The

Emerging
North
American
27 January 2007 • Release 2.0
Union
(NAU)
Release 2.0 notes: Entries and
corresponding endnotes added
for: 1958 (quote, p.5), 4/30/48,
1/9/88, 9/1/01, 3/27-28/03, 4/ Debra K. Niwa © January 27, 2007 (Release 2.0). All rights reserved.
16/03, 10/31/03, 1/27/04, 6/ Permission granted to photocopy, as well as post to web sites, if used in its entirety and without charge.
22/05, 8/28/06, 1/22/07, 1/23/
07, HCR 40 (p.3), HJR 7 (p.5), ——————————— Contents ———————————
EU regulation (quote, p.18),
article by Carl Teichrib (p.18). 3 NEW: U.S. House Concurrent Resolution 40
Additional endnote info added Introduced in the 110th Congress on January 22, 2007 — “Expressing the “... Societies do not usually
for entries dated: 5/11/05, 2/14/ sense of Congress that the United States should not engage in the construction
06, 9/28/06. Correction to 10/ lose their freedom at a blow.
8/1993 endnote url. of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhighway System They give it up bit by bit,
or enter into a North American Union with Mexico and Canada.” letting themselves be tied down
4 House Concurrent Resolution 487, 109th Congress, Sept. 28, 2006. with an infinity of little knots.
As rules and regulations
5 NEW: Utah’s H.J.R. 7 — Resolution Urging United States Withdrawl increase, their range of actions
from Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America is gradually compressed.
Their options slowly lessen.
6 The Emerging North American Union — Timeline
A chronology of events leading to regional governance in North America. Without noticing the change,
they become wards of state.
21 Declaration of the Presidents of America
They imagine themselves still
Meeting of American Chiefs of State, Punta del Este, Uruguay, April 12-14, 1967
free, but in a thousand and one
18 Educate Yourself ways, their choices are limited
Learn more about the developing North American Union. and guided by the authorities.
19 Members of the 110th U.S. Congress (1st Session) And always, there are
what seem to be sensible
—————————— Introduction —————————— reasons for letting their
autonomy be peeled away—
For decades, agreements between the United States, Canada, and Mexico have
"safety," "health," "social
been slowly eroding each nation’s governing structure and identity. Bi-national
justice," "equal opportunity."
and tri-national activities, such as those found in free trade agreements, are bring-
ing in the foundation pieces for regional governance — a North American Union. It is easy to become
Proponents refer to the structure as a North American Community. accustomed to docility.
That is why eternal vigilance
Plans that promote regional government development can be found in the Security
is the price of liberty.
and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPPNA or SPP). In Canada, initia-
Not because liberty is easy
tives have also come under headings like Deep Integration, or the Big Idea. Re-
to shatter. But because it can
gardless of the title, the outcome will be the same: regional priorities taking pre-
be softened and dismantled
cedence over national sovereignty, economy, goals and culture.
with the acquiescence of the
The push to create a regional structure — a step toward globalization — is very men and women from
behind many activities that negatively impact our lives: whom it is being stolen.”
– commissions, task forces, and working groups — that bypass elected representa- – Jeff Jacoby, columnist,
tives and public interests — are “harmonizing” or “integrating” national policies of Boston Globe
countries (similar decision-making is also operating at local and state levels);
– eminent domain (power to seize private property without owner consent) is
increasingly employed to remove barriers to (regional/global) free trade plans
— like private property located on hundreds of thousands of acres of land on
international corridor (NAFTA superhighway) routes that will run through many
states; or private property located in cities/counties selected for international
trade hub/port development (unbeknown to the public-at-large);
– control of essential infrastructure assets is transferring away from citizens as
the assets (roads, water supply, utilities, etc.) are sold or leased to foreign in-
vestors and multinational corporations; (continued)

1
 -- “special” local, county, state, and federal regional planning projects (of highly
questionable community benefit) precipitate the need for higher funding (taxes);
– properties located on land designated for regional planning projects (coinciden-
tally) encounter zoning and rezoning problems that restrict property usage (leading
to devaluation) and/or ultimately force owners to make questionable costly changes;
– lack of border enforcement — in line with regional “common market” goals to
establish free movement of services, people, and information between nations —
allows for the influx of illegal migrants, which in turn contributes to financial
crisis in education, health care, penal, judicial and other sectors;
– military and civilian law enforcement plans involving the U.S., Canada, and
Mexico contain the potential to deploy foreign forces to any of the three na-
tions (e.g., Mexican military to the U.S. and Canada);
– attempts to mandate involuntary military and civilian labor in and outside the
U.S. (e.g., the “Universal National Service Act of 2006” (HR 4752 introduced
Feb. 14, 2006) which proposes “To provide for the common defense by requir-
ing all persons in the United States, including women, between the ages of 18
and 42 to perform a period of military service or a period of civilian service in
furtherance of the national defense and homeland security, and for other pur-
poses.” If this mandate passes, the taxpayer burden will be staggering);
– ID card standards-setting (for all drivers’ licenses and IDs for official use like
passports) are establishing mandates for data to be collected and for smartcard
technologies (useful for population monitoring in the North American region);
– data collections and expansion of data access and sharing among agencies, states,
and the federal governments is invading our privacy and increasing the potential
for identity theft and other fraudulent uses of our personal information;
– changes in the purpose and content of education (merging the academic and
vocational, which reduces and narrows the overall knowledge and skills taught) I am only one,
to support workforce reform for the (low wage) global economy. (Globaliza- but I am one.
tion creats a situation, for example, where U.S. workers will compete with I cannot do everything,
those in China where “two-thirds of last year's college graduates are earning but I can do something.
less than $250 a month”1);
And because I cannot
– promotion of North American regional government and citizenship in educa- do everything, I will
tion (for example, some of Arizona State University’s students are being taught not refuse to do the
“that the U.S., Mexico and Canada need to be integrated into a unified super- something that I can do.
state, where U.S. citizens of the future will be known as ‘North Americanists,’
according to the taxpayer-funded ‘Building North America’ program”2); What I can do,
I should do.
– and the list goes on and on.
And what I should do,
Regionalization has thus far not brought prosperity or security to citizens-at-large.
by the grace of God,
It is the “system” itself (North American Union/Community governing structure)
I will do.
and special interest sectors that benefit. We are at a critical juncture. We need to
take a stand NOW to stop regionalization’s destruction of our nation, our rights, — Edward Everett Hale
our opportunities, and our freedom.
D. K. Niwa • Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
ENDNOTES:
1 “Jobs scarce for China's graduates,” Mitchell Landsberg, Los Angeles Times. Dec. 28, 2006.
2 “Residents of planned union to be 'North Americanists’,” Bob Unruh, WorldNetDaily.com, Jan. 5. 2007.

I wish to express my gratitude for the —————————— What Can You Do? —————————
many thousands throughout U.S. 1. Educate yourself; 2. Photocopy the timeline or obtain a pdf from the
history who have taken a stand in American Deception website (located in the “Political” category):
support of this nation, and to thank
many family and friends for their http://americandeception.com/
direct and indirect assistance, 3. Distribute the information to your: friends family, congressmen, state legisla-
especially my parents, as well as tors, city and county officials, newspapers, radio station hosts ... everybody;
Charlotte Iserbyt, Jane Lesko, Vicky
Davis, Mary Schiltz, Joan Masters,
4. Contact your Congressional representatives and urge them to support HCR 40.
and Sam Iserbyt for the ways that 5. Contact your state legislators and urge them to support a state resolution to
each has helped make this project reject regional governance for North America (see Utah’s HJR 7 on page 5)
possible. — D.K. Niwa, Jan. 12, 2007 ————————————————————————————
2
 Congressional
110TH CONGRESS
1ST SESSION H. CON. RES. 40 Representatives
and Senators
Expressing the sense of Congress that the United States should not engage in the construction of a North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhighway System or enter into a North American Union who oppose a
with Mexico and Canada. North American
———————————————————— Union (regional
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES governance)
should sign up
January 22, 2007
as a co-sponsor
Mr. GOODE (for himself, Mr. WAMP, Mr. JONES of North Carolina, Mr. PAUL, Mr. STEARNS, Mr. of HCR 40.
DUNCAN, and Ms. FOXX) submitted the following concurrent resolution; which was referred to the (See page 18 for members
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and in addition to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, of the 110th Congress.)
for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provi-
sions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned
———————————————————
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
Expressing the sense of Congress that the United States should not engage in the construction of a North Bill sponsor:
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhighway System or enter into a North American Union Virgil H. Goode, Jr. [VA-5]
with Mexico and Canada. Co-sponsors:
Representatives:
Whereas the United States Departments of State, Commerce, and Homeland Security participated in the Duncan, John J., Jr. [TN-2] - 1/22/2007
formation of the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP) on March 23, 2005, representing a tri-lateral Foxx, Virginia [NC-5] - 1/22/2007
agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico designed, among other things, to facilitate Jones, Walter B., Jr. [NC-3] - 1/22/2007
common regulatory schemes between these countries; Paul, Ron [TX-14] - 1/22/2007
Stearns, Cliff [FL-6] - 1/22/2007
Whereas reports issued by the SPP indicate that it has implemented regulatory changes among the three Wamp, Zach [TN-3] - 1/22/2007
countries that circumvent United States trade, transportation, homeland security, and border security
functions and that the SPP will continue to do so in the future; ——————————
Whereas the actions taken by the SPP to coordinate border security by eliminating obstacles to migration
ALL ACTIONS:
between Mexico and the United States actually makes the United States-Mexico border less secure
because Mexico is the primary source country of illegal immigrants into the United States; 1/22/2007: Referred to the
Committee on Transportation
Whereas according to the Department of Commerce, United States trade deficits with Mexico and Canada and Infrastructure, and in
have significantly increased since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement addition to the Committee
(NAFTA); on Foreign Affairs, for a period
Whereas the economic and physical security of the United States is impaired by the potential loss of control to be subsequently determined
of its borders attendant to the full operation of NAFTA and the SPP; by the Speaker, in each case
for consideration of such
Whereas the regulatory and border security changes implemented and proposed by the SPP violate and provisions as fall within
threaten United States sovereignty; the jurisdiction of the
committee concerned.
Whereas a NAFTA Superhighway System from the west coast of Mexico through the United States and into
Canada has been suggested as part of a North American Union to facilitate trade between the SPP countries; 1/22/2007: Referred to
House Transportation and
Whereas the State of Texas has already begun planning of the Trans-Texas Corridor, a major multi-modal
Infrastructure
transportation project beginning at the United States-Mexico border, which would serve as an initial
section of a NAFTA Superhighway System; 1/22/2007: Referred to
House Foreign Affairs
Whereas it could be particularly difficult for Americans to collect insurance from Mexican companies
which employ Mexican drivers involved in accidents in the United States, which would likely increase
the insurance rates for American drivers;
Whereas future unrestricted foreign trucking into the United States can pose a safety hazard due to inad-
equate maintenance and inspection, and can act collaterally as a conduit for the entry into the United
States of illegal drugs, illegal human smuggling, and terrorist activities; and
Whereas a NAFTA Superhighway System would likely include funds from foreign consortiums and be con-
trolled by foreign management, which threatens the sovereignty of the United States: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That--
(1) the United States should not engage in the construction of a North American Free Trade Agree-
ment (NAFTA) Superhighway System;
(2) the United States should not allow the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP) to implement
further regulations that would create a North American Union with Mexico and Canada; and
(3) the President of the United States should indicate strong opposition to these acts or any other The resolution details
proposals that threaten the sovereignty of the United States. were acquired from
http://thomas.loc.gov/
– current as of 1/24/07.

3
 [Note: HCR 487
109TH CONGRESS
was introduced in 2D SESSION H. CON. RES. 487
the 109th Congress
and is no longer Expressing the sense of Congress that the United States should not engage in the
active. HCR 40, construction of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhigh-
introduced in the way System or enter into a North American Union with Mexico and Canada.
110th Congress (see ————————————————————
previous page), is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
the current resolu-
September 28, 2006
tion addressing the
NAFTA Superhigh- Mr. GOODE (for himself, Mr. PAUL, Mr. JONES of North Carolina, and Mr. “Exactly where in
way and North TANCREDO) submitted the following concurrent resolution; which was referred the Constitution
American Union to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and in addition to the lurks any power
issues.] Committee on International Relations, for a period to be subsequently deter- for the General
mined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall Government, or
within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned the States, or both
——————————————————— together, somehow
to ‘merge’ the
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
United States,
Bill sponsor: Expressing the sense of Congress that the United States should not engage in the Canada, and Mexico
Virgil H. Goode, Jr. [VA-5] construction of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhigh- into a single super-
Co-sponsors: way System or enter into a North American Union with Mexico and Canada.
Representatives:
national entity? ”
Cubin, Barbara [WY]-12/7/2006 Whereas, according to the Department of Commerce, United States trade deficits . . . “In sum,
Jones, Walter B., Jr. [NC-3] - 9/28/06 with Mexico and Canada have significantly widened since the implementation
Paul, Ron [TX-14] - 9/28/06
NO constitutional
Tancredo, Thomas G. [CO-6] - 9/28/06
of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); grounds for a North
Kingston, Jack [GA-1] -12/7/06 Whereas the economic and physical security of the United States is impaired by the American Union
Wamp, Zach [TN-3] -12/7/06
potential loss of control of its borders attendant to the full operation of NAFTA; exist. Indeed, the
whole project is
Whereas a NAFTA Superhighway System from the west coast of Mexico through patently illegal.”
the United States and into Canada has been suggested as part of a North Ameri-
can Union; – Edwin Vieira, Jr., PH.D.,
J.D., “Will the North
Whereas it would be particularly difficult for Americans to collect insurance from American Union be
Mexican companies which employ Mexican drivers involved in accidents in the American Patriots’ Last
United States, which would increase the insurance rates for American drivers; Stand?,” Dec. 7, 2006,
NewsWithViews.com.
Whereas future unrestricted foreign trucking into the United States can pose a safety Find article at:
hazard due to inadequate maintenance and inspection, and can act collaterally as http://NewsWithViews.com
a conduit for the entry into the United States of illegal drugs, illegal human
smuggling, and terrorist activities; and
Whereas a NAFTA Superhighway System would be funded by foreign consortiums
and controlled by foreign management, which threatens the sovereignty of the
United States: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That--
(1) the United States should not engage in the construction of a North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhighway System;
(2) the United States should not enter into a North American Union with Mexico
and Canada; and
(3) the President should indicate strong opposition to these or any other propos-
als that threaten the sovereignty of the United States.

Latest Major Action: 9/28/2006 Referred to House committee. Status: Referred to the
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and in addition to the Committee on Interna-
tional Relations, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for
consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.
The information about this resolution is current as of Jan. 12, 2007 — accessed from
http://thomas.loc.gov/
4
 H.J.R. 7

RESOLUTION URGING UNITED STATES WITHDRAWAL FROM

SECURITY AND PROSPERITY PARTNERSHIP OF NORTH AMERICA
2007 GENERAL SESSION
STATE OF UTAH
Chief Sponsor: Stephen E. Sandstrom
Senate Sponsor: ____________
LONG TITLE
General Description:
This resolution of the Legislature urges the United States to withdraw from the Security
and Prosperity Partnership of North America and any other activity which seeks to create a
North American Union.
Highlighted Provisions:
This resolution:
. urges the United States to withdraw from the Security and Prosperity Partnership of
North America and any other bilateral or multilateral activity which seeks to create a North
American Union.
Special Clauses:
None
Be it resolved by the Legislature of the state of Utah:
WHEREAS, President George W. Bush established the Security and Prosperity Partner- On January 23, 2007, HJR 7 was
ship (SPP) of North America with the nations of Mexico and Canada on March 23, 2005; approved by 10 out of 11
WHEREAS, the gradual creation of such a North American Union from a merger of the members of Utah’s House
United States, Mexico, and Canada would be a direct threat to the United States Constitution Government Operations Standing
and the national independence of the United States and would imply an eventual end to na- Committee (one member was
tional borders within North America; absent during the vote).
WHEREAS, on March 31, 2006, a White House news release confirmed the continuing
existence of the SPP and its "ongoing process of cooperation"; The bill was explained to the
WHEREAS, Congressman Ron Paul has written that a key to the SPP plan is an extensive committee by Representative
new North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) superhighway: "[U]nder this new 'part- Stephen Sandstrom. Citizens
nership,' a massive highway is being planned to stretch from Canada into Mexico, through the giving testimony in support of the
state of Texas."; measure included: Spencer F.
WHEREAS, this trilateral partnership to develop a North American Union has never been Hatch, Bliss W. Tew, Barbara
presented to Congress as an agreement or treaty, and has had virtually no congressional over- Jean Whitley, Wally McCormick,
sight; and Kathlyn Astle, Kay Garske,
WHEREAS, state and local governments throughout the United States would be nega- Becky Maddox, and Joe H.
tively impacted by the SPP and North American Union process, such as the "open borders" Ferguson.
vision of the SPP, eminent domain takings of private property along the planned superhigh-
ways, and increased law enforcement problems along those same superhighways:
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Legislature of the state of Utah urges
the United States Congress, and Utah's congressional delegation, to use all of their efforts,
energies, and diligence to withdraw the United States from any further participation in the
Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Legislature urges Congress to withdraw the United
States from any other bilateral or multilateral activity, however named, which seeks to ad-
vance, authorize, fund, or in any way promote the creation of any structure to accomplish any
form of North American Union as described in this resolution.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that a copy of this resolution be sent to the Majority Leader
of the United States Senate, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, and to
the members of Utah's congressional delegation.

