of
condoms, as well as
knowledge of how they
are used.
Pologymy. The tradition of
taking more than one
wife.
Lack of testing. Much of the
population does not know
that it has HIV.
Prostitution. Many prostitutes
are infected but don't
know so continue to
transmit the disease.
Sexual crime. There is a high
rate of sexual crime in
South Africa which helps
spread the disease
Urban myths. Many
uneducated people
believe myths about HIV
that are untrue. For
example Jacob Zuma
believed a shower after
sex would reduce chance
of catching HIV.
Migrant population. When a lot
of people move for work
HIV can be spread easily
between communities.
Religious beliefs. some
religions don't allow the
use of condoms.
However, it must also be
remembered most
religions discourage sex
before marriage and
promote only one sexual
partner (husband and
wife)
Poor medical hygiene -
possibly dirty medical
equipment and untreated
blood
Individually, people will experience
a decline in their immune
system, becoming sicker and
possibly dieing.
High cost of having to treat HIV
and AIDS patients.
There will be an effective increase
in the dependency ration
because less people will be
able to work because of
sickness.
The country may see a reduction
in tourism and investment as
people are reluctant to travel
to a country with high
infection rates.
The country will have to pay large
amounts of money to be able
to buy anti-retroviral drugs
(this is not a cure, but it helps
support victims immune
system).
Life expectancy rapidly reduces in
countries with high infection
rates and death rates
increase.
There are a large number of
orphans as many parents
die.
There may be a shortage of
workers which can lead to
economic decline and food
shortages. There may not be
enough essential workers like
teachers.
Providing free condoms and
educating people about
how to use them correctly.
Educating about what HIV is
and explaining how the
spread can be reduced
and stopped. Because
many people in rural
Africa may be illiterate
education might have to
be done through posters
or theatre (drama).
Test more people to find out
who is infected.
Legalise prostitution to
encourage more
prostitutes to be tested
and hopefully reduce the
spread of HIV
Anti-retroviral drugs can be sold
cheaper so that more
people have access to
them
Hopefully, scientists will
eventually find a cure for
HIV so that it can be
eliminated.
Encouraging no sex before
marriage and trying to
reduce the number of
peoples sexual partners.
Try and reduce the stigma of
HIV and AIDS so more
people talk about it and
are happy to be tested.

South Africa's Jacob Zuma showered to avoid HIV - BBC article
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4879822.stm

Botswana mulls leaglising prostitution to fight HIV - BBC article
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11888992

New anti-retroviral drugs help reduce HIV transmission - BBC article
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13381292


Lesotho

Lesotho is a landlocked country situated inside South Africa. It
has a population of only 1.8 million. It is estimated that over
20% of Lesotho adults population is infected with HIV or AIDS.
In reality the figure might be much higher because many adults
have not been tested.

In Lesotho one innovative to reduce infection rates is to test
every adult. 7,500 health care workers have been employed to
test every person. They are even going door to door with testing
kits.

Lesotho is now also going to benefit from an agreement made
by drugs companies to lower their prices. In the future anti-
retroviral drugs are going to be 50% cheaper and HIV tests 30%
cheaper.


CASE STUDY NOTES HIV/ AIDS - BOTSWANA


























16
MIGRATION
There are many different types of migration. The most commonly referred to are:

Internal Migration: Migration within a country e.g. Edinburgh to London, rural Brazil to Sao Paulo
Rural-urban migration: This is a type of internal migration. It is the movement of people from rural
areas (the countryside) to urban areas (towns and cities). In the settlements topic we look at the
causes, problems and solutions of and to rural-urban migration in Rio de Janeiro
In addition to rural-urban migration we will also look at the processes of counterurbanisation and
reurbanisation in MEDCs (both forms of internal migration).
International Migration: Migration between countries e.g. El Salvador to US
Internal migration: migration within a country e.g. move from Edinburgh to London
Temporary Migration: Migration for a limited period, this might only be for a few weeks or even
several years.
Permanent Migration: Migration with the intention of staying forever.
Forced Migration: When people are forced to migrate, often because their life is in danger.
Voluntary Migration: When people freely choose to migrate e.g. for better weather or better
universities.
Economic Migration: Migration for work e.g. better salary or promotion
Seasonal Migration: Migration just for a particular season e.g. the ski season or the harvesting
season
Commuting: Movement from home to workplace and vice versa.

