Inventions and InventorsContext Clues Put a circle around the letter of the anstver that means the same as the word in bold. 1. The two brothers lived together in New York for several years. Then one of them moved to California. Now they are living apart. a. above each other c. not together b. beside each other di. near each other 2. Ali keeps a strip of paper in his book so he can remember what page he is on. a. heavy piece c. long, thin piece b. dark piece d. dirty piece 3. There is a row of trees along each side of our street. a. line ©. record b. forest d. piece 4, Half.a dozen eggs is six eggs. a. fourteen c. eight b. twelve d. sixteen 5. Someone delivers a newspaper to my apartment every morning. I don’t have to go out and buy one. a. uses c. destroys b. brings d. connects 6. I tried to pay for their help, but they wouldn’t accept my money. a. bring ©. take b. shoot d. suppose 7, Sara received a package from her parents yesterday. They sent her some new clothes. a. needed c. spent b. got d. told v Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors8, Stop talking immediately! The test started five minutes ago. a, today . later b. soon, d. right now 9. [don’t have to work or go to class today. I can do whatever I want to do. a. anything . anytime b. anywhere d. anyone 10. Saudi Arabia has a desert climate. Canada has a cold climate in winter. The climate in Indonesia is tropical. a. type of land ©. government b. average weather d. food Context Clues Ylesson The Zipper 1. Are you wearing something with a zipper? 2. What can you do when a zipper on a piece of clothing breaks? 3. Do you have any clothing without a zipper? How does it close? Y Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors1 The Zipper The zipper is a wonderful invention. How did people ever live without zippers? They are very common, so we forget that they are wonderful. They are very strong, but they open and close very easily. They come in many colors and sizes. In the 1890s, people in the United States wore high shoes with a long row of buttons. Clothes often had rows of buttons, too. People wished that clothes were easier to put on and take off. Whitcomb L. Judson, an engineer from the United, States, invented the zipper in 1893. However, his zippers didn’t stay closed very well. This was embarrassing, and people didn’t buy many of them. ‘Then Dr. Gideon Sundback from Sweden solved this problem. His zipper stayed closed. A zipper has three parts: 1. There are dozens of metal or plastic hooks (called teeth) in two rows. 2, These hooks are fastened to two strips of cloth. The cloth strips are flexible. They bend easily. 3. A fastener slides along and joins the hooks together. When it slides the other way, it takes the hooks apart. Dr. Sundback put the hooks on strips of cloth. The cloth holds all the hooks in place. They don’t come apart very easily. This solved the problem of the first zippers. line a dozen =12 Joined or attached hooks ‘ipper Lesson 1: The Zippera Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text zipper embarrassing, hooks dozens solved bend fastened apart strips row engineer slides 1. In the 1890s, people in the United States wore high shoes with a long of buttons. 2, There are _________ of metal or plastic (called teeth) in two rows. 3. The _______ is a wonderful invention. 4, Afastener _____ along and joins the hooks together. 5. Whitcomb L, Judson, an _________ from the United States, invented the zipper in 1893. 6. When it slides the other way, it takes the hooks —___. 7. This was ____, and people didn’t buy many of them. 8. They ______ easily. 9. These hooks are _____ to two of cloth, 10. Then Dr. Gideon Sundback from Sweden this problem. ib Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank, fasteners engineer zippers slide apart hook dozen strips solve bend embarrassed rows 1, Icy roads are dangerous because cars on them. 2, Pam cuta piece of paper into five 3. Sometimes your face gets red when you feel 4. Doyou like to___ math problems? s—@ Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors.You can catch fish with a Hooks, buttons, and zippers are all American supermarkets sell eggs by the —___. . Tony and George had an apartment together, but now they live euag 9, Students sit in a circle in some classes. They sit in in others. 10. You _____ your knees when you sit down. 11. Most pants and jackets have —___. 12, An ____ knows how to build a road. gz Comprehension Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. 1. Zippers open and close by i a. shooting c. bending b. sliding 4d. choosing 2, The hooks on a zipper are i a. plastic c. cloth b. metal d.aorb 3. Mr. Judson was an ___. a. engineer c. American b. inventor d.a,b,andc 4, Mr. Judson didn’t sell many zippers because —__. a. they were hard to open and close b. people liked rows of buttons . they came open very easily d. they had cloth strips 5. Dr. Sundback was a. aSwede c. an American, . from Chicago d. a professor 6. A zipper has two of cloth. a. rows c. strips b. fasteners d. buttons Tesson 1: The Zipper ?7. The ona zipper are flexible. a. hooks . fasteners . rows of buttons d. strips of cloth 8. Dr. Sundback : a. invented the zipper__c. invented the button hook b. made the zipper better d. sold high shoes id Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. Why do we forget that zippers are wonderful? 2. Are zippers strong? 3. What kind of shoes did Americans wear in the 1890s? 4, Who invented the zipper? When did he invent it? 5. Why were the first zippers embarrassing? 6. What country was Dr. Sundback from? 7. Describe a zipper. How does it work? 8. What part of the zipper is flexible? 9. What did Dr. Sundback do to make zippers better? 0. What is a newer kind of fastener than the zipper? e Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. A zipper has hooks, cloth strips, and a slide fastener. 2. People didn’t like the first zippers. 3. Mr. Judson and Dr. Sundback gave us a wonderful invention, the zipper. - y Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors :lesson Before You Read 1. Does someone in the class have a postage stamp? What does it look like? 2. How much does it cost to mail a letter today? 3. Name a famous person on a postage stamp. Lesson 2: The Postage Stamp2 The PostageStamp Before the invention of the postage stamp, it was difficult to send a letter to another country. The sender paid for the letter to travel in his or her own country. Then the person in the other country paid for the rest of the trip. If letter crossed several countries, the problem went from one side was worse, Rowland Hill, a British teacher, had the idea of a postage stamp with glue on the back. The British post office made the first stamps in 1840. They were the Penny Black and the Twopence Blue. A person bought a stamp and put it on a letter. The post office delivered took to a person or place the letter, When people received letters, they didn’t got have to pay anything. The postage was prepaid. paid forin advance Postage stamps became popular in Great Britain immediately. Other countries started making their own right away, right now postage stamps very quickly. ‘There were still problems with international mail. Some countries did not want to accept letters with take stamps from other countries. Finally, in 1874, a German organized the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Each country in the UPU agreed to accept letters with prepaid postage from the other members. Today, the offices of the UPU are in Switzerland. Almost every country in the world is a member of this organization. It takes care of any international mail problems. ‘Today, post offices in every country sell beautiful stamps. Collecting stamps is one of the most popular hobbies in the world, and every stamp collector knows about the Penny Black and the Twopence Blue. wg Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors :.fa Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. crossed received postage mail prepaid members immediately accept stamp delivered glue 1. When people ___ letters, they didn’t have to pay anything. 2. Before the invention of the it was difficult to send a letter to another country. 3. The post office _________ the letter. 4, Each country in the UPU agreed to accept letters with prepaid postage from the other : 5. Ifaletter __ several countries, the problem was worse. 6. Postage stamps became popular in Great Britain —__. 7. Some countries did not want to _________ letters with stamps from other countries. 8. The postage was 9. There were still problems with international ___. 10. Rowland Hill, a British teacher, had the idea of a postage stamp with on the back. Lesson 2: The Postage Stamp =b Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. prepay cross postage members deliver mail immediately receive accept stamps glue 1, Jamal and Marie are ________ of the International Students Club. 2. When you rent an apartment for a year, you have to the last month’s rent. 3. Children have to be careful when they ____ the street. 4, Mr. Ross is going to the post office because he has to buy some If you buy furniture, the store will ____ it to your house. 5 6. How much is the ___ for an airmail letter to Japan? 7. Did you any letters this week? 8. Please go to your office _____. You have a long-distance phone call. 9. The teacher will not ____ homework if itis late. You must do it on time. 10. Did you get any _____ today? 1, ____ helps a stamp stay on a letter. @ Comprehensi rue/False/No Information Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if itis false. Write NL if no information about the sentence was given in the text. 1. Before postage stamps, two people paid for letters that went, from one country to another. ——— 2. Ateacher invented the postage stamp. _____ 3. The inventor of the postage stamp was American. 4. The first two stamps were colored black and blue. 2g Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors5, A stamp shows that the postage is prepaid. _____ 6. The United States was the second country to make postage stamps. 7. Postage stamps solved all mail problems immediately. 8. Members of the UPU accept stamps from other members. 9. Kuwait is a member of the UPU. 10. Alll the UPU officials are Swiss. 11. Stamp collecting is a popular hobby. id Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. Why was it difficult to send a letter to another country before the invention of the postage stamp? 2. Who invented the postage stamp? 3. When did he invent it? 4, What country was he from? 5. Did it take long for postage stamps to become popular? *6. Why were they popular? 7. What does prepaid mean? *8, Why didn’t countries want to accept mail with stamps from other countries? 9, What does the Universal Postal Union do today? 10. Where are its offices? 11. Why do people like to collect stamps? 12. Why do stamp collectors know about the Penny Black? e Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1, Rowland Hiill, a British teacher, invented the postage stamp. 2. When Mr. Hill invented the postage stamp, it solved a big problem. 3. People collect stamps because every country makes beautiful ones. 12 Tesson 2; The Postage Stamp ®lesson Pencils and Pens 4 e z : a 5 : : Before You Read 1. Do you usually do your homework in pen or in pencil? Why? 2. Which is more useful—a pencil or a pen? Why do you think so? 3. How do people sharpen pencils? wg | Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors =.3 Pencils and Pens 8 No one knows who invented pencils or when it happened. A Swiss described a pencil in a book in 1565. He said it was a piece of wood with lead inside it. (Lead is a very heavy, soft, dark gray metal.) Pencils weren’t popular, and people continued to write with pens. They used bird feathers as pens. Then, in 1795, someone started making pencils from graphite, and they became very popular. Graphite is like coal. (Coal is black, and we bum it for heat and energy.) Today, people make pencils in the same way. They grind the graphite, make it into the shape of a stick, and bake it. Then they put it inside a piece of wood. One pencil can write 50,000 English words or make a line 55 kilometers long. People wrote with feather pens and then used pens with metal points. They had to dip the point into ink after every few letters. Next, someone invented a fountain pen that could hold ink inside it. A fountain pen can write several pages before you have to fill fountain pen it again. ‘Two Hungarian brothers, Ladislao and Georg Biro, invented the ballpoint pen. They left Hungary and started making ballpoint pens in England in 1943, balpoint pen during World War II. English pilots liked the pens. They couldn't write with fountain pens in airplanes because the ink leaked out. Later, a French company called Bic ‘bought the Biros’ company. Some people call ballpoint pens “Bics.” Australians call them “biros.” Whatever we call them, we use them anything every day. AA, 9g Lesson 3: Pencils and Pensa Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. ballpoint pen —_points Jead leaked graphite shape grind dip whatever hold ink fill fountain pen 1. They couldn’t write with fountain pens in airplanes because the ink SEeese Eee, 2. A fountain pen can write several pages before you have to SSE nein 3. He said it was a piece of wood with _______ inside it. 4, People wrote with feather pens and then used pens with metal 5. Next someone invented a that could —________— ink inside it. 6. They had to________ the point into ____ after every few letters. 7. They ____ the graphite, make it into the ofa stick, and bake it. 8. Two Hungarian brothers, Ladislao and Georg Biro, invented the 9, ____ we call them, we use them every day. 10. Then, in 1795, someone started making pencils from —______, and they became very popular. b Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. ballpoint pens shape lead holds graphite ink leaks grind ill point dipped whatever _—_ fountain pen 1. Our shower _________.. Alte water runs out of it all day. 2. Abathtub _____a lot of water. sg Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors =_3. You should have a good ___ on your pencil. 4, [hope they ______ the hole in the road soon. It’s dangerous. 5, The sun has the _________ of acircle. 6. Students a hundred years ago always had a bottle of on their desks. 7. She __ heer fingers in the water to see if it was cold, 8. We______ coffee before we mix it with hot water. 9. Most people use ___, but some people prefer fountain pens. 10. Ata cafeteria, you can choose _____ you wantt to eat. 11, Pencils are still made with Sees 12. Blena filled her new ____ with purple ink. a Vocabulary Review Put the right word in each blank. apart slide embarrassed immediately bend row member dozen hook stamp 1. There are about a______ students in the class. It is a small class. 2. Ifyou want to be on time, you should leave 3. Are youa —_____ of any clubs or organizations? 4, People often _______ over when they talk to children. 5. A children’s park usually hasa _____ and a swing. 6. Masako was ________ when she gave the wrong answer in class. 7. Robert took his bicycle ___, and now he can’t put it back together again. 8. There isa ________on the back of the door. You can hang, your coat on it. 9. Maria always sits in the front ________ of the class. == 10. Jay puta _____ on the letter and mailed it at the post office. : e— Lesson 3: Pencils and Pensd Comprehension: Multiple Choice Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answwer. You cannot find it in the text. LA described a pencil in 1565. a. Hungarian c. Swede b. Swiss d. German 2. The first pencils had in them. a. gold c. lead b. graphite d. ink 3. One pencil can write English words. a. 50,000 ©. 55 . 55,000 d. 1565 4, The first pens were a. wooden c. feathers b. stone d. graphite 5. The next pens had a ___ point. a. wooden c. metal b. lead d. silver 6. A fountain pen can hold inside it. a. coal c. graphite b. lead d. ink 7. The Biro brothers made thousands of pens in a. England c. France b. Hungary 4. Switzerland 8 are best for writing in airplanes. a. Ballpoint pens ¢. Fountain pens b. Pencils d. aandb “9. People burn a. coal and graphite ©. coal and wood b. graphite and lead d. lead and coal *10.People grind a. hamburger meat . graphite b. coffee d. a,b, and c 18_ Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors = °°»| Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. Describe the pencils in 1565. 2. Describe a modern pencil. 3. How do people make pencils today? 4, What kind of pens did people write with after feather pens? 5. Why was a fountain pen better than the old pens? 6. Who invented the ballpoint pen? 7. Where were the inventors of the ballpoint pen from? Why is a ballpoint pen better than a fountain pen for a pilot? *9, Why does a fountain pen leak in an airplane? 10. In what country were Bic pens first made? 11. Where did the word biro come from? *12. Which is better—a pencil or a ballpoint pen? al Main Idea Which is the main iden of this lesson’? Choose one. 1. There were several kinds of pens before ballpoint pens. 2. We use pens and pencils every day. 3. Ballpoint pens and pencils are very useful inventions. 2 g— Lesson 3: Pencils and Penslesson The Umbrella Before You Read uf Do you have an umbrella? How often do you use it? 2. What do you do when it rains and you do not have an umbrella? ° . Some people say that you shouldn’t open an umbrella inside a house. They say it is bad luck. Do you believe this? — Y Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors4 The Umbrella The umbrella is a very ordinary object. It keeps the rain and the sun off people. Most umbrellas fold up, so itis easy to carry them. However, the umbrella has not always been an. ordinary object. In the past, it was a sign of royalty or importance. Some African tribes still use umbrellas in this way. Someone carries an umbrella and walks behind the king or important person. ‘Umbrellas are very old. The Chinese had them more than 3,000 years ago. From there, umbrellas traveled to India, Persia, and Egypt. In Greece and Rome, men wouldr’t use them. They believed umbrellas were only for women. ‘When the Spanish explorers went to Mexico, they saw the Aztec kings using umbrellas. English explorers saw Native American princes carrying umbrellas on the east coast of North America. It seems that people in different parts of the world invented umbrellas at different times. England was probably the first country in Europe ‘where ordinary people used umbrellas against the rain. England has a rainy climate, and umbrellas are very useful there. Everybody uses umbrellas today. The next time you carry one, remember that for centuries only great men and women used them. Perhaps you are really a king or queen, a princess or prince. thing kings, queens, and ‘heir families past of won't sons of kings and queens daughter of aking and queen Lesson 4: The Umbrella Q— = E| Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. wouldn't princess tribes object climate fold up royalty princess seems 1. English explorers saw Native American ________ carrying ‘umbrellas on the east coast of North America. 2. In the past, it was a sign of ________ or importance. 3. England has a rainy ________, and umbrellas are very useful there. 4, The umbrella is a very ordinary i 5. In Greece and Rome, men —___ use them. 6. Perhaps you are really a king or queen, a—___ or prince. 7. Some African _____still use umbrellas in this way. 8 Most umbrellas _____, so it is easy to carry them. 9, It____ that people in different parts of the world invented umbrellas at different times. b Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. prince princess objects folded up wouldn't dimate royalty tribe seems 1. A___ is the daughter of a king and queen. A is the son of a king and queen. They are all 2, Bill ____ very unhappy today. What is wrong? 3. The Yanomami had no metal. They only had ___ made of wood and stone. 4, Dan asked Maria to go to the movies with him last night, but she 0. She was too tired. 22 Y e Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors5. The Hopi are a in Arizona. 6. Qatar has a desert _______, but Malaysia has a tropical one. 7. He ____ the letter and put it in an envelope. a Vocabulary Review Match the word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the opposite. The first one is done for you. Column A Column B 1. apart __etogether a, empty 2. ordinary b. cause 3. receive . later 4, accept d. uncommon 5. fill e. together 6. fasten £. let go 7. solve g. take apart 8. hold h. refuse 9. immediately i. send Comprehensi Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. 1. Today, people use umbrellas for a. the rain c. asign of a great person b. the sun d.a,b,andc 2. Aqueenisa person. a. royal ©. holiday b. embarrassing d. jewelry 3. Agreat person walks someone with an umbrella, a. beside «. in front of b. next to d. in back of 4, India and Persia learned about umbrellas from —___. a. Aztecs c. China b. Egypt d. Spanish explorers Lesson 4: The Umbrella 235. Most nations had some kind of in the past. a. coal ¢. ink b. royalty d. mail delivery 6. Native Americans : a. learned about umbrellas from English and Spanish explorers b. invented umbrellas c. got umbrellas from the Chinese d. taught the English about umbrellas 7. English people started using umbrellas because they have a. royalty ¢, too much sun b. a rainy climate d. many great men and women e Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1, What are two uses of an umbrella? “2, Why is it easier to carry an umbrella that folds up? 3. What was an umbrella a sign of in the past? 4, Who uses umbrellas in this way today? *5. How do we know that the Chinese had umbrellas over 3,000 years ago? 6. Why didn’t Greek men use umbrellas? 7. What other people invented the umbrella? 8, Why did English people like umbrellas? *9, In what countries are umbrellas not very useful? i Main Idea Which is the main idea for this lesson? Choose one. 1. For centuries, only great people used umbrellas; now, ordinary people everywhere use them. 2. Umbrellas are useful in the rain. 3. The Chinese and the Native Americans invented umbrellas. 24 Y Unit 1: Inventions and InventorsThe Metric System METRIC MEASURES I centimeter [cm] =10 mm 1 meter [m]=100 cm. 1 kilometer [km] = 1,000 m Volume 1 milliliter [mL] 1 centiliter [cL] =100 mL. 1 liter [L]= 100 cL. 1 kiloliter [kL] = 1,000 L Weight 1 milligram [mg] 1 gram [g] = 1,000 mg kilogram [kg]=1,000 g ‘1 metric ton [t] = 1,000 kg Before You Read 1, Does your country use the metric system? 2. Do you know another system of measurement? 3. Which countries do not use the metric system? 