64 Exercise 11
Advance PreparationATP Muscle Kit
1. Order the ATP muscle kits (Carolina) to be delivered no more than seven days before
the lab. One kit provides generously for eight students. Extra vials of the chemical solu-
tions can be ordered separately (Carolina) and will reduce waiting time. Just before the
lab begins, cut the muscle bundles into 2-centimeter lengths and place in a petri dish in
the accompanying glycerol.
65
NAME ____________________________________
LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
E X E R C I S E
R E V I E W S H E E T
11
Skeletal Muscle Cells and Their Packaging into Muscles
1. From the inside out, name the three types of connective tissue wrappings of a skeletal muscle.
a. b. c.
Why are the connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscle important? (Give at least three reasons.)
2. Why are there more indirectthat is, tendinousmuscle attachments than direct muscle attachments? (Your text may help
you answer this.)
3. On the following figure, label endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, and fascicle.
Microscopic Anatomy
and Organization of
Skeletal Muscle
Tendons provide durability and conserve space. They are tough collagen fibers so they can cross rough, bony
projections that would tear delicate muscle tissues. Because of their small size, more tendons can pass over a joint.
They support and bind muscle fibers, strengthen the muscle as a whole, and provide a route for the entry and exit of
nerves and blood vessels that serve the muscle fibers.
epimysium perimysium endomysium
Blood vessel
Muscle
fiber
(cell)
Fascicle
(wrapped by
perimysium)
Endomysium
(between
fibers)
Perimysium
Epimysium
Bone
Tendon
66 Review Sheet 11
4. The diagram illustrates a small portion of a muscle myofibril in a highly simplified way. Using terms from the key, correctly
identify each structure indicated by a leader line or a bracket. Below the diagram make a sketch of how this segment of the
myofibril would look if contracted.
Key: actin filament myosin filament
Aband sarcomere
I band Z disc
The Neuromuscular Junction
5. For skeletal muscle cells to contract, they must be excited by motor neurons. However, the electrical impulse cannot pass di-
rectly from a nerve cell to the skeletal muscle cells to excite them. Just what does pass from the neuron to the muscle cells,
and what effect does it produce?
6. Why is it that the electrical impulse cannot pass from neuron to muscle cell?
The neuron and muscle fiber membranes,
close as they are, do not actually touch. They are separated by a small fluid-filled gap called the synaptic cleft.
A neurotransmitter chemical called acetylcholine diffuses from the axon into the synaptic cleft and combines with the
receptors on the muscle cells. The permeability of the muscle cells change, allowing more sodium ions to diffuse into
the muscle fiber, resulting in the generation of an action potential.
A band I band actin filament
Z disc
myosin filament
sarcomere
67 Review Sheet 11
Classification of Skeletal Muscles
7. Several criteria were given for the naming of muscles. Match the muscle names (column B) to the criteria (column A). Note
that more than one muscle may fit the criterion in some cases.
Column A
1. action of the muscle
2. shape of the muscle
3. location of the origin and/or insertion of
the muscle
4. number of origins
5. location of the muscle relative to a bone or
body region
6. direction in which the muscle fibers run relative
to some imaginary line
7. relative size of the muscle
8. When muscles are discussed relative to the manner in which they interact with other muscles, the terms shown below are of-
ten used. Define each term.
Antagonist:
Fixator:
Prime mover:
Synergist:
Column B
pectoralis major
flexor digitorum superficialis
biceps brachii
abdominis transversus
erector spinae
deltoid
rectus abdominis
external intercostals
biceps brachii
erector spinae abdominis transversus pectoralis major
external intercostals
pectoralis major
rectus abdominis
abdominis transversus
biceps brachii
pectoralis major
flexor digitorum superficialis
deltoid
muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
specialized synergists that immobilize the origin of a prime mover
muscles that are primarily responsible for producing a particular movement
aid the action of agonists by reducing undesirable/unnecessary movement
69
12
Gross Anatomy of the
Muscular System
E X E R C I S E
Time Allotment: 23 hours in lab plus time outside of lab.
Multimedia Resources: See Appendix Afor a list of multimedia resource distributors.
Anatomy of a Runner (Structure and Function of the Lower Limb) (UL, 38 minutes,
VHS)
Abdomen and Pelvis (UL, 16 minutes, VHS)
Human Musculature Videotape (BC, 23 minutes, VHS)
Lower Extremity (UL, WNS, 28 minutes, VHS)
Major Skeletal Muscles and their Actions (UL, 19 minutes, VHS)
Muscles (FHS, 20 minutes, VHS, DVD)
The New Living Body: Muscles (FHS, 20 minutes, VHS, DVD)
Advance Preparation
1. Set out models of the human torso and upper and lower limbs. It helps to have the mus-
cles labeled on some of the models. Have model keys available.