Legislative Review Note as of 1-10-07 9:55 AM, Office of Legislative Research and General
Counsel. Utah State Legislature website: http://www.le.state.ut.us/~2007/bills/hbillint/hjr007.htm
January 23, 2007 committee meeting minutes are available at:
http://www.le.state.ut.us/~2007/minutes/HGOC0123.htm
5
 The Emerging North American Union (NAU)
TIMELINE
NOTE: For entries in this timeline that indicate ——————1967—————— by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). In
further reading (ie, “See: . . .”) please go to Vive the article he wrote: "In short, the 'house of world
le Canada’s “Timeline of the Progress Toward April 12-14, 1967: Presidents order' would have to be built from the bottom
a North American Union” located online at of America summit is held in up rather than from the top down. It will look
http://www.vivelecanada.ca to access links to Punta del Este, Uruguay. At- like a great 'booming, buzzing confusion,' to
more information. Entries that are not from Vive tending U.S. President use William James' famous description of real-
le Canada have endnotes. Lyndon B. Johnson declares ity, but an end run around national sovereignty,
All bold text emphasis herein has been added. firm support for the summit eroding it piece by piece, will accomplish much
Declaration which states in more than the old-fashioned frontal assault."
As you read through this timeline, keep the fol- part: “The Presidents of the Latin Ameri- Gardner advocated treaties and trade agree-
lowing in mind: can Republics resolve to create progres- ments as a means of creating a new economic
sively, beginning in 1970, the Latin Ameri- world order. See: The Hard Road to World Order
". .the international socialism plan calls for— can Common Market, which shall be sub-
(a) Reduction of all barriers to the flow of
——————1975——————
stantially in operation in a period of no more
international trade. Jan. 3, 1975: “The Trade Act of 1974” is approved
than fifteen years. The Latin American Com-
(b) Access to raw materials of all sorts for all (P.L. 93-618). The law gives the U.S. President
mon Market will be based on the complete
nations. “authority to include negotiations of nontariff trade
development and progressive convergence
(c) Access to markets for all nations. barriers, but required more extensive reporting
of the Latin American Free Trade Associa-
(d) A world organization through which the and consultations between Congress and the
tion and of the Central American Common
nations can share freely in the supplies President during trade negotiations. This act also
Market.” “We will lay the physical founda-
and the markets of the world." had a provision requiring approval by Congress
tions for Latin American economic integra-
under a new mechanism for expediting the con-
— Sen. George Malone, Congressional Record tion through multinational projects.” “Eco-
sideration of trade agreements, which came to be
– Senate, 1958, page 2560. (As quoted in the nomic integration demands a major sus-
known as fast-track.” 6
Pennsylvania Crier) tained effort to build a land transportation
network and to improve transportation sys- ——————1979——————
tems of all kinds so as to open the way for Nov. 13, 1979: While officially declaring his can-
——————1921—————— the movement of both people and goods didacy for U.S. President,
1921: The Council on Foreign Relations is throughout the Continent; to establish an Ronald Reagan proposes a
founded by Edward Mandell House, who had been adequate and efficient telecommunica- “North American Agree-
the chief advisor of President Woodrow Wilson. tions system; to install inter-connected ment” which will produce “a
power systems; and to develop jointly in- North American continent in
——————1934—————— ternational river basins, frontier regions, which the goods and people
1934: U.S. Congress establishes “The Reciprocal and economic areas which include the of the three countries will cross
Trade Agreements Act of 1934” (P.L. 73-316). The territory of two or more countries.” 5 boundaries more freely.”
law gives “renewable authority to the President to
negotiate reciprocal reductions of tariff barriers.”1 Note: The Nov. 11, 1994 entry points out ——————1981——————
how the Declaration of the Presidents of Jan. 1981: U.S. President Ronald Reagan pro-
——————1948—————— America initiatives (see p. 21) are “in the poses a North American common market.
Apr. 30, 1948: The Organization of American process of blossoming into a hemispheric
States (OAS; aka. Organización de Los Estados free trade area.” ——————1983——————
Americanos) is created with the signing of the
Charter of the Organization of American States Aug. 14, 1983: U.S. President Ronald
by 21 nations: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, ——————1973—————— Reagan and Mexican President Miguel de
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Repub- 1973: David Rockefeller asks la Madrid sign the La Paz Agreement (ef-
lic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon- Zbigniew Brzezinski and a few fective Feb. 16, 1984) to establish “a frame-
duras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, others, including from the work for cooperation on environmental
Peru, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Brookings Institution, Council on problems.” The agreement defines the US-
Fourteen countries later join the OAS: Barbados, Foreign Relations and the Ford Mexico border region as “the area situated
Trinidad, and Tobago (1967); Jamaica (1969); Foundation, to put together an 100 kilometers [62.5 miles] on either side of
Rockefeller organization of the top political,
Grenada (1975); Suriname (1977); Dominica, the inland and maritime boundaries be-
Saint Lucia (1979); Antigua and Barbuda, Saint and business leaders from tween the Parties.” 7, 8, 9 Researcher and
Vincent, and the Grenadines (1981); The Baha- around the world. He calls this analyst Vicky Davis explains that the agree-
mas (1982); St. Kitts and Nevis (1984); Canada group the Trilateral Commis- ment established a “fiefdom headed by
(1990); Belize, Guyana (1991). Cuba, while a sion (TC). The first meeting of the unelected government employees—giv-
member, has been banned from participation group is held in Tokyo in Octo- ing them virtually unlimited power to ex-
since 1962. 2 The OAS — which “succeeded the Brzezinski ber. See: Trilateral Commission FAQ pand their areas of responsibilities with
Union of American Republics and its secretariat, ——————1974—————— the power to recruit an army of non-gov-
the Pan American Union which had been set up 1974: Richard Gardner, one of the members of ernmental organizations (NGO) to lobby
in 1910” 3 — “promotes economic, military, and the Trilateral Commission, publishes an article for them. Essentially the areas included in
cultural cooperation among its members, which titled "The Hard Road to World Order" which the La Paz fiefdom were commandeered
include almost all the independent states of the appeared in Foreign Affairs magazine, published from the states through which it runs.” 10
Western Hemisphere . . . ” 4
6
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
——————1984—————— ——————1987—————— ——————1992——————
Sept. 4, 1984: Conservative Brian Mulroney is Feb. 1992: U.S. and Mexican environmental au-
elected Prime Minister of Oct. 3, 1987: The 20- thorities release the Integrated Environmental
Canada after opposing free trade chapter Canada-United Plan for the Mexican-U.S. Border Area (IBEP)
during the campaign. States Free Trade Agree- —an effort linked to the 1983 La Paz Agree-
ment (CUSFTA or FTA) is ment.12
Sept. 25, 1984: Canadian Prime
Minister Brian Mulroney meets finalized. U.S. trade repre-
sentative Clayton Yeutter Apr. 4, 1992 Signing in Mexico by Canada and
President Reagan in Washington Mexico of a protocol agreement on cooperation
offers this observation:
and promises closer relations projects regarding labour.
with the US. "We've signed a stunning
new trade pact with
Oct. 9, 1984: The US Congress Canada. The Canadians Apr. 30, 1992: U.S. Presi-
adopts the Trade and Tariff Act, don't understand what dent George H. W. Bush
an omnibus trade act that nota- they've signed. In twenty signs Executive Order
bly extends the powers of the years, they will be sucked 12803 — “Infrastructure
president to concede trade ben- into the U.S. economy." Privatization.” The Order
efits and enter into bilateral free encourages privatization
trade agreements. The Act would (e.g., selling or long-term leasing) of state
Nov. 6, 1987: Signing of a framework agreement
be passed on October 30, 1984. and local government “infrastructure assets”
between the US and Mexico.
——————1985—————— that are “ financed in whole or in part by the
——————1988—————— Federal Government and needed for the
1985: A Canadian Royal Commission on the
Jan. 2, 1988: Prime Minister Mulroney and Presi- functioning of the economy. Examples of
economy chaired by former Liberal Minister of
dent Reagan officially sign the FTA. such assets include, but are not limited to:
Finance Donald S. Macdonald issues a report roads, tunnels, bridges, electricity supply
to the Government of Canada recommending Jan. 9, 1988: The Economist says that around facilities, mass transit, rail transportation,
free trade with the United States. the year 2018, people should “pencil in the phoe- airports, ports. waterways, water supply fa-
nix . . . and welcome it when it comes . . . There cilities, recycling and wastewater treatment
St. Patrick's Day, 1985: Prime Minister Brian
Mulroney and President Ronald Reagan sing would be no such thing . . . as a national mon- facilities, solid waste disposal facilities,
etary policy . . . The world phoenix [international housing, schools, prisons, and hospitals.” 13
"When Irish Eyes Are Smiling" together to cap
monetary unit or coin] supply would be fixed by a
off the "Shamrock Summit", a 24-hour meeting in
Quebec City that opened the door to future free new central bank, descended perhaps from the
IMF. The world inflation rate—and hence, within Aug. 12, 1992: “President Bush announced the
trade talks between the countries. Commentator
narrow margins, each national inflation rate — completion of negotiations for a comprehensive
Eric Kierans observed that "The general impres- North American Free Trade Agreement between
sion you get, is that our prime minister invited his would be in it’s charge. . . . This means a big loss
of economic sovereignty.” 11 Mexico, Canada and the United States. At that
boss home for dinner." Canadian historian Jack
time, the Administration issued various docu-
Granatstein said that this "public display of suck- ——————1989—————— ments, including a negotiated summary of the
ing up to Reagan may have been the single most Jan. 1, 1989: The Canada US Free Trade Agree- Agreement.” 14
demeaning moment in the entire political history ment (CUSFTA or FTA) goes into effect.
of Canada's relations with the United States." Sept. 18, 1992: “President Bush officially noti-
——————1990—————— fied the Speaker of the House and the President
Sept. 26, 1985: Canadian Prime Minister Brian Jun. 10, 1990: Presidents Bush (U.S.) and Sali- of the Senate, in accordance with the 90-day no-
Mulroney announces that Canada will try to reach nas (Mexico) announce that they will begin dis- tice requirement under section 1103(a)(1) of the
a free trade agreement with the US. cussions aimed at liberalizing trade between 1988 Act, of his intent to enter into a NAFTA with
Dec. 10, 1985: U.S. President Reagan officially their countries. the Governments of Mexico and Canada. The
informs Congress about his intention to negoti- Aug. 21, 1990: Mexican President Salinas offi- notice was accompanied by the reports of 38
ate a free trade agreement with Canada under cially proposes to the US president the negotia- private sector advisory committees on the draft
the authority of trade promotion. Referred to as tion of a free trade agreement between Mexico Agreement as required by section 135 of the
fast track, trade promotion authority is an accel- and the US. Trade Act of 1974. The President committed to
erated legislative procedure which obliges the work closely with the Congress to develop ap-
House of Representatives and the Senate to de- ——————1991—————— propriate implementing legislation. The Adminis-
cide within 90 days whether or not to establish a Feb. 5, 1991: Negotiations between the US and tration also issued a report at that time on the
trade unit. No amendments are permitted. Mexico aimed at liberalizing trade between the benefits of the NAFTA and actions taken to fulfill
two countries officially become trilateral at the the commitments made by the President on May
——————1986—————— request of the Canadian government under Brian 1, 1991 on worker adjustment, labor rights, and
May 1986: Canadian and American negotiators Mulroney. environmental protection.” 15
begin to work out a free trade deal. The Cana-
dian team is led by former deputy Minister of Fi- Apr. 7 to 10, 1991: Cooperation agreements are Oct. 7, 1992: “President Bush, President Sali-
nance Simon Reisman and the American side signed between Mexico and Canada covering nas, and Prime Minister Mulroney met in San
by Peter O. Murphy, the former deputy United taxation, cultural production and exports. Antonio, Texas, to discuss plans for implement-
States trade representative in Geneva. ing the NAFTA and affirmed their shared com-
May 24, 1991: The American Senate endorses
mitment to adopt the agreement in 1993, to take
the extension of fast track authority in order to
facilitate the negotiation of free trade with Mexico. effect on January 1, 1994. The three trade min-
isters who negotiated the agreement--U.S. Trade
June 12, 1991: Start of trade negotiations be- Representative Carla Hills, Secretary Jaime
tween Canada, the US and Mexico. Serra, and Minister Michael Wilson--initialed the
NAFTA draft legal text.” 16
7
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
Oct. 7, 1992: “President Bush, President Sali- environment and on labor, together with side let- NAFTA officially invite Chile to become a contrac-
nas, and Prime Minister Mulroney met in San ters having to do with sugar and other agricultural tual party of the agreement. The Free Trade Area
Antonio, Texas, to discuss plans for implement- products, are not approved by the legislation. . . . of the Americas or FTAA is initiated. According to
ing the NAFTA and affirmed their shared com- Under the provisions of the bill, the President is the official FTAA website, "the Heads of State
mitment to adopt the agreement in 1993, to take authorized to enter the NAFTA into force with re- and Government of the 34 democracies in the
effect on January 1, 1994. The three trade minis- spect to Canada or Mexico, as long as specific region agreed to construct a Free Trade Area of
ters who negotiated the agreement—U.S. Trade conditions are met, on or after January 1, 1994. the Americas, or FTAA, in which barriers to trade
Representative Carla Hills, Secretary Jaime The provisions of NAFTA would take effect over and investment will be progressively eliminated.
Serra, and Minister Michael Wilson—initialed a 15 year period, during which tariffs and other They agreed to complete negotiations towards
the NAFTA draft legal text.” 17 barriers would be reduced or eliminated.” 21 this agreement by the year 2005 and to achieve
substantial progress toward building the FTAA by
Dec. 1993: Newly elected Canadian Prime Minis-
2000." See: FTAA ; also see Summit of the Americas Infor-
Dec. 17, 1992: “...President Bush, President ter Jean Chretien signs NAFTA without changes, mation Network 23
Salinas, and Prime Minister Mulroney breaking his promise to renegotiate NAFTA.
signed the NAFTA in their respective capi- Dec. 22, 1994: Mexican monetary authorities de-
tals. On that day, President-elect Clinton re- cide to let the Peso float. The US and Canada
affirmed his support for the NAFTA but reit- Dec. 8, 1993: U.S. Presi- open a US$6 billion line of credit for Mexico.
dent William “Bill” J.
erated his campaign pledge that three supple- ——————1995——————
Clinton signs the North
mental agreements would be required before
proceeding with the implementing legislation. American Free Trade Jan. 3, 1995: Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo
Agreement (NAFTA) presents an emergency plan.
These three supplemental agreements would
which became Public Law
cover the environment, workers, and special Jan. 1995: President Clinton announces an aid
safeguards for unexpected surges in imports. 103-182. A June 14, 2004
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) plan for Mexico.
... The supplemental agreements were signed
signed in by the Governors of Arizona (U.S.) Feb. 9, 1995: Mickey Kantor, the US Foreign
at Mexico City, Washington, and Ottawa on
September 8, 9, 12 and 14, 1993.”18 and Sonora (Mexico) says NAFTA “created Trade representative, announces Washington’s
a preferential trade relationship between intention to include the provisions of NAFTA re-
Canada, Mexico and the United States. A garding labor and the environment in negotia-
——————1993—————— key component for successful NAFTA tions with Chile.
1993: The Liberal Party under Jean Chretien prom- implementation is a seamless and efficient
ises to renegotiate NAFTA in its campaign platform, transportation network linking federally Feb. 21, 1995: Signing in Washington of an
titled "Creating Opportunity: the Liberal Plan for defined high priority corridors, interna- agreement regarding the financial assistance
Canada" and also known as The Red Book. tional gateways and economic hubs. This given to Mexico. Mexico in turn promises to pay
transportation system must Mexican oil export revenue as a guarantee into
Aug. 13, 1993: “U.S. Trade Representative Michael provide for the high ca- an account at the Federal Reserve in New York.
Kantor announced agreement by the three gov- pacity, efficient and safe
ernments on supplemental agreements to the Feb. 28, 1995: Mexico announces the increase
movement of services, of its customs duties on a number of imports from
NAFTA on labor cooperation, on environmental co- people and informa-
operation, and on import surges. He also an- countries with which it does not have a free trade
tion between the agreement.
nounced a basic agreement on a new institutional three nations.” 22
structure for funding environmental infrastructure Mar. 9, 1995: President Zedillo presents auster-
projects in the U.S.-Mexican border region.” 19 ity measures. The plan envisages a 50% increase
——————1994—————— in value added taxes, a 10% reduction of gov-
Sept. 14, 1993: “NAFTA side agreements were Jan. 1, 1994: NAFTA and the two agreements
signed in a White House ceremony”20 ernment expenditure, a 35% increase in gas
on labour and the environment go into effect, re- prices, a 20% increase in electricity prices and
Nov. 1993: The North American Development placing CUSFTA. a 100% increase in transportation prices. The
Bank (NADB) and its sister institution, the Bor- Nov. 11, 1994: At Baylor University, Ambassa- minimum wage is increased by 10%. The private
der Environment Cooperation Commission sector can benefit from government assistance.
dor Abelardo Valdez says in his speech titled
(BECC), are created under the auspices of the The inter-bank rate that is reduced to 74% will
“Free Trade for the Americas: The Next Steps'”:
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) “...the small seed planted at Punta del Este [during be increased to 109% on March 15.
to address environmental issues in the U.S.-
the summit of the Presidents of the Americas] is Mar. 29, 1995: Statistical data on US foreign trade
Mexico border region. The two institutions initiate
in the process of blossoming into a hemispheric confirms the sharp increase in Mexican exports
operations under the November 1993 Agreement free trade area, and, I predict, into a future Com-
Between the Government of the United States to the US.
mon Market of the Americas. The North Ameri-
of America and the Government of the United Apr. 10, 1995: The US dollar reaches its lowest
can Free Trade Agreement (`NAFTA') has set the
Mexican States Concerning the Establishment stage for achieving free trade throughout the level in history on the international market. It de-
of a Border Environment Cooperation Commis- preciated by 50% relative to the Japanese yen in
Americas and strengthening the economic and
sion and a North American Development Bank only four years.
political relations between the United States,
(the “Charter”). See: About Us (The North American De- Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean.” (U.S.
velopment Bank) June 7, 1995: First meeting of the ministers of
Congressional Record, Nov. 29, 1994 entry, Page: E2304) Foreign Trade of Canada (Roy MacLaren), the
Nov. 4, 1993: U.S. President Clinton “submitted US (Mickey Kantor), Mexico (Herminio Blanco)
Nov. 16, 1994: Canada and Mexico sign a coop-
to the Congress H.R. 3450, a bill to implement eration agreement regarding the peaceful use of and Chile (Eduardo Aninat) to start negotiations.
the North American Free Trade Agreement. H.R.
nuclear energy. Dec. 29, 1995: Chile and Canada commit to ne-
3450 would approve only the basic agreement
and the accompanying Statement of Administra- Dec. 9-11, 1994: The first Summit of the Americas gotiate a bilateral free trade agreement.
tive Action. The supplemental agreements on the is held in Miami, Florida. The three signatories of

