The Colonies Come of Age
Britain defeats France in
North America. Tensions
grow between Britain and its
colonists. Colonial slavery
becomes entrenched,
particularly in the South.
Women planting a field of onions at
Wethersfield.
NEXT
The Colonies Come of Age
SECTION 1
England and Its Colonies
SECTION 2
The Agricultural South
SECTION 3
The Commercial North
SECTION 4
The French and Indian War
NEXT
Section 1
England and Its Colonies
England and its largely self-governing
colonies prosper under a mutually beneficial
trade relationship.
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SECTION
England and Its Colonies
England and Its Colonies Prosper
Mercantilism
English settlers export raw materials; import
manufactured goods
Mercantilismcountries must get gold, silver to
be self-sufficient
Favorable balance of trade means more gold
coming in than going out
Map
The Navigation Acts
ParliamentEnglands legislative body
England sees colonial sales to other countries as
economic threat
1651 Parliament passes Navigation Acts: laws
restrict colonial trade
Chart
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SECTION
Tensions Emerge
Crackdown in Massachusetts
Some colonists resent Navigation Acts; still smuggle
goods abroad
In 1684 King Charles revokes corporate charter;
creates royal colony
The Dominion of New England
In 1685, King James creates Dominion of New
England
- land from southern Maine to New Jersey united
into one colony
- to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed
under single ruler
Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonizes
Puritans, merchants
Image
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Tensions
Emerge
The Glorious Revolution
King James unpopular in England: is Catholic,
disrespects Parliament
Glorious RevolutionParliament asserts its
power over monarch, 1689
Parliament crowns Mary (Jamess daughter) and
William of Orange
Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros,
royal councilors
Parliament restores separate colonial charters
1691 Massachusetts charter has royal governor,
religious toleration
Image
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SECTION
England Loosens the Reins
Salutary Neglect
Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English
judges, no juries
Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor
colonial trade
Englands salutary neglectdoes not enforce
laws if economic loyalty
The Seeds of Self-Government
Governor: calls, disbands assembly; appoints
judges; oversees trade
Colonial assembly influences governor because
they pay his salary
Colonists still consider themselves British but want
self-government
NEXT
Section 2
The Agricultural South
In the Southern colonies, a predominately
agricultural society develops.
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SECTION
The Agricultural South
A Plantation Economy Arises
The Rural Southern Economy
Fertile soil leads to growth of agriculture
Farmers specialize in cash crops grown for sale,
not personal use
Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods
directly to markets
Plantations produce most of what farmers need on
their property
Few cities grow: warehouses, shops not needed
Map
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SECTION
Life in Southern Society
A Diverse and Prosperous People
In 1700s, many German, Scots, Scots-Irish
immigrants settle in South
Southern population mostly small farmers
Planters are minority but control economy
By mid-1700s, growth in export trade makes
colonies prosperous
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Life
in Southern Society
The Role of Women
Women have few legal or social rights, little formal
schooling
Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores
Rich and poor women must submit to husbands will
Indentured Servants
In 1600s, male indentured servants are 1/2 to 2/3 of
immigrants
In 1700s, reports of hardship keep European
laborers away
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SECTION
Slavery Becomes Entrenched
The Evolution of Slavery
Slavespeople who are considered the property
of others
English colonists increasingly unable to enslave
Native Americans
Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life,
are better buy
Most white colonists think Africans dark skin justifies
slavery
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Slavery
Becomes Entrenched
The European Slave Trade
Chart
3-way triangular trade network ties colonies,
Africa, West Indies:
- New England exports rum to Africa
- Africa exports slaves to West Indies
- West Indies export sugar, molasses to
New England
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Slavery
Becomes Entrenched
The Middle Passage
Middle passagemiddle leg of transatlantic
trade, transports slaves
20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease,
abuse, suicide
Image
Slavery in the South
8090% of slaves work in fields; 1020% work in
house or as artisans
Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death
Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient,
disrespectful
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SECTION
Africans Cope in Their New World
Culture and Family
Africans in North America have different cultures,
languages
Slaves preserve cultural heritage: crafts, music,
stories, dance
Merchants, owners split families; slaves raise
children left behind
Resistance and Revolt
Slaves resist subservient position, try to escape
1739 Stono Rebellionplanter families killed,
militia defeats slaves
Colonists tighten slave laws, but slave rebellions
continue
NEXT
Section 3
The Commercial North
The Northern colonies develop a predominately
urban society based on commerce and trade.