25 «) Tesson 5: The Metric System5__The Metric System_ People all over the world use grams, kilograms (kilos), meters, and liters. These are all ways to measure things. They are all part of the metric system. During the French Revolution (1789-1799) against the king, the revolutionary government started the metric system. Before that, every part of France had a different system for measuring things. Also, cloth makers measured cloth with one system. Jewelers used another system. Carpenters used another. Other countries used different systems. The revolutionary government wanted one scientific system of measurement. They asked a group of scientists | and mathematicians to invent a system. ‘The mathematicians and scientists decided to use the numbers ten, hundred, and thousand for their system. Next, they had to decide on a “natural” length. They chose one ten-millionth (1/10,000,000) of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. They called this distance the meter. Then they chose the gram for weighing things. A cubic centimeter of water weighs 1 gram. Mathematicians and scientists worked for 20 years until they finally had a complete measuring system. The biggest problem was measuring the meter. ‘The metric system was a wonderful gift to the world. ‘There are only a few countries that don’t use it. The United States is one. The metric system is truly an international system. ® war by people against their government ‘people who build things ‘with wood. noun for long how faritis between two places equator €| cube {adjective cubic) = ? Unit 1: Inventions and InventorsPut the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. Revolution equator. cubic Iength carpenters system metric measure distance decided 1. During the French ____ (1789-1799) against the king, the revolutionary government started the metric system. . Next, they had to decide ona “natural” . They are all part of the A___ centimeter of water weighs 1 gram. . They chose one ten-millionth (1/10,000,000) of the from the ___ to the North Pole. . These are all ways to ________ things. 7. Also, cloth makers measured cloth with one system. Jewelers used another system.___________ used another. 8. The mathematicians and scientists ________ to use the numbers ten, hundred, and thousand for their system. b Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. weer 2 distance system equator metric cube carpenter Revolution measure —_length 1. The Russian ___ in 1917 was against the royal family of Russia. 2. What is the __ between Chicago and New York? 3. The _____ system is a system of measurement. 4,A_______ added. a new room to our house. 5. We need to buy a tablecloth. Please ______ the table so we will know what size to buy. What is the _______ of the table? 6. Indonesia, Kenya, and the Amazon River are all near the 7, A______ has six sides. Each side is the same size. 8, The British had the first ________ of prepaid postage. io) 27 ——— Lesson 5: The Metric System Ssa Vocabulary Review Put the right word in each blank. postage crossed fill whatever immediately deliver dipped length member point hold distance 1. Fifty years ago, it took a long time to get the news. Now you can get it ‘ 2. Do you want me to __ that old pen with ink? 3. 1am happy todo ________ you want to do. 4. Letters that go outside a country need more —___ than letters inside a country. 5. How many pencils can you ____ in one hand? 6. Did the mail carrier ____ the mail yet? 7, The ___ on my pencil is broken. May I sharpen it? 8 What is the ______ between San Francisco and Los Angeles? 9. She _____ her fingers in the water to see if it was cold. 10. My new pants are the wrong ________. Ineed to shorten them. 11. The Polynesians ______ the Pacific Ocean in double canoes. 12. Carl isa ____ of the stamp club. Collecting stamps is his hobby. d Comprehensi True/False/No Information Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if itis false. Write NI if no information about the sentence was given in the text. 1. The kilogram is part of the metric system. 2. Hectares are part of the metric system. 3. We use the metric system to measure things. _____ 4. The French Revolution was in the 17th century. 28 Y Unit 1: Inventions and Inventors iz. The metric system is an international scientific system of measurement. 6. Mathematicians and scientists invented the metric system. 7. France gave the world a wonderful gift—the metric system. ___ 8. The United States uses the metric system. 9. The United States uses an old English system of measurement. 10. The French Revolution happened after the American Revolution. é Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. “1, What do centi- and milli- mean? 2. What is the metric system? 3. Who was the French Revolution against? 4. Before the Revolution, the French people had a problem about measuring things. What was it? 5. Who invented the metric system? 6. What did they choose for the “natural” length? 7. How did they measure a gram? 8 9. 0. . How long did it take to complete the metric system? . Why is this system of measurement called “international”? *10. Why is the metric system easy to use? 9 Tesson 5: The Metric SystemMain Idea Match the inventions and the details. Write the number of the invention on the line before the detail. The first one is done for you. Some details go with more than one invention. Inventions the zipper the postage stamp the pencil the ballpoint pen the umbrella the metric system exe age 30 1°) Details a. A British teacher invented it. b. French scientists and mathematicians invented it. c. Different groups of people invented it. . An American invented it. No one knows who invented it. Itis international and scientific. . Sometimes it is a sign of royalty. ‘The United States doesn’t use it j. Itisa fastener. k. Itcan write 50,000 English words. 1. It works better than a fountain pen in an airplane. m. People in many countries use it. n. Collecting them is a popular hobby. a e. £, Two Hungarian brothers invented it. & h Unit 1: Inventions and InventorsWord Study a or be + going to There are two ways to write about the future in English. You can use will or a form of be with going fo. © Will + simple verb Examples: Carol will lend me her car tomorrow. Classes will end next week. © Be (am, is, or are) + going to + simple verb Examples: The store is going to deliver our new refrigerator this afternoon. Lam going to measure the kitchen floor. 1. Write sentences with will, the verb given, and the word or words in parentheses. Example: travel (next summer) My parente will travel in Japan for ‘two months next summer. receive (next week) deliver (tomorrow) decide (tonight) arrive (tomorrow morning) e. go skiing (next winter) 2. Write sentences with be (am, is, or are) going to, the verb given, and the word or words in parentheses. Example: attend (next week) 1am going to attend my cousin's wedding next week. a. continue (next fall) b. practice (all summer) c. choose (next week) . mail (tomorrow) ¢. leave (next month) Boge Y 31 Word Studyb How + adjective Examples: How faris it to Los Angeles? How old are you? ‘How large is your country? How heavy is a hippopotamus? Use these words in questions. 1. how long 2. how deep 3. how tall 4, how much 3. how fast ie Irregular Verbs 1. Learn these verb forms. Then use each past form in a sentence. Simple Past a. keep kept b. hurt hurt c. lead led . write wrote e. wear wore £. freeze froze 8. lose lost h. pay paid i. speak spoke j. build built 2. Write the past form of each verb, a blow) see 8. choose Teh tye see sececeeeseeee h. grow eco eee sess i. leave id. Shope sees j. send meet k, fall f understand 2g Unit 1: Inventions and Inventorsi Word Forms Verb Noun 1. collect collection, collector 2. describe description 3. heat heat 4, (none) royalty 5. (none) importance 6. pollute pollution 7. believe belief 8, rain rain 9. sharpen sharpener 10. measure measurement Putthe correct word form in each blank. Use words from line 1 above for item 1, and so on. Use the right form of the verb and singular or plural nouns. 1. Lois is a stamp ____. She stamps. 2, Write a of your city. your city to your classmates. 3, We need some ____________ water. Please some. 4, Prince Charles is a member of the British family. His parents are , too. 5. In India, umbrellas were a sign of Only people used them. 6. Toxic substances are a form of . They can _—_____ the air and the water. Then the environment is 7. Many people ______ that the oceans are dying. 8. Itis starting to . We are going to have a day. Do you like the 2 9, Where is the pencil ____? My pencil isn’t Hinge eee CECE eer fp eeceeeesn gE ES 10, Please _____ the size of the living room carpet. How long and how wide is it? What are the 2 Word Study Adjective collectable descriptive hot royal important polluted believable rainy sharp measurable yg 31S writing Choose one or more of these topics and write answers. 1. Which inventions in Unit 1 are the most important in your ‘own life? Why? 2. What do you want someone to invent? Describe it. 3. Think of another important invention. Describe it. y Unit 1: Inventions and InventorsCNN. Video Highlights a Before You Watch 1. What do you know about the famous people in this chart? Work with ‘a small group to fill in the rest of the chart. You do not need to use complete sentences. Famous People Facts about Them Elvis Presley Rock-and-roll singer, lived in the United States Marilyn Monroe Ronald Reagan Sylvester Stallone John Lennon Barbara Streisand Pope John Paul 2. Have you seen these people on stamps? What other famous people Ihave you seen on stamps? b As You Watch Check the countries whose names you hear in the video. 1 Canada CO Grenada CO Uganda CO Honduras 0 Switzerland O Cameroon 0 China C Liberia Cl the United States CO Ghana CO Mexico Ci St. Vincent and the Grenadines Y ae Video Highlights@ After You Watch 1. Look at the map and find too of the countries from the list on the previous page. Circle the countries, 2. Read the information about the postal system in one of these countries, and answer the questions that follow, Grenada is a small island in the Caribbean Sea. Its population is about 104,000, and its official language is English. Grenada is a member of the Universal Postal Union, so Grenadians can send and receive international mail. However, no one in the country has the equipment necessary to produce stamps. The Philatela Company in New York City produces stamps for more than seventy countries. Like Grenada, most of these countries do not make their own stamps. They must buy them from another place. Many of the stamps that the Grenadian postal system buys from Philatela have beautiful pictures of famous people on them. The company artists design the stamps, and the post office officials decide if they like them or not. Sometimes, new stamps are so interesting that collectors want to buy them, too. Write T if the sentence is true, F if it is false, or NI if no information about the sentence is given in the video. a. Grenadians speak English. ——— b. Many Grenadians write letters. ©. Grenada produces its own stamps. ——— 4. The artists at the Philatela Company design many stamps with famous people on them. e, There are many stamp collectors in Grenada. - Unit 1: Inventions and InventorsActivity Page Crossword Puzzle Across Down 1. The post office 1. You have to a letters and packages. feather pen in ink. 3A isstrong, butit 2. Every letter needs one of ‘opens and closes easily. these. % Hill, a British . Paid for in advance teacher, had the idea of . There are five students in putting glue on the back of each Postage stamps. . She still me $10. iH Mypeniig out off: . Same as #1 down |. The strips of cloth are flexible. They easily. Aaiivity Pageeyfat(yi ele et) Finding Antonyms Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example, the words hot and cold are antonyms. When you look up a word in your dictionary, you can often find its antonym at the end of the definition. accept /ik'sept/ verb 1 to take willingly: He accepted my apology for being late. 2 to say yes to an invitation or offer: Are you going 40 accept his invitation fo the party? (antonym) refuse Write the antonym for each word. Use your dictionary to check your answers. easy hate high receive slow wide together difficult Use one of the words from the list above in each of the following sentences, 1. These shoes are too big. They are the right length, but they are fl cece eee 2. The wall was so ______ that no one could get over it. 3. Weare going to get the whole family _________ and have a big party. 4. She couldn’t answer the question. It was much too 5. This bus is very_____. We're going to be late to work. xg Unit 1: Inventions and InventorsContext Clues Put a circle around the letter of the answer that means the same as the word or words in bold. 1, Itis very cold in Norway in winter. You need a hat for your head and gloves for your hands. a. something to keep the hands warm b. something to make the hands look pretty c. something to cool the hands d. something that makes the hands work better 2. Captain Lee trains new police officers. The new officers study and practice for their new jobs. a. belongs to c. agrees b. teaches d. shaves 3. Oman is one of the Arab nations. a. countries ¢. mountains b. religions d. governors 4, Barbara had her coffee cup in front of her. When she finished drinking her coffee, she pushed the cup aside. a. off the table cc. into the kitchen b. to the side d. into the air 5. Carol visited all the capital cities in Europe except Rome. She didn’t have time to go there a. when ©. but b. 80 d. that 6. I'm sorry we can’t talk any longer, but we are going to be late. We have to rush. a. move quickly «. carry b. lead d. grow 7. Switzerland has beautiful high mountains. However, people can’t live high in the mountains because life there is too difficult. They live in the valleys. a. large cities on grasslands. low areas between mountains b. tropical forests d. hot desert areas S Unit 2: Sports. I know there were at least fifty people there. Maybe there were more than that. a. fewer than c. about b. no fewer than d. more than . Only five people participated in the game. Everyone else was sick. a. talked about c. played b. liked d. bought Pierre wrote an excellent composition. Itis the best one in the class. a. very, very good ©. poor b. not interesting. d. boring . The teacher walked ahead of the students. He was leading the way to the new classroom. a. in back of c. beside b, near d. in front of . Coke and Pepsi are similar drinks. Seven-Up tastes different. a. different ©. opposite b, almost the same d. identical . The Olympic Games take place every four years, a. receive c. solve b. happen d. decide An individual can participate in the sport of running, but a team of people is needed to play soccer. a. group of people ¢. several people together b. team d. one person Context Clues.lesson Thai Boxing 42 tue Beatsomty rages Before You Read 1. Are you familiar with the sport shown in the picture? 2. Can people use their knees in all kinds of boxing? 3. Do you think this sport is dangerous? @ Unit 2: Sports —— tsThai Boxin Boxing is popular in many countries. Two fighters wear boxing gloves on their hands. The boxers hit each other until one is knocked out or until the final bell rings. Each part of the fight is three minutes long. It is called a round. Thai boxing is different. The boxing match begins with music. Then the two fighters kneel and pray to God. Next, they do a slow dance that copies the movements of Thai boxing. During this dance, each fighter tries to show the other that he is best. Then the fight begins. In Thai boxing, the fighters can kick with their feet and hit each other with their | elbows and knees, Of course, they hit with their hands, too, Each round is three minutes long. Then the boxers have a two-minute rest. Most boxers can fight only five rounds because this kind of fighting is very difficult. Thai boxing began over 500 years ago. If a soldier lost his weapons in a battle, he needed to fight with just his body. The soldiers learned how to use all the parts of their bodies. In 1560, the Burmese army captured Naresuen, the King of Thailand, in a war. King Naresuen was a very good boxer. He won his freedom from Burma by defeating all the best Burmese fighters. When he returned to Thailand, his people were very proud of him. Thai boxing became a popular sport. ‘gloves competition bend down on the knees hit with the feet the part of the arm that bends fight = om Tesson T: Thal Boxing a 8a Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. gloves kneel defeating hit match weapons elbows pray kick captured battle proud rest freedom 1. The boxers __ each other until one is knocked out. 2. The boxing ___ begins with music, 3. In Thai boxing, the fighters can _________ with their feet and hit each other with their ___ and knees. 4. Two fighters wear boxing ________ on their hands. 5b aisoldierloat hiss esse seesesscesUeetiy geese needed to fight with just his body. 6. He won his _______ from Burma by ______alll the best Burmese fighters. 7. Then the two fighters _____and_______ to God. 8. In 1560, the Burmese army ________ Naresuen, the King of Thailand, in a war. 9. When he returned to Thailand, his people were very of him. 10. Then the boxers have a two-minute b Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. match freedom captured gloves defeated hit pray kick kneel battles elbows weapons rest proud . It is cold today. You should wear __and a hat. Young children need a_i the afternoon. There is a tennis _____ on television tomorrow afternoon. You have to __ down to pick up something that is on the floor. 4 @ Unit 2: Sports Pepe5. The scientists __a dolphin so they could study it. 6. Your knees are part of your legs. Your ___are part of your arms. 7. Religious people ___every day. 8. Nadia got a good grade on her quiz. She is of herself, 9. In soccer, you can ____ the ball. In basketball, you can’t. 10. Most countries in the world spend too much money on. for their armies. 11. There are terrible___ ina war. 12. Kenya was a British colony. It won its _____ in 1953. 13. The other team ____us three times before we finally won a match. 14, The window broke when the ball _____it. cc] Vocabulary Review Match each word in Column A with the word or phrase in Column B that means the same. Column A Column B 1. solve ee ag, Tineinround the 2. object fas ar middle of the earth 3. distance = ________________, anything 4, revolution c. the sister of a prince 5. equator d. the brother of a Giiwhatever| 4c princess 7. princess e. find an answer 8, independent £ war 9. prince g. weather 10. climate h. free i. how far one thing or place is from another j._ thing a AS Lesson 1: Thai Boxingd Comprehension: Multiple Choice Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. 1, A Thai boxing match begins with a. a prayer cc. music b. adance d. akick 2. Thai boxers don’t hit with their a. hands c. knees b. elbows d. heads 3. Thai boxers before the fight. a. grind ©. pray b. knock out d. capture 4. They pray on their i a. elbows c. hands b. backs d. knees 5, Thai boxing began__. a. asa sport c. in the army b.inthenavy —d. asadance 6. made Thai boxing a popular sport. a. ABurmese —_c. Asoldier b. Aking 4. The army 7. The king’s people were : a. proudofhim c. defeated b. sad d. captured le Questions The asterisk (*) menns you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. What do boxers wear on their hands? 2. What is one part of a fight called? 3. How does a Thai boxing match begin? 4. What do Thai boxers do before they start fighting? “5, Why do they do a slow dance? 6 7. 8 How is Thai boxing different from other kinds of boxing? What is the length of a round in Thai boxing? . Why did Thai soldiers learn to box? 46 &) Unit 2: Sports9. How did King Naresuen win his freedom? 10. How did his people feel about this? *11. Is boxing safe or dangerous? Why? *12, Is Thai boxing safer or more dangerous than other boxing? Why? a Main Idea Which is the main iden of this lesson? Choose one. 1. Thai boxing has music before the match. 2. Most Thai boxers can fight only a short time. 3. Thai boxing is different from other kinds of boxing. ces) 47 Lesson 1: Thai Boxinglesson Sumo Wrestling Before You Read | 1. Are you familiar with the sport shown in the picture? 2. What is unusual about this sport? 3. What are the men trying to do to each other? 48 .o3) Unit 2: Sports —_ ~~2 Sumo Wrestling © Sumo wrestling is a national sport in Japan. Every year there are six tournaments, and millions of Japanese watch them on television. A tournament is a series one after another of matches. Sumo is almost as old as the nation of Japan itself. Stories say that there was sumo wrestling over 2,000 years ago. There are written records of national sumo tournaments in the 8th century. In many sports, athletes are thin and can move very people who play quickly. However, sumo wrestlers weigh from 100 to 160 SPos well kilos (kilograms). One famous wrestler weighed 195 kilos. Sumo wrestlers do not move quickly, and sumo wrestling is a very slow sport. Sumo wrestlers start training when they are boys. They exercise to make their bodies strong. They also eat a lot. They wrestle in a round ring with a sand floor. A wrestler loses the match if he leaves the ring. He is also the loser if any part of his body except his feet touches but the floor. Each wrestler tries to push the other down, on the floor or out of the ring. Sometimes one wrestler just steps aside when the other wrestler rushes toward _aside=to the side _ him. Then, the wrestler who is rushing falls down or ‘mashes moves quiek’y, moves out of the ring. Sumo is not very popular in other countries, but the Japanese think that it is a very exciting sport. @— Tesson 2: Sumo Wrestlinga Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. series steps touches except aside national training tournaments ring athletes rushes strong 1. Sometimes one wrestler just when the other wrestler ____ toward him. 2. Atournamentisa___________ of matches. 3. Heis also the loser if any part of his body his feet the floor. 4, Sumo wrestling isa sport in Japan. 5. Sumo wrestlers start when they are boys. 6. In many sports, are thin and can move very quickly. 7. Every year there are six _________ and millions of Japanese watch them on television, 8. They wrestle in around _____ witha sand floor. 9. They exercise to make their bodies b Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank, athletes stepped series national ring tournament touch train rushed except aside strong 1. Sumo wrestling is done in a round . Thai boxing is done ina square one. 2. You need arms to lift something heavy. 3. Stan put his math homework . He said he would do it later, 4, —______ play basketball, lacrosse, volleyball, and many other kinds of sports. 5. Everyone ____ Amahlis in class today. She is absent. 6. What number is missing from this ______73, 6, 12,15 50 a Unit 2: Sports7. The students are organizing a ping pong —__. Sign up if you want to play. . Marie_______ toclass because she didn’t want to be late. . In older elevators, you have to push a button to make the elevator go. In new ones, you just _______ the button. 10. Can you sing the ____ song of your country? 11, To be a good athlete, you need to _______ fora long time. 12, John ___ ona piece of paper that was on the floor. a Vocabulary Review Match the word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the opposite. Column A Column B 1. deliver cmt os later capture —__-_-_.