8
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
——————1996—————— a transportation and trade Aug. 30, 2001: The Institute for International Eco-
June 3, 1996: Chile and Canada start negotiat- corridor, CANAMEX is nomics issues a press release advocating the
ing the reciprocal opening of markets in Santiago. also an alliance between United States and Mexico use Mexican President
U.S. and Mexican states, Ca- Vicente Fox’s September 4-7 visit to develop a
Nov. 18, 1996: Signing in Ottawa of the Canada-
nadian provinces, and busi- North American Community as advocated by Rob-
Chile free trade agreement by Jean Chrétien,
nesses to work together to cre- ert Pastor in his book "Toward a North American
Prime Minister of Canada and Eduardo Frei, ate a regional business envi- Community." The release says the U.S. and
President of Chile. The agreement frees 80% of
ronment. . .” 26 The 1995 Na- Mexico “should invite Canada to join them in a
trade between the two countries. It is the first free
tional Highway System (NHS) creating a community that could: integrate the
trade agreement signed between Chile and a mem- Designation Act specified the infrastructure and transportation networks of
ber of the G7.
CANAMEX Corridor route lo- North America; create a development fund to
cated in the U.S. to run from reduce income disparities across the countries;
Nogales, Arizona, through Las establish a North American Commission to pre-
Vegas, Nevada, to Salt Lake City, pare for the three leaders at their next Summit an
Utah, to Idaho Falls, Idaho, to Mon- agenda and options for promoting continental in-
tana, to the Canadian Border. tegration; move toward a Customs Union in five
Oct. 1996: The final US-Mexico Border XXI Pro- years with a Permanent North American Court
Aug. 1, 1999: The Chile-Mexico free
gram Framework Document is published. “Bor- on Trade and Investment; forge a more humane
der XXI is the binational framework for La Paz trade agreement comes into effect. immigration policy that includes ‘North Ameri-
Agreement implementation. The U.S. EPA and Sept., 1999: The Canadian right-wing think tank can passports;’ for frequent travelers, immigra-
Mexican Ministry of Environment, Natural Re- the Fraser Institute publishes a paper by Herbert tion preferences, and a larger temporary program
sources and Fisheries (SEMARNAP) are the lead G. Grubel titled "The Case for the Amero: The with safeguards; train North American customs
agencies in charge of the program. Border XXI Economics and Politics of a North American and immigration officers to reduce duplication;
is organized into nine binational workgroups that Monetary Union." In the paper Grubel argues and eventually adopt a common currency.”
address the following issues: water, air, natural that a common currency is not inevitable but it is Sept. 2001: “The Partnership for Prosperity
resources, pollution prevention, hazardous desirable. See: The Case for the Amero
(P4P) was launched . . . as a public-private alli-
and solid waste, cooperative enforcement, en-
vironmental health, environmental informa-
——————2000—————— ance of Mexican and U.S. governmental and busi-
July 2, 2000: Vicente Fox Quesada of the Na- ness leaders to promote economic development
tion resources, and contingency planning and
tional Action Party (PAN), is elected president of in Mexico, especially in areas with high migra-
emergency response. Each work group is com-
prised of two Federal co-chairs 1, one from Mexico, thus ending the reign of the Revolutionary tion rates. By the end of 2004, following various
Institutional Party (RIP) that had held power for meetings, Secretary of State Powell noted that
Mexico and the other from the U.S. The
71 years. Mr. Fox is sworn in on 1 December 2000. P4P programs had lowered fees for transferring
workgroups have the active participation of state
and local government officials, NGO’s, industry, funds from the United States to Mexico, brought
July 4, 2000: Mexican president Vicente Fox pro- together more than 1,400 business and govern-
academia and other interested individuals from poses a 20 to 30 year timeline for the creation of a ment leaders, and developed innovative meth-
both the U.S. and Mexico. These workgroups are common North American market. President Fox’s
the forum through which the two countries meet ods to finance infrastructure projects.” 27
“20/20 vision” as it is commonly called, includes
to develop cooperatively five-year objectives and the following: a customs union, a common exter- Sept. 11, 2001: A series of coordinated suicide ter-
annual work plans and to discuss progress and nal tariff, greater coordination of policies, common rorist attacks upon the United States, predominantly
issues associated with the implementation of monetary policies, free flow of labor, and fiscal trans- targeting civilians, are carried out on Tuesday, Sep-
projects to address environmental issues along fers for the development of poor Mexican regions. tember 11, 2001. Two planes (United Airlines Flight
the border.” 24 With the model of the European Fund in mind, 175 and American Airlines Flight 11) crashed into
——————1997—————— President Fox suggests that US$10 to 30 billion be the World Trade Center in New York City, one plane
invested in NAFTA to support underdeveloped re- into each tower (One and Two). Both towers col-
July 4, 1997: The Canada-Chile free trade agree-
gions. The fund could be administered by an inter- lapsed within two hours. The pilot of the third team
ment comes into effect.
national financial institution such as the Inter- crashed a plane into the Pentagon in Arlington
1997: The US presidency proposes applying American Development Bank. County, Virginia. Passengers and members of the
NAFTA parity to Caribbean countries. flight crew on the fourth aircraft attempted to re-
Nov. 27, 2000: Trade negotiations resume be- take control of their plane from the hijackers; that
——————1998—————— tween the US and Chile for Chile’s possible en- plane crashed into a field near the town of
Apr. 17, 1998: Signing in Santiago, Chile of the try into NAFTA. Shanksville in rural Somerset County, Pennsylva-
free trade agreement between Chile and Mexico ——————2001—————— nia. Excluding the 19 hijackers, a confirmed 2,973
by President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León people died and another 24 remain listed as miss-
of Mexico, and President Eduardo Frei of Chile. 2001: Robert Pastor's 2001
book Toward a North ing as a result of these attacks. In response, the
——————1999—————— American Community is Bush administration launches the "war on terror"
Jan. 1999: A Memorandum of Understanding published. The book calls for and becomes very concerned with security.
(MOU) is signed by the governors of five states the creation of a North Sept. 11, 2001: In Lima, Peru, the Inter-Ameri-
— Jane Dee Hull (Arizona), Dirk Kempthorne American Union (NAU). can Democratic Charter is signed by 34 foreign
(Idaho), Marc Racicot (Montana), Kenny C. ministers of the Organization of American States
Guinn (Nevada) and Michael O. Leavitt (Utah) Apr. 2001: Canadian Prime
Minister Jean Chretien and (OAS) at a Special Session of the General As-
— “to formalize their commitment to develop and sembly. The Assembly involved representatives
US President George W. Bush sign the Decla-
operate the international trade corridor known from North, South, and Central America, the
as CANAMEX and created the five-state ration of Quebec City at the third Summit of the
Americas: “This is a ‘commitment to hemispheric Caribbean, and Canada, This historic agreement
CANAMEX Corridor Coalition [CCC] . . . to facili- was overshadowed by the 9/11 attack on the
integration." See: Declaration of Quebec City
tate defined objectives. ...” 25 “In addition to being World Trade Center, but at the same time aided