2. Set out anatomical charts of human musculature.
3. Set out tubes of body (or face) paint and 1-inch wide brushes.
71
NAME ____________________________________
LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
E X E R C I S E
R E V I E W S H E E T
12
Muscles of the Head and Neck
1. Using choices from the list at the right, correctly identify the muscles provided with leader lines on the diagram.
buccinator
frontalis
masseter
platysma
occipitalis
orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
zygomaticus
2. Using the terms provided above, identify the muscles described next.
1. used to grin
2. important muscle to a saxophone player
3. used in blinking and squinting
4. used to pout (pulls the corners of the mouth downward)
5. raises your eyebrows for a questioning expression
6. your kisser
7. allows you to bite that carrot stick
8. tenses skin of the neck during shaving
Gross Anatomy of the
Muscular System
Galea
aponeurotica
frontalis
occipitalis
zygomaticus
orbicularis oris
platysma
masseter
buccinator
zygomaticus
buccinator
orbicularis oculi
platysma
frontalis
orbicularis oris
masseter
platysma
orbicularis oculi
72 Review Sheet 12
Muscles of the Trunk and Upper Limb
3. Using choices from the key, identify the major muscles described next:
1. a major spine flexor
2. prime mover for pulling the arm posteriorly
3. elbow extender
,
4. help form the
abdominal girdle
,
(four pairs of muscles)
5. extends and adducts wrist
6. allows you to raise your arm laterally
,
7. shoulder adductors
(two muscles)
8. flexes elbow; supinates the forearm
9. small muscles between the ribs; elevate the
ribs during breathing
10. extends the head
11. extends the spine
12. extends and abducts the wrist
Key:
biceps brachii
deltoid
erector spinae
extensor carpi radialis
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digitorum superficialis
external intercostals
external oblique
flexor carpi radialis
internal oblique
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
rectus abdominis
transversus abdominis
trapezius
triceps brachii
rectus abdominis
latissimus dorsi
triceps brachii
rectus abdominis external oblique
pectoralis major
erector spinae
erector spinae
extensor carpi radialis
biceps brachii
external intercostals
latissimus dorsi
extensor carpi ulnaris
deltoid
transversus abdominis internal oblique
73 Review Sheet 12
Muscles of the Lower Limb
4. Use the key terms to respond to the descriptions below.
1. lateral compartment muscle that plantar flexes and everts the ankle
2. forms the buttock
3. a prime mover of ankle plantar flexion
4. a prime mover of ankle dorsiflexion
5. allow you to grip a horses back with your thighs
,
6. muscles that insert into the tibial
tuberosity (two choices)
7. muscle that extends knee and flexes thigh
General Review: Muscle Descriptions
5. Identify the muscles described below by completing the statements:
1.
, ,
and
are commonly used for intramuscular injections (three muscles).
2. The insertion tendon of the group contains a large sesamoid bone, the patella.
3. The triceps surae insert in common into the tendon.
4. The bulk of the tissue of a muscle tends to lie to the part of the body it causes to move.
5. The extrinsic muscles of the hand originate on the
.
6. Most flexor muscles on the aspect of the body; most extensors
are located
. An exception to this generalization is the extensor-flexor
musculature of the .
Key:
adductor group
biceps femoris
gastrocnemius
gluteus maximus
fibularis longus
rectus femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
tibialis anterior
tibialis posterior
vastus muscles
fibularis longus
gluteus maximus
gastrocnemius
tibialis anterior
adductor group
rectus femoris
deltoid vasti
quadriceps
calcaneal
proximal
humerus, radius, and ulna
anterior
posteriorly
knee
gluteus maximus and medius
rectus femoris vastus muscles
74 Review Sheet 12
General Review: Muscle Recognition
6. Identify the lettered muscles in the diagram of the human anterior superficial musculature by matching the letter with one
of the following muscle names:
1. orbicularis oris
2. pectoralis major
3. external oblique
4. sternocleidomastoid
5. biceps brachii
6. deltoid
7. vastus lateralis
8. frontalis
9. rectus femoris
10. rectus abdominis
11. sartorius
12. platysma
13. flexor carpi radialis
14. orbicularis oculi
15. gastrocnemius
16. masseter
17. trapezius
18. tibialis anterior
19. adductors
20. vastus medialis
21. transversus abdominis
22. fibularis longus
23. iliopsoas
24. temporalis
25. zygomaticus
26. triceps brachii
d
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f
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n
o
p
a
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s
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aa
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dd
b
c
27. brachialis
28. extensor digitorum
longus
29. internal oblique
30. soleus
t
v
x
u
g
e
l
q
k
w
aa
c
i
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cc
b
d
p
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