__ , standiup accept ——______«. empty rest ee id. winner loser eiasniastssiadsultasinatretsees A immediately . refuse embarrassed _ hi. letgo 9. kneel i. proud 10. fill {ld ase etal Ata j. work % 3. 4 5. together . receive 6 Ts 8. Comprehensi Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. 1. Every year there are sumo tournaments in Japan. a6 <. 160 b. 15 195 2, There are written records of national sumo tournaments in the a. Japanese sports center _¢. 8th century b. 1850s d. wrestling museum Dil Tesson 2: Sumo Wrestling ts)| | 4 3. Most athletes are _ a. heavy c. thin b. overweight d. smooth 4, Sumo wrestlers are —__. a. small «. thin b. heavy d, smooth 5. Sumo wrestling is a sport. a. fast ©. comfortable b. slow d. efficient 6. Sumo wrestlers to make their bodies strong, a. eat c. lose b. swing d. exercise 7. Each wrestler tries to push the other a. down on the floor . into the air b. out of the ring d.aorb 8. The Japanese think that sumo wrestling is a. exciting ©. embarrassing b. boring, d. pleasant e Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. . Where is sumo wrestling popular? What is a tournament? Is sumo wrestling an old sport? . How are sumo wrestlers different from other athletes? How do sumo wrestlers train? Describe a sumo ring. How does a sumo wrestler lose a match? Is sumo wrestling exciting? Is it good for a person to weigh 160 or 195 kilos? f Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. Sésousepe 1. Sumo wrestling is a popular traditional sport in Japan. 2. The sumo wrestling ring is round and has a sand floor. 3. Asumo match is slow, and the wrestlers are very large. ~_ @ Unit 2: Sportslesson Tarahumara Foot Races Before You Read 1. What do you know about the Tarahumara people from the picture? 2. One woman in the picture is carrying a stick. The other is carrying a ring. Can you guess why? 3. Do you like to run? a4 Lesson 3: Tarahumara Foot Races3 Tarahumara _Foot Races The Tarahumara live in the mountains in the state of Chihuahua in northern Mexico. This is an area of high mountains and deep tropical valleys. It sometimes snows in the mountains in winter. There are not many roads. The Tarahumara walk wherever they need to go. They carry heavy baskets on their backs. Perhaps this is why the Tarahumara can run many kilometers without | getting tired. They are excellent runners, and they like to organize races. When the men race, they kick a wooden ball ahead of them while they run. Before they start racing, they plan where and how long they will run. They might run just a few minutes, or they might run for several hours. Sometimes they run in teams, and sometimes each person runs as an individual. The women’s races are similar except that the women do not kick a ball. They throw a wooden hoop in front of them with a stick. A hoop is a ring, or a circle, The Tarahumara play other games and sports. However, they are famous because they can run so fast and so far. anywhere very good in front fone person almost the same 54g Unit 2: Sportsa Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. excellent ahead wherever throw run circle plan valleys backs similar individual 1, Pethaps this is why the Tarahumara can ___ many kilometers without getting tired. 2. When the men race, they kick a wooden ball ____ of them while they run. 3. This is an area of high mountains and deep tropical 4. They are ___ runners, and they like to organize races. 5, They carry heavy baskets on their. : 6. The women’s races are _____ except that the women do not kick a ball. 7. They ______ a wooden hoop in front of them with a stick. 8, Sometimes they run in teams, and sometimes each person runs as an : 9, The Tarahumara walk ____ they need to go. 10. Before they start racing, they _____ where and how long they will run. 11, Ahoop is aring, ora 55 Lesson 3: Tarahumara Foot Races @b Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank, circle individually run wherever valley backs excellent threw similar ahead planned 1. The teacher told the children to hold hands and form a large 2. Asumo wrestler and a runner are both athletes, but they are not insize. 3. Horses can carry alot on their 4, As Betty and Pat drove along the highway, they could see beautiful mountains _________ of them. 5. A___ isa low area between two mountains. 6. Sometimes students answer questions in a group, and sometimes they answer 7. Masako is an student. She always gets good grades. 8. You will find English speakers __________ you go. 9. She ___ some important papers in the trash by mistake. 10. |_____ to get up early yesterday morning, but I didn’t get up until 10. 11. How far can you___? ke Vocabulary Review Put the right word in each blank. weapon athletes except aside series elbows freedom held proud touch strong shape 1. When the children came in the room, their father put his book 2. In some countries, the people do not have the to speak against the government. 56 @ Unit 2: Sports3, She _____ the child’s hand as they walked across the bridge. 4. Abasketball is not the same ____as an American football. 5. There are ___ from several countries in the competition for the World Cup. . Can you ________ your toes with your hands? . Astick or a stone can bea Is it polite to put your ____on the table? Do all of the exercises __________ the last one. Don't do that one. The first unit in this book has a_____ of lessons on inventions. Il. A runner needs to have arin legs. 12. Heis very _____ of his daughter. She works very hard and helps the family a lot. a Comprehen: True/False/No Information Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if it is false. Write NI if no information about the sentence was given in the text. 1. Chihuahua is a state in Mexico. ——— 2. It is hot in the valleys where the Tarahumara live. —— 3. They get a lot of exercise. —— 4. They often travel by cat. —_ 5. They cook their food outdoors. ——— 6. The Tarahumara men are excellent runners, but the women are not. ——— 7. The winners of the races receive money. —— 8. They usually race down the mountains. —— 9. The women kick a balll as they race. ——10. The Tarahumara are famous because they are good wrestlers. eo Lesson 3: Tarahumara Foot Racesfe Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. Where do the Tarahumara live? What is the land like there? Does it ever snow? How do they travel? Describe how the men race. Do they always run in teams? How is a women’s race different from a men’s race? . What is a hoop? “9. Why are the Tarahumara excellent runners? t Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. Sx aT REN 1. The Tarahumara live in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. 2. The Tarahumara are excellent runners. 3. The Tarahumara women’s races are similar to the men’s. 2 Unit 2: Sports azlesson Olympic Sports Before You Read ——— 1. Do you like to watch the Olympic Games on television? What are your favorite sports in the Olympics? 2, What sports are not in the Olympic Games? Do you think that they should be? 3. Do you think we should continue to have the Olympics? Why or why not? | e— Lesson 4: Olympic Sports4 Olympic Sports o The first modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece, in the year 1896. Athletes from only 13, countries participated in the Games that year. They competed in 43 different events in just 9 Sports (track and field, swimming, cycling, fencing, gymnastics, shooting, tennis, weight lifting, and wrestling). In 2004, the summer Olympic Games took place once again in Athens, Greece. This time athletes from 202 countries competed in 300 events in 28 sports, Only five sports have been in every Olympic Games. They are track and field, swimming, fencing, cycling, and gymnastics. Other sports come and go in the Olympic Games. For example, tennis was an Olympic sport from 1896 until 1924. Then it disappeared from the Olympics until 1988. Baseball, badminton, and taekwondo are more recent additions to the Olympic Games. Itis the job of the International Olympic Committee (OC) to add and remove sports from the Olympic take out Games. A sport has to be popular in at least 50 countries _ no fewer than on three continents before it can be added, However, the 10C doesn’t want to add more sports to the Olympic Games without eliminating others. The IOC is afraid taking out, removing that there will be too many sports in the Olympics. Artistic events were also a part of the Olympic Games from 1912 to 1948, There were contests in architecture, music, literature, and painting, Today some people think that artistic events and games such as ‘chess should be part of the Olympics. However, many people oppose this idea, be against The Olympic Games today are very different from the first modem Olympic Games in 1896. These differences reflect the changing definition and popularity of sports. o @ Unit 2: Sports ea lta Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank, The sentences are from the text. eliminating remove recent committee participated at least took place oppose contests events: reflect Baseball, badminton, and taekwondo are more additions to the Olympic Games. . Athletes from only 13 countries ___ in the Games that year. . Itis the job of the International Olympic ____ (10) to add and _____ sports from the Olympic Games. . The first modern Olympic Games ______ in Athens, Greece, in the year 1896. . However, the IOC doesn’t want to add more sports to the Olympic Games without ____ others. . These differences _______ the changing definition and popularity of sports. . The first Olympic athletes competed in 43 different in just 9 sports. . A sport has to be popular in ________ 50 countries on three continents before it can be added. |. There were __________ in architecture, music, literature, and painting. |. However, many people _____ this idea. Lesson 4: Olympic Sports @b Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. at least eliminate participate removed committee event recently take place contest opposed reflection 1. When does your favorite holiday —__? 2. I went to the beach last month, but | haven’t gone anywhere What problems do we need to from the world? Do you know why they ______ my name from the door? How many people are there on the ___? . We have a speech _______ in our class every year. Did you study _____ thirty minutes yesterday? Do you ___ inany sports right now? . Ten students wanted to have a class trip, but eight students the idea. They didn’t want to take a trip. 10. Their wedding was a big _____ for everyone in the family. 11, Tcan sée your __in the window. a Vocabulary Review Underline the word that does not belong in each group. 1. walk, throw, kick, run 2. engineer, carpenter, inventor, prince 3. take place, mail, send, deliver 4, runner, wrestler, boxer, member 5 6 iz 8 LS ENaseg elbow, knee, oppose, leg . climate, tournament, match, contest ~ hit, kick, touch, rush . rest, train, compete, participate 62 @ Unit 2: Sportsle Choice Comprehension: Multi Put a circle around the letter of the best answer, 1. The first modern Olympic Games took place a. before 1896 b. in 1896. recently. 50-yearsago 2. There are sports in the Olympics today than in the past. a. thesamenumberof b. more. fewer_—_d. more difficult 3. Baseball an Olympic sport. a. wasnever —b.isnotnow —_—c. wasalways —d. is now want to add games such as chess to the Olympics. a. IOC members b. Mostathletes . Some peopled. Artists 5. Asport that was eliminated from the Olympics and later included again is : a.tennis b. taekwondo —c. chess._-—d. music 6. In the past, the Olympics included contests in a. painting architecture. music_-— da, b, and 7. Itis the job of the International Olympic Committee to sports. a play b.plan —c. eliminated. watch 8, More athletes the Olympics now than in the past. a. participate in b.oppose cc. trainfor — d.aandc fe Questions ‘The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. How were the 1896 Olympic Games different from the 2004 Games? “2. Why did only 13 nations participate in the 1896 Games? “3, Why did the Olympic Committee eliminate tennis after 1924? 4. What is the IOC? 5. What kinds of artistic events were in the Olympics? ‘6. Why did artistic events disappear from the Games? “7, What is a game besides chess that might be included in future Olympics? ft Main Idea What is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. Only five sports have been in every Olympic Games. 2. The Olympics today are very different from the first Olympics. 3. Different sports are popular today than in the past. oe Lesson 4: Olympic Sportslesson Great Athletes Before You Read 1. What sport is the athlete in the picture participating in? 2. What qualities do you need to be successful in this sport? 3. Did you ever run in a race? ag Unit 2; Sports — °°»5 Great Athletes ‘You might think that Olympic athletes are the healthiest people in the world. It's true that many are. “However,it's also true that quite afew Olympic athletes had to overcome illnesses early in their lives. One excellent example is Wilma Rudolph. She competed in track-and-field events in the 1960 Olympics. She didn’t win just one gold medal. She won. three, At the time, people called her “the fastest woman in the world.” Asa young child, Wilma Rudolph could not participate in sports. She had a series of serious illnesses, and then, at the age of 4, she got polio. She lost the use of her left leg, and the doctors said she would never walk again. The people in Rudolph’s family did everything they could to help her walk again. Wilma and her mother frequently traveled 100 miles to get treatments for her leg. Her brothers and sisters took turns giving her leg a daily massage. Four times a day, they helped her do special exercises for her leg. Amazingly, by the time Rudolph was 9 years old, she was able to walk again. Before long, she started playing basketball and running. In high school, she was a track star, and then she went to the Olympics. Wilma Rudolph retired from her career as a runner when she was 22 years old. She then became a teacher and track coach. Her story encouraged many people to work hard and to overcome difficulties. many & T medal important often redlical help profession trainer Lesson 5: Great Athletes || | | | a Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank, The sentences are from the text. amazingly career overcome retired medal frequently treatments took turns quite a few encouraged coach serious 1. However, it’s also true that ______ Olympic athletes had to pee illnesses early in their lives. 2. She had a series of _________ illnesses, and then, at the age of 4, she got polio. 3, ____, by the time Rudolph was 9 years old, she was able to walk again. 4. Her story _______ many people to work hard and to overcome difficulties. 5. Wilma and her mother __ traveled 100 miles to get for her leg. 6. Wilma Rudolph —_____ fromher _______asa runner when she was 22 years old. 7. Her brothers and sisters ________ giving her leg a daily massage. 8. She then became a teacher and track 9. She didn’t win just one gold b Vocabulary ‘w Context Put the right word in each blank. amazing encouraged overcome serious career frequently quite a few take turns coach medal retire treatments 1 people_____atage 65 2. My trainer ___ me to compete in the tournament. 3. Engineering isa good 4. Le’s______ telling a story. You go first. 5. Theard an story. It's difficult to believe. = 8) Unit 2: Sports. My teacher is sick, but it isn’t anything back at work soon. . In many sports events, the winner gets a special cup or a 8. My trainer ___ participates in sports events. 9. What is the most difficult thing you had to your childhood? 10. Every year scientists find new for serious illnesses. M1. A good can help you become a better athlete. z Vocabulary Review Match the word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the same. Column A Column B 1. trainer a. very good 2. remove b. ri 3. reflect see TTC EEC secede cos seam eeee sr TEraE EPEC 5. retire seer CS fe anes ae ana ee 7. ahead SS eee 8. circle eee sa ee ee 9. athletic 10. win fd Comprehension: Multiple Choice Put a circle around the letter of the best answer, 1. Wilma Rudolph was when she was a child. a. healthy ©. sick b. strong d. retired 2. When she was a child, she couldn’t use her ___. a. leg c. hand b. elbow arm @—2 Lesson 5: Great Athletes3. She won in the 1960 Olympics. a. a gold medal ©. quite a few medals b. asilver medal d. three gold medals 4. Polio was a illness. a. proud . serious b. recent d. strong 5. The people in Wilma Rudolph’s family were very : a. retired c. serious b. helpful d. fast 6. one of her brothers or sisters massaged her leg, a. Sometimes c. Every day b. Once a week d. Once in awhile 7. Rudolph had a career as a runner. a. long . restful b. short d. lengthy 8. Rudolph had to travel __ to get treatments for her leg. a. alone c. along distance b. frequently d. bande e Questions _ The asterisk (*) mearis you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. *1. How would you describe Wilma Rudolph? 2. What was difficult about her life? "3. How did she overcome polio? 4. How did her family help with her treatments? 5. What sports did she participate in? “6. Why do you think she retired from her career as a runner at age 227 *7. Do you know anyone similar to her? | sin dea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. Wilma Rudolph was a great Olympic athlete, coach, and teacher. 2. Wilma Rudolph overcame many difficulties to become a great athlete. 3. Wilma Rudolph’s family helped her overcome polio. a Unit 2: SportsWifeNro Tate hg a Map Study ‘These are the seven continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Tell which continent each place is located on. Sweden Thailand a b. c. France d. China e. Argentina £ & h India Miramar (Burma) Great Britain i. Canada j- the South Pole B Compound Words Use a word from Column A and a word from Column B to make a compound word. Sometimes you can make tzvo words that begin with a ‘word in Column A. The first one is done for you. Column A Column B . birth birthday . mate . table . event . day . bed . summer . room, . class team 9. sun Word Study70 @ Word Forms Verb Noun Adjective 1. cube cube cubic 2. move movement movable 3. (none) athlete athletic 4. free freedom free 5. amaze amazement amazing 6. (none) nation, nationality national 7. rest rest restful 8. think thought thoughtful 9. run running, runner running 10. strengthen strength strong Put the correct word form in each blank. Use words from line 1 in item 1, and so on. Use the right verb forms and singular or plural nouns. 1. What isa ___? What does a —____________ gram of water weigh? 2. Azipper_______ up and down. Each opens or closes the zipper. 3. I'mnota very ________ person. Are youan 2 4. The Burmese captured King Naresuen. He won his by boxing. When he was , he returned to Thailand. 5. Who is the most _______ person you know? What about this person__________ you? 6. Where are you from? What is your ___? What does your_______flag look like? 7. When you want to____, we can go inside. It’s very ______ there. 8. Whatare you____ about? Is your family in your_________ often? 9. Tom ___ 5 kilometers every morning. He is aft is go0d for him. ® Unit 2: Sports10. He has ___ arms, but he doesn’t have much ___ im his legs. He needs to his legs d@ Past Tense Review Write the past tense of each verb. 1. step 2, receive 3. mail 4. seem 5. plan e Irregular Verbs Memorize these verbs. Then use the past tense in a sentence. Simple Past . throw threw . pay paid . slide slid . hit hit . overcome overcame . run ran take place took place bent held Choose one or more of these topics and write answers. 1. Which sport in Unit 2 is most interesting to you? Why? 2. Do you have a favorite sport? Do you play it or only watch it? What do you like about it? 3. In the United States, famous athletes in some popular sports— for example, football and baseball—ear a lot of money. In your country, do any famous athletes eam a lot of money? Who pays them? Do you think it is a good idea for famous athletes to earn a lot of money? Why ot why not? a—- Word StudyVideo Highlights la Before You Watch Look at the picture. Answer the questions. 1. Have you ever played this game? 2. Do you think this game is a sport? Why or why not? 3. Is this a game you “play for fun” or “play to win”? b As You Watch 1. Scrabble? is a vocabulary game. You hhave seven letters and you make words on a board. Circle the things you think Scrabble® players do during a game, Watch the video and check, touch pick up hold jump rest solve kick write ! I 5 ! ! ns Write the correct number in each sentence, 97 25000 1250 850 93 Sor 6 a. There are ____Scrabble® experts at the competition from different countries. b. The age range is from years old to years old, c. Thereare________legal two-letter words in Scrabble”. d. You get seventletter word. e. The top prize is $. points for putting down a & Unit 2: Sports Sta After You Watch 1. What skills do you need to be good at Scrabble®, sumo, and soccer? Check the boxes, You need... Scrabble® a. lots of luck b. lots of training c. tobe very strong d. good concentration e. good memory £. excellent word skills 2. Use the Scrabble® letters below to make new words. For example, ‘you could take the letter “I” and the letter “S” to make the word “IS.” Nig) tj) s) e/a ‘Ts} a] c a. el h J] (aint: wnat You are studying now!) 3. How many points do your words make? Example: 1S (I=1,S=1) = 1+1=2 points. Video HightightsPNT OVa ate a Sporting Needs What do you need to play each of these sports? tennis basketball baseball soccer For each sport, choose two or more items from those shown below. Some items will be used more than once. Then write a sentence for each sport. Example: To play tennis, you need a ball, a racket, and a court. oe fi = Ul & ay i a zi b What Sport Do | Play: Read one of your sentences from part a above to a partner, without identifying the sport. Your partner tries to guess the sport. Example: To play this sport, you need a court, a net, and a ball. ‘You can also do this activity with sports that are not listed above. 