9
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
by the event. In a policy paper titled “A Magna backing of the Donner Canadian Foundation. shouldn't we be building on NAFTA to create new
Carta for the Americas” (2002), John W. Graham Generally the border papers advocate deep in- rules, new tribunals, new institutions to secure
wrote: “The OAS foreign ministers met scarcely tegration between Canada and the U.S., and the our trade? Wouldn't this 'legal integration' be su-
an hour after the terrorist attacks. As they gath- first border paper "Shaping the Future of the perior to ad hoc responses and largely ineffec-
ered in Lima the previous evening, there was ap- North American Economic Space: A Framework tive lobbying to prevent harm from Congressional
prehension that one or more of them might intro- for Action" by Wendy Dobson popularized the protectionist sorties? Wouldn't our economic se-
duce wording that would blunt some of the term "the Big Idea" as one euphemism for deep curity be enhanced by establishing a single North
Charter’s teeth. By the time the meeting was un- integration. To read the border papers, you can visit the American competitive market without anti-dump-
derway, it was clear that the terrorist attacks had C.D. Howe Institute website at www.cdhowe.org. Use the pub- ing and countervail rules? Are there not elements
removed that concern. Instead of departing im- lication search form (1996 to current, PDF) and choose "bor- of a grand bargain to be struck, combining North
mediately for the airport, Secretary of State der papers" from the "Serie contains" drop down menu. American economic, defence and security ar-
Colin Powell delayed his return flight to Wash- rangements within a common perimeter?" See:
ington for several hours in the hope that he could June 11, 2002: “Toward a North American Why not a grand bargain with the U.S.?
Community?” conference is held. Sponsored by
leave with a strong and unanimously approved
the Woodrow Wilson
Charter. In a dramatic but subdued
intervention, he invited his col- International Center Oct. 1, 2002: United States Northern Com-
for Scholars, the con- mand (USNORTHCOM) is estab-
leagues to accept the fairly robust
ference was organized lished “to provide command and
draft that had been referred to this
Special Assembly of the Organiza- by the Latin American control of Department of Defense
Program’s Mexico In- (DoD) homeland defense efforts and
tion by the OAS Permanent Council.
stitute, the Canada In- to coordinate defense support of civil
While giant TV screens outside the
hotel replayed the tumbling towers, stitute, and the Project authorities.” USNORTHCOM’s ar-
on America and the eas of responsibility include “air, land and
the Charter was adopted by accla-
Global Economy sea approaches and encompasses the con-
mation and Powell left for the airport.
He had rightly judged the impact that (PAGE). According to tinental United States, Alaska, Canada,
the conference report, Mexico and the surrounding water out to
his decision to remain even briefly at
the gathering was “de- approximately 500 nautical miles. It also in-
the meeting would have on the other
foreign ministers. On the first day of signed to generate dia- cludes the Gulf of Mexico and the Straits of
logue in Washington Florida. The defense of Hawaii and our ter-
the terrorist crisis, Powell had given
about the future of ritories and possessions in the Pacific is the
priority to multilateralism.” 28
North American inte- responsibility of U.S. Pacific Command.
Dec. 2001: New U.S. Ambassador to Canada gration. In the early 1990s, the passage of the The defense of Puerto Rico and the U.S.
Paul Cellucci publicly advocates "NAFTA-plus". North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Virgin Islands is the responsibility of U.S.
See: The Emergence of a North American Community? prompted debate about economic and social in- Southern Command. The commander of
tegration in North America. Today, the future of USNORTHCOM is responsible for theater
Dec. 2001: U.S. Governor Tom Ridge and Cana-
the North American relationship continues to be security cooperation with Canada and
dian Deputy Prime Minister John Manley sign the
discussed; Mexican President Vicente Fox’s recent Mexico.” The USNORTHCOM commander
Smart Border Declaration and Associated 30- push for a ‘NAFTA plus’ agreement has intensi- also heads the North American Aerospace
Point Action Plan to Enhance the Security of Our
fied debates about integration.” The conference Defense Command (NORAD). 32
Shared Border While Facilitating the Legitimate
report Toward a North American Community?
Flow of People and Goods. The Action Plan has was produced by the Woodrow Wilson Center
four pillars: the secure flow of people, the se- Nov. 1-2, 2002: Robert Pastor presents "A North
with a grant from the Ford Foundation.30
cure flow of goods, secure infrastructure, and American Community. A Modest Proposal To the
information. It includes shared customs data, a Aug. 6, 2002: U.S. President George W. Bush Trilateral Commission," to the North American
safe third-country agreement, harmonized com- signs H.R. 3009, known as the Trade Act of 2002 Regional Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Pas-
mercial processing, etc. (P.L. 107-210). The Act “grants the President of tor called for implementation of "a series of po-
——————2002—————— the United States the authority to negotiate trade litical proposals which would have authority over
deals with other countries and only gives Con- the sovereignty of the United States, Canada and
Feb. 7, 2002: Robert Pastor gives gress the approval to vote up or down on the Mexico. ... the creation of North American pass-
invited testimony before the Stand- agreement, but not to amend it. This authority is ports and a North American Customs and Im-
ing Committee on Foreign Affairs sometimes called fast track authority, since it is migrations, which would have authority over U.S.
and International Trade, House of thought to streamline approval of trade agree- Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Commons, Government of ments.” 31 Trade promotion authority expires in within the Department of Homeland Security. A
Canada, Ottawa. See: Invited Tes- July 2007 unless extended by the U.S. Congress. North American Parliamentary Group would
timony of Dr. Robert A. Pastor oversee the U.S. Congress. A Permanent Court
Sept. 9, 2002: President Bush and Prime Minis-
March 2002: The Border Partnership (“Smart Bor- on Trade and Investment would resolve disputes
ter Chrétien meet to discuss progress on the within NAFTA, exerting final authority over the
der”) Agreement is announced. The agreement en- Smart Border Action Plan and ask that they be
hances “border security by utilizing technology to judgments of the U.S. Supreme Court. A North
updated regularly on the work being done to har-
strengthen infrastructure while facilitating the American Commission would 'develop an inte-
monize our common border. grated continental plan for transportation and in-
transit of people and goods across the border.” 29
Sept. 11, 2002: The National Post publishes an frastructure.'" See: A North American Community.
Apr. 2002: The Canadian right-wing think tank article by Alan Gotlieb, the chairman of the A Modest Proposal To the Trilateral Commission.
the C.D. Howe Institute publishes the first paper Donner Canadian Foundation and Canada's am- Wendy Dobson presents "The Future of North
in the "Border Papers" series, which they have bassador to the United States from 1981 to 1989, American Integration.” at the conference. 33
described as "a project on Canada's choices re- titled "Why not a grand bargain with the U.S.?" In
garding North American integration." The Bor- Dec. 5, 2002: The U.S. Dept. of State’s “U.S. and
the article, Gotlieb asks "Rather than eschewing Canada Sign Bi-National Agreement on Mili-
der Papers were published with the financial further integration with the United States,
10
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
tary Planning” media note announced that on attention of decision-makers on the importance covering North America” Summer Institute “to
Dec. 5, Secretary Colin Powell “signed an agree- of the challenges at hand. NAFI intends to ar- instill in a new generation an innovative way of
ment between the United States and Canada to range periodic meetings between major stake- thinking about themselves and their neighbors
establish a new bi-national planning group at the holders in the political, private-sector, labour- — not just as citizens of their countries but also
North American Aerospace Defense Com- union and academic circles in the three NAFTA as residents of North America.” Dr. Robert Pas-
mand (NORAD) headquarters in Colorado member-countries -- Canada, United States and tor is the Center’s founding Director. 39
Springs.” The group will set up “contingency plans Mexico.” 35
to respond to threats and attacks, and other ma- June 2003: The North American Community
Apr. 4, 2003: Representatives of the U.S. EPA, Service: Pilot Project Research Report was
jor emergencies in Canada or the United States,
enhancing our bi-national military planning and SEMARNAT, the ten border states and the 26 US published with support of a “grant from the Glo-
Tribes, met in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico to bal Service Institute (GSI), Center for Social De-
support to civil authorities. The Planning Group's
recognize the completion of the Border 21: U.S.- velopment, Washington University in St. Louis,
focus will include maritime-and land-based
threats.” 34 Mexico Environmental Program. The meeting also with funding from the Ford Foundation.” Stated
signals the start of a ten in the abstract: “In 2002, the North American In-
Dec. 5, 2002: The text of the Safe Third Country year joint effort outlined in stitute, in collaboration with the Universidad
Agreement is signed by officials of Canada and the Border 2012 Pro- Veracruzana, the Student Conservation Associa-
the United States as part of the Smart Border gram which includes di- tion, and Canada World Youth, along with regional
Action Plan. See the final text here: Final Text of viding the U.S.-Mexico and local organizations in Mexico, Canada, and
the Safe Third Country Agreement Refugee sup- Border area into four bina- the United States, initiated a pilot demonstration
port groups on both sides of the Canadian-U.S. tional workgroups: Califor- of a North American Community Service (NACS)
border criticize the new agreement dealing with nia-Baja California, Ari- program. The purpose of NACS is to build ca-
refugees for stipulating that refugees must seek zona-Sonora, New Mexico- pacity among youth from all walks of life for
asylum in whichever of the two countries they Texas-Chihuahua, and leadership in creating a North American com-
reach first. Critics say that preventing individuals Texas-Coahuila-Nuevo munity.” 40
who first set foot in the U.S. from making a claim León-Tamaulipas. 36
in Canada will increase cases of human smug- Aug. 2003: “President Fox and members of his
gling, and that other refugees will be forced to cabinet once again affirmed support of
live without any kind of legal status in the U.S. CANAMEX and the importance of secure and
See for example: 10 Reasons Why Safe Third Country is a efficient transportation infrastructure along the
Bad Deal west coast of Mexico. The innovative CyberPort
project in Nogales is one example of the high
Dec. 6, 2002: The White House issues an update level of international cooperation as it uses tech-
on the progress of the Smart Border Action Plan. nology and a re-engineering of the border cross-
See: U.S. Canada Smart Border 30 Point Action Plan Update ing process to shift physical inspection processes
——————2003—————— away from the border to encourage redundancy
Jan. 2003: The Canadian Council of Chief Ex- Apr. 11–14, 2003: The 34th annual plenary con- within the enforcement process.” 41
ecutives headed by Tom D'Aquino (also a mem- ference of the Trilateral Commission is con- Oct. 21, 2003: Dr. Robert Pastor gives testimony
ber of the trinational Task Force on the Future of vened at the Shilla Hotel, Seoul, Korea: “Global to the U.S. House of Representatives, Interna-
North America) launches the North American Governance – Enhancing Trilateral Coopera- tional Relations Committee, Subcommittee on
Security and Prosperity Initiative (NASPI) in tion.” 37 Western Hemisphere Affairs on "U.S. Policy to-
January 2003 in response to an alleged "need ward the Western Hemisphere: Challenges and
Apr. 16, 2003: American University’s Center for
for a comprehensive North American strategy in- Opportunities" in which he recommends the for-
North American Studies summarizes the “High-
tegrating economic and security issues". NASPI mation of a "North American Community."
lights of Faculty Seminar IV,” an event co-chaired
has five main elements, which include: Reinvent-
by Dr. Robert A. Pastor and Prof. Phillip Brenner: Oct. 31 2003: Former U.S. President William
ing borders, Maximizing regulatory efficien-
“Pastor summed up the seminars. The first sought “Bill” Clinton delivers an address at Yale Uni-
cies, Negotiation of a comprehensive re-
to define North America as being more than versity. The YaleGlobe Online story titled “Secu-
source security pact, Reinvigorating the North
just three countries -- an area increasingly in- rity and Prosperity in the 21st Century” (10
American defence alliance, and Creating a
tegrated socially and economically, though not Nov. 2003) reported: “Former US President Bill
new institutional framework. See: North American
politically or policy-wise. The second addressed Clinton believes that an interdependent world is
Security and Prosperity Initiative (PDF).
the nature of the linkages that connect as well unsustainable because of its instability. To solve
Mar. 27-28 2003: The North American Forum as the profound divergence in development be- this latent instability Clinton proposes three goals.
on Integration (NAFI) holds its first conference tween Mexico and its northern neighbors. The First, the world needs to create a global com-
in Montreal, Canada “in order to examine the out- third focused on the most acute dilemma -- how munity with shared responsibilities, benefits, and
look for the future of North American integration.” to continue to integrate the region in the wake values. Second, to implement this global com-
Special attention is given to the “interest of cre- of heightened concerns about munity, nations must share the burden of inter-
ating a North American Investment Fund.” The terror and communicable dis- national security and build institutions that allow
conference also focuses on subjects like: Bor- eases. The issue for the final for the peaceful resolution of disagreements. Fur-
der fluidity, Energy, Development of infra- seminar is: where do we go thermore, the benefits of the developed world
structures, Currency and Taxation, Gover- from here with “North must be shared through greater trade liberal-
nance, Sustainable development, and Busi- America”? How can we rethink ization. Finally, the US should foster greater multi-
ness strategies. Created in 2002, NAFI “is a our relationships?” 38 lateral ties, but act alone if necessary. Funda-
nonprofit organization devoted to developing mentally, he concludes, for the US to lead in
June 1-July 12 2003: The Cen-
North American dialogue and networks” and the creation of an integrated global commu-
ter for North American Studies
“aims to build awareness on the issues raised by nity, it must first establish an integrated do-
at American University (Wash-
the North American integration and to focus the mestic community.” 42
ington D.C.) holds its first “Dis-

11
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
——————2004—————— Jun. 19, 2004: A Memorandum of Understand- Dec. 29, 2004: The Safe Third Country Agreement
2004: The Institute for Research on Public Policy ing (MOU) is signed by comes into force. See: Safe Third Country Agreement
(Canada), publishes a working paper titled “Tak- Arizona Governor Comes Into Force Today
ing a Fresh look at North American Integration” Janet Napolitano ——————2005——————
by Yan Cimon and Claudia Rebolledo. 43 (US) and Sonora
Governor Eduardo Jan. 2005: At the Organization of the American
Jan. 2004: NAFTA celebrates its tenth anniver- States, former U.S. President
Bours (Mexico) for the
sary with controversy, as it is both praised and James “Jimmy” Carter (a
Planning and Devel-
criticized. former Trilateral Commission
opment of the
Jan./Feb. 2004: The Council on Foreign Rela- CANAMEX interna- member) was asked about the
tions publishes Robert Pastor's paper "North tional trade corridor. 47 chance that countries in the
America's Second Decade," which advocates fur- Western Hemisphere would
Sept. 20, 2004:Thomas d’Aquino, President and form a union similar to the Eu-
ther North American integration. Read it at: North
C.E. of the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, ropean Union. Excerpts of
America's Second Decade
delivers an address to the to the Mexico Business Carter’s response were pub-
Jan. 27, 2004: Idaho Governor Dirk Summit (Veracruz, Mexico) titled “Canada and lished in the June 2005 report AFTER the FTAA
Kempthorne replies to Ambassador Mexico Building a Shared Future in North America.” 48 that was “based on a research project conducted
Robert B. Zoellick (U.S. Trade Rep- by the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) and sup-
Oct. 2004: The Canada-Mexico Partnership (CMP)
resentative) regarding Zoellick’s re- ported by the Rockefeller Foundation.” Carter
is launched during the visit of President Vicente
quest for support for “on-going ne- opined, “. . . In summary, I believe that within less
Fox to Ottawa. See: Canada-Mexico Partnership (CMP)
gotiations in the area of government procure- than 100 years we will see a strong interconti-
ment.” Kempthorne writes, “The state of Idaho Nov. 1, 2004: The Independent Task Force on the nental form of government based particularly on
will continue to authorize the U.S. Trade Repre- Future of North America is formed. The task force the benefits of the EU [European Union] . . .” 50
sentative to offer access to the Idaho State gov- is a trilateral task force charged with developing
ernment procurement market in new trade Mar. 2005: The Independent Task Force on the
a "roadmap" to promote North American secu-
agreements that USTR is currently negotiating. Future of North America releases "Creating a
rity and advance the well being of citizens of all
These include trade agreements with Morocco, three countries. The task force is chaired by North American Community — Chairmen’s
Australia, the countries of the Central America Statement." Three former high-ranking govern-
former Liberal Deputy Prime Minister John Manley.
Common Market (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Gua- ment officials from Canada, Mexico, and the
It is sponsored by the Council on Foreign Rela-
temala, Honduras and Nicaragua), the South tions (CFR) in association with the Canadian United States call for a North American economic
African Customs Union . . . and the Free Trade and security community by 2010 to address
Council of Chief Executives (CCCE) and the
Agreement of the Americas.” 44 Note: Go to the shared security threats, challenges to competi-
Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales.
Public Citizen website to find out if your state is tiveness, and interest in broad-based develop-
committed to be bound to trade agreements’ re- ment across the three countries. See: Creating a
strictive government procurement provisions: Dec. 17, 2004: President North American Community Chairmen’s Statement
< http://www.citizen.org/trade/subfederal/procurement/ > George W. Bush signs
the Intelligence Reform Mar. 14, 2005: Robert Pastor, author of Toward a
Mar. 17-20, 2004: The Consortium for North and Terrorism Prevention
North American Community and member of the
American Higher Education Collaboration task force on the future of North America, pub-
Act. Within the bill is the
(CONAHEC) holds its 9th North American Western Hemisphere lishes an article titled "The Paramount Challenge
Higher Education Conference in Guadalajara, for North America: Closing the Development
Travel Initiative (WHTI)
Jalisco, Mexico. Titled “Discovering North Ameri- Gap," sponsored by the North American Devel-
that “allows citizens from
can Potential: Higher Education Charts a New the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and the Carib- opment Bank, which recommends forming a
Course,” the conference, which focused “on the North American Community as a way to address
bean islands to enter the United States
urgency of building North America, and higher economic inequalities due to NAFTA between
without a passport. The only requirement
education’s role in the process,” received gen- is a valid driver’s license or birth certifi- Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. See: THE PARAMOUNT CHAL-
erous support from the Ford Foundation. 45, 46 LENGE FOR NORTH AMERICA: CLOSING THE DEVELOPMENT GAP (PDF)
cate certifying that the visitor is a resident
Apr. 2004: The Canadian Council of Chief Ex- of one of the neighboring countries. . . . Mar. 23, 2005: The leaders of
ecutives (CCCE) publishes a major discussion An integral part of WHTI is the creation Canada, the United States and
paper titled "New Frontiers: Building a 21st of a new form of identification to expe- Mexico sign the Security and
Century Canada-United States Partnership in dite the trip across the border. . . . As the Prosperity Partnership
North America." Some of the paper’s 15 rec- federal government continues to struggle (SPP) of North America at the trilateral summit
ommendations expand on the NASPI framework with WHTI and PASS Card implementa- in Waco, Texas. Canada is signed on by Prime Min-
in areas such as tariff harmonization, rules of tion, DHS [U.S. Department of Homeland ister Paul Martin. See: www.spp.gov.
origin, trade remedies, energy strategy, core de- Security] is calling for long-range RFID
cards, while the State Department pro- Mar. 24, 2005: The 40 Point Smart Regulation
fence priorities and the need to strengthen Plan is launched as part of the SPP agreement.
Canada-United States institutions, including poses contact-less smartcard technol-
ogy. The DHS card [would be] embedded It is a far-reaching plan to introduce huge changes
the North American Aerospace Defence Com- to Canada's regulatory system in order to elimi-
mand (NORAD). Other recommendations focus with a computer chip and biometric iden-
tifier . . . Unfortunately, the federal gov- nate some regulations and harmonize other regu-
on the process for developing and executing a lations with the U.S. Reg Alcock, President of the
comprehensive strategy, including the need for ernment does not have plans to encrypt
the information provided on any RFID chip. Treasury Board and Minister responsible for the
greater coordination across government depart- Canadian Wheat Board, launches the Govern-
ments, between federal and provincial govern- This implementation without encryption
leaves U.S. citizens highly vulnerable.” 49 ment of Canada's implementation plan for Smart
ments and between the public and private sectors. Regulation at a Newsmaker Breakfast at the Na-
See: Building a 21st Century Canada-United States Partner- tional Press Club. For the original plan and updates see:
ship in North America Smart Regulation: Report on Actions and Plans