FORCED MIGRATION:
When people have to move usually because their
life might be in danger.
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION:
When people chose to move, usually for economic
benefit.
Natural disaster (volcano, earthquake, flood, famine
etc.)
War
Political persecution
Religious or ethnic persecution
Redevelopment or resettlement e.g. Three Gorges
Dam
New job or better pay (employment)
Retirement
University/school
Healthcare
Better weather/ climate
To be with friends/ relatives

Emigrant: A person who leaves a country to migrate to another.
Immigrant: A migrant arriving in a new country.
Migration Balance: The difference between emigrants and immigrants. If a country has more emigrants
than immigrants that it is experiencing net migration loss. If a country has more immigrants than emigrants
then it is experiencing net migration gain.

People will normally migrate because of a combination of push and pull factors.

Push Factor: Things that are driving you from the location that you live e.g. crime and pollution
Pull Factor: Things that are attracting you to a new location e.g. better job and nice weather.

Push Factors from Source (origin) Country Pull Factors from Source (origin) Country
No job
Low salary
Pollution and congestion
Bad weather
Crime
Poor education and healthcare
Poor housing
Friends and family
House
Know the culture
Understand the language
Understand how country works

Pull Factors of Destination Country

Push Factors from Destination Country
Better job
Better salary
Better schools and hospitals
Peaceful and safe
Friends and family already living their
Cost of housing
Racial tension
Language barriers
Different culture
No friends and family
17
Intervening obstacles: These are problems that a migrant may face on his journey. They are represented
on the Lee's Model by the wiggly line in between country of origin and destination country. Intervening
obstacles may include:
Shortage of money
Language barriers
Passport or visa issues
Bad weather
Transport delays
Problems with housing


Impacts of Migration

The process of migration can have positive and negative impacts on both the source country and the
receiving country. Below is a summary of some of those impacts.

Advantages Disadvantages
Source
Country
(losing
country)
Reduced unemployment. El Salvador's is
currently about 10%, but in reality it is
probably much higher. There is also a lot
of underemployment.
Reduced pressure on schools and hospitals. It
is estimated that there are 2 million
migrants living in the US from El
Salvador.
Remittances sent by family and friends living
abroad. Remittances go straight into the
hands of the people, not the government.
In 2010 it was estimated that El Salvador
received $2.5 billion in remittances,
shared between 22.5% of families.
Improved relations with foreign countries e.g. El
Salvador and US, in 2011 Barack Obama
visited El Salvador
Migrants may return home with new skills and
knowledge of new technology
Reduced birth and fertility rate and people in
reproductive age range leave
Often skilled and educated migrants leave
'Brain Drain'
The dependency ratio increases as the
economically active leave
A dependency on remittances develops
There maybe shortage of workers,
especially during harvests
Family separation
Gangs have returned back to El Salvador
that were formed in the US e.g. MS
and M18.
Destination
Country
(receiving
country)
Source of manual workers who are prepared to
work dirty low paid jobs e.g. farming,
construction and cleaning.
Also source of skilled workers who are added to
skilled workforce 'Brain Gain' e.g.
teachers, nurses and lawyers (baseball
players!)
New cultures e.g. food and dance, Pupasas are
sold in the US
Improved links with source countries, possible
new markets e.g. El Salvador buys US
products and franchises e.g. Burger King
and Starbucks.
Possible racial tension. US citizens will often
blame Central Americans for taking
their jobs.
Inflation caused by increase demand
Pressure on schools and hospitals. In parts
of California over half of people speak
Spanish, this can cause problems for
schools, hospitals, etc.
Possible unemployment
Pressure on housing, electricity, water, etc.
Increased congestion and pollution
Gangs were created by Salvadorian
migrants e.g. MS, M18

Remittances: Money that is sent home to friends and family by migrants living in a different location, often
overseas.