74 @ Unit 2: Sports - - -Lefts Cola TaV at 4<9 Stress and Pronunciation 1, Stress. If a word has more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stronger than the others. Your dictionary always has a stress mark (’) in front of the stressed syllable. In the words below, say whether the stress is on the first, second, or third syllable. The first one is done for you. ‘popular__1__‘probably____ex'cept ‘exercise ___scien'tific_____de'feated. ‘national______a'nother _______‘organize__ aside ______un'usual ____refu’gee . Pronunciation. The strange writing you see on this page is phonetics. Your dictionary includes a guide to pronunciation symbols, which shows how to read phonetics. The phonetic spelling of a word is between the two slanted lines / / following each main entry. Look at the two entries below and write their normal spelling in the space provided. /'fridom/ noun 1 having the power to act and speak without being stopped: The boy hhas the freedom to go where he wants to go. /raund/ adjective circular or curved in shape: Balls are round, Dictionary Page &Now match the words in phonetics with the words in normal spelling. The first one is done for you. Phonetic Spelling Normal Spelling 1. /glavz/ —__fglows a. round 2. /'saidwok/ ell esaeialsiastaeet ‘b. match 3. /streit/ c. drum 4, /'elbou/ d. sidewalk 5. /flaet/ er ebmight 6. /kepton/ gloves 7. (aram/ g. freedom 8. /‘fridem h. elbow 9. fraund/ ee pen 10. /maet/ Ese eter eeeseeeeee tae Hat Each sentence contains one word in phonetics. The word is given in its normal spelling as one of the three words that follow the sentence. Choose the correct word and underline it. The men /kik/ a wooden ball. (hit, kick, stick) Athletes from /@ar'tin/ countries participated in the Games. (thirteen, thirty, three) No part of his body except his feet touches the /flor/. (flat, floor, flute) 4. Young people find this traditional /sport/ exciting. (sport, spirit, speed) Sumo /'reslin/ is a Japanese sport. (rushing, rusting, wrestling) ve » a @ Unit 2: SportsContext Clues Puta circle around the letter of the answer that means the same as the word or words in bold, 1. Betty hated her glasses, so she broke them on purpose. a. not by accident c. onthe next day b. on the floor d. without thinking 2. Your face is familiar to me, but I don’t remember your name, a. unknown . known b, unusual d. far away 3. There are only a few ingredients in the bread: flour, water, yeast, and a little sugar. a. mixtures . things that are mixed to cook something . spices d. values 4. You can look in today’s newspaper to find out the weather for tomorrow. a. deliver . eliminate b. plan d. learn 5. That wooden desk is solid oak. It will last for hundreds of years. a. thin ©. not real b. mostly d. all 6. Our bus broke down on the highway, but eventually another bus came to get us. When we finally got home, we were only 4 hours late. a. immediately ©. sometime later b. aftera short time d. frequently 7. That painting of her children didn’t cost much money, but she values it more than anything else in the house. a. uses c. hates b. cares about it d. wants to sell it x Unit 3: Food ii. The last dodo bird died many years ago. Now this kind of bird is extinct, a. eliminated . far away b. serious . strong . When there is a shortage of food, people often start fighting among themselves. a. extra ©. notenough b. cheap d. good |. Ltried to catch the ball, but I missed it, and it went over the fence. a. found c. didn’t get b. got d. touched | We usually have sunny weather at this time of year. It’s rare tohave rain. a. common c. serious b. expected d. uncommon . He took a risk when he ran into the burning house. He’s lucky he didn’t die. a. did something funny _c, did something easy b. did something dangerous d. did something common Context Clues’lesson The Puffer Fish 80 aren FmCOReS. Before You Read ae = 1. The fish in the picture has spines all over its body. What might be the purpose of the spines? 2. Why do you think it’s called the puffer fish? 3. Do you have a favorite fish dish? What is it? x Unit 3: FoodThe Puffer Fish Most people avoid eating dangerous foods. They don’t want to get sick. However, there is one food that can be deadly, yet some people eat it on purpose. It’s called the puffer fish. This kind of fish, called fugu in Japanese, lives in the Pacific Ocean. Some people die every year from eating fugu. In fact, the Emperor of Japan is not allowed to touch it. Why? Well, the insides of the puffer fish are very poisonous. They contain a poison 275 times more powerful than the deadly poison cyanide. ‘Usually nothing bad happens when fugu is on a restaurant's menu. Customers feel great after the meal. That's because chefs are trained to remove the insides of the puffer fish before they give it to customers. If they miss even a small amount, the fish is not safe to eat. Puffer fish is very expensive. A plate of fugu costs more than $200 in some restaurants in Tokyo. Besides being dangerous to eat, the fish is very ugly, with spines all over its body. Also, it can puff, or blow, itself up to double its normal size. Why do the Japanese risk so much for such an ugly and dangerous fish? Well, some people like taking risks. And fugu tastes wonderful. Lesson 1: The Puffer Fish o stay away from strong, also, in addition to 81\ a Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. avoid contain customers onpurpose = miss_—_normal besides risk amount double yet powerful 1. ___ feel great after the meal. 2. However, there is one food that can be deadly, ________ some people cat it 3. Why do the Japanese __ so much for such an ugly and dangerous fish? 4. They ___a poison 275 times more than the deadly poison cyanide. 5. Most people ______ eating dangerous foods. 6. Also, it can puff, or blow, itself upto_______ its _____size. 7. Wthey_________evenasmall__________ the fishis not safe to eat. 8 ______ being dangerous to eat, the fish is very ugly, with spines all over its body. b Vocab New Context Put the right word in each blank. besides avoids amount —onpurpose _yet powerful contained risks customers missed. double normal . Heavy snow is for Iceland at this time of year. . Peanuts make him sick, sohe ____eating them. Henry said he hit me by accident, but I know he did it 1_____ three balls during the soccer game, but we still won. 5. She received a package from her family that ___________food and clothes. 6. He took so many bad ____ with money that he was penniless in a year. 82 x Unit 3: Food Repe7. She may look shy and weak, but they say she's one of the most people in banking. 8. Five people live in my house me. 9. The two couples went to the movies together ona _________ date. 10. The ____ of money you save depends on how much you eam. 11. He said he wasn’t hungry, _______ he ate a whole pizza by himself. 12. Somany _____ ate at Luigi’s restaurant on the first, evening that he decided to get a second chef. id Vocabulary Review Put the right word in each blank. similar gloves touch individual trained excellent tournament metric grind recent distance take turns . To make coffee, you need to _ _ the beans first. . What is the __________ from the earth to the moon? ‘My parents ______ helping the children with their homework. . Did you hear the most _____ news from Mexico? . Can I borrow your ____? Mine are lost and my hands are freezing. 6. The dresses are _____. They are the same color and style, but Nancy’s has a belt. 7. There was a tennis _____________ that day, but Philip had a cold and couldn't play. 8. Her written work was __________ but she failed the oral test. 9. She ____as a ballet dancer for five years before she FREE appeared on stage. 10. “Please don’t ____ the cake,” their mother warned. “It’s for our guests.” U1. Twant to learn the _____ system of measurement before I go to France next year. 12. One ____ walked out of the movie theater after an hour. x Lesson 1: The Puffer Fishi j | = TA conperenin: nao nomatn Comprehension: True/False/No Information Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if itis false, Write NI if no information about the sentence was given in the text. - Puffer fish is popular in Japan. The Emperor of Japan eats fugu for his evening meal. . The most dangerous part of the puffer fish is its spines. The puffer fish lives in the Pacific Ocean. . Fugu is popular because it is very cheap. . This fish can puff itself up to ten times its normal size. . There is some risk in eating a plate of fugu. . Itis called the puffer fish in English because of the spines that cover its body. 9. The insides of the puffer fish are very poisonous. 10. A few restaurants in New York serve fugu. PNAVPONE The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1, In what ocean does the puffer fish live? “2. Is this ocean near Japan? 3. What parts of the puffer fish are poisonous? 4. Can the Emperor of Japan eat puffer fish? Why or why not? 5. What is cyanide? 6. In which country is fugu most popular? 7. What must chefs do before they serve puffer fish? 8. How much does a plate of fugu cost in some restaurants? ‘9. Why do you think fugu costs so much? *10. Why do you think the puffer fish has spines all over its body? ip Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. Fugu is one of the most expensive foods in the world. 2. Some people are willing to risk their lives to eat fugu. 3. Chefs must be carefully trained to prepare puffer fish for customers, 84 x Unit 3: Foodlesson 2 Foods from Around the World © depack Company CORBIS Before You Read SS 1. Which of the following would you use to eat the food in each picture: chopsticks, fingers, or knives and forks? 2. Which meal looks the most enjoyable? Why? 3. People spend a lot of time talking about food. Why do you think this is so? 85 Lesson 2: Foods from Around the World x& 2 Foods from Around 8 the World Foods that are well known to you may not be familiar to people from other countries. Tourists and common, well-known other travelers almost always get to try some unfamiliar food. That is part of the fun of traveling. Here are four people’s experiences with foreign food. Shao Wong is a student in France. He comes from China. “Inever had cheese or even milk before I came to France. Cattle are rare in my part of China, so there are uncommon no dairy products. | drank some milk when I first containing milk or arrived in France. I hated it! I tried cheese, too, but I eens didn’t like it. Love ice cream, though, and that’s made from milk.” Birgit is from Sweden. She traveled to Australia on vacation. “I was in a restaurant that specialized in fish, and I heard some other customers order flake. So I ordered some, too, and it was delicious. Later, I tastes good found out that flake is an Australian term for shark. learned Now, whenever I see a new food, I try it on purpose. You know why? I remember how much I enjoyed flake.” Chandra is a dentist in Texas. She is from India, “I'm afraid to try new foods because they might contain beef. I'ma Hindu, and my religion forbids me to eat meat from the cow. That’s why I can’t eat hamburgers or spaghetti with meatballs.” Nathan is from the United States. He taught for a year in China. “My friends gave me some 100-year-old eggs to eat. I didn’t like their appearance at all. The eggs were green inside, but my friends said the color was normal. The Chinese put chemicals on fresh eggs. Then they bury them in the earth for three months. So the ‘eggs weren't really very old. Even so, I didn’t want to touch them.” Life in a new country can be scary, but it also can be frightening fun. Would you eat a 10-year-old egg? Would you order shark in a restaurant? 86 x Unit 3: Foodfa Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text, chemicals delicious order found out forbids rare dairy bury, experiences term familiar foreign scary 1. Cattle are in my part of China, so there are no products. 2. SoT ordered some, too, and it was 3. Then they them in the earth for three months. 4. Foods that are well known to you may not be people from other countries. 5. Life in anew country canbe________ but it also can be fun. 6. I'ma Hindu, and my religion the cow. 7. Lwas in a restaurant that specialized in fish, and heard some other to ‘me to eat meat from customers flake. 8, Here are four people’s with food. 9. The Chinese put on fresh eggs. 10. Later, 1 that flake is an Australian for shark. 87 Lesson 2: Foods from Around the World xb Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. familiar scared term find out forbids delicious dairy rarely experience chemicals buried order foreign 1. My school ___ gum chewing in class. 2. The loud noise __ everyone in the room. 3. Many people don’t know that a lot of household cleaners contain dangerous —___. 4, How did you _______ what my telephone number is? I didn’t give it to anyone. 5. My brother coached the soccer team for several years. He also has coaching basketball and baseball. 6. Ice cream isa ___________ product, and so is cheese. 7. When our cat died, we ________ him under the apple tree. 8. Ifwe _____ a computer from that store, we'll get a month’s supply of computer paper free. 9, Zampa’s is a popular restaurant because the food is always 10. We don’t use the ____ housewife any more. Many women don’t like it. 11. Toften take the train to work, butI_______ take the bus. lis face looks _____ to me,” said Arthur. “I've probably met him somewhere before.” 13. Can you speak any ___ languages? a Unit 3: Food| Vocabulary Review Match the word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the same. The {first one is done for you. Column A Column B 1. series g.Agrowp of simlar events — take away 2. contest b. move quickly 3. remove c. buyer 4. frequently sq. stay away from 5. customer se. danger 6. normal St, allbut 7. career ——_________ g agroup of similar events 8. rush — hh sitong 9. risk =, profession 10. except ——__________ j. average U1. avoid Kk. competition 12, powerful 1. often d Comprehension: Multiple Choice Puta circle around the letter of the best answer, 1. Some foods of other countries might be toyou. a. unfamiliar . similar b. recent d. proud 2. The Hindu religion forbids the eating of 7 a. green vegetables «. beef b. chemicals d. candy 3. Shao Wong wasn’t familiar with before he went to France. a, meat c. dairy products b. beef d. flake 89 Lesson 2: Foods from Around the World x— 4. Hundred-year-old eggs are really only old. a. three months ©. three years ». thirty days d. three decades 5. In Australia, flake is another word for a. octopus ©. cheese b. hamburger d. shark 6. Ice cream is made from i a. cheese c. milk b. cattle d. fish 7. The insides of 100-year-old eggs are a. green c. yellow b. white d. grey 8. Chandra can’t eat beef because of her : a. family ¢. religion b. health d. salary e Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer, You cannot find it in the text. Where does Shao Wong come from? . What foods did he sample when he first arrived in France? . Why did Birgit go to Australia? Do people from Sweden eat shark? Why does Birgit like to try new foods? Why is Chandra afraid to try new foods? Do Hindus eat beef? Why or why not? Where is Nathan from? Why didn’t he want to touch 10-year-old eggs? 10. How do the Chinese make 100-year-old eggs? 1. What was the real age of the Chinese eggs? “12. Do people in China eat a lot of butter? f Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. People from different countries do things differently. 2. Foods that are familiar to you might be unfamiliar to foreigners. 3. Many people dislike eating new foods because their religion forbids it. 90 o« Unit 3: Food pexuaateneEmcee GorettOORBIS Before You Read 1, The two pictures are connected in some way. How? 2. Can you name some foods that use chocolate? 3, When did you last eat something with chocolate in it? What was it? 91 —| | | | | | 3 Chocolate We think of chocolate as something sweet. However, a long time ago, people thought of chocolate as, something very bitter. For us, chocolate is a candy, but ‘once it was a medicine. Today, chocolate can be a hot drink, a frozen dessert, or just a snack, Sometimes it’s an ingredient in the main course of a meal. Mexicans make a hot chocolate sauce called mole and pour it over chicken. The Mexicans also eat chocolate with spices like chili peppers. Chocolate is a product of the tropical cacao tree. Cacao beans taste so bitter that even monkeys say “ugh!” and run away. The word chocolate comes from a Mayan word. The Mayas were an ancient people who once lived in Mexico. They valued the cacao tree. Some of the Mayas used cacao beans for money, while others ground them to make a bitter drink. ‘When the Spaniards came to Mexico in the 16th century, they started drinking cacao, too. Because the drink was strong and bitter, they thought it was a medicine. When the Spaniards took the drink back to Europe, people discovered that sugar removed the bitter taste of cacao. Wealthy Spaniards heated the sweet drink and thought that it was good for their health. In the 19th century, an English company made the first solid block of sweetened chocolate. Now people could both drink and eat chocolate. Later, a Swiss company mixed milk and chocolate together. People liked the taste of milk chocolate even better. Besides the chocolate candy bar, one of the most popular American snacks is the chocolate-chip cookie. Favorite desserts are chocolate cream pie and, of course, an ice cream sundae with hot fudge sauce. 8 not sweet ata time in the past pour very old found out not liquid or gas 92 aa Unit 3: Fooda Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from: the text. dessert snack bitter pour once valued discovered ancient wealthy solid favorite ingredient 1. Sometimes it’s an _____ in the main course of a meal. When the Spaniards took the drink back to Europe, people _____ that sugar removed the bitter taste of cacao. 3. For us, chocolate is a candy, but a medicine. 4. The Mayas were an in Mexico. 5, In the 19th century, an English company made the first block of sweetened chocolate. 6, ___________ desserts are chocolate cream pie and, of course, an ice cream sundae with hot fudge sauce. 7. Mexicans make a hot chocolate sauce called mole and a it over chicken. However, a long time ago, people thought of chocolate as something very ia it was people who once lived ~ 9. They __________— the cacao tree. 10. Today, chocolate can be a hot drink, a frozen —____ or just suas see 11, ________ Spaniards heated the sweet drink and thought that it was good for their health. Bal 93Vocabulary: Ne Put the right word in each blank. values snack ingredient once discovered favorite wealthy bitter dessert ancient solid pour 1. Mrs. Mendez said Pavarotti was her _________ singer. Her daughter chose Madonna. 2. The people who _____lived here are now in Europe. 3. The coffee was so_________ that nobody wanted to drink it. 4, The Smiths _____ some dinosaur bones on their farm. 5. Would you please ___ some hot water into the cup? 6. Idon’t have anything sweet for ______, but we can have some fruit. 7, Most _____ civilizations had some kind of writing system, 8, He wasn’t happy when he was poor, and he's not happy now that he is 9. The family ____ the chair because it belonged to their grandfather. 10. I'm so hungry! And I didn’t even bring a___ with me! 11. The main ___in that cake is chocolate. 12, The pond is frozen ________, so we can go skating. 94 Se Unit 3: FoodEz Vocabulary Review Put the right word in ench blank. valleys miss experience participated order forbidden dairy eliminate ahead throw chemicals, on purpose 1, They have more than 100 cows at their farm. 2. Fifty soccer players in the tournament. 3. At this time of year, snow still covers the mountains and 4, You might feel better if you all dairy products from your meals. 5. Are there any foods in your religion? 6. When I the bus, I have to walk to school. 7. Did you fish or meat? 8, That meat doesn’t smell very good. I think you should itaway. 9, The trip was a great for all the family except Grandma. She found the weather too hot. 10. Some are poisonous. 11. He doesn’t have any desserts in the house jhe wants to lose weight. 12, What's that in the road 2 It looks like a cow. i Comprehension: True/False/No Information Write T ifthe sentence is true. Write Fifi is false. Write NI if no information about the sentence was given in the text. _____ 1, The Spaniards arrived in Mexico in the 17th century. _____ 2. Chocolate was always a dessert. ____ 3, The Maya added sugar to chocolate and heated it. _____ 4, The cacao tree grows in tropical countries. x Lesson 3: Chocolate5. Because chocolate was bitter, some people thought it was amedicine. —— 6. The Mayas lived in Argentina 7. The Mayas used the cacao beans as hooks. —— 8. Hot chocolate was an expensive drink in Spain. —— 9. In the Philippines, people drink chocolate for breakfast. 10. Some people once believed that chocolate was good for your health. —— 1. Europeans produced the first solid blocks of sweet chocolate. e Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text 1, Was chocolate once a medicine? What did it taste like? “2. Does the cacao tree grow in Canada? Why or why not? “3. Can you eat cacao beans? Why or why nol? 4. Where does the word chocolate come from? 5. Who were the Mayas? 6. Where did they live? *7. Why did the Mayas value the cacao tree? 8, What uses did they have for cacao beans? 9. When did the Spaniards come to Mexico? 10. How did the cacao bean get to Europe? 11, What did people add to chocolate to make it more popular? 12. What are some popular foods that use chocolate as, an ingredient? a Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. Over the years, people used chocolate in many different ways, 2. The Spaniards brought the cacao bean from Mexico to Europe. 3. Although chocolate comes from the tropics, you can buy it in cool climates, 96 nf Unit 3: Foodsson The Blue Revolution Before You Read ——— 1. How many times a month do you eat fish? 2. Where does your fish come from? 3. What do you know about fish farming? | : Lesson 4: The Blue Revolution oe 974 The Blue Revolution “© The population of the world is increasing rapidly. number of people in By 2020, there could be 7.5 billion people on earth. Will Place there be enough food for all these people, or will we ery analy: have a food shortage? Some scientists think fish farming could solve this problem. However, other scientists worry that fish farming could cause serious | environmental problems. Fish farming is not a new thing, There were fish farms in China 3,000 years ago. Today, about one-third of the fish we eat comes from fish farms. ‘Most fish farms raise plant-eating fish. Popular kinds of plant-eating fish are carp, tilapia, and catfish. Unfortunately, many fish farms are starting to raise meat-eating fish. A popular type of meat-eating fish is salmon. These meat-eating fish live on processed food made from wild fish. However, it takes up to 5 tons of wild fish to produce just 1 ton of farm-raised salmon. The supply of wild fish is already decreasing. going down Eventually, many types of wild fish could become extinct, What will we do then? Critics of fish farming also say that farm-raised fish is unhealthy for humans. They say the fish contains people dangerous chemicals. They also criticize fish farming | because it pollutes the water. Another criticism is that farm-raised fish can spread diseases to wild fish. Some people say that the farming methods being used now won't produce enough fish anyway. Instead of putting fish farms in lakes or near the coast, they say that the fish farms should be moved far out into the ocean. Several countries are already experimenting with testing | deep-ocean farms. In the future, fish farms might be large cages that move across the ocean. boxes made of metal Like most things, there is both a good and abad side itor bars to fish farming. Fish farming may help to feed millions of people. At the same time, however, fish farming may damage the environment. 98 A Unit 3: Fooda Vocabulary ut the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. population eventually cages shortage processed methods decreasing rapidly critics extinct humans experimenting worry 4 Several countries pre already == with deep-ocean amma. 2. 