12
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
linking driver’s license databases throughout
May 11, 2005: President George W. Bush North America. . . .Given that BlueBear is already de-
signs the ‘‘Emergency Supplemental Appro- ploying information sharing systems in Law Enforcement,
priations Act for Defense, the Global War adding Driver’s Licenses is a logical extension.” 54
on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005’’ (P.L.
June 2005: Robert A. Pastor’s “North America:
109-13). Embedded in the bill is the REAL
ID Act of 2005 which contains provisions Three Nations, a Partnership, or a Community?” is
published in the Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Pa-
establishing drivers license and identifica-
per Series (Vol.5, No.13, June 2005), a publication
tion card standards for “official purpose.”
Purposes include (but are not limited to) “ac- sponsored by the European Union Commission.55
cessing Federal facilities, boarding feder- June 2005: A follow-up SPP meet-
ally regulated commercial aircraft, entering ing is held in Ottawa, Canada.
Mar. 2005: Agreement to build the Texas NAFTA nuclear power plants, and any other pur-
Superhighway: “A ‘Comprehensive Development poses that the Secretary [of Homeland Se- June 2005: A U.S. Senate Republican Policy
curity] shall determine.” Identity cards is- Committee policy paper is released: “The CFR
Agreement’ [is] signed by the Texas Department
sued by each state must have “A common did not mention the Central America Free Trade
of Transportation (TxDOT) to build the ‘TTC-35
High Priority Corridor’ parallel to Interstate 35. machine-readable technology, with Agreement (CAFTA), but it is obvious that it is
defined minimum data elements.” part of the scheme. This was made clear
The contracting party involved a limited partner-
“Mandatory facial image capture” by the Senate Republican Policy Commit-
ship formed between Cintra Concesiones de
Infraestructuras de Transporte, S.A., a publicly listed is required for everyone “applying tee policy paper released in June 2005. It
for a driver’s license or identity argued that Congress should pass CAFTA
company headquartered in Spain, owned by the
card.” States must “Provide elec- … The Senate Republican policy paper ar-
Madrid-based Groupo Ferrovial, and a San An-
tonio-based construction company, Zachry Con- tronic access to all other States to gued that CAFTA ‘will promote democratic
information contained in the mo- governance. ’But there is nothing demo-
struction Corp.” Texas Segment of NAFTA Super Highway Nears
tor vehicle database of the State.” 52 cratic about CAFTA’s many pages of grants
Construction, Jerome R. Corsi, June 2006, www.Humaneventsonline.com
The proposed NAFTA superhighway will be a of vague authority to foreign tribunals on which
foreign judges can force us to change our do-
10 lane super highway four football fields wide
May 2005: The Council on Foreign Relations mestic laws to be ‘no more burdensome than nec-
that will travel through the heart of the U.S. along Press publishes the report of the Independent
Interstate 35, from the Mexican border at Laredo, essary’ on foreign trade.” CFR's Plan to Integrate the
Task Force on the Future of North America, titled U.S., Mexico and Canada, July 2005, www.Eagleforum.org
Tex., to the Canadian border north of Duluth.
"Building a North American Community" (task
Minn. The "Trans-Texas Corridor" or TTC will force report 53). See: Building a North American Community June 9, 2005: CNN's Lou Dobbs, reporting on
be the first leg of the NAFTA superhighway. Dr. Robert Pastor's congressional testimony as
May 31 2005: Mexican Interior Minister Santiago one of the six co-chairmen of the Council on For-
Creel and U.S. Department of Homeland Secu- eign Relations (CFR) Independent Task Force on
rity Secretary Michael Chertoff North America, began his evening broadcast with
meet in Washington discuss future this announcement: "Good evening, everybody.
tasks they will cooperate on. Ac- Tonight, an astonishing proposal to expand our
cording to USINFO, “In the com- borders to incorporate Mexico and Canada and
ing months, the United States and simultaneously further diminish U.S. sovereignty.
Mexico will work to open new traf- Have our political elites gone mad?"
fic lanes for the expedited flow of
people and vehicles across the two countries' June 22, 2005: Virginia Rep. Virgil Goode intro-
shared border, including the opening of six new duces H. CON. RES. 186 — “Expressing the sense
SENTRI (secure electronic network for travelers of Congress that the President should provide notice
rapid inspection) lanes and eight FAST (free and of withdrawal of the United States from the North
secure trade) lanes. . . . Immigration was also a American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).” 56
central theme . . . Chertoff said President Bush June 27, 2005: “Security and Pros-
Apr. 2005: U.S. Senate Bill 853 — “The North
believes there would be real value in having a perity Partnership of North America—
American Security Cooperative Act” — is in-
temporary worker program that would match will- Report to Leaders [2005]” 57
troduced by Senator Richard G. Lugar (IN) and ing workers from Mexico with willing employers
cosponsored by Norm Coleman (MN), John July 2005: The Central American Free Trade
in the United States, while also ensuring employ-
Cornyn (TX), Chuck Hagel (NE), Kay Bailey Agreement (CAFTA) passes in the U.S. House
ment opportunities for American workers.” 53
Hutchinson (TX), John McCain (AZ), and Ted of Representatives by a 217-215 vote.
Stevens (AK). The proposed legislation supports June 1, 2005: BlueBear Network International
the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North Inc. (BBNI) announces the extension of their “ex- Aug. 24, 2005: Economist and researcher Miguel
America Agreement announced on March 23, clusive licensing of facial recognition and se- Pickard writes in “Trinational Elites Map North
2005. The bill includes a North American Secu- cure distributed search technology from Ot- American Future in ‘NAFTA-Plus"’ that “The elites
rity Initiative, Improving the Exchange of Infor- tawa-based VisionSphere Technologies, to offer of the three NAFTA countries (Canada, the United
mation on North American Security, Information State motor vehicle agencies the ability to link States, and Mexico) have been aggressively mov-
Sharing Agreements, Improving the Security of driver’s license databases between all U.S. ing forward to build a new political and economic
Mexico’s Southern Border, North American De- states, Canada and Mexico — as proposed by entity. A ‘trinational merger’ is underway that
fense Institutions, and Repatriation. 51 SB 853 en- the sweeping REAL ID Act approved by Congress leaps beyond the single market that NAFTA en-
courages harmonizing the law enforcement and this month.” Andrew Brewin, President and CEO visioned and, in many ways, would constitute
border related measures of the U.S., Canada, of BBNI said, ”The passing of the Real ID Act by a single state, called simply,‘North America.’ . . .
and Mexico which include increased technology Congress earlier this month will enable BlueBear NAFTA Plus is more the elites’ shared vision of
use, data collections/sharing, and reporting. to position itself to be a key technology player in what a merged future will look like. Their ideas

13
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
are being implemented through the signing of June 2006: Tom Tancredo, R-Colorado. demands What we do know, however, is that Congressional
‘regulations,’ not subject to citizens’ review. This superstate accounting from the Bush adminis- oversight of what might be one of the most signifi-
vision may initially have been labeled NAFTA tration: “Responding to a Worldnetdaily.com re- cant developments in recent history is non-exis-
Plus, but the name gives a mistaken impression port, Tom Tancredo is demanding the Bush ad- tent. Congress has had no role at all in a ‘dialogue’
of what is at hand, since there will be no single ministration fully disclose the activities of an of- that many see as a plan for a North American union.”
treaty text, no unique label to facilitate keeping fice implementing a trilateral agreement with Furthermore, “According to the SPP website, this
tabs. Perhaps for this reason, some civil society Mexico and Canada that apparently could lead ‘dialogue’ will create new supra-national organiza-
groups are calling the phenomenon by another to a North American union, despite having no tions to ‘coordinate’ border security, health policy,
name, the Security and Prosperity Partnership authorization from Congress.” Tancredo Confronts 'Su- economic and trade policy, and energy policy be-
of North America (SPPNA), an official sobriquet per-State' Effort, June 2006, www.Worldnetdaily.com tween the governments of Mexico, Canada, and
for the summits held by the three chief execu- the United States. As such, it is but an extension
June 15, 2006: U.S. Commerce
tives to agree on the future of ‘North America.’” 58 of NAFTA- and CAFTA-like agreements that have
Secretary Carlos M. Gutierrez far less to do with the free movement of goods and
Nov. 2005: Canadian Action Party leader Connie convenes the first meeting of the
services than they do with government coordina-
Fogal publishes an article called "Summary and North American Competitive-
tion and management of international trade.” 64
Part 1: The Metamorphosis and Sabotage of ness Council (NACC), the advi-
Canada by Our Own Government—The North sory group organized by the De- Aug. 29, 2006: Patrick Buchanan (U.S.) criticizes
American Union." See Summary and Part 1: The Meta- partment of Commerce (DOC) under the aus- a North American union in his article "The NAFTA
morphosis and Sabotage of Canada by Our Own Govern- pices of the Security and Prosperity Partnership super highway." See: The NAFTA super highway
ment The North American Union (SPP) and announced by the leaders of Canada,
Sept. 12-14, 2006: A secret "North American Fo-
——————2006—————— the U.S. and Mexico on March 31, 2006.
rum" on integration is held at the Fairmont Banff
Jan. 2006: Conservative Stephen Harper is July 2006: Public hearings on the proposed Springs Hotel. Elite participants from Canada, the
elected Prime Minister of Canada with a minor- "NAFTA superhighway" begin in the U.S. U.S. and Mexico are present. It is ignored by the
ity government. mainstream media. See the Vive le Canada.ca article
July 25, 2006: The article "Meet Robert Pastor, for the secret agenda and participant list: Deep Integration
Feb. 14, 2006: The “Universal National Service Father of the North American Union" is published. Planned at Secret Conference Ignored by the Media.
Act of 2006” (HR 4752) is introduced “To pro- See: Meet Robert Pastor: Father of the North American Union
vide for the common defense by requiring all per- Sept. 13, 2006: A Maclean's article on integra-
Aug. 2006: “Security and Prosper- tion notes that according to Ron Covais, the presi-
sons in the United States, including women, be- ity Partnership of North America — dent of the Americas for defence giant Lockheed
tween the ages of 18 and 42 to perform a period of Report to Leaders [2006]” 62
military service or a period of civilian service in Martin, a former Pentagon adviser to Dick Cheney,
and one of the architects of North American in-
furtherance of the national defense and home-
Aug. 2, 2005: U.S. President tegration, the political will to make deep integra-
land security, and for other purposes.” If HR 4725
becomes law, U.S. military personnel could be George W. Bush signs H.R. tion of the continent happen will last only for "less
3045 — “Dominican Re- than two years". According to the article, to make
deployed to Canada or Mexico due to the fact that
public-Central America- sure that the establishment of a North American
USNORTHCOM and NORAD include Canada
and Mexico in their areas of responsibility. 59, 60, 61 United States Free Trade Union will take place in that time, "The executives
Agreement Implementa- have boiled their priorities down to three: the Ca-
tion Act” (DR-CAFTA) (P.L. 109-53).63 The nadian CEOs are focusing on 'border crossing
Mar. 31, 2006: At the Summit bill which is an extension of NAFTA, sup- facilitation,' the Americans have taken on 'regu-
of the Americas in Cancun, ports a regional trade agreement removing latory convergence,' and the Mexicans are look-
Canada (under new Prime almost all trade barriers between the United ing at 'energy integration' in everything from elec-
Minister Stephen Harper) along with the States, the Dominican Republic in the Car- trical grids to the locating of liquid natural gas
U.S. and Mexico release the Leaders' Joint ibbean, and five countries in Central terminals. They plan to present recommendations
Statement. The statement presents six ac- America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Hondu- to the ministers in October. This is how the future
tion points to move toward a North Ameri- ras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. of North America now promises to be written: not
can Union, aka a North American Com- in a sweeping trade agreement on which elections
munity. These action points include: will turn, but by the accretion of hundreds of in-
1) Establishment of a Trilateral Regula- Aug. 21, 2006: An article titled “North American cremental changes implemented by executive
tory Cooperative Framework, Union Threatens U.S. Sovereignty" is posted to agencies, bureaucracies and regulators. 'We've
2) Establishment of the North American informationliberation.com. decided not to recommend any things that would
Competitiveness Council (NACC), Aug. 27, 2006: Patrick Wood (U.S.) publishes an require legislative changes,' says Covais. 'Because
3) Provision for North American Emer- article titled "Toward a North American Union" we won't get anywhere.'" See: Meet NAFTA 2.0
gency Management, for The August Review. See: Toward a North American Union Sept. 28, 2006: Virginia Rep. Virgil H. Goode, Jr.
4) Provision for Avian and Human
Pandemic Influenza Management, Aug. 28, 2006: “A North American United Nations?” introduces House Concurrent Resolution 487
by U.S. Representative Ron Paul (Texas) is pub- in the 109th Congress: “Expressing the sense of
5) Development of North American Energy
lished in Texas Straight Talk. The Congress that the United States should not en-
Security,
6) Assure Smart, Secure North American Congressman explains: “Accord- gage in the construction of a North American Free
ing to the US government website Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhighway Sys-
Borders.
dedicated to the project, the SPP tem or enter into a North American Union with
Read the full statement at: Leaders' Joint Statement
is neither a treaty nor a formal Mexico and Canada.” Resolution cosponsors in-
agreement. Rather, it is a ‘dia- clude Ron Paul (TX), Walter B. Jones Jr. (NC),
Apr. 2006: A draft environmental impact state- logue’ launched by the heads of and Tom Tancredo (CO). 65
ment on the proposed first leg of the "NAFTA su- state of Canada, Mexico, and the United States at
perhighway", the "Trans-Texas Corridor" or TTC, Oct. 20-22, 2006: North American Regional Meeting
a summit in Waco, Texas in March, 2005.” Paul asks of the Trilateral Commission, Boston, Massachusetts.
is completed. “What is a ‘dialogue’?” and says, “We don't know. 66

14
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 2006: North America Works II Jan. 22, 2007: Virginia Rep. Virgil H. Goode, Jr., Feb. 16 2007: American University’s Center for
Conference is held in Kansas City, Missouri. The along with six co-sponsors, introduces House North American Studies and Washington College
focus: “Building North American Competitive- Concurrent Resolution 40 in the 110th Con- of Law are co-sponsoring a conference titled “A
ness” through transportation integration “to help gress: “Expressing the sense of Congress North American Legal System: Is it Possible?
North America be competitive in the global that the United States should not engage in Desirable?” regarding “the subject of legal har-
economy.” A.J. Teegarden reported: “The integra- the construction of a North American Free monization and integration among the three prin-
tion of North American transportation infrastruc- Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhighway cipal North American countries of the United
ture and systems, particularly those that support System or enter into a North American Union States, Canada, and Mexico.” 73
freight carried by rail, truck, and through inland with Mexico and Canada.” 71
ports and entrepreneurism were the primary con- Mar. 16-19, 2007: Annual Meeting of the Trilat-
Jan. 23, 2007: A motion is made in Utah’s House eral Commission, Brussels, Belgium. 74
ference subjects. [For entrepreneurism read 'pub-
Government Operations Standing Committee to
lic/private partnerships.'] . . . Although many of May 20-25, 2007: The North American Forum
the conference presentations focused on the approve HJR 7, a “Resolution Urging United
States Withdrawal from Security and Prosper- on Integration (NAFI) TRIUMVIRATE will be held
shared US/Canadian border, some discussion in Washington D.C. “The Triumvirate is a unique
ity Partnership of North America.” The motion
addressed the US/Mexican border, i.e. develop- parliamentary exercise that annually brings to-
ing an immigration policy that ‘works’ was essen- passes with 10 yeas and 0 nays. 72
gether a hundred university students, from
tial, as was the harmonization of regulations on ———COMING IN 2007——— Canada, Mexico and the United States, in order
containers, and cabotage rules.” 67 Another trilateral meeting, to be held in Canada. to simulate, during five days, a parliamentary
——————2007—————— The six actions towards creating a North Ameri- meeting between North American national and
can Union (NAU) aka a North American Com- sub-national parliamentarians, joined by journal-
Jan. 4, 2007: The U.S.-Mexico Social Security
munity as set out in the Cancun Leaders' State- ists and lobbyists.” One of the main objectives is
Totalization Agreement (signed June 2004 and
ment will have been taken in part or in full. Re- “To develop their sense of a North American iden-
currently awaiting President Bush’s signature) tity” NAFI was created in 2002. 75
was finally released following lawsuits filed by garding regulations, according to the statement:
"We affirm our commitment to strengthen regu-
TREA Senior Citizens League under the Free- Sept. 28-30, 2007: North American Regional
latory cooperation in [food safety] and other key
dom of Information Act. The agreement “could Meeting of the Trilateral Commission, Cancun,
allow millions of illegal Mexican workers to draw sectors and to have our central regulatory agen- Mexico. 76
cies complete a trilateral regulatory cooperation
billions of dollars from the U.S. Social Security
framework by 2007."
Trust Fund.” And due to a Social Security law
loophole, it is possible for “millions of today's Mexi-
can workers to eventually collect billions of dol-
lars worth of Social Security benefits for earn- In the three part series titled “The Metamorphosis and Sabotage of Canada by our Own Gov-
ings under fraudulent or ‘non-work authorized’ So- ernment,” the Canadian author Connie Fogal — who opposes Canada’s integration with the
cial Security numbers, putting huge new pres- United States and Mexico — reveals the recommendations in the May 2005 release of “Build-
sures on the Social Security Trust Fund.” If Presi- ing a North American Community” — a Report of the Independent Task Force on the
dent Bush signs the agreement, Congress has Future of North America sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations with the Canadian
60 days within which they may vote to reject it. 68 Council of Chief Executives and the Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales.
Jan. 5, 2007: WorldNetDaily.com reports: “Ari- The report’s suggestions for a common North America are strikingly aligned with those ex-
zona State University is teaching that the U.S., pressed four years earlier in Toward a North American Community (2001) by Dr. Robert A.
Mexico and Canada need to be integrated into a Pastor who coincidentally served as a vice-chair on the Independent Task Force on the
unified superstate, where U.S. citizens of the Future of North America.
future will be known as ‘North Americanists,’
according to the taxpayer-funded ‘Building North About the concepts contained in “Building a North American Community,” Fogal writes: “The
America’ program.” WND further adds, “The pro- plan of this Canada-U.S.-Mexico task force is to establish a continent-wide customs union with
gram openly advocates for the integration of eco- a common approach to trade, energy, immigration, law enforcement and security that would
nomic issues across the continent, and in many virtually eliminate existing national borders. . . . The recommendations include:
places goes further – such as the call for a com-
• a common security perimeter by 2010. • Expand temporary worker programs and create
mon North American currency.” 69 a ‘North American preference’ for immigration for
• a North American Border Pass with biometric
Jan. 4, 2007: UPI reports that the new Euro- identifiers. citizens of North America.
pean Union President Angela Merkel of Ger- • a unified border and expanded customs facilities. • A North American Investment Fund to build in-
many, who has been meeting with. U.S. Presi- frastructure to connect Mexico's poorer regions
dent George W. Bush at the White House, is pro- • a single economic space . . . in the south to the market to the north.
moting “the idea of closer economic ties be- • a common external tariff. • Restructure and reform Mexico's public finances.
tween the EU and the United States, beyond • seamless movement of goods within North • Fully develop Mexican energy resources (Mexico
removing more trade barriers to creating a America. wisely kept their energy out of NAFTA)
trans-Atlantic free-trade zone, a spokesman • Full labor mobility between Canada and the U.S. • A permanent tribunal for trade and investment
said. Merkel told The Financial Times and
• A North American energy strategy — as a disputes . . .
Germany's Der Spiegel before the meeting she
regional alternative to Kyoto. • An annual North American summit meeting.
found the idea of such an agreement -- with joint
financial market regulations, stock exchange • Review those sectors of NAFTA that were ex- • A Tri-national Competition Commission with a
rules, intellectual-property rights and mutual rec- cluded. common approach to trade remedies.
ognition of technical standards -- fascinating.The • A North American regulatory plan that would in- • Scholarships for a network of Centers for North
zone would be created after international politi- clude ‘open skies and open roads’ and a unified
American Studies. (To serve the corporations)”
cal negotiations to create a trans-Atlantic Free approach on food, health, and the environment.
Trade Agreement, or Tafta.” 70
15
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
——————————————————————— 24 STRATEGIC PLAN, Joint Advisory Committee for the Improvement of Air Quality
in the Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua / El Paso, Texas /Doña Ana County, New Mexico
References Air Basin, May 1999, p.30.
(excluding the entries with ENDNOTES): < http://yosemite1.epa.gov/oia/MexUSA.nsf/437cdeb7903fb98f882563eb00052a79/a73c57ccfdb56a9e882563eb00079644!OpenDocument >