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SECTION
The Commercial North
Commerce Grows in the North
A Diversified Economy
Cold winters, rocky soil restrict New Englanders to
small farms
Middle colonies raise livestock, crops; export
surplus
Diverse commercial economy develops in New
England, middle colonies
By mid-1700s, merchants are powerful group in
North
Urban Life
Growth in trade leads to large port cities like New
York, Boston
Philadelphia second largest city in British empire;
has urban plan
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SECTION
Northern Society Is Diverse
Influx of Immigrants
1700s, large influx of immigrants: Germans,
Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews
Immigrants encounter prejudice, clash with frontier
Native Americans
Chart
Slavery in the North
Less slavery in North than in South; prejudice still
exists
Slaves have some legal rights, but highly restricted
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued
Northern Society Is Diverse
Women in Northern Society
Women have extensive work responsibilities but few
legal rights
Only single women, widows can own businesses
Wives must submit to husbands
Witchcraft Trials in Salem
In 1692, false accusations of witchcraft lead to trials,
hysteria
Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich
Several victims were women considered too
independent
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SECTION
New Ideas Influence the Colonists
The Enlightenment
For centuries philosophers used reason, science to
explain world
Enlightenmentmovement in 1700s emphasizing
reason, observation
Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books,
pamphlets
Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas
Other colonial leaders also adopt Enlightenment
views
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued New
Ideas Influence the Colonists
The Great Awakening
Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society,
membership declines
Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful,
must seek Gods mercy
Great Awakeningreligious revival of the 1730s
and 1740s
Native Americans, African Americans, colonists
join new churches
Interest in learning increases; Protestants found
colleges
Both movements question authority, stress
individuals importance
Image
NEXT
Section 4
The French and
Indian War
British victory over the French in North America
enlarges the British empire but leads to new
conflicts with the colonists.
NEXT
SECTION
The French and Indian War
Rivals for an Empire
Britain and France Compete
In 1750s, Britain, France build empires; both want
Ohio River Valley
Frances North American Empire
France claims St. Lawrence River region,
Mississippi Valley
By 1754, French colony of New France has small
population
French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary
priests
French have good relations, military alliances
with natives
Map
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SECTION
Britain Defeats an Old Enemy
The War Begins
France and Britain fight two inconclusive wars in
early 1700s
French build Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land
claimed by Virginia
In 1754, George Washington is sent to evict
French; is defeated
French and Indian War beginsfourth war
between Britain and France
Early French Victories
General Edward Braddocks army ambushed near
Fort Duquesne
17551756, British lose repeated battles to French,
native allies
Continued . . .
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SECTION
4
continued Britain
Defeats an Old Enemy
Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide
William Pitt helps British win battles; Iroquois join
British
In 1759, British capture of Quebec leads to victory
in war
Treaty of Paris ends war (1763); land divided
between Britain, Spain
Map
Victory Brings New Problems
Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures
British forts
British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans
greatly weakened
Proclamation of 1763colonists cannot settle
west of Appalachians
Image
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SECTION
The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart
British Policies Anger Colonists
Halt to western expansion upsets colonists
Tensions in Massachusetts increase over
crackdown on smuggling
Writs of assistance allow searches of ships,
businesses, homes
Problems Resulting from the War
Colonists feel threatened by British troops
stationed in colonies
Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to
pay war debt
Parliament passes Sugar Act (1764):
- duty on foreign molasses halved
- new duties placed on other imports
- smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court
NEXT
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