2 we ™ 10. _ many types of wild fish could become Some people say that the farming being used now won't produce enough fish anyway. ‘The supply of wild fish is already ———_————- In the future, fish farms might be large that move across the ocean. ‘The of the world is increasing These meat-eating fish live on food made from wild fish. no fish farming say that farm-raised fish is unhealthy for ‘However, other scientists that fish farming could cause serious environmental problems. Will there be enough food for all these people, or will we have a food 2 x= Tesson 4: The Blue Revolutionb Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank, eventually method processed worry population shortage humans ctiticized decrease extinct cage experiment rapid 1, Soda and hot dogs are examples of ________ food. 2. Doyou__ more about your health or the environment’s health? 3, _____ breathing can be a sign of a heart problem. 4, China has the largest_________in the world. 5. My mother doesn’t like to follow cooking recipes. She prefers to Why did dinosaurs become —____? My teacher __ me for coming to class late. When an animal travels by airplane, it is kept in a . you ____ the amount of food you eat, you will lose weight, 10. [hope we —__ find solutions to our environmental problems. 11. Which cooking —_____ do you prefer for fish—frying or baking? 12, _______ can’t breath under water without special equipment. 13. The bad weather destroyed the crop of com. Now there is a of corn, cena 100 x Unit 3: Fooda Vocabulary Review Match the word in Column A with the word or phrase in Column B that means the opposite. The first one is done for you. Column A Column B 1. solid —__Gligud a. half 2. scary b. sweet 3. rare ST See reece eee ee 4, powerful «= add 5. bitter ee. along time ago 6, forbid EEC egEEEeaeeE EESE e pO) 7. double epee ences sere eee ecm 8 recently = ______________h. funny 9. eliminate i. weak 10. wealthy j. allow i Comprehension: Multiple Choice Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. 1. The population of the world is increasing ——. a. slowly c. quickly b. alittle d. rarely 2. Salmonis a type of fish. a. dangerous c. meat-eating b. extinct d. plant-eating 3. Planteating fish are than meat-eating fish. a. more expensive . better for the environment b. rarer d. more dangerous 4, In the future, fish farms might be : a. less expensive c. less polluting b. easier to manage d. in deeper water x 101 Teson 4 The Blue Revolutionof the fish we eat today comes from fish farms. a. Most c. Between a quarter and a half | | | | b. More than half d. Very little 6. Farm-raised fish than wild fish. a. eat more processed food c. need more food . are more common d. contain less chemicals 7. Carp and catfish eat : a. plants cc. less valuable fish b. processed food d. shrimp 8. Critics of fish farming think that farm-raised fish is, : a. healthy to eat cc. processed too much b. dangerous for the environment _d. too expensive for many people | fe Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. What is happening to the population of the world? 2. How much farm-raised fish do people eat now? 3. How is carp different from salmon? “4. Why do you think fish farms existed in China thousands of years ago? 5. Why do some people criticize fish farming? "6. Why might farmers feed chemicals to their fish? “7. How could fish farming solve a future food shortage? “8. Do you think fish farms should stop raising salmon? Why or why not? Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. Fish farms can both help us and hurt us. 2, There will never be enough food for everyone. 3. Meat-eating fish contain more chemicals than plant-eating fish. 102 x Unit 3: FoodTwenty-One Days Without Food ‘SF Freaonois Before You Read — 1. Fasting means going without food on purpose. Why might someone fast? 2, Do you think it’s unhealthy to fast? 3. Do you think fasting is dangerous? x 103 Tesson 5: Twenty-One Days Without Food5 Twenty-One Days Without Food Why would someone decide to stop eating? We know that the body needs food in order to function well. ‘However, many people fast at some time during their lives. Why is this? Some people fast for political reasons. In the early 20th century, women in England and the United States weren’t allowed to vote. In protest, many women went on fasts. They hoped that fasting would bring attention to this injustice. Mohandas Gandhi, the famous Indian leader, fasted 17 times during his life. For Gandhi, fasting was a Powerful political tool. In 1943, he fasted to bring attention to his country’s need for independence. For 21 days, he went without food. Another famous faster was Cesar Chavez. In the 1960s, he fasted for three weeks, Why? His goal was to bring attention to the terrible working conditions of farm workers in the United States. Fasting is also a spiritual practice in many religions. Every year during the month of Ramadan, which is a religious holiday, Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset, Many Hindus fast on special occasions, as do some Christians and Buddhists. Of course, not everyone fasts for political or religious reasons. Some people occasionally fast just because it makes them feel better. The American writer Mark Twain thought fasting was the best medicine for common illnesses. Whenever he had a cold or a fever, he stopped eating completely. He said that this always made his cold or fever go away. Another American writer, Upton Sinclair, discovered fasting after years of overeating, indigestion, and headaches. His first fast lasted for 12 days, During this time, his headaches and stomachaches went away. Sinclair said that fasting also made him more alert and energetic. Choosing to go without food can be very dangerous. However, that doesn’t stop people from fasting for political, religious, or health reasons. @ work anything that is unfair freedom sicknesses stomachache caused by food 104 x Unit 3: Fooda Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. function political vote illnesses attention injustice independence indigestion conditions ‘occasions In the early 20th century, women in England and the United States weren't allowed to —__. In 1943, he fasted to bring attention to his country’s need for n His goal was to bring attention to the terrible working _____ of farm workers in the United States. Many Hindus fast on special _____, as do some Christians and Buddhists. ‘We know that the body needs food in order to ______ well. In_____, many women went on fasts. Some people fast for ____ reasons. The American writer Mark Twain thought fasting was the best medicine for common —________. 9. Another American writer, Upton Sinclair, discovered fasting after years of overeating, ________, and headaches. They hoped that fasting would bring ____ to this ° * ex aw 10. 5 a 105 lesson 5: Twenty-One Days Without Food: Bb Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. illness attention injustice political protested condition independent occasion function vote indigestion 1. He bought a new television because his old one didn't________ well, 2. Her friend was in the hospital for two weeks with a serious 3. My aunt is a very person. She doesn’t want other people to do things for her. 4. Tealled his name, but I couldn't gethis _________. He drove by without seeing me. 5. She can’t drive her car long distances because it’s in bad 6. In the United States, there are two main____________ parties — Democratic and Republican. 7. Many foods can cause . Eating late at night can, too. 8. In the 1960s, many young Americans _______ against the war in Vietnam. 9. Every four years, people in the United States a president. for 10. It’san ____ that some people are very wealthy, while others are very poor. 11. The birth of a child is an important fe Vocabulary Review Underline the word that does not belong in each group, . dangerous, proud, risky, scary . experiment, try, test, pour embarrassment, indigestion, headache, backache . protest, disagree, accept, criticize think, worry, wonder, exercise dessert, carpenter, snack, meal . elbow, knee, back, pray human, engineer, carpenter, coach 106 x Unit 3: Food SNOT RENEComprehensiot True/False/No Information Write T ifthe sentence is true. Write F if tis false, Write NI if no information about the sentence was given in the text. “1, Women in the United States got the right to vote in the early 20th century: ______ 2. Mohandas Gandhi was a famous British leader. ~~ 3, One time, Gandhi went without food for twenty-one days. ______ 4, Gandhi protested the independence of his country: _____ 5, Cesar Chavez fasted for health reasons, ~~ 6 During Ramadan, Muslims fast during the day but not at night. ____ 7, Sinclair Lewis wrote a book about fasting. _____. 8, Mark Twain fasted when he felt sick. ______ 9. Doctors say that fasting is good for you. _____10. It’sa fact that fasting is good for your body. e Questions “The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the anstoer. You enn find it in the text: 1. What is fasting? +2, Why is fasting dangerous? 3, What is an example of an injustice? “4, Fasting is one way to protest. What are some other ways? 5. Why did Gandhi fast at different times during his life? 6. What do Gandhi and Chavez have in common? 7. What do Twain and Sinclair have in common? 8. Why did Sinclair go on fasts? +9, Why else might someone fast? Main Idea Which és the main idea of this lesson? Choose one, 1. When you fast, you stop eating completely: 2. People go on fasts for many different reasons. 3, Many famous people fasted for political reasons. x 107 7 5: Twenty-one Days Without FoodMW foy cols ttle] a Count/Noncount Nouns In English, nouns can be count nouns or noncount nouns. Count nouns have a singular form and a plural form. Noncount nouns have only a singular form. They do not have a plural form. Examples: Count Nouns Noncount Nouns Thad an unusual experience Don't forget to take your yesterday. money. Her experiences in China Money is valuable. were interesting, The rice here is delicious. Acustomer just came in the store. | There is a lot of rice on ‘There are three customers in the the table, store. Use one of the following nouns to complete each sentence below. Count Nouns Noncount Nouns ingredient ingredients meat chemical chemicals population customer customers. water foreigner foreigners money 1. Do you have al the to make bread? 2, What is the of Brazil? 3. How much do you eat every week? 4, What are the most dangerous in the world? 5. Is this from a bottle? 6. Are there any in your class? 7. How many came into the store today? 8. Do you have any in your wallet? 108 x Unit 3: Food6 Adjectives with -able |Add the suffix -able to these verbs to form adjectives. Write the adjectives in the blanks. Verb Adjective Verb Adjective accept train avoid pour Drop the final -¢ on these verbs, and thers add the suffix -able, Write the adjectives in the blanks. Verb Adjective Verb Adjective remove believe value use a el! measure Can you think of an example of each of these? Write a sentence using the example. The first one is done for you. 1. Something valuable _ Gold is valuable. 2. Something unbelievable 3. Something measurable 4, Something usable in the kitchen sera See 5. Something enjoyable‘ Word Forms Verb Noun Adjective 1. discover discovery (none) 2. risk risk risky 3. scare scare scary 4. vote vote (none) 5. experiment experiment experimental 6. avoid avoidance avoidable 7. criticize critic, criticism critical 8. value value valuable 9. (none) medicine medicinal Put the correct word form in each blank. Use words from line 1 in item 1, and s0 on. Use the right verb forms and singular or plural nouns. 1. When she __ the chemicals in the water, she was shocked. Her__angered everyone in town. 2. It’s too ____ to climb that rock in the rain. It's all right to take a__ sometimes, but that would be madness. | just can’t ________it. 3. We had abig __ when the tree fell on the house. It wasa__________ experience. 4. Only 50 percent of the population ______ this year. The new president got 75 percent of the 5. My friend is in an _________ program for people with knee problems. 6, That accident was ____. Idon’t understand why he didn’t try to _____ it. 7. My teacher was very ______ of my work, but his _____ was very helpful. 8. I'm sure your necklace is very ___. What did the jeweler place on it? I’m sure you = Stvery highly. : 9. The doctor prescribed a ______ drink. It tasted more like a soft drink than 110 - Unit 3: Foodi Past Tense Review Write the past tense of each verb. 1. bury 9. miss 2. scare 10. worry 3. contain 11. decrease 4, value 12, pour 5. discover 13. avoid 6. find out 14, risk 7. double 15. take turns 8. experiment fe Collocations Some words are often used together. For example, we often use the word bring with the words attention and to. Read these groups of words. Use them in the sentences below. bring attention to. give yourattention to _pay attention had their attention _get our attention [All of the employees decided to stop working. They hoped this would the unsafe working conditions in the factory. Aloud bell rang to 3, The teacher told the children an exciting story. He for a whole hour. 4, She doesn’t do very well in school because she can’t in class. y a Would you please the map on the wall? Writing Choose one or more of these topics and write answers. 1. What's your favorite food? Why do you like it? 2, What is a popular food to eat on a holiday in your country? Why is it so popular? 3, Not everyone in the world has a healthy diet. What are some of the reasons for this? x 1u1 Word StudyVideo Highlights a Before You Watch 1. You've rend about the puffer fish. Now read the five sentences below. Write T if sentence is true. Write F if it is not true. a. The puffer fish is poisonous. ———b. The puffer fish can double itself in size. c. The puffer fish lives off the coast of Canada. —— 4. The putfer fish is a popular food in Central America. e. The puffer fish is called fugu in Japanese. 2. These words will help you understand the video, Read the words and their definitions, cyanide: a deadly poison gourmet: an expert on fine food licensed: permitted by the government or an official group antidote: a cure for someone who ate a poison auctioneer: a person in charge of public sales 3. Choose one of the words above for each of these sentences. a. She refused to eat at fast-food restaurants because she was a b. The _______ sold the house for $500,000. . That restaurant is ______to sell alcohol. d. The poison of the puffer fish is hundreds of times more deadly than : e. There isan ___ for most poisonous snake bites, but none for the poison in a puffer fish. 112 x Unit 3: FoodzB As You Watch You will see five places in the video, In each place, people are doing different activities. As you watch, drawo lines to connect the people with the places and the activities. One is done for you. Places People Activities fish market chefs put live puffer fish restaurant cutters, in trays fish factory buyers and sellers / arrange fugu ona auction workers plate restaurant kitchen —_ diners eat fugu. put their hands under a cloth remove insides of puffer fish EH After You Watch 1. The people who sell puffer fish say that no more than a dozen people die each year from eating it. But some journalists and other writers say that more than one hundred people die every year. What does the interviewer say on the video? Eee dese TErae aver Peder nee 2, In the video, a puffer fish seller says he wants to export fugu to other countries. He says he will export fugu without its poisonous parts, Imagine that you are a buyer in another country. What questions would you ask him before buying his product? fgets see Eee gsr eee Stee eee tessa eee Bee ve eee eee eee See eee ce 3. Does the puffer fish seller have the right to export his fish? ‘Take a vote in your class and see which opinion wins. 113 Video Highlights 4In a Restaurant 1. Nathan, Birgit, Shao Wong, and Chandra are ordering food in a restaurant, Read what they're saying about their likes and dislikes, then choose a meal for each person. ‘Shao Wong Chandra Nathan Birgit Menu Appetizers Soup Mixed Salad Shark Fin 100-Year-Old Eggs Cheese and Onion Creamed Beef on Toast Beef and Noodle Cheese Puffs Egg and Sweet Corn ‘Main Course Dessert, Roast Beef with Vegetables Chocolate Cream Pie Fish with Cream Sauce Fresh Apricots Soyburger with Salad Cheese and Crackers Lobster Mayonnaise Ice-Cream Sundae ShaoWong Chandra Nathan _Birgit a ethan Scere area vec Soup Main Course Dessert 2. Pretend you're one of the four people in activity 1. Order a meal, Your partner has to guess which of the four people you are. Example: For an appetizer, I'd like 100-Year-Old Eggs. Then Vil have Shark-Fin Soup. For my main course, I'm going to choose ..... (Birgit) 114 x Unit 3: FoodDictionary Page Parts of Speech 1. The dictionary entries below contain the names of different parts of speech (noun, verb, adverb, and adjective). One is circled. Circle the others. experience /1k’spirians/Goun) T anevent: Our visit fo Alaska toa a pleasant experience. 2 understanding gained through doing something: ‘She has years of experience in teaching. experience verb experienced, experiencing, experiences to feel or know by personal involvement in: She has experienced difficulties (satisfaction, success, etc.) in her new job. populate /"papyalett/ verb populated, populating, populates 1 to fill an area with people: People from Europe populated many parts of the Americas. 2 to live in an area, to inhabit it: People from all over the ‘world populate Neto York City, population / papya'letfan/ noun all of the people living in a specific area: The ‘population of this city is 8 million. rapid /‘reepid/ adjective very fast, quick: His rapid speech is difficult to understand. —adcerb rap 2. Choose a word from the entries above for each sentence below. Use the correct verb forms and singular or plural nouns. a. He wrote about his many strange ——_____ while living in the desert. b. There was a __________ increase in the price of gasoline last month. c. Fifty percent of the ______ here travels to ‘work by bus. 4. The fast train will take us to London. e. She severe stomach pain after eating the leftover food. 115 Dictionary Page cs3. In the dictionary entries below, the parts of speech are missing. Read each entry carefully, and then write noun, verb, adjective, or adverb in the space provided. critical /‘kritikal/ ( 1 pointing out problems: The teacher wrote critical remarks on my paper about mistakes that 1 made 2 very important: It is critical that you study for the exam or you will fail it, 3 dangerous, urgent: Her ilfuess is at the critical stage where she may die. criticize /*krita saiz/ ( critcized, criticizing, criticizes 1 to evaluate some form of art as a profession: ‘The newspaper's critic criticized the new movie as boring. 2 to point out faults in someone or something: The teacher criticized the student's poor spelling. valuable /veelyuabal, -yabal/ ¢ ) ) T having worth or value: Gold jewelry is valuable. 2 useful, helpful: a valuable piece of information valuables ( ) objects that have a high monetary value such as jewelry or artwork: She keeps her valuables in safe. value /'veelyu/ ( valued, valuing, values 1 to think something is important: I value my test friend’s advice. 2 to puta price on something: Au expert valued the painting at $1 million, value ( ) 1 worth: The value of this home has doubled since we have owned it. 2 plural ideals, standards: We have tried to teach our children values like honesty and hard work. ) 116 >< Unit 3: FoodContext Clues Put a circle around the letter of the answer that means the same as the word in bold. 1, Atmidnight there was a loud noise in the kitchen. Ali went to the kitchen, but no one was there. The cause of the noise was a mystery. a. something pleasant ¢. something familiar D. something normal d. something unknown 2. Juan couldn’t find anyone at school when he got there. The school was deserted. a. closed for the day ©. dark b. without any people d. full of people 3. Yuri opened his diary and turned to a new page. What had happened that day? He thought for a few minutes and then began to write. a. record of the day’s events ¢. newspaper D. list of daily tasks d. shopping list 4. We could see the tracks of a large animal in the snow. a. ears «. elbows b. footprints d. hooks 5. Sara writes stories and poems about the future. She has a wonderful imagination. a. knowledge c. mental ability b. creative ability d. mathematical ability 6. Lori didn’t come to class yesterday, but the teacher didn’t notice that she was absent. a. sick ¢. not serious b. careless d. not there Unit 4: Mysteries‘That island is very isolated. The nearest land is hundreds of miles away. a. near other places c. far from other places b. deserted d. pleasant 8. Most of the Europeans who came to America in the early days settled along the northeast coast. Only a few people ‘moved south. a. looked at the land c. explored b. moved in and stayed d. relocated 9, Three generations live in my house—me, my parents, and my grandparents. a. families . age levels in a family c. committees d. important events ina day 10. You hear a loud noise when something in the distance explodes. a, goes away slowly b. becomes rare c. blows apart forcefully d. moves on the floor 11. Someone puta fence around the garden to prevent animals from entering. a. stop c. help b. allow d. encourage Context Clueslesson The Marie Celeste Fon roger agen Before You Read —— 1. What are the names of some famous ships? 2. What might happen to a ship when it goes across the ocean? 3. Do you like to read mysteries? i Unit 4: Mysteries1 The Marie Celeste Qo There are many stories about the ocean. One of the strangest is a true story about a sailing ship. It is a mystery even today. In 1872, the Marie Celeste started on a trip across the Atlantic Ocean with a crew of ten people. Some time later, the captain of another ship, the Dei Gratia, saw the ‘Marie Celeste. There was something strange about its appearance. The captain called out, but there was no answer. The Marie Celeste seemed deserted. ‘When the captain went to inspect the ship, no one came to meet him. He knew something was wrong, but there were no signs of violence. Nothing was missing, and there was no damage to the ship’s instruments. And strangely enough, there was food on the table. Where was everyone? Did the crew jump from the Marie Celeste? Or did something come up from the ocean and take the captain and crew away? The captain of the Dei Gratia looked around for clues. The last entry in the Marie Celeste’s diary was ten. == days earlier. However, the food on the table was only a few days old. Someone was on the ship a few days before, but they didn’t write anything in the ship’s = diary. Why? There were many different explanations for the mystery of the Marie Celeste. Some people thought that a huge octopus ate the crew. Others said bad weather very large cartied them away. A few people believed that the Marie Coleste was under a curse, because it sank on a later sent underwater | voyage. Now that the Marie Celeste lies somewhere at the bottom of the ocean, no one can ever solve the mystery. Lesson 1: The Marie Celeste :fa Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. crew diary appearance huge clues inspect curse explanations mystery sank deserted damage violence 1. Nothing was missing, and there wasno_________ tothe ship's instruments. 