Timeline of the Progress Toward a North American Union 25 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING Between Western States for the Plan-
Vive le Canada website ning and Development of the CANAMEX Corridor, Revision 1 -- Recession and
< http://www.vivelecanada.ca/staticpages/index.php/20060830133702539 > Replacement of Previous Agreements, Dec. 3, 1999.
North American Union — Treason on the Installment Plan < http://www.westgov.org/wieb/meetings/board1000/briefing/canamex.pdf >
Vicky Davis | Channeling Reality website 26 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING — Revision 3, Between Five Western
< http://www.channelingreality.com/NAU/NAU_Main.htm > States for the Planning and Development of the CANAMEX Corridor, Oct. 31,
——————————————————————— 2003, p. 1. The MOU bears the signatures of five Governors: Janet Napolitano
(Arizona), Judy Martz (Montana), Michael O. Leavitt (Utah), Dirk Kempthorne
Endnotes (Idaho), and Kenny C. Guinn (Nevada).
1 Trade Promotion Authority and Fast-Track Negotiating Authority for Trade Agree- < http://www.channelingreality.com/Documents/Canamex_Govs_MOU_2003.pdf >
ments: Major Votes, Carolyn C. Smith, CRS Report for Congress, Order Code 27 Mexico-United States Dialogue on Migration and Border Issues, 2001-2006, K. Larry
RS21004, Updated Oct. 18, 2006, p. 1. Storrs, CRS Report for Congress, Updated Jan. 20, 2006 (Order Code RL32735)
< http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/75260.pdf > < http://www.ilw.com/immigdaily/news/2006,0213-crs.pdf >
2 Organization of American States (OAS), Inventory of International Nonprolifera- 28 “A Magna Carta for the Americas. The Inter-American Democratic Charter: Gen-
tion Organizations and Regimes, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Last Up- esis, Challenges and Canadian Connections,” John W. Graham, Policy Paper, Ca-
dated: 9/27/2006. < http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/inven/pdfs/oas.pdf > nadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL), Sept. 2002, ISBN: 1-896301-8 4-3
3 Organization of American States, Britannica. Accessed Jan. 16, 2006. < http://www.focal.ca/pdf/iad_charter.pdf > Read the Inter-American Democratic
< http://www.answers.com/topic/organization-of-american-states > Charter (located on the Organization of American States (OAS) website):
< http://www.oas.org/charter/docs/resolution1_en_p4.htm >
4 Encyclopedia of American History. Accessed Jan. 16, 2006.
< http://www.answers.com/topic/organization-of-american-states > 29 Mexico-United States Dialogue on Migration and Border Issues, 2001-2006, K. Larry
Storrs, CRS Report for Congress, Updated Jan. 20, 2006 (Order Code RL32735)
5 Declaration of the Presidents of America, Meeting of American Chiefs of State, < http://www.ilw.com/immigdaily/news/2006,0213-crs.pdf >
Punta del Este, Uruguay, April 12-14, 1967. Accessed Dec. 2006.
< http://www.summit-americas.org/declarat%20presidents-1967-eng.htm > 30 Toward a North American Community?, Editor: Emily Heard, Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars (Washington, D.C.), Canada Institute, Mexico
6 Trade Promotion Authority and Fast-Track Negotiating Authority for Trade Agree- Institute, Project on America and the Global Economy, 2002. The publication was
ments: Major Votes, CRS Report for Congress, Updated Oct. 18, 2006, p. 1. funded by a Ford Foundation grant to the Woodrow Wilson Center. The Center’s
< http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/75260.pdf > Board of Trustees include: Lee H. Hamilton, Director; Joseph B. Gildenhorn,
7 La Paz Agreement. Joint Advisory Committee website (supported by a grant from Chair; Steven Alan Bennett, Vice Chair. Public Members: James H. Billington,
the EPA) < http://www.jac-ccc.org/Agreement.htm > Librarian of Congress; John W. Carlin, Archivist of the United States; Bruce
Cole, Chair, National Endowment for the Humanities; Roderick R. Paige, Secre-
8 Cross-Border Resource Management —Theory and Practice, Rongxing Guo, tary, U.S. Department of Education; Colin L. Powell, Secretary, U.S. Department
Ph.D., The Final Report, Fourth Individual Research Grant, East Asian Develop- of State; Lawrence M. Small, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Tommy G. Th-
ment Network (EADN), Draft: November 2004, Regional Science Association of ompson, Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Private Citi-
China at Peking University, Beijing, China, pgs. 17, 46, 128. zen Members: Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Carol Cartwright, Jean L. Hennessey, Daniel
< http://www.eadn.org/reports/wpweb/wp28.pdf > L. Lamaute, Doris O. Matsui, Thomas R. Reedy, Nancy M. Zirkin.
9 “Borders and Law Enforcement,” U.S. Embassy (Mexico) website. Accessed Dec. < http://wwics.si.edu/topics/pubs/NACrpt.pdf >
2006. < http://mexico.usembassy.gov/mexico/eborder_mechs.html > 31 Trade Act of 2002. Wikipedia. Accessed Dec. 2006.
10 “La Paz Agreement — Pathway to Disintegration,” Vicky Davis, Channeling Real- < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Act_of_2002 >
ity website. Accessed Dec. 2006 32 “About Us,” U.S. Northern Command. Accessed Jan. 2007.
< http://www.channelingreality.com/UN/Regionalization/La_Paz_Agreement.htm > < http://www.northcom.mil/about_us/about_us.htm >
11 Secret Records Revealed, Dennis Laurence Cuddy, Ph.D, Hearthstone Publish- 33 "The Future of North American Integration,” Wendy Dobson, A Background Paper
ing Ltd., 1999 edition, p. 198. for The Trilateral Commission, North American regional meeting, Toronto, Nov. 1-
12 Border XXI Program, Framework Document, Executive Summary, Oct 1996. U.S. 2, 2002. < http:// www.trilateral.org/nagp/regmtgs/pdf_folder/dobson02.pdf >
Environmental Protection Agency website. Accessed Dec. 2006 34 “U.S. and Canada Sign Bi-National Agreement on Military Planning,” U.S. Depart-
< http://yosemite1.epa.gov/oia/MexUSA.nsf/e92c076dfcf6d8d1882563cb0060dbdf/2948995ff3c3c91b882563eb000769b3?OpenDocument> ment of State, Office of the Spokesman, Dec. 9, 2002. Accessed Jan. 2007.
13 Executive Order 12803—Infrastructure Privatization, The American Presidency Project < http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/15783.htm >
website. Accessed Dec. 2006. < http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=23625 > 35 North American Forum on Integration (NAFI) 2003 conference brochure.
14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21 North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation < http://www.fina-nafi.org/contenu/partages/pdf/brochureConf03.pdf >
Act, Public Law 103-182, The House Ways & Means Committee Report, 103rd 36 Border 21: U.S.-Mexico Environmental Program, EPA-160-R-03-001, May 5, 2003
Congress Report 103-361, Nov. 15, 1993. U.S. Border and Customs Protection < http://www.epa.gov/r6border/pdf/2012_english.pdf >
website. Accessed Dec. 2006. < http://www.cbp.gov/nafta/nafta000.htm >
37 Global Governance, Enhancing Trilateral Cooperation, The Trilateral Commission
22 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING Between the Governors of Arizona and Seoul Plenary Meeting 2003, Trilateral Commission, 2003.
Sonora for the Planning and development of the CANAMEX Corridor, June 19, < http://www.trilateral.org/AnnMtgs/TRIALOG/TRLGTXTS/T56/pdf_folder/governance.pdf >
2004, p. 1. The MOU bears the signatures of Governors Janet Napolitano (Ari-
zona, U.S.A) and Eduardo Bours (Sonora, Mexico) 38 Highlights of Faculty Seminar IV, (Subject: Alternative Futures: Imagining a Differ-
< http://www.canamex.org/Arizona/Documents/2004/MOU_signed_20jun04.pdf > ent North America?) American University, Center for North American Studies,
April 16, 2003. < http://www.american.edu/ia/cnas/academics/summary4.html >
23 First Summit of the Americas, Miami, Florida, Dec. 9-11, 1994. Summit of the Ameri-
cas Information Network < http://www.summit-americas.org/miamiplan.htm > 39 “Discovering North America” Summer Institute 2003, The Center for North Ameri-
can Studies at American University (Washington D.C.)
< http://gwbweb.wustl.edu/csd/gsi/sp/publications/20030721NACS PilotResearchReport.pdf >

16
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)
40 North American Community Service: Pilot Project Research Report, Global Service Aug. 24, 2005. Miguel Pickard is an economist and researcher, co-founder of
Institute, Center for Social Development, Washington University in St. Louis, June 2003. CIEPAC (Centro de Investigaciones Económicas y Políticas de Acción Comunitaria
< http://gwbweb.wustl.edu/csd/gsi/sp/publications/20030721NACSPilotResearchReport.pdf > www.ciepac.org) in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico and an analyst
with the IRC Americas Program (online at www.americaspolicy.org).
41 Canamex Corridor, Security and Safety issues, Oct. 2003.
< http://americas.irc-online.org/am/386 > Download pdf
< http://www.canamex.org/docs/Safety_and_Security_Issues.doc >
< http://americas.irc-online.org/pdf/articles/0508pickard.pdf >
42 “Security and Prosperity in the 21st Century,” YaleGlobal Online, 10 Nov. 2003.
59 HR 4752 — “Universal National Service Act of 2006”—109th Congress, 2nd ses-
Accessed Jan. 2007.< http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=2734 >
sion. Introduced on Feb. 14, 2006 by Rep. Charles Rangel (D - New York). Library
43 “Taking a Fresh look at North American Integration,” Yan Cimon and Claudia of Congress THOMAS. Accessed Dec. 8, 2006. < http://thomas.loc.gov >
Rebolledo, Institute for Research on Public Policy (Canada), IRPP Working Paper
60 See timeline entry dated 10/1/2002 about USNORTHCOM and entry 12/5/02 about
Series no. 2004-09c.
NORAD.
< http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/300/irpp/working_papers/wp2004-09c.pdf >
61 “Northern Command, which includes Canada and Mexico in its area of responsi-
44 Letter to Ambassador Robert B. Zoellick (U.S. Trade Representative) written by
bility, was created to provide planning, organizing and executing homeland de-
Gov. Dirk Kempthorne, state of Idaho, dated Jan. 27, 2004.
fense and civil support missions within the continental United States, Alaska and
< http://www.citizen.org/documents/IDgovtoZoellick.pdf > Note: see the Public
U.S. territorial waters” according to a July 6, 2005 USINFO post titled “U.S. Mili-
Citizen website to find out if your state is committed to be bound to trade agree-
tary Will Expand Homeland Security Support Pentagon announces a layered de-
ments’ restrictive government procurement provisions:
fense strategy for United States” by Merle D. Kellerhals, Jr. Accessed Jan. 8, 2007.
< http://www.citizen.org/trade/subfederal/procurement/ >
< http://usinfo.state.gov/is/Archive/2005/Jul/06-179884.html >
45 9th North American Higher Education Conference, Conference Description, CONAHEC.
62 “Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America—Report to Leaders,” Aug.
Accessed Jan. 2007.
2006. SPP.GOV (“A North American Partnership”) website. Accessed Dec. 2006.
< http://www2.conahec.org/Guadalajara2004/english/en_Description.html >
< http://www.spp.gov/2006_report_to_leaders/index.asp?dName=2006_report_to_leaders >
46 CONAHEC: The Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration.
63 Trade Promotion Authority and Fast-Track Negotiating Authority for Trade Agree-
Accessed Jan. 2007. < http://www.wiche.edu/annualreport03/conahec.htm >
ments: Major Votes, Carolyn C. Smith, CRS Report for Congress, Order Code
47 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING Between the Governors of Arizona and RS21004, Updated Oct. 18, 2006.
Sonora for the Planning and development of the CANAMEX Corridor, June 19, < http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/75260.pdf >
2004. The MOU bears the signatures of Governors Janet Napolitano (Arizona)
64 “A North American United Nations?,” Congressman Ron Paul (TX), Texas Straight
and Eduardo Bours (Sonora, Mexico)
Talk, Aug. 28, 2006. < http://www.house.gov/paul/tst/tst2006/tst082806.htm >
< http://www.canamex.org/Arizona/Documents/2004/MOU_signed_20jun04.pdf >
65 House Concurrent Resolution 487, 109th Congress, 2md session. Introduced by
48 “Canada and Mexico Building a Shared Future in North America,” Notes for an
Mr.Goode (for himself, Mr. PAUL, Mr. JONES of North Carolina, and Mr.
address to the Mexico Business Summit by Thomas d’Aquino, President and Chief
TANCREDO), Library of Congress THOMAS. < http://thomas.loc.gov >
Executive, Canadian Council of Chief Executives, Veracruz, Mexico, Sept. 20, 2004.
< http://www.embamexcan.com/ECONOMY/Notes_for_Remarks_by_Thomas_d_Aquino_to_the_Mexico_ Business_Summit__September_20__2004.pdf > 66 Program of the 2006 North American Regional Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts
— October 27-29, 2006. (5th Meeting of the North American Group) At the The
49 Border Security: PASS Card Fails on Cost, Privacy, Katherine Walkenhorst, Citi-
Charles Hotel, Cambridge. Trilateral Commission website. Accessed Dec. 2006.
zens Against Government Waste, Sept. 7, 2006.
Note: There is a discrepancy in dates.
< http://www.cagw.org/site/DocServer/WHTI_Report__2_.pdf?docID=1721 >
< http://www.trilateral.org/NAGp/REGMTGS/06boston.htm >
50 AFTER the FTAA, Lessons from Europe for the Americas, Sarah Anderson and John
67 “North America Works II Conference — SPP Members Busy Building North America
Cavanagh, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, DC 20005, June 2005, p. 2.
Union‚” A.J. Teegarden, Dec. 7, 2006.
< http://www.ips-dc.org/global_econ/ftaa/after_ftaa.pdf >
< http://www.operationinformation.com/articles/ateegarden/naw2conf-ateeg-1206.htm >
51 Congressional Record—Senate, April 20, 2005, pages S4024-S4026.
68 “Social Security Agreement with Mexico Released After 3-1/2 Year Freedom of
52 H.R. 1268 — “Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Glo- Information Act Battle,” Jan. 4, 2007. Press contact: Brad Phillips, Phillips Media
bal War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005,” 109th Congress (became Public Relation. < http://www.tscl.org/NewContent/102800.asp >
Law 109-13 on May 11, 2005), Div. B—REAL ID ACT OF 2005, Title II. Library of
69 “Residents of planned union to be ‘North Americanists’,” Bob Unruh, Jan. 5, 2007,
Congress THOMAS. Accessed Aug. 17, 2006. < http://thomas.loc.gov >
WorldNetDaily.com. < http://wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53633 >
53 “U.S. Homeland Security Secretary, Mexican Counterpart Meet,” USINFO, June
70 “Merkel promotes TAFTA with Bush’,” United Press International (UPI), Jan. 5. 2007
1, 2005. Accessed Dec. 2006.
< http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20070104-071920-9895r >
< http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2005/Jun/01-476882.html?chanlid=globalissues >
71 House Concurrent Resolution 40, 110th Congress, 1st session. Introduced by
54 “BlueBear Network Teams with VisionSphere to Target U.S. Real ID Act,” BBNI
Mr.Goode (for himself, Mr. Wamp, Mr. Jones of North Carolina, Mr. Paul, Mr. Stearns,
press release, June 1, 2005. Accessed Dec. 2006
Mr. Duncan, and Ms. Foxx), Library of Congress THOMAS.< http://thomas.loc.gov >
< http://www.bbninternational.com/press_releases/050601.html >
72 H.J.R. 7 — Resolution Urging United States Withdrawal from Security and Pros-
55 “North America: Three Nations, a Partnership, or a Community?,” Robert A. Pas-
perity Partnership of North America. Chief sponsor: Stephen E. Sandstrom, 2007
tor, Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series (Vol.5, No.13, June 2005), a pub-
General Session, State of Utah. Accessed January 25, 2007.
lication sponsored by the European Union Commission.
< http://www.le.state.ut.us/~2007/bills/hbillint/hjr007.htm >
< http://www.miami.edu/eucenter/pastorfinal.pdf >
73 Events, American University’s Center for North American Studies. Accessed Jan.
56 House Concurrent Resolution 186, 109th Congress, 1st session. Introduced by
2007. < http://www.american.edu/ia/cnas/events.html >
Mr.Goode (for himself, Mr. Jones of North Carolina, Mr.Sanders, and Mr. Taylor of
North Carolina), Library of Congress THOMAS. Accessed Jan. 20, 2007. 74 Recent Activity & Upcoming Events. Trilateral Commission . Accessed Dec. 2006.
< http://thomas.loc.gov > < http://www.trilateral.org/recent.htm >
57 “Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America—Report to Leaders,” June 75 “Shape North America’s future!,” The North American Forum on Integration (NAFI).
2005. Publication date: June 27, 2005. SPP.GOV (“A North American Partner- NAFI website. Accessed Jan. 2007.
ship”) website. Accessed Dec. 2006. < http://www.fina-nafi.org/eng/triumvirat07/default.asp?langue=eng&menu=triumvirat07 >
< http://www.spp.gov/report_to_leaders/index.asp?dName=report_to_leaders >
77 Recent Activity & Upcoming Events. Trilateral Commission. Accessed Dec. 2006.
58 “Trinational Elites Map North American Future in ‘NAFTA-Plus,’” Miguel Pickard, < http://www.trilateral.org/recent.htm >