18
CASE STUDY: Central America (including Mexico) to US Migration

The US and Mexico share a land border of roughly 2000km. Because of a series of push and pull factors,
migrants from Mexico and Central America (El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala) try and make the
journey across the border. It is estimated that over 1 million migrants each year attempt to cross. Many
make it, but others are also caught, in 1995 about 850,000 were caught and deported.

PUSH FACTORS FROM MEXICO PULL FACTORS TO US
Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor
Low paid jobs - (GNP = $3,750)
Adult literacy rates 55% - poor education prospects
Life expectancy 72 yrs
40% Unemployed
42,000 violent drugs deaths since 2006
Excellent medical facilities - 400 per doctor
Well paid jobs - GNP = $24,750)
Adult literacy rates 99% - good education prospects
Life expectancy 76 yrs
Low crime rates
Many jobs available for low paid workers such as
Mexicans

Imapacts on US (positive and negative)
Illegal migration costs the USA millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons
Mexicans are seen as a drain on the USA economy
Migrant workers keep wages low which affects Americans
They cause problems in cities due cultural and racial issues
Mexican migrants benefit the US economy by working for low wages
Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music
The incidents of TB has been increasing greatly due to the increased migration

Impacts on Mexico (positive and negative)
The Mexican countryside has a shortage of economically active people
Many men emigrate leaving a majority of women who have trouble finding marriage partners
Young people tend to migrate leaving the old and the very young
Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico
Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants

CASE STUDY NOTES: CANARY ISLANDS























19
Refugees and IDPs

Refugees: A person who has been forced to leave their home and their country. This might be because of
a natural disaster, war, religious or political persecution.

Persecution: When someone is attacked for what they believe in e.g. their religion or political belief.

Internally displaced person (IDP): When someone has been forced to leave their home but not their
country.

Asylum Seekers: Someone who is trying to get refuge (residency) in a foreign country because their life is
in danger in their home country. This is usually because of their political or religious beliefs.


Reasons for
becoming a
refugee
Problems faced by
refugees
Problems faced by receiving
country
Solutions to refugee
problem
War e.g. Iraq
Natural disaster
e.g. Indian Ocean
tsunami
Famine and/or
drought
Political
persecution e.g.
Syria
Religious or ethnic
persecution
No housing
Shortage of food and
water
No job or no money
No clothes or limited
clothes
Poor medical care
Disease
Poor sanitation
Safety concerns e.g.
war, robbery, rape.
Language barriers
No education for
children
Cost of providing food and water
Cost of providing education for
children and medical care for
everyone
Possible spread of disease to
native population
Increased pollution and
congestion
Possible racial tension
Language problems of dealing
with refugees
Increased unemployment
Possible inflation because of
rising demand
Food shortages
Shortages of water, electricity,
End of problem in source
country
The return of migrants to
their home (1st choice)
The return of migrants to
ares or countries near their
home (2nd choice)
Migrants settled in a foreign
country a long way from
their home (3rd choice)

The above three choices are
the three preferred solutions of
the UNHCR.


Iraqi Refugees and IDPs CASE STUDY Forced migration, Iraq

Iraq has seen a flow of refugees from its borders
over the last 100 years. However, since the
American led invasion of 2003, the number of
refugees leaving Iraq and also the number of
IDPs within Iraq has increased rapidly. It is
estimated that since 2003, about 2.2 million
Iraqi's have left the country and a further
2.5million have fled internally.

Most refugees have escaped the ongoing fighting
between coalition troops and remnants of
Saddam Hussein's government, but others are
escaping terrorist attacks (Al Qaeda has
infiltrated Iraq) and political, ethnic and religious persecution.

The majority of refugees have moved to neighbouring countries (Syria and Jordan), where there are
similarities in language and religion and they are easily accessible by land.

You should also have your newspaper article covering a refugee case study example