2. A few people believed that the Marie Celeste was under a —________, because it ona later voyage. 3. The Marie Celeste seemed ________, 4. In 1872, the Marie Celeste started on a trip across the Atlantic Ocean with a of ten people. 5. When the captain went to _________ the ship, no one came to meet him. 6. There were many different ________ for the mystery of the ‘Marie Celeste, 7. He knew something was wrong, but there were no signs of 8. Itisa__________ even today. 9. There was something strange about its 10. The last entry in the Marie Celeste’s ___________was ten days earlier. 11, The captain of the Dei Gratia looked around for == 12, Some people thought thata__________ octopus ate the crew. Unit 4; Mysteriesb Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. curse diary huge appeared = clues explanation mystery damage violently deserted inspect sank crew = 1. He looked at the to his car. It was worse than he thought. 2. The captain and were happy the voyage was over. 3, Astrong wind shook the boat : 4, Many young people keep a in which they write down all their secrets. == 5. An officer came to the burned house. He reported that the fire was an accident. 6. Although the house seemed , Sally was sure a= someone lived there. E 7. He was late for class, but he had a good 8, Ithrew a coin in the water, and it quickly 9. Itwasa . Someone entered a locked room oo took the money. 10. They live ina house. It has more than 30 rooms. 11, The only ____— to the murder were a train ticket and a key. 412. That family seems to be under a . Three of their children died in less than a year. = 13. When the president _ everyone in the room stood up. 9 123 Lesson 1: The Marie Celeste .a Vocabulary Review Put the right word in each blank. processed retired customers leak ingredients steps took place career eventually except risky shortage 1. Everyone is going to the tournament _____ my brother. He is going to stay at home. 2. In the morning, the store is usually empty, but in the afternoon there are usually alotof —_______. 3. Alotof_______ foods come in cans. 4. Their son took his first few _______ yesterday. 5. Do you know when the American Revolution ______? 6. Ifshe works hard, she will ___________ become a great athlete. a My uncle was very bored afterhe ________ so he gota part- time job. It’s very _____to ride in a car without wearing your seatbelt. 9. When there is a__ of something, the price usually goes up. 10. One of the ___ in my favorite food is salt. 11. He hopes to havea _____in medicine, but he doesn’t want to work in a hospital. 12. Alot of water came into the house througha_______ in the roof. d Comprehen: ion: Multi ple Choice Put a circle around the letter of the best answer, 1. The name of the ship that disappeared was : a, the Dei Gratia b. amystery ¢, the Marie Celeste. the Marie Azores 2. The Marie Celeste was sailing in the Ocean. a. Allantic b. Indian c. Pacific d. Japanese 3. The story takes place in the year a. The year isnot given. b. 1880. 1782 d. 1872. ~ 124 9 Unit 4: Mysteries4, The captain who discovered the Marie Celeste was called ——. a. Michael c. Captain Nicolai b. The captain’s name is not given. d. Dei Gratia 5, There was a on the table. a. fight b. death —c. storm — d. meal 6. The last entry in the diary was days before. a. four b.seven c. 400d. ten 7. The food on the table was only old. a. afewhours b. sevendays c. afewdays — d. some days 8, The mystery of the Marie Celeste was solved. a. probably b. never finally. at last =] Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. What kind of a ship was the Marie Celeste? 2. How many crew members were on the Marie Celeste at the beginning of the trip? How many when she was discovered? 3. Where was the ship going? 4. Did this take place less than a century ago? More than a century ago? ‘What was the date? 5, Who first knew something was wrong with the Marie Celeste? 6. Why did the captain go to inspect the Marie Celeste? 7. When was the last entry in the ship’s diary? When was the Jast ‘meal eaten? “8, What is strange about these last two facts? 9. Was anyone able to explain the mystery of the Marie Celeste? #10, What do you think happened to the crew of the Marie Celeste? 11. What happened to the Marie Celeste on a later voyage? il Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. No one can explain what happened to the captain and crew of the ‘Marie Celeste. >. There are many strange things in the ocean, and that’s why it’s dangerous to travel by ship. 3, The Marie Celeste traveled across the Atlantic Ocean without a captain and crew. 125 ? Lesson 1: The Marie Celestelesson The Roanoke Settlement 1. What does the picture show that tells you the man is an explorer? 2. What do you know about the first Europeans who came to live in North America? 3. What new places have you explored? 126 9 ‘ Unit 4: MysteriesThe Roanoke Settlement Only a few Europeans lived in North America in the 16th century. Most of them settled on the northeast stayed to live coast. In 1587, a small group of about 100 people decided to go south. They moved to the small island of Roanoke. That area later became part of the state of North Carolina. Unfortunately, the Roanoke settlers weren’t well prepared. They didn’t have enough food for the winter, tnd there wasn’t enough grain for future crops. Their leader, Captain White, decided to sail back to England to get supplies. However, there was a war in Europe, and three years passed before he returned to North America. ‘When Captain White came back to Roanoke in 1590, he was eager to see the settlers. He looked out from his ship, but no one was there to meet him. There were no signs of life. The settlement was deserted. No one knows why the Roanoke settlers disappeared. Many people thought that hostile Native very wntiendly ‘Americans killed them, but there were no signs of a fight. Some thought that the settlers died from hunger or disease, but they couldn’t explain the absence of bodies. Many years later, more settlers came to North Carolina. One of them met a Native American group called the Lumbee, They were unusual looking compared to the black-haired, brown-eyed Native ‘Americans in the north. Some Lumbee had blonde hair = and gray eyes. Then he listened to their speech and ‘iimont fell off his horse. They seemed to speak an odd unwswal kind of English! He asked where they were from. None of them knew, but they said that their grandparents “talked from a book.” Did they mean that their grandparents were ‘ble to read? As he rode back home, he asked himself a 9° 127 Ege RE soe eee eS [esson 2: The Roanoke Settlement .Auestion: Were the Lumbee people the descendants of the Roanoke settlers? People are still asking the identical question. same Because there are no written records, we can’t be certain, However, there is one interesting fact. Today, some of the Lumbee people have names iike Sampson, Dare, and Cooper. They are identical to the names of the vanished — disappeared settlers of Roanoke Island, eager vanished settled identical fight disappeared descendants compared hostile war odd absence 1. However, there was a Toe in Europe, and three years Couldn’texplain the of bodies, 6 Were the Lumbee people the ———____ of the Roanoke settlers? eM peas eee ee ‘teem atime settlers of Roanoke Island, 8. When Captain White came back to Roanoke in 1590, he was ~~ to sce the settlers. 9. Many people thought that _—— Native Americans killed them, but there were no signs of a oe nanseeennTune 10. They seemed to speak an aed of English! 128 ? Unit 4: Mysteriesb Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. eager war odd settled fighting vanished descendants disappearance absence identical compared hostile 1. The between the North and the South in the United States started in 1861. 2. There is an smell in the house. I can’t say what itis. 3, Most of the guests after supper. I think they only came for the food. 4 to last year, he is doing well in school. 5, During the revolution, there was a lot of 2 6. Scientists are worried about the of many types of animals. 7. Of course, the two girls look the same. They're twins. 8, The Hansens live in that house. They are the of the people who first came to our town 100 years ago. “Most of the first Eastern European immigrants to the United States in big cities. to hear what you did in my ,”" said Jenny. “Did you finish your book while ° 10. “I’m Twas away?” 11. At first, the tribes were friendly, but later they became 129 Tesson 2: The Roanoke Settlementa Vocabulary Review Match the word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the same, The first one is done for you. Column A Column B 1. immediately __."ightbnow __ a, reason. 2. rapid b. often 3. quite a few ¢. right now 4. explanation d. very old 5. frequently e. not sweet 6. powerful £. common 7. ahead g. fast 8. ancient ‘hh. many 9. familiar i. in front 10. bitter j. strong d Comprehension: Multiple Choice Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. 1. When Captain White returned to the Roanoke settlement, meet him. came to a. a tribe of Native Americans c. a small group b. only one person d. nobody 2. Only a few Europeans lived in North America in the - a. winter c. Civil War years b. 16th century d. 17th century 3. The Roanoke settlers supplies for the winter. a. had enough c. didn’t have enough b. had plenty of d. didn’t need 4. Captain White stayed in England for <= a. five years c. three years b. five months d. a few months 5. The Lumbee people spoke an odd kind of : a. English c. French b, Native American language _d. Spanish 130 9 Unit 4: Mysteries6. A group of about 100 people moved south to what is now the state of a. South Carolina b. Virginia. West Virginia d. North Carolina 7. Captain White didn’t return to Roanoke for three years because there was @ in Europe. a contest. b. war. revolution —_d. committee 8. Many years later, more settlers moved south and met a group of Native ‘Americans called the a. Roanokes b. Carolinas. c. Lumbee —_d. Europeans 9, Some of the Lumbee names were —— to those of the vanished Roanoke settlers. a. unknown —b. identical ¢. unfamiliar d. odd fe Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. Atffirst, where did most Europeans settle in North America? 2. How many people were in the group that moved south? 3, Where did they settle? 4, Why were they called the Roanoke settlers? 5, Were the Roanoke settlers well prepared for winter? 6. Who decided to go back to England? Why? 7 8. 9 ". How long was he away? What stopped him from coming back? . In what year did he come back? What did he see? |. What was the name of the group of Native Americans who spoke an odd sort of English? 10. The Lumbee said that their grandparents “talked from a book.” What is another way of saying this? 11. What are the names of some of the Lumbee people? What is interesting about those names? a Main Idea Which is the main iden of this lesson? Choose one. +L In the late 16th century, the Roanoke settlers vanished, and no one knows where they went. 2, The Lumbee people are definitely descendants of the lost Roanoke settlers. 3, The mystery of the Roanoke settlement proves that the early European settlers in North America had a very difficult life. 5 131 Lesson 2: The Roanoke Settlementlesson The Easter Island Statues 2 laa KaateooFOs Before You Read —— 1. What are the statues in the picture probably made of? 2. How tall do you think they are? 3. Why do you think the statues are there? 132 9 ‘ Unit 4: Mysteries3.‘ The Easter Island Statues When the first sailing ship came to Easter Island in 11722, the captain and crew were afraid to land. They saw sgianls looking down at them from the high cliffs. The | giants didn’t move, so the ship slowly moved closer Finally, the sailors realized that the giants were statues. Who made these huge statues? How did they get there? Easter Island is a very small island in the Pacific Ocean. It is more than 2,000 miles from the nearest continent (South America). It is one of the most isolated places on earth. ‘The biggest statue on Easter Island is over 60 feet high and weighs over 100 tons. There are hundreds of smaller ones, about 15 feet high. All of the statues are made of stone, and some wear stone hats. Their faces are solemn and unsmiling. Farlier inhabitants of Easter Island made the statues from the rocks in a volcanic crater: Next, they had to ‘move the statues a long distance. In some cases, they moved the statues to locations more than ten miles away. No one knows for certain how the inhabitants were able to move the statues. Some scientists say that palm trees grew on Easter Island in the past. They think the inhabitants cut the trees down and placed the heavy statues on the trees. Then groups of 70 or more people rolled the statues to their present locations. Other scientists disagree with this theory because there are no palm trees on the island today. More important, the purpose of the statues is still a mystery. Was the purpose of the statues to prevent strangers from landing on the island? The result, however, has been the opposite. Large groups of eager people come to look at the statues. Faster Island now has a modern airport, and people come from all over the world to visit. Tesson 3: The Easter Island Statues very large people or things away from other places and people people living in a place places | tumed over and over not allow 9 133a Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from thertext. statues cliffs present rolled giants locations prevent theory realized isolated crater inhabitants solemn 1. Their faces are and unsmiling. 2. Finally, the sailors ___ that the giants were 3. It is one of the most ______places on earth. 4. They saw looking down at them from the high 5. In some cases, they moved the statues to ‘more than ten miles away. 6. Other scientists disagree with this_____________ because there are no palm trees on the island today. 7. Earlier _____ of Easter Island made the statues from the rocks in a volcanic : 8. Then groups of 70 or more people ________the statues to their ——________loations. 9. Was the purpose of the statues to ______ strangers from landing on the island? 134 Unit 4: Mysteries6 Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. cliff presently roll giant isolation location inhabitants theory crater realize prevent statues solemn 1. Don’t carry the rock. Just it down the hill. 2. In _ we should get eight hours of sleep every night. In practice, we often sleep only five or six hours. a of former kings and queens lined the entrance to the cathedral. 4, Last year, there were ten people in the club, , there are only five. 5. The redwood tree is a . It grows very tall. 6. Don’t go too close to the side of the You might fall off. 7. When did you that your daughter is a good athlete? 8. One hundred years ago, the of our town were all farmers. 9. The of the volcano wasn't dead. The villagers expected it to erupt at any moment. 10. This is a very good for our farm. It has water and lots of trees. 11. My grandfather was a person. He almost never laughed. 12, What can we do to the birds from returning and eating the fruit? 5 2 13. They put him in because he had a contagious disease. a Lesson 3: The Easter Island Statues .‘Match the word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the opposite. The first one is done for you. Column A Column B 1. identical ___hidifferent__ a. presence 2 huge Bs. friendly 3. sinks ©. very bad 4. hostile d. emptied 5. absence e. along time ago 6. normal £. careful 7. excellent g. allows 8 careless sh. different 9. filed i, refuse 10. decrease j. small UL forbids ik. unusual 12, strange 1. familiar 13. recently m. increase 14. accept 7. comes up a Comprehension: True/False/No Information Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if itis false. Write NI if no information about the sentence was given in the text. —— 1. The first ship to arrive at Easter Island was a steam ship. —— 2. At first, the sailors thought the giants were real people. ——— 3. The sailors realized that the giants were statues. ——— 4. Easter Island is very close to South America 5, Faster Island lies in the Pacific Ocean. ——— 6. There are many huge stone statues on the island. 7. The statues have smiling faces. 8. The present inhabitants of Easter Island made the statues. 9, There are many volcanoes on the island. 136 9 Unit 4; Mysteries____10, No palm trees grow on the island today. ____11. The statues were placed on the cliffs to welcome visitors. “12, Today, many people visit Easter Island to look at the statues. fe Questions ‘The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot fied it in the text. Is Easter Island large or small? Which ocean is it in? How far away is the nearest continent? What are the statues on Easter Island made from? How tall is the biggest statue? How much does it weigh? Can you describe the faces of the statues? ‘Where did the rocks for the statues come from? How far did the inhabitants move some of the statues? 10. Did the present inhabitants of Easter Island make the statues? 1. What is one possible purpose of the statues? +12. What do you think the purpose of the statues was? i Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1, The early inhabitants of Easter Island made huge statues whose purpose is a mystery. 2. The early inhabitants of Easter Island spent years placing the statues in their present locations. 3, Easter Island has many visitors every yeat- PEN ae ee Lesson 3: The Easter Island Statueslesson The Tunguska Fireball Inge Enea ae Before You Read 1. What is happening in the picture? 2. Where do meteors come from? 3. What other things come from space? 138 Unit 4: Mysteries4 The Tunguska 2 Fireball The Tunguska plateau is an isolated area in central Siberia. On the moming of June 30, 1908, inhabitants of the area saw and heard a mysterious explosion. Fire covered the sky, and the earth shook violently. In the following nights, there were strange lights in the sky. The night sky was so bright that people could read the newspaper outdoors. Far away in Europe, many people reported seeing unusual lights in the night sky. described The Tunguska plateau is very difficult to reach, so no one went to inspect the site of the explosion. Most place people thought the explosion was probably an earthquake, and they soon forgot about it. Nineteen years passed before Leonid Kulik, a Russian scientist, went to look for the site of the explosion. With great difficulty, he traveled on foot to the Tunguska plateau. What he saw there amazed him. As far as he could see, the trees were black. Many lay flat on the ground. The explosion burned perhaps 80 million trees over an area of about 1,000 square miles. After seeing the destruction, Kulik decided that a meteor probably caused the explosion. - For many years, the meteor theory was the most popular explanation for the Tunguska explosion. However, there were problems with this theory. No one could find the crater where the meteor hit the ground, and no one could find any pieces of a meteor. In addition, some of the trees at the center of the also, besides explosion weren't burned. Over the years, there were many explanations for the ‘Tunguska explosion. Some people thought it was a huge bomb. Others suggested that it was an exploding offered an idea spaceship. One recent theory is that the meteor | exploded in the air before it hit the ground. That explains the missing crater, but it doesn’t explain the missing pieces of a meteor. A more recent theory foe 9 _139 Lesson 4: The Tunguska Fireball .suggests something completely different. Perhaps it wasn’t something from outer space that destroyed the area, Instead, some scientists now think gas from the center of the earth caused the explosion. Scientists continue to travel to the Tunguska plateau looking for clues to the cause of the explosion. Every few years newspapers report that scientists finally have a solution to the Tunguska mystery. So far, however, until now scientists can’t agree on the cause of the explosion. For them, the Tunguska explosion is still one of the great mysteries of all time a Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. bright meteor flat plateau sile covered shook suggested in addition so far explosion ground reported 1. Far away in Europe, many people _____ seeing unusual lights in the night sky. 2. Fire____________ the sky, and the earth violently. 3. After seeing the destruction, Kulik decided that a probably caused the explosion. 4, On the morning of June 30, 1908, inhabitants of the area saw and heard a mysterious wes 5. Many lay __________ onthe : 6. _____ however, scientists can’t agree on the cause of the explosion. 7. The Tunguska plateau is very difficult to reach, so no one went to inspect the ____ of the explosion. 8, The night sky was so ________ that people could read the newspaper outdoors. 140 9 Unit 4: Mysteries9. The Tunguska is an isolated area in central Siberia. 10. Others _______ that it was an exploding spaceship. 11, _____, some of the trees at the center of the explosion weren't burned. 6 Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. bright exploded flat suggestions plateau site covered shaking inaddition so far ground, meteor reporter 1, We are saving money to buy acar._, we have $2,000 in the bank. 2, The sun wasso___ that she had to wear sunglasses. 3. Llooked up at the night sky, and suddenly a flashed past. |. _______ to soccer, he likes to play baseball and basketball. 5. We ________ the food on the table so that the flies couldn’t touch it. 6, dropped my watch on the __, and now I can’t find it. 7. Isat on his hat, and now it's 8, The _____ of the battle is a museum. Many visitors go there every year. 9. What should we do this weekend? Do you have any _______? 10. He's so nervous that his hands are —__. 