17
 THE EMERGING NORTH AMERICAN UNION (NAU)

Educate Yourself

Is there a connection between the re- North American Union The development of a North Ameri-
gional European Union and the devel- SourceWatch (SourceWatch has many links to documents and articles) can regional governing structure is
opment of the concept for a regional http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=North_American_Union clearly following the path of the Euro-
North American Union/Community? pean Union. In particular, the Euro-
The North American Union Matrix
Dr. Robert A. Pastor who has concep- Steven Yates, Ph.D. | June 5, 2006 | NewsWithViews.com pean Union’s beginnings started with
tualized plans for building a North Ameri- http://www.newswithviews.com/Yates/steven18.htm regional policy-making groups
can Community, said in the introduction called “Communities,” the first was
of his book Toward a North American Bush sneaking North American super-state without oversight? with the steel and coal industry. Over
Community (2001): Mexico, Canada partnership underway with no authorization from Congress the years, the regional concept ex-
Jerome R. Corsi, Ph.D. | June 13, 2006 | WorldNetDaily.com panded in scope and country partici-
"To research this book, I spent the past http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=50618 pation. Following is a brief account of
two years studying the European
Union's (EU) experience integrating Security and Prosperity Partnership Background events allowing the EU to take form.
poorer countries . . . I visited Europe Dennis L. Cuddy, Ph.D. | Aug. 7, 2006 | NewsWithViews.com
twice for extensive interviews and was http://www.newswithviews.com/Cuddy/dennis73.htm European Union
convinced there was much to be learned (EU) development
Trinational Elites Map North American Future in “NAFTA-Plus”
of relevance to NAFTA. Dr. C. Fred Miguel Pickard | Aug. 24, 2005 | IRC Americas Program
Bersten, the director of the Institute for In 1952, a European Coal and Steel
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/386 Community (ECSC) was created in-
International Economics, agreed and
provided both a forum and support for Toward a North American Union volving Belgium, West Germany, Lux-
trips to Ottawa and Mexico City to inter- Patrick Wood, Editor | Aug. 27, 2006 | The August Review embourg, France, Italy and the Neth-
view officials and other leaders." (p. xii) http://www.augustreview.com/content/view/1/3/ erlands.
"Only in Mexico did a leader have a vi-
sion of a deeper, more modern North The Globalization Strategy: America and Europe in the Crucible In 1958, the European Economic
American relationship. I met with that Carl Teichrib | The August Review Community (EEC) and European
leader, Vincente Fox Quesada, both http://www.augustreview.com/content/view/2/3/ Atomic Energy Community
during [his] campaign and after his elec- “[August Review] Editor’s Note: Globalization is not a random-walk process. (Euratom) were created through the
tion, and I was convinced he wanted to It moves forward according to a tangible, coherent and well-planned two Treaties of Rome.
redefine the agenda for the three coun- strategy. This article offers the reader a glimpse into one aspect of the
tries. This book is intended to develop globalization stratagem – one that recast Europe and is now reshaping The Single European Act of 1987 es-
that agenda." (p. xiii) north America. Regionalization, as you will see, is a necessary stepping- tablished a single common market to
stone toward and an essential component of globalization. This article lays allow for the free movement of goods,
the groundwork for future articles that will lay bare elements of regionalism services, people and capital.
————————————————— in the Americas such as NAFTA and CAFTA.” [Emphasis added]
In 1992, an economic and monetary
A North American United Nations? union (EMU) introduced a single Eu-
Regarding regional governance, Charlotte Congressman Ron Paul | Aug. 28, 2006 | Straight Talk
T. Iserbyt, author of the deliberate dumbing ropean currency to be managed by
http://www.house.gov/paul/tst/tst2006/tst082806.htm
down of america ... A Chronological Paper Trail a European Central Bank.
< http://www.deliberatedumbingdown.com/ > Creating the North American Union
has explained: Dennis Behreandt | Oct. 2, 2006 | New American In November 1993 when the
http://www.thenewamerican.com/artman/publish/article_4213.shtml Maastricht Treaty was enforced, the
“. . . well-meaning individuals who are European Union came into existence
recommending regionalism to solve fi- Congressman: Superhighway about North American Union -- consisting of “an explicit three-pillar
nancial and planning problems, have, Oct. 30, 2006 | WorldNetDaily.com structure with a new Common For-
through no fault of their own, been de- http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=52684 eign and Security Policy (CFSP).”
liberately dumbed down (denied an edu- Scanning the News about North American Integration
cation in the workings of our republi- References (Accessed Nov 2006):
Phyllis Schlafly, J.D. | Nov. 2006 | Phyllis Schlafly Report EU Basics FAQ: General questions
can form of government which is the http://www.eagleforum.org/psr/2006/nov06/psrnov06.html
antithesis of the form of governance http://www.cs.uu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/european-union/basics/part2.html
they are considering. I know North American Union would supplant U.S. sovereignty The History of the European Union
"maleducation" is a fact due to an inci- Senator Karen S. Johnson (Arizona legislator) http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_en.htm
dent in 1974 when my son's 11th grade Nov. 30, 2006 | Tucson Citizen newspaper (online only)
public school teacher, a so-called "con- http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/altss/printstory/opinion/34211
servative" Republican, by the way, gave
his class an assignment to write a pa- Will the North American Union be American Patriots’ Last Stand? "EU [European Union] regulation
per on different forms of governance. My Dr. Edwin Vieira, Jr., Ph.D., J.D. | Dec. 7, 2006 | NewsWithViews.com
http://www.newswithviews.com/Vieira/edwin49.htm has a general scope, and is
son wrote his paper on regional govern- obligatory in all its elements and
ment and received a D for his politically North American Union leader says merger just crisis away
incorrect effort. His conclusions, which directly applicable in all Member
Jerome R. Corsi, Ph.D. | Dec. 15, 2006 | WorldNetDaily.com
were based on the scholarly research (There are links to many related “previous stories“ at the end of the article) States of the European Union.
of the late Jo Hindman . . .were that re- http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53378 Any local laws contrary to the
gional governance cannot coexist regulation are overruled, as EU
within a republican form of govern- The Metamorphosis and Sabotage of Canada by our Own Government
ment since regional governance Connie Fogal | Canadian Action Party Law has supremacy over the laws
does away with or dilutes local rep- http://canadianactionparty.ca/cgi/page.cgi?zine=show&aid=259&_id=27 of the Member States. New legis-
resentation and eliminates borders lation enacted by Member states
between towns, counties, states, and North American Union Fact Sheet
The American Policy Center must be consistent with the re-
even countries. The latter can be ob- quirements of EU regulations. For
served in Europe with nations ceding http://www.americanpolicy.org/pdf/NAUFS3.pdf
their sovereignty and distinct cultures to these reasons regulations consti-
North American Union — Treason on the Installment Plan
the European Union (region), which Vicky Davis | Channeling Reality tute the most powerful or influen-
former Soviet President Gorbachev en- http://www.channelingreality.com/NAU/NAU_Main.htm tial of the EU legislative acts."
thusiastically refers to as the "New Eu-
ropean Soviet’." [Emphasis added] — Treason Abounds -- Amanda Teegarden, from "Globalization —
“Regionalism is Communism, Feb. 4, Daneen G. Peterson, Ph.D. | Sept. 4, 2006 Incremental Change," an Operation Informa-
2004, NewsWithViews.com) http://www.stopthenorthamericanunion.com/TreasonAbounds.html tion/ OK-SAFE presentation, n.d., Ref.:Wikipedia.

18
 Members of the 110th U.S. Congress (1st Session)
U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate • Washington, DC 20515 • (202) 224-3121 • TTY: (202) 225-1904
U.S. House of Representatives website: http://www.house.gov
U.S. Senate website: http://www.senate.gov
Senators names are bold with their Lungren, Daniel E., 3rd Diaz-Balart, Mario, 25th Jackson Jr., Jesse L., 2nd MARYLAND
party designation in parenthesis ( ), McKeon, Buck, 25th Feeney, Tom, 24th Johnson, Timothy V., 15th Cardin, Benjamin L. (D-MD)
House Representatives names are fol- Matsui, Doris O., 5th Hastings, Alcee L., 23rd Kirk, Mark, 10th Mikulski, Barbara A. (D-MD)
lowed by the district they represent.
McCarthy, Kevin, 22nd Keller, Ric, 8th LaHood, Ray, 18th Bartlett, Roscoe, 6th
ALABAMA McNerney, Jerry, 11th Klein, Ron , 22nd Lipinski, Daniel, 3rd Cummings, Elijah, 7th
Sessions, Jeff (R-AL) Millender-McDonald, Mack, Connie, 14th Manzullo, Donald, 16th Gilchrest, Wayne, 1st
Shelby, Richard C. (R-AL) Juanita, 37th Mahoney, Tim, 16th Roskam, Peter J., 6th Hoyer, Steny H., 5th
Aderholt, Robert, 4th Miller, Gary, 42nd Meek, Kendrick, 17th Rush, Bobby L., 1st Ruppersberger, Dutch, 2nd
Bachus, Spencer, 6th Miller, George, 7th Mica, John, 7th Schakowsky, Jan, 9th Sarbanes, John P., 3rd
Bonner, Jo, 1st Napolitano, Grace, 38th Miller, Jeff, 1st Shimkus, John, 19th Van Hollen, Chris, 8th
Cramer, Robert E. "Bud", 5th Nunes, Devin, 21st Putnam, Adam, 12th Weller, Jerry, 11th Wynn, Albert, 4th
Rogers, Mike, 3rd Pelosi, Nancy, 8th Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana, 18th
Radanovich, George P., 19th Stearns, Cliff, 6th INDIANA MAINE
ALASKA Rohrabacher, Dana, 46th Wasserman Schultz, Bayh, Evan (D-IN) Collins, Susan M. (R-ME)
Murkowski, Lisa (R-AK) Roybal-Allard, Lucille, 34th Debbie, 20th Lugar, Richard G. (R-IN) Snowe, Olympia J. (R-ME)
Stevens, Ted (R-AK) Royce, Ed, 40th Weldon, Dave, 15th Burton, Dan, 5th Allen, Tom, 1st
Young, Don, At Large Sanchez, Linda, 39th Wexler, Robert, 19th Buyer, Steve, 4th Michaud, Michael, 2nd
Sanchez, Loretta, 47th Young, C.W. Bill, 10th Carson, Julia, 7th
ARKANSAS Donnelly, Joe, 2nd MICHIGAN
Lincoln, Blanche L. (D-AR) Schiff, Adam, 29th Levin, Carl (D-MI)
Sherman, Brad, 27th GEORGIA Ellsworth, Brad, 8th
Pryor, Mark L. (D-AR) Chambliss, Saxby (R-GA) Hill, Baron, 9th Stabenow, Debbie (D-MI)
Berry, Marion, 1st Solis, Hilda, 32nd Camp, Dave, 4th
Stark, Fortney Pete, 13th Isakson, Johnny (R-GA) Pence, Mike, 6th
Boozman, John, 3rd Barrow, John, 12th Souder, Mark E., 3rd Conyers Jr., John, 14th
Ross, Mike, 4th Tauscher, Ellen, 10th Dingell, John D., 15th
Thompson, Mike, 1st Bishop Jr., Sanford D., 2nd Visclosky, Peter, 1st
Snyder, Vic, Dist: 2nd Deal, Nathan, 10th Ehlers, Vernon J., 3rd
Waters, Maxine, 35th KANSAS Hoekstra, Pete, 2nd
ARIZONA Watson, Diane E., 33rd Gingrey, Phil, 11th
Johnson, Henry C. "Hank" Jr., 4th Brownback, Sam (R-KS) Kildee, Dale, 5th
Kyl, Jon (R-AZ) Waxman, Henry, 30th Roberts, Pat (R-KS) Kilpatrick, Carolyn, 13th
McCain, John (R-AZ) Woolsey, Lynn, 6th Kingston, Jack, 1st
Lewis, John, 5th Boyda, Nancy E., 2nd Knollenberg, Joseph, 9th
Franks, Trent, 2nd Moore, Dennis, 3rd Levin, Sander, 12th
Giffords, Gabrielle, 8th COLORADO Linder, John, 7th
Allard, Wayne (R-CO) Marshall, Jim, 3rd Moran, Jerry, 1st McCotter, Thaddeus, 11th
Grijalva, Raul, 7th Tiahrt, Todd, 4th Miller, Candice, 10th
Flake, Jeff, 6th Salazar, Ken (D-CO) Norwood, Charlie, 9th
DeGette, Diana, 1st Price, Tom, 6th Rogers, Mike, 8th
Mitchell, Harry E., 5th KENTUCKY Stupak, Bart, 1st
Pastor, Ed, 4th Lamborn, Doug, 5th Scott, David, 13th Bunning, Jim (R-KY)
Musgrave, Marilyn, 4th Westmoreland, Lynn A., 8th Upton, Fred, 6th
Renzi, Rick, 1st McConnell, Mitch (R-KY) Walberg, Timothy, 7th
Shadegg, John, 3rd Perlmutter, Ed, 7th Chandler, Ben, 6th
Salazar, John T., 3rd HAWAII
Akaka, Daniel K. (D-HI) Davis, Geoff, 4th MINNESOTA
CALIFORNIA Tancredo, Tom, 6th Lewis, Ron, 2nd Coleman, Norm (R-MN)
Boxer, Barbara (D-CA) Udall, Mark, 2nd Inouye, Daniel K. (D-HI)
Abercrombie, Neil, 1st Rogers, Harold, 5th Klobuchar, Amy (D-MN)
Feinstein, Dianne (D-CA) Whitfield, Ed, 1st Bachmann, Michele, 6th
Baca, Joe, 43rd CONNECTICUT Hirono, Mazie K., 2nd
Dodd, Christopher J. (D-CT) Yarmuth, John A., 3rd Ellison, Keith, 5th
Becerra, Xavier, 31st IOWA Kline, John, 2nd
Berman, Howard, 28th Lieberman, Joseph I. (ID-CT) LOUISIANA
Courtney, Joe, 2nd Grassley, Chuck (R-IA) McCollum, Betty, 4th
Bilbray, Brian P., 50th Harkin, Tom (D-IA) Landrieu, Mary L. (D-LA) Oberstar, James L., 8th
Bono, Mary, 45th DeLauro, Rosa L., 3rd Vitter, David (R-LA)
Larson, John B., 1st Boswell, Leonard, 3rd Peterson, Collin C., 7th
Calvert, Ken, 44th Braley, Bruce L., 1st Alexander, Rodney, 5th Ramstad, Jim, 3rd
Campbell, John, 48th Murphy, Christopher S., 5th Baker, Richard, 6th
Shays, Christopher, 4th King, Steve, 5th Walz, Timothy J., 1st
Capps, Lois, 23rd Loebsack, David, 2nd Boustany Jr., Charles W., 7th
Cardoza, Dennis, 18th DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Latham, Tom, 4th Jefferson, William J., 2nd MISSOURI
Costa, Jim, 20th Norton, Eleanor Holmes Jindal, Bobby, 1st Bond, Christopher S. (R-MO)
Davis, Susan, 53rd IDAHO McCrery, Jim, 4th McCaskill, Claire (D-MO)
Doolittle, John, 4th DELAWARE Craig, Larry E. (R-ID) Melancon, Charlie, 3rd Akin, Todd, 2nd
Dreier, David, 26th Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (D-DE) Crapo, Mike (R-ID) Blunt, Roy, Missouri 7th
Carper, Thomas R. (D-DE) Sali, Bill, 1st MASSACHUSETTS Carnahan, Russ, 3rd
Eshoo, Anna G., 14th
Castle, Michael N., At Large Simpson, Mike, 2nd Kennedy, Edward M. (D-MA) Clay Jr., William "Lacy", 1st
Farr, Sam, 17th
Kerry, John F. (D-MA) Cleaver, Emanuel, 5th
Filner, Bob, 51st
FLORIDA ILLINOIS Capuano, Michael E., 8th Emerson, Jo Ann, 8th
Gallegly, Elton, 24th
Martinez, Mel (R-FL) Durbin, Richard (D-IL) Delahunt, William, 10th Graves, Sam, 6th
Harman, Jane, 36th
Nelson, Bill (D-FL) Obama, Barack (D-IL) Frank, Barney, 4th Hulshof, Kenny, 9th
Herger, Wally, 2nd
Bilirakis, Gus M., 9th Bean, Melissa L., 8th Lynch, Stephen F., 9th Skelton, Ike, 4th
Honda, Mike, 15th
Boyd, Allen, 2nd Biggert, Judy, 13th McGovern, James, 3rd
Hunter, Duncan, 52nd
Brown, Corrine, 3rd Costello, Jerry, 12th Markey, Ed, 7th MISSISSIPPI
Issa,Darrell, 49th
Brown-Waite, Virginia, 5th Davis, Danny K., 7th Meehan, Marty, 5th Cochran, Thad (R-MS)
Lantos, Tom, 12th
Buchanan, Vern, 13th Emanuel, Rahm, 5th Neal, Richard E., 2nd Lott, Trent (R-MS)
Lee, Barbara, 9th
Crenshaw, Ander, 4th Gutierrez, Luis, 4th Olver, John, 1st Pickering, Charles W. "Chip", 3rd
Lewis, Jerry, 41st
Castor, Kathy, 11th Hare, Phil, 17th Tierney, John, 6th Taylor, Gene, 4th
Lofgren, Zoe, 16th
Diaz-Balart, Lincoln, 21st Hastert, Denny, 14th Thompson, Bennie G., 2nd
Wicker, Roger, 1st
19
 U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate • Washington, DC 20515 • (202) 224-3121 • TTY: (202) 225-1904
U.S. House of Representatives website: http://www.house.gov
U.S. Senate website: http://www.senate.gov
MONTANA McHugh, John M., 23rd OREGON TEXAS
Baucus, Max (D-MT) McNulty, Michael R., 21st Smith, Gordon H. (R-OR) Cornyn, John (R-TX) WASHINGTON
Tester, Jon (D-MT) Maloney, Carolyn, 14th Wyden, Ron (D-OR) Hutchison, Kay Bailey (R-TX) Cantwell, Maria (D-WA)
Rehberg, Dennis, At Large Meeks, Gregory W., 6th Blumenauer, Earl, 3rd Barton, Joe, 6th Murray, Patty (D-WA)
Nadler, Jerrold, 8th DeFazio, Peter, 4th Brady, Kevin, 8th Baird, Brian, 3rd
NEBRASKA Rangel, Charles B., 15th Hooley, Darlene, 5th Burgess, Michael, 26th Dicks, Norman D., 6th
Hagel, Chuck (R-NE) Reynolds, Thomas M., 26th Walden, Greg, 2nd Carter, John, 31st Hastings, Doc, 4th
Nelson, E. Benjamin (D-NE) Serrano, José E., 16th Wu, David, 1st Conaway, K. Michael, 11th Inslee, Jay, 1st
Fortenberry, Jeff, 1st Slaughter, Louise, 28th Cuellar, Henry, 28th Larsen, Rick, 2nd
Smith, Adrian, 3rd Towns, Edolphus, 10th PENNSYLVANIA Culberson, John, 7th McDermott, Jim, 7th
Terry, Lee, 2nd Velázquez, Nydia M., 12th Casey, Robert P., Jr. (D-PA) Doggett, Lloyd, 25th McMorris Rodgers, Cathy, 5th
NEVADA Walsh, Jim, 25th Specter, Arlen (R-PA) Edwards, Chet, 17th Reichert, David G., 8th
Ensign, John (R-NV) Weiner, Anthony D., 9th Altmire, Jason, 4th Gohmert, Louie, 1st Smith, Adam, 9th
Reid, Harry (D-NV) Brady, Robert, 1st Gonzalez, Charlie A., 20th
Berkley, Shelley, 1st NORTH CAROLINA Carney, Christopher P., 10th Granger, Kay, 12th WISCONSIN
Heller, Dean, 2nd Burr, Richard (R-NC) Dent, Charles W., 15th Green, Al, 9th Feingold, Russell D. (D-WI)
Porter, Jon, 3rd Dole, Elizabeth (R-NC) Doyle, Mike, 14th Green, Gene, 29th Kohl, Herb (D-WI)
Butterfield, G.K., 1st English, Phil, 3rd Hall, Ralph M., 4th Baldwin, Tammy, 2nd
NEW HAMPSHIRE Coble, Howard, 6th Fattah, Chaka, 2nd Hensarling, Jeb, 5th Kagen, Steve, 8th
Gregg, Judd (R-NH) Etheridge, Bob, 2nd Gerlach, Jim, 6th Hinojosa, Rubén, 15th Kind, Ron, 3rd
Sununu, John E. (R-NH) Foxx, Virginia, 5th Kanjorski, Paul E., 11th Jackson Lee, Sheila, 18th Moore, Gwen, 4th
Hodes, Paul W., 2nd Hayes, Robin, 8th Holden, Tim, 17th Johnson, Eddie Bernice, 30th Obey, David R., 7th
Shea-Porter, Carol, 1st Jones, Walter B., 3rd Murphy, Patrick J., 8th Johnson, Sam, 3rd Petri, Thomas, 6th
NEW JERSEY McHenry, Patrick T., 10th Murphy, Tim, 18th Lampson, Nick, 22nd Ryan, Paul, 1st
Lautenberg, Frank R. (D-NJ) McIntyre, Mike, 7th Murtha, John, 12th Marchant, Kenny, 24th Sensenbrenner, F. James, 5th
Menendez, Robert (D-NJ) Miller, Brad, 13th Peterson, John E., 5th McCaul, Michael T., 10th
Andrews, Robert E., 1st Myrick, Sue, 9th Pitts, Joseph R., 16th Neugebauer, Randy, 19th WEST VIRGINIA
Ferguson, Michael, 7th Price, David, 4th Platts, Todd, 19th Ortiz, Solomon P., 27th Byrd, Robert C. (D-WV)
Frelinghuysen, Rodney, 11th Shuler, Heath, 11th Schwartz, Allyson Y., 13th Paul, Ron, 14th Rockefeller, John D., IV (D-WV)
Garrett, Scott, 5th Watt, Mel, 12th Sestak, Joe, 7th Poe, Ted, 2nd Capito, Shelley Moore, 2nd
Holt, Rush, 12th Shuster, Bill, 9th Reyes, Silvestre, 16th Mollohan, Alan B., 1st
LoBiondo, Frank, 2nd NORTH DAKOTA Rodriguez, Ciro, 23rd Rahall, Nick, 3rd
Pallone Jr., Frank, 6th Conrad, Kent (D-ND) RHODE ISLAND Sessions, Pete, 32nd
Pascrell Jr., Bill, 8th Dorgan, Byron L. (D-ND) Reed, Jack (D-RI) Smith, Lamar, 21st WYOMING
Payne, Donald M., 10th Pomeroy, Earl, At Large Whitehouse, Sheldon (D-RI) Thornberry, Mac, 13th Enzi, Michael B. (R-WY)
Rothman, Steven, 9th Kennedy, Patrick, 1st Thomas, Craig (R-WY)
Saxton, Jim, 3rd OHIO Langevin, Jim, 2nd UTAH Cubin, Barbara, At Large
Sires, Albio, 13th Brown, Sherrod (D-OH) Bennett, Robert F. (R-UT)
Smith, Chris, 4th Voinovich, George V. (R-OH) SOUTH CAROLINA Hatch, Orrin G. (R-UT) DELEGATES
Boehner, John A., 8th DeMint, Jim (R-SC) Bishop, Rob, 1st
NEW MEXICO Chabot, Steve, 1st Graham, Lindsey (R-SC) Cannon, Chris, 3rd AMERICAN SAMOA
Bingaman, Jeff (D-NM) Gillmor, Paul, 5th Barrett, J.Gresham, 3rd Matheson, Jim, 2nd Faleomavaega, Eni F. H.,
Domenici, Pete V. (R-NM) Hobson, David, 7th Brown, Henry, 1st (Delegate)
Pearce, Steve, 2nd Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, 11th Clyburn, James E., 6th VERMONT
Udall, Tom, 3rd Jordan, Jim, 4th Inglis, Bob, 4th Leahy, Patrick J. (D-VT) GUAM
Wilson, Heather, 1st Kaptur, Marcy, 9th Spratt, John, 5th Sanders, Bernard (I VT) Bordallo, Madeleine,
Kucinich, Dennis J., 10th Wilson, Joe, 2nd Welch, Peter, At Large (Delegate)
NEW YORK
LaTourette, Steven C., 14th
Clinton, Hillary SOUTH DAKOTA
Pryce, Deborah, 15th VIRGINIA PUERTO RICO
Rodham (D-NY) Johnson, Tim (D-SD)
Regula, Ralph, 16th Warner, John (R-VA) Fortuno, Luis G.,
Schumer, Charles E. (D-NY) Thune, John (R-SD)
Ryan, Tim, 17th Webb, Jim (D-VA) (Resident Commissioner)
Ackerman, Gary, 5th Herseth, Stephanie, At Large
Schmidt, Jean, 2nd Cantor, Eric, 7th
Arcuri, Michael A., 24th
Space, Zachary T., 18th TENNESSEE Boucher, Rick, 9th VIRGIN ISLANDS
Bishop, Timothy, 1st
Sutton, Betty, 13th Alexander, Lamar (R-TN) Davis, Jo Ann S., 1st Christian-Christensen,
Clarke, Yvette D., 11th
Tiberi, Pat, 12th Corker, Bob (R-TN) Davis, Tom, 11th Donna M., (Delegate)
Crowley, Joseph, 7th
Turner, Michael, 3rd Blackburn, Marsha, 7th Drake, Thelma D., 2nd
Engel, Eliot, 17th
Wilson, Charles A., 6th Cohen, Steve, 9th Forbes, J. Randy, 4th
Fossella, Vito, 13th
Cooper, Jim, 5th Goode Jr., Virgil H., 5th
Gillibrand, Kirsten E., 20th
OKLAHOMA Davis, David, 1st Goodlatte, Bob, 6th
Hall, John J., 19th
Coburn, Tom (R-OK) Davis, Lincoln, 4th Moran, Jim, 8th
Higgins, Brian, 27th
Inhofe, James M. (R-OK) Duncan Jr., John J., 2nd Scott, Robert C. "Bobby", 3rd
Hinchey, Maurice, 22nd
Boren, Dan, 2nd Gordon, Bart, 6th Wolf, Frank, 10th
Israel, Steve, 2nd
Cole, Tom, 4th Tanner, John, 8th
King, Pete, 3rd
Fallin, Mary, 5th Wamp, Zach, 3rd
Kuhl Jr., John R. "Randy", 29th
Lucas, Frank, 3rd
Lowey, Nita, 18th
Sullivan, John, 1st
McCarthy, Carolyn, 4th

20
 DECLARATION OF THE PRESIDENTS OF AMERICA
MEETING OF AMERICAN CHIEFS OF STATE
Punta del Este, Uruguay • April 12-14, 1967

THE PRESIDENTS OF THE AMERICAN STATES AND THE We will lay the physical foundations for Latin American economic integra-
PRIME MINISTER OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO MEETING tion through multinational projects.
IN PUNTA DEL ESTE, URUGUAY, Economic integration demands a major sustained effort to build a land trans-
RESOLVED to give more dynamic and concrete expression to the ideals portation network and to improve transportation systems of all kinds so as
of Latin American unity and of solidarity among the peoples of America, to open the way for the movement of both people and goods throughout the
which inspired the founders of their countries; Continent; to establish an adequate and efficient telecommunications sys-
tem; to install inter-connected power systems; and to develop jointly inter-
DETERMINED to make this goal a reality within their own generation, in national river basins, frontier regions, and economic areas which include
keeping with the economic, social and cultural aspirations of their peoples; the territory of two or more countries.
INSPIRED by the principles underlying the inter-American system, espe-
cially those contained in the Charter of Punta del Este, the Economic and We will join in efforts to increase substantially Latin American foreign trade
Social Act of Rio de Janeiro, and the Protocol of Buenos Aires amending earnings.
the Charter of the Organization of American States; To increase substantially Latin American foreign trade earnings, individual
CONSCIOUS that the attainment of national and regional development and joint efforts shall be directed toward facilitating non-discriminatory
objectives in Latin America is based essentially on self-help; access of Latin American products in world markets, toward increasing
Latin American earnings from traditional exports, toward avoiding frequent
CONVINCED, however, that the achievement of those objectives requires fluctuations in income from such commodities, and, finally, toward adopt-
determined collaboration by all their countries, complementary support ing measures that will stimulate exports of Latin American manufactured
through mutual aid, and expansion of external cooperation; products.
PLEDGED to give vigorous impetus to the Alliance for Progress and to
emphasize its multilateral character, with a view to encouraging balanced We will modernize the living conditions of our rural populations, raise ag-
development of the region at a pace substantially faster than attained thus far; ricultural productivity in rural, and increase food production for the benefit
of both Latin America and the rest of the world.
UNITED in the intent to strengthen democratic institutions, to raise the
living standards of their peoples and to assure their increased participation The living conditions of the rural workers and farmers of Latin America
in the development process, creating for these purposes suitable condi- will be transformed, to guarantee their full participation in economic and
tions in the political, economic and social as well as labor fields; social progress. For that purpose, integrated programs of modernization,
land settlement, and agrarian reform will be carried out as the countries so
RESOLVED to maintain a harmony of fraternal relations in the Americas, require. Similarly, productivity will be improved and agricultural produc-
in which racial equality must be effective; tion diversified. Furthermore, recognizing that the Continent's capacity for
PROCLAIM food production entails a dual responsibility, a special effort will be made
to produce sufficient food for the growing needs of their own peoples and
The solidarity of the countries they represent and their decision to achieve
to contribute toward feeding the peoples of other regions.
to the fullest measure the free, just, and democratic social order demanded
by the peoples of the Hemisphere.
We will vigorous promote education for development.
———————————————————————————————— To give a decisive impetus to education for development, literacy campaigns
I
will be intensified, education at all levels will be greatly expanded, and its
Latin America will create a common market.
quality improved so that the rich human potential of their peoples may make
THE PRESIDENTS OF THE LATIN AMERICAN REPUBLICS resolve to their maximum contribution to the economic, social, and cultural develop-
create progressively, beginning in 1970, the Latin American Common Mar- ment of Latin America. Educational systems will be modernized taking full
ket, which shall be substantially in operation in a period of no more than advantage of educational innovations, and exchanges of teachers and stu-
fifteen years. The Latin American Common Market will be based on the dents will be increased.
complete development and progressive convergence of the Latin American
Free Trade Association and of the Central American Common Market, tak- We will harness