11. The ___________is high, over 3,000 feet above sea level. = 12, The newspaper _________ inspected the site of the car accident = and described what he saw. 13. After the car rolled over, it caught fire and 9 141 Tesson 4: The Tunguska Fireball fE Vocabulary Review Underline the word that does not belong in each group. . mysterious, odd, powerful, strange inspect, vanish, disappear, go away . theory, idea, location, suggestion . location, flat, site, place . inhabitants, customers, crew, statues . meteor, plateau, valley, cliff roll, curse, throw, touch flat, bitter, sweet, delicious d Comprehension: Multiple Choice Put a circle around the letter of the best answer, 1. On June 30, 1908, there was a huge SNOUReVe in central Siberia a. damage . explosion b. tundra d. mystery 2. In 1908, the Tunguska plateau was —_ a. very crowded c. a popular place to visit b. near a big city d. far from everything 3. Aplateau is a. an area destroyed by an explosion b. ahigh flat area ©. a Siberian house d. abright light 4. No one inspected the site of the explosion in 1908 because —__ a, it was hard to get to b. it was dark at night c. no one was interested d. everyone thought the explosion was an earthquake 5. The Tunguska explosion burned a. everything in the area ‘b. most but not all trees in the area c. all of the buildings in the area d. a few trees in the area 142 9 : Unit 4: Mysteries6. At first, people thought __— caused the explosion. a. gas c. anearthquake b, ameteor d.a spaceship 7, Ameteor isn’t a good explanation for the explosion because a. there is no crater in the ground b. there aren’t any pieces of a meteor in the area . trees in the center of the area weren’t burned. d. all of the above 8. Today most scientists : a. don’t agree on the cause of the explosion b. think that a meteor caused the explosion ¢. aren’t interested in the cause of explosion d. think that a volcano caused the explosion fe Questior “The asterisk (*) means you have to think ofthe answer. You cannot find iim the text. 1. Where is the Tunguska plateau? 2. What happened there in 1908? 3. How did people in Europe know that something happened there? «4, What usually happens when large meteors hit the earth? 5, Why wasit so long before any scientist traveled to the Tunguska plateau to see what had happened? 6. What was the area like after nineteen years? 7. Can you give two explanations for the Tunguska explosion? 8. What's the problem with the meteor theory? What is the most recent explanation for the explosion? What do you think caused the Tunguska explosion? Mail dea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. The Tunguska explosion in 1908 destroyed a huge area in central Siberia. 2. ‘The Tunguska explosion was so powerful that people in Europe heard it. 3 In 1908, « mysterious explosion occurred in Siberia. No one really knows what happened. 9 143 Tesson 4: The Tunguska Fireballlesson Mystery of the Monarchs Before You Read 1. What do you know about butterflies? 2. How far do you think a butterfly can fly? 3. Can you think of anything mysterious about butterflies? 144 9 z Unit 4: Mysteries5 Mystery of the 9 Monarchs Monarch butterflies from the eastern part of North America make the most amazing journey in the insect tong tip world. Each year, this tiny creature travels up to 3,000 very small miles (4,800 kilometers) to its winter home in central Mexico. How can it fly so far? And what is the purpose of its long and dangerous trip? Scientists still don’t have an explanation. For many years, people in Mexico wondered whete asked themselves the orange-and-black butterflies came from every winter. Then, in 1937, a scientist put the first wing tags on some of the butterflies. For the next 20 years, he tagged and tracked Monarch butterflies. He discovered that one butterfly started its journey in Ontario, Canada. Four months and 1,870 miles later, it arrived in Mexico. The length of the butterflies’ trip is only one part of the mystery. Another amazing thing is that the butterflies always return to the same location in central Mexico. In fact, Monarchs from all over the eastern part of North America spend the winter at just a dozen places in Mexico. All of these places are within 300 square miles of each other! You can imagine how crowded the area is with butterflies. How do the butterflies find their way back to the | tag same place? This is an interesting question because only every fourth generation makes the trip south, In other words, the butterfly that travels to Mexico this year is the great-great-grandchild of the butterfly that traveled there last year. Each year, four generations of a Monarch butterfly family are born. Each generation of the family has a very different life. The first generation of Monarchs is bom in the south in late April. It slowly moves north, reproduces, and then dies. On the trip north, two more _ lays eggs or has babies generations are born, reproduce, and die. Each of these generations of butterflies lives for only two to five weeks. 9 145 Lesson 5: Mystery of the Monarchs ‘In the fal, the fourth generation of butterflies is born. Compared to its parents, this generation has a long life. It lives for about eight months. This generation of butterflies makes the amazing journey to the winter home of its great-great-grandparents. The butterflies spend the winter there, and in the spring they reproduce and then die. Their offspring will be the first generation children of the next cycle. Today, people are still studying the Monarch butterfly. In 1997, volunteers tagged more than 75,000 butterflies. You can volunteer to help, too. Just go to the Internet and look up the organization Monarch Watch. a Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. offspring tiny wondered tags journey volunteers imagine cycle reproduces _generation tracked 1. For many years, people in Mexico ____where the orange- and-black butterflies came from every winter. 2. It slowly moves north, _____ and then dies. 3. Monarch butterflies from the eastern part of North America make the most amazing ____ in the insect world. 4, In 1997,___ tagged more than 75,000 butterflies. 5, Each year, this ____ creature travels up to 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) to its winter home in central Mexico. 6. For the next 20 years, he tagged and ______ Monarch butterflies. 7. This is an interesting question because only every fourth makes the trip south. 146 9 f Unit 4: Mysteries8. Then, in 1937, a scientist put the first wing on some of the butterflies. 9. Their will be the first generation of the next 10. You can _____how crowded the area is with butterflies. 6 Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. offspring tinier journey wonder volunteer imagine tag generations reproduce cycle track 1. Three of my family live in the same house. 2. Iputa____ on my suitcase so that I could identify it at the airport. 3, Inever saw a Monarch butterfly, but I can what it looks like. a dollar bill. work because she needed to 4. Its illegal to 5, She had to stop her earn some money. 6. It’s easy to animals when there is snow on the ground. 7. This place is deserted. 1 _____ where everyone is. 8. Their ________ across the continent took several years. 9. [know your parents have at least one 10. A poppy seed is ________ than an apple seed. 11. The _______ of the seasons is fall, winter, spring, and summer. 9 147 Tesson 5: Mystery of the Monarchs f| Vocabulary Review Put the right word in ench blank. damage descendants encouraged explain inspect diary remove missed realize eager event snack 1. My children and my grandchildren are my : 2, Ileft my notebook at school, but I didn’t_________ it until. got home. 3. He did a lot of _____to his car when he hit the tree. 4, She has a good record of her vacation because she wrote in her almost every day. 5. I didn’t want to participate in the event, but my parents = ing. 6. Besure to _____ the car carefully before you buy it. 7 Idon’t understand this definition. Could you to me? 8, often have some fruit for a the afternoon. 9. The birth of a child is a happy ina person’s life, 10. When he was away, he his friends and family a lot. 11. Do you usually ___ your shoes before you go inside? 12. They weren't to come to the meeting, but they came anyway, it in the middle of Comprehension: True/False/No Information Write T if the sentence is true, Write F ifit is false. Write NI if no information about the sentence was given in the text. 1, Eastern Monarch butterflies travel to Mexico for the winter. —1__.2. Allof the butterflies live in the same area during the summer. —11! 3. Monarch butterflies travel all the way to Mexico without stopping. —— 4 The eastern Monarch butterflies live in different parts of Mexico. —— 5. Each generation lives for eight months. 148 9 ‘ Unit 4: Mysteries__ £6 The same butterfly makes the trip south to Mexico and then’ back north to Canada. ‘ _1__ 7, Monarch butterflies are orange and black. __i_ 8. 1n 1937, a scientist discovered why the butterflies make this long trip. . People are still tracking Monarch butterflies. . Scientists don’t know why the butterflies always return to the same place. _») 11. The Monarch butterfly can fly very fast. ~~ 12, Three generations of butterflies live for just two to five weeks each. fe Questions _ “The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text 1, What does a Monarch butterfly look like? 2. Where does it go in the winter? *3. Where does it live the rest of the year? “4, How many miles a day can a butterfly fly? 5. How is the fourth generation of a Monarch family different from the other generations? 6. What is unusual about the Monarch butterflies’ journey to Mexico? 7. How long does it take for a butterfly to reproduce? *8, Why do you think people volunteer to tag butterflies? *9, Do you think these insects are interesting? E Main Idea Which is the main iden of this lesson? Choose one. 1. It's a mystery how and why the Monarch butterfly returns to Mexico ” every year. 2. The eastern Monarch butterfly makes the longest journey of any insect in the world. 3, Each generation of Monarch butterflies lives a very different life from the others. 9 149 Tesson 5: Mystery of the Monarchs f Word Studya Conjunctions: and/but We use conjunctions to connect ideas in a sentence. The conjunction but shows a contrast between two ideas. The conjunction and shows a similarity between two ideas. Examples: I wanted to eat outside, but it was raining. like to travel, but no one else in my family does. I wanted to eat outside, and my friends did, too. like to travel, and so do all of my friends. ‘Audi the conjunction and or but to ench sentence. 1. The captain expected to find someone on the Marie Celeste, —__t' __ no one was there. 2 The last diary entry on the Mare Celeste was ten days old, — the food was only afew days ald 3. Nothing on the ship was missing __* ___ the captain and crew were gone. 4, The Roanoke settlers didn’t have enough food for the winter, 2 they lacked grain for their future crops. 5. Captajn White was eager to see the settlers, —__" no one came to greet him. 6. People thought that the early Roanoke settlers had vanished forever, __l.\____ there are people today who still have the same names. 7. The Faster Island statues are carved from stone, 2" ___ some wear stone hats. 8, People in central Siberia saw a bright light, seconds later they heard a tremendous explosion. 9. Trees were still black from the explosion, 2) __ many of them lay flat on the ground. 10. The Monarch butterflies make a very long trip south, mt they always return to the same location. f Unit 4: Mysteries| Spelling Review 1. Look at the words below, and then answer the questions. Singular Plural Singular Plural toy toys navy navies holiday holidays story stories day days city cities donkey donkeys party parties a. How do you form the plural of a noun that ends in a vowel plus -y? b. How do you form the plural of a noun that ends ina consonant plus -y? 2. Write the plural form of each noun. . mystery . donkey theory army tray enemy diary . valley discovery j. worry Fame pogo 151 Word Study| Word Forms Verb Noun Adjective 1. isolate isolation isolated 2. desert desertion deserted 3. inspect inspection inspected 4. mystify mystery mysterious 5. imagine imagination imaginative 6. explode explosion explosive 7. compare comparison comparable 8. suggest suggestion suggested 9. destroy destruction destructive Put the correct word form in each blank. Use words from line 1 in item 1, and so on. Use the right verb forms and singular or plural nouns. 1. He lives ina very |) _ area, I think his closest neighbor is 50 miles away. 2. When the ship started to sink, everyone es it, 3. There is going to be an important tomorrow. I hope everything is ready when the boss comes to the office. 4, Wehearda noise last night. However, the.» ___was eventually explained. It was a white goat. 5. Whatan + __ that author has! In her last novel, she ____ she lived five hundred years ago in Hungary. 6. The gas. ____ when it got hot. The 1 woke everyone up. 7. My brother 1. _____ the two cars and decided to. buy the smaller one. 8, Clare has a good ._. She thinks we should meet on Sunday. 9. Itwasa very explosion. It every house on our street. 152 9 ‘ Unit 4: Mysteriesa Regular and Irregular Verbs Write the past tense of each verb. Then use the past tense in a sentence. 1. inspect 2. fight - vanish settle shake come find hit CENA Te 10. suggest e Collocations We often use certain adjectives and nouns together. For example, ‘we say a tall person and a high cliff. We don't usually say a high person or a tall cliff ‘Match the adjectives and nouns in the lists below. The first one is done ‘or you. Adjectives Nouns 1 solemn = __4face a tife 2. loud eb, ian, 3. long se. cliff 4. noisy eae cere reece eee fee 5. bright eta eee ries eng! 6. deserted 91 sf, dassroom 7. hostile 2 sg, light 8. high hh. explosion 9° 153 Word Study f153 a Writing Choose one or more of these topics and torite answers. 1. Which of the five mysteries was the strangest to you? Why? 2. Pretend that a member of the crew of the Marie Celeste wrote a message, put it in a bottle, and dropped the bottle in the ocean. You just found the bottle with the message. What does the message say? 3, Describe something mysterious—something you read or heard about. Unit 4: MysteriesVideo Highlights fa Before You Watch You have read about Easter Island. For each of these sentences, write T if the sentence is true. Write F if it is not true. —— 1. Easter Island is one of the most isolated islands in the world. ———— 2. The island is famous for its mysterious paintings. —— 3. Some of the statues on Easter Island are over 60 feet tall. —— 4. Easter Island is one of the largest islands in the world. b As You Watch There are some interesting facts in the video. As you watch, fil in the blanks in the sentences with some of the numbers from the list below. hundreds 3,000.55 1914 m1 20 60 1870s thousands 15,000 1. Some statues weigh _____of tons. 2. They are as much as ___ meters, or feet, high. 3. Tourism can have a downside for the island’s _______ inhabitants. 4, Bythe_________ only Easter Islanders remained. Video Highlights ‘156 Eg After You Watch Follow the directions to write on the map of Easter Island. 1. Draw an arrow pointing in the direction of South Americ: 2. Write Pacific Ocean and Easter Island on the appropriate lines on the map. 3. Moto Nui is an island off Easter Island’s southwestern tip. Make a cross where it is on the map. . In one of the four circles on the map, write N for north. 5. Draw a triangle connecting the three main voleanoes of Ranu Kau, Maunga Terevaka, and Katiki. 6. The original inhabitants of Easter Island made the statues from huge stones lying near the volcanic crater at Rano Raraku. Then they pulled the statues to Vinapu, almost ten miles away. Draw a line from one place to the other. » K Maunga Terevaka wat Rano Raraku ‘ Unit 4: MysteriesOG tis ets In the News TEENAGERS VANISH IN WHIRLWIND 1. Look at the newspaper headline above; then use items from the squares below to make up your own hendlines. Here are some verbs you might want to use: discover destroy shake damage amaze vanish capture throw Kick disappear § € “ i. teenagers | wrestler | scientists | customer inners ~ |T iee B=. Activity Page ‘2. Ababy-sitter wns in charge ofa small boy, Sammy. They were having a snack in the kitchen. She left the room to answver the phone. When she came back, she saw that Sammy had damaged many things. Work with a partner to find them. Below are some verbs you can use. damaged opened, burned broke undid wrote removed emptied unrolled tore dropped flooded Example: — Sammy tore the curtains. He cut the .... 158 9 f Unit 4: MysteriesLey (a tColatlata atx Informal Usage Often a word has two uses, one for formal speech and writing, and the other for everyday, or informal, speech. Your dictionary indicates whether a word has an informal meaning. 1. Read the dictionary entries below; then circle the number of the informal entry. The first one is done for you. broke /brouk/ 1 past tense of break ‘Dadjective informal without money: I an broke. neat /nit/ adjective Tin good order, (synonym) tidy: His house is always neat and clean. 2 skillfully done: a neat way of saying something 3 informal great, wonderful: We had a neat time at the party. —adverb neatly; —noun neatness, lot /lat/noun 1a piece of land: We own a small lot next to our house. 2 (no plural) one’s condition in life: It was his lot to become a priest. 3 informal a lot (of) or lots (of): a large amount or number: / like her a lot. He has lots of money, problems, etc. nut /nat/nown 1 a fruit with a hard shell or its seed: a candy made from fruit and nuts 2 informal a person who seems very odd or crazy: Stop acting like a nut! 3 a small piece of metal with a hole in the middle, used with a bolt kid /kid/noun. 1 informal a child 2a young goat noodle /‘nudl/ noun 1a long, narrow or wide, flat strip of pasta made from a mixture of flour, egg, and water: Boil the noodles first. 2 informal head: You can figure it out; just use your ‘noodle! Dictionary Page f2. Decide whether the words in bold are used formally or informally. Put a check mark (/) in the correct column: Formal or Informal. Formal Informal 1'mso broke I can’t afford to buy lunch. Fruit cake always contains raisins and nuts. ‘That was a really neat piece of music. What's the name of your kid brother? Julio’s made a lot of enemies. She always kept her room neat and tidy. oe meas oo0000 oo0000 3, Rewrite each sentence. Replace each boldfaced word with a synonym. The first one is done for you. a. My brother John is only a kid. My brother siohn is onty a child, b. He always acts like a nut. c. That cake’s got lots of cream in it. d. Your sister’s really neat. e, Im broke, but I have a credit card. f, She's smart, but she doesn’t use her noodle. 160 5 ‘ Unit 4: MysteriesBusinessPut a circle around the letter of the answer that means the same as the word in bold. 1. What a contrast there is between the two brothers! Charles is on the debating team. He’s quiet and very studious. Jake is, on the football team. He’s talkative and very active in sports. a, argument . comparison b. great difference d. question 2. They had a misunderstanding. He thought they agreed to meet at 5 o'clock. She thought they agreed to meet at 6 o'clock. a, lack of agreement about something b. relationship c. plan d. discovery 3. The hands on a clock indicate the time of day. a. prevent c. fill b. accept ! show 4. What is their relationship? Are they friends or business partners? a. work «. discovery b. generation 4d. connection 5. You can use gestures to communicate with someone who can’t hear you. a. loud noises b. bright lights . movements of the hands or head d. questions 6. Learning a foreign language is challenging for adults. It’s much easier for children to learn another language. a. easy ©. difficult b. fun d. clever Unit 5: Business7. He doesn’t want to drive me into the city, but he is willing to do it. a. nervous about c. agreeing b. against 4d. on time 8, Tell me some of the customs of your country. For example, are there any unusual ways of greeting people? What do you do on your important holidays? a. special thoughts c. special behaviors ». special opinions d. special answers 9. Thave $9.50. That's almost ten dollars. a. exactly c. alot more than b. close to d. alittle more than 10. He's very good at imitating people. He can do politicians and movie actors, but he’s best at imitating ordinary people. a. making friends with . copying the actions of b. signing agreements with _d. giving money to 11. Businesspeople often take their clients out to lunch. It’s a good idea because they get to know each other better, and it makes the clients feel valued. a. customers c. wives b. friends d. offspring 12. What an insult! When I greeted her, she walked past me as if she didn’t know me. a. stupid mistake c. unkind action or words b. happy answer 4. funny word 163 Context Clues esilesson The History of Money Before You Read 1. How can you tell that the money in the picture is from different countries? 2. Why do coins come in different sizes? 3. Why do you think we have paper money? 164 fe Unit 5: Business1 The History of Money Today, currency is a mixture of coins and paper money. But it wasn’t always that way. Before people had metal coins and paper bills, they used a lot of unusual things for money. In one part of the world, for example, people used sharks’ teeth for money. In some places, brightly colored feathers and rare seashells were money. People in one area even used the hair from elephants’ tails for money. No one knows for sure when people started using metal coins for money. The oldest coins are over 2,500 years old, so we know that people used coins a very long time ago. At first, people used precious metals, such as gold and silver, to make coins. They stamped the shape of a person or animal on each coin to indicate its value. In the 13th century, people in China used iron coins for their currency. These coins weren't worth very much, and people had to use many of them to buy things. Because it was inconvenient to carry so many of these coins, the government started making paper receipts. People took these receipts to banks and traded them for coins. This was the first example of paper money. Today, most countries use a mixture of coins and paper bills for their currency. In the United States, the paper bills are all the same size and color. For example, the $1 bill is the same size and color as the $100 bill. In many other countries, the bills have different sizes and colors. The smaller bills are worth |) less money. This makes it easier for people to tell the value of their money. In 2002, twelve European countries started using a completely new currency. It’s called the euro. Many Eu- ropeans miss their old currencies, but now it’s easier to move money from one country to another. very valuable show not easy x 165 Lesson 1: The History of MoneyHere are a few more fascinating facts about the very interesting history of money. * Feathers were the lightest money ever used. People on the Pacific island of Santa Cruz used them. * Stones were the heaviest money ever used. People on the Pacific island of Yap used them. Some weighed over 500 pounds! * The smallest money ever used was in Greece. The coins were made of metal, but they were smaller than an apple seed. fa Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. currency worth facts precious coins iron bills metal inconvenient receipts indicate fascinating —_—traded 1. Because it was _______to carry so many coins, the government started making paper —__. 2. At first, people used ________ metals, such as gold and silver, to make coins. 3. Here area few more —___________about the history of money. 4. People took these receipts to banks and _____ them for coins, 5. Today, _________ isa mixture of _______ and paper money. 6. These coins weren't ______ very much, and people had to use many of them to buy things. 7. Before people had ________ coins and paper , they used a lot of unusual things for money. 8. They stamped the shape of a person or animal on each coin to _— its value. 9. In the 13th century, people in China used coins for their currency. 166 a Unit 5: Businessb Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in ench blank. facts precious coins worth bill indicates. ion metal inconvenient receipt traded fascinating currency 1, Each country has its own __. In Mexico, it's the peso, and in Japan, it’s the yen. 2. Anewspaper reporter needs all the ________ towritea good story. 3. My friends are more ______ to me than the most valuable jewels. 4, She spends most of her free time taking photographs. It’s a See 5. When you buy something in a store, they usually put the eee in the bag, 6, —____ isa common kind of metal. It has been used ine 7. Can you change a twenty-dollar ____ for me? 8. When people smile, it usually ______ that they are happy. 9. The bus is cheap, but it’s a little _______. It makes ten stops before it gets to the city. 10. Which car is ______ more money? 11, Paul his soccer ball for his friend’s basketball. I think they're both happy. 12, ____ is stronger than paper. “a 167 Lesson 1: The History of Moneya Vocabulary Review Put the right word in each blank. tiny war prevent sink odd destroyed flat suggest volunteers identical realize 1, Can you —uyys\ a good restaurant around here? 2. The hole in my shirt is __. I don’t think anyone will see it. 3. [can’t put the table here, because the ground isn’t 4, She looked so healthy that I didn’t _____ that she was sick. 5. There is an ____ smell in the room. I can’t identify it. 6. Ifyou throw a stone in the water, it will —_______ 7. My brothers bought __cars, but they didn’t do it on purpose. 8. There was a_i the United States in the 1860s. Many people died. 9. Chris was lucky he didn’t get hurt. His car was —_________. 10. That high fence helps to _____ people from entering. U1. Tneed some ___ to help me organize the party. Comprehensi Put a circle around the letter ofthe best answver. 1. In China in the 13th century, coins were made from —__. a. gold c. silver b. copper d.iron 2, The oldest coins are about years old. a. 6,000 ©. 2,500 . 8,000 d. 800 3. In most countries, the isa mixture of paper and coins. a. dollar . precious metal b. currency d. receipt 168 a Unit 5: Business4. People in China traded paper money for coins at a. banks c. warehouses b. ‘teahouses d. government offices 5, Paper became a form of money because _. a it was cheap b. it was easy to carry c. it was heavier than metal d. the government didn’t have any metal 6. The Chinese started to use instead of carrying around heavy iron coins. a. sharks’ teeth ©. receipts b. gold and silver d. dollars 7 were the lightest money ever. a. sharks’ teeth ¢. seashells b, feathers d. stones 8 _ were the heaviest money ever used. a. sharks’ teeth c. seashells b. feathers d. stones 9. Some of the stone money weighed over pounds. a. 500 c. 600 b. 60 4. 5,000 10. The smallest money ever was used in a, Greece ¢. Italy b. China d. the Pacific islands 11, The smallest coins ever were about the size of —__ a. postage stamps c. apple seeds b. apple cores d. seashells 12. The bills of many countries have sizes and colors. a. the same ¢. inconvenient b. different d. identical = 169 Lesson T: The History of Moneye Questions The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text, 1. What are some of the things people used before they had coins and bills? “2. How did people choose the things they used for money? 3, Do we know for certain when people first used metal coins? 4, What is the date of the earliest coins? 5. What metal did people first use to make coins? *6. How do most countries indicate the value of coins today? What metal did Chinese people use for coins in the 13th century? . What country made the first paper money? 9. Why did they make paper money? 10. Are all paper bills in the United States the same size and color? 11. Are bills the same size and color in other countries? 12. What is the euro? a Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. In the early days, many unusual things were used for money. 2. Paper currency started in China in the 13th century. 3. Coins and paper eventually replaced the early types of money. — iG Unit 5: Businesslesson Mass Marketing i T 4 : Before You Read 1. A logo is a symbol chosen by a business to use on its, products, advertisements, and so on. What logos do you see in the picture? 2. Are you familiar with any of these companies? 3. How do companies get people to buy their products? i 171 Lesson 2: Mass MarketingMass Marketing = In the 1880s, people drank John Pemberton’s tonic to cure headaches. It wasn’t a very popular drink, and he sold only about a dozen drinks a day. That’s why Pemberton was willing to sell the rights to his medicinal drink. The buyer, Asa Griggs Candler, paid just $2,300 for the rights to Coca-Cola. Today, Coca-Cola (or Coke) is worth billions of dollars. It controls 50 percent of the world market in soft drinks. How did Coca-Cola become so popular? One answer is that Asa Candler was a very clever businessperson. He was one of the first people to use mass marketing. How did he do this? First, he made his product unique. When he bought the rights to Coca-Cola, it came in ordinary bottles. It looked like every other drink on the market. To make Coca-Cola look different, Candler modernized the bottles. He also made an eye-catching, logo for his product. When other companies tried to imitate Coca-Cola's name, Candler took them to court, Inaddition to the unique bottle and logo, Candler | spent lot of time and money advertising his product. He used advertising to make a powerful image of Coca- Cola in the minds of his customers. He gave away free bottles of Coke. He put the name of his drink on pencils, trays, Japanese fans, matches, and many other things. Then he gave the things to people for free. He advertised Coca-Cola in the newspaper and painted the words “Drink Coca-Cola” on the sides of buildings and barns. By 1902, Coca-Cola was the best known product in the United States. Candler was also able to make memorable advertisements. They often had catchy slogans such as “The Pause That Refreshes.” He also used famous athletes to advertise his product. They helped people to think of Coca-Cola as a delicious drink for everyone. Today, businesses all over the world use mass marketing, but the makers of Coke were the first. 172 i make better smart selling a product in Targe numbers different from all others, special copy picture easy to remember Unit 5: Businessa Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. controls willing clever logo ‘unique mass marketing court memorable advertising imitate image cure market 1, One answer is that Asa Candler was a very businessperson. 2. He also made an eye-catching _______ for his product. 3. That's why Pemberton was ____ to sell the rights to his medicinal drink. 4. First, he made his product _________. 5. In the 1880s, people drank John Pemberton’s tonic to headaches. 6. In addition to the unique bottle and logo, Candler spent a lot of time and money _________ his product. 7. It________50 percent of the world ____ in soft drinks. 8, He used advertising to make a powerful _____ of Coca- Cola in the minds of his customers. 9. He was one of the first people to use —__. 10. Candler was also able to make ______________ advertisements. 11, When other companies tried to_____ Coca-Cola’s name, Candler took them to ay 173 Tesson 2: Mass Marketingb Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. clever control willing market unique mass-marketing court memorable image advertise imitate cure logos 1. Our trip was not very ____. Nothing interesting happened. 2. Egyptis ____ It’s the only country with such famous pyramids. 3. lam _____ to drive you to the city, but I can’t do it today. 4. Large businesses pay millions to have artists make up —______ for their products. 5. Helost__ of the car when it hit the wall. 6. Do you think we will ever havea________ for cancer? 7. There isn’t a large _______ for fax machines anymore. Most people use the Internet instead. 8. That fast-food company used _________ methods to get ahead of all its competition. 9. Iknow they ______ their product in the newspaper. I saw it there last week. 10. Thave an __ of himas a very unfriendly person, but his employees say he is really warm and fun-loving. IL. My boss is very __. She can fix anything. 12. A few kinds of birds can ______ the sounds of other animals. A parrot, for example, can make the sound of a cat or even say a few words. 13. Our neighbors are fighting over the land between their houses. They will probably take their fight to 174 ee Unit 5: Businessa Vocabulary Review Match the word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the same. The {first one is done for you. Column A 1. indicate site explode odd precious fascinate vanish hostile absent penawewen 10. 1. 12. identical rapidly bitter Comprehen: 1 show Mul Column B disappear blow up valuable |. not present . quickly f not sweet same FPRme Bo oe location i, strange . unfriendly interest show ere le Choice Puta circle around the letter of the best answer. 1. Coca-Cola controls of the world market in soft drinks. a. all ’b. 80 percent c. half d. more than 50 percent 2. At first, people drank Coca-Cola asa drink. a. mass-marketed —b. chocolate. —c. medicinal. breakfast 3. Coca-Cola has of the world soft-drink market. a. 80 percent b, 30 percent. 50 percent almost 100 percent 4, Asa Candler ____ the original Coca-Cola bottles. a. changed. ». liked c. mass marketed d. used 5. Among other places, Candler advertised his products on : a. airplanes b. customers cc. walls d. buses 6. By 1902, Coca-Cola was the product in the United States. a. cheapest. best-known —c. mostexpensive _d.. healthiest 7. The makers of Coke used to sell their product. a. mass marketing \b. advertising c. famous peopled. a, b, andc 175 Tesson 2: Mass Marketing ——$———_—_—_—_——Candler used an eye-catching logo for his product. “Eye-catching” refers to something : a. you can’t see . you can't avoid looking at b. delicious d. you don’t want to look at Candler gave away to promote Coca-Cola. a. the unique logo c. the rights to the drink b. time and money d. many small things Coke used slogans to advertise its product. Slogans are : a. popular music . free things b. memorable phrases _d. simple images Candler chose to be in his advertisements. a. athletes . children b. movie stars d. well-known writers .. Candler bought the rights to Coca-Cola from : a. the inventor of a medicinal tonic c. a doctor . a well-known businessman d. a carpenter Bi cvesion The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. . Who was the inventor of Coca-Cola? . In the beginning, what was it sold as? . Why was Pemberton willing to sell the rights to his tonic? . What did Candler use to make his drink popular? . Can you think of other products that are sold through mass marketing? . Can you name the two changes that Candler made to give his product a new look? ~ What happened when other companies tried to imitate Coca-Cola? .. How did Candler advertise Coca-Cola? ). Why did Candler give people free bottles of Coca-Cola? ). Can you think of a memorable slogan? £ Main Idea Which is the main iden of this lesson? Choose one. 1. Mass marketing changed Coca-Cola from a small company into a worldwide business. 2. People in almost every country in the world drink Coca-Cola. 3, Logos and catchy slogans are common ways to market a product. 176 ea Unit 5: BusinessBefore You Read 1, How can you tell that the picture is an old photograph? 2. What is the reason for so many different numbers? 3. What is the arrow for? e 177 Lesson 3: Inflation3 Inflation = Workers usually get paid once a week, but in Germany in the early 1920s they got paid twice a day. Besides that, they had an extra half-hour every morning | to go shopping for food. If that sounds wonderful, let’s see what one normal day in 1923 was really like. At 11:30 4.M., work stopped at the factory, and Karl Hoffman lined up with the other workers. The formed a line boss gave him two huge bags. “Here's your morning’s person in charge at work salary,” the boss said. “Fifty million German marks in cash.” Karl loaded his salary into a wheelbarrow and bills and coins ran in the direction of a big produce store. Inside, he stood in a long line of people, all with huge bags of money. “How much are the onions?” he asked the sales dlerk. “Twenty-five million marks for one,” she answered. Karl bought two onions and gave her the contents of his wheelbarrow. Then he returned to work anything thats inside for the afternoon. nf samneticing clo When Karl arrived home in the evening, he gave his wife the two onions. "I worked all morning to buy two | onions,” he told her. “I passed the produce store on my | way home, and in just a few hours, food doubled in price. Onions now cost 50 million marks each. My | afternoon's salary is almost worthless. It will buy only | one onion. I'm going to bum the bills for heat.” He threw the paper money into the fire. This story was typical for millions of Germans in the early 1920s. People burned money for heat. They worked for 3 days to buy a pound of butter, and i 20 weeks to buy a suit. In the chart below, you can see i ‘how the value of the German mark dropped in just9 went down, decreased years. In 1914, about 4 marks equaled a dollar. Nine years later, about 4 trillion marks equaled a dollar. | i | 178 | Unit 5: Business yyInflation in Germany from 1914 to 1923 ‘The column on the right shows how many German marks awere paid for one U.S, dollar. For example, in July 1923, one U.S. dollar toas worth 353,412 German marks. July 1914 January 1919 July 1919 January 1920 January 1922 subg hele January 1923 17,972.0 marks = $1 July 1923 353,412.0 marks = $1 August 1923 4,620,455.0 marks = $1 September 1923 98,860,000.0 marks = $1 October 1923 25,260,208,000.0 marks = $1 November 1923 4,200,000,000,000.0 marks = $1 What took place during those 9 years is called runaway inflation. Prices increased by millions of marks ina few hours. It’s normal for countries to have a little inflation, but usually it's very slow. Prices increase by a few cents every year. For example, in 1926, a US. postage stamp cost just 2 cents, Today, it costs almost 40 cents. In contrast to that example of normal inflation, the German government printed the postage stamp again and again in the early 1920s. Eventually, a postage stamp cost over a million marks. And what happened to Karl? He survived. The government changed the name of the currency. It printed new money, and prices went down. = 179 Lesson 3: Inflationa Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. contrast cash inflation survived factory loaded. almost contents. lined up dropped ~—_ boss direction 1. The __ gave him two huge bags. 2. At 11:30 a.m, work stopped at the ____, and Karl Hoffman ___ with the other workers. 3. In the chart below, you can see how the value of the German mark —____________ injust 9 years. 4. What took place during those 9 years is called runaway 5. In____ to that example of normal inflation, the German government printed the postage stamp again and again in the early 1920s. 6. My afternoon's salary is _________ worthless. 7. And what happened to Karl? He 8. Karl bought two onions and gave her the ________of his wheelbarrow. 9. Fifty million German marks in i 10. Karl _____ his salary into a wheelbarrow and ran in the of a big produce store, } 6 Vocabulary: New Context i | ' Put the right word in each blank, inflation contents drop survive contrast boss ! almost direction lineup — factory —iload. cash } 1. Please don’t ___________ the statue. It might break. 2. Tony had a serious operation; however, the doctors say he will 3. She from falling. 4, When the price of goods rises suddenly, it's called 5. Tthink the bank is north of here. [hope I'm going in the right 6. Lwork ina that makes cars. 180 's Unit 5: Business EE fell off the boat. Luckily, her sister prevented her ee7. Can youhelp me ____ these stones into the truck? They’re very heavy. 8. The pale gray walls _______nicely with the reds and purples of the carpet on the floor. 9, She took the ________ out of the bag and used the bag for shopping. 10. I’m going to the bank to get $100 in —_______. 11. Could you please _____ in alphabetical order? t 12. Twant to ask my _____ to increase my salary. é Vocabulary Review Put the right word in each blank. cure fact worth control inconvenient tag shortage willing survive delicious amount fascinating . 1. can work on Saturday, but I’m not _________ to work | on Sunday. | 2, Youcan’t________in very cold water for very long. | 3. It's important to______ your temper and the car when you are driving. 4. Ican’t stop reading this book. It’s —_______. 5, There is no ______ for his disease, but it won't shorten his life. 6. Ina store, each thing usually has a price —___. It tells you how much the thing costs. 7. Gold is ae more than silver. 8. There isa ________ of water now because it didn’t rain much during the spring. 9. Ifit'snot________ for you, can you give me a ride to work? 10. Your statement is an opinion. It’s not a 11. Idon’t like cooked carrots, but I think raw carrots are 12. Do you know the exact _______ of gasoline in the car? 181 (aon aon Ll@ Comprehension: Sequence | ‘Number these sentences in the right order. The first one is done for you. He stopped when he got to the produce store. The boss gave Karl two huge bags of money for his morning's salary. —_ There was a long line of people inside the produce store. Karl bought two onions. —— Karl Hoffman lined up with the other workers. He threw his afternoon’s salary into the fire. He went back to work for the afternoon. Work stopped at the factory at 11:30 a.m. —— He went home for the evening. —— Karl loaded his salary into a wheelbarrow and started running. e Question: The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text. 1. What was unusual about a worker's salary in Germany in the early 1920s? . In 1923, why did workers get extra time to go food shopping? In 1923, why did workers get paid twice a day? . What did Karl Hoffman do with his morning's salary? . What did he do with his afternoon’s salary? Why? What happened to the price of food in that one day? . Look at the chart on page 179. How much was a German mark worth compared to the U.S. dollar in July 1914? How much was a German mark worth in November 1923? 8, How much did a postage stamp cost in the United States in 1926? How much does it cost today? 9. How is runaway inflation different from normal inflation? “10. What country has high inflation now? What is its rate of inflation? soopds 182 i] Unit 5: Businessgz Main Idea Which is the main idea of this lesson? Choose one. 1. In November 1923, a US. dollar was worth over a trillion German marks. 2. Inflation was so bad in Germany in the early 1920s that workers got paid twice a day. 3. Alittle inflation is normal, but runaway inflation can cause serious problems. 183 Lesson 3: Inflation silesson Doing Business 4 Around the World Before You Read a 1. The people in the picture are bowing. In what other ways do people greet each other? 2. What do you need to know to do business in another country? 184 = Unit 5: Business: ' | 4 Doing Business Around i the World People from different cultures have different ways of doing things. For example, in some parts of the world, people read the date 2/1/2005 as the second of January in 2005. They put the day before the month. In other parts of the world, people read this date as February 1, 2005. They put the month before the day. Asimple gesture can also have a different meaning, from one culture to another. The thumbs-up sign means “excellent” in the United States, but it’s an insult in an unkind action parts of Africa. Moving the head up and down means oT words “yes” in Europe and the United States. However, in Greece and Turkey, it means “no.” To point a finger at someone is okay in Canada, but it’s rude in Japan. not polite For businesspeople, differences like this can cause serious misunderstandings. These misunderstandings can destroy business relationships. To avoid this, many businesspeople attend classes to learn about other cultures. They study the customs of other countries. ways of behaving Here are a few things they learn. Greeting clients correctly is important in the customers business world. However, customs for greeting people vary from one culture to another. North American men and women often shake hands when they meet. In Japan, people often bow. People from Thailand put their hands together as if praying and then bow the head. In some Arab countries, men don’t shake hands with ‘women from outside the family. Entertaining is important in the business world. It's often necessary to invite a client to lunch or dinner. However, customs about eating also vary from culture to culture. Some people don’t eat meat; others don’t drink alcohol. In the West, people eat with knives and forks; in the East, they eat with chopsticks. In some es 185 Tesson 4: Doing Business Around the Worldcultures, it’s okay to discuss business while eating. talk about In other cultures, talking about business during a meal is rude. Businesspeople need to know about these differences. ‘Sometimes businesspeople visit the homes of their clients. In most countries, it’s the custom to take a small gift. But what do you take? Again, the customs vary. For example, in England, giving a knife is bad luck. In some countries, it’s rude to give white flowers or a watch or clock. Another difficulty is how much money to spend ona gift. If you spend only a little money, you might appear stingy. If you spend too much, the gift might ‘not wanting to spend look like a bribe. In Malaysia and many other countries, Money orgive away there are laws against bribery. eee Doing business with people from different cultures is both fascinating and challenging. Many businesspeople try to learn about other cultures. They do their best to avoid cultural misunderstandings. @ Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. bribe customs gesture relationships challenging cultures insult misunderstandings dlients discuss laws stingy rude 1. To point a finger at someone is okay in Canada, but it’s peo in Japan 2. Greeting ___ correctly is important in the business world. 3. These misunderstandings can destroy business 186 oe Unit 5: Business4. Doing business with people from different cultures is both fascinating and 5, Insome cultures, it’s okay to business while eating. 6. People from different _____ have different ways of doing things. 7. For businesspeople, differences like this can cause serious 8. Ifyou spend too much, the gift might look like a 9. In Malaysia and many other countries, there are against bribery. 10. The thumbs-up sign means “excellent” in the United States, but it’s an ______ im parts of Africa, 11, They study the ____ of other countries. 12. Asimple —___ can also have a different meaning from one culture to another. 13. If you spend only a little money, you might appear 18 == if Tesson 4: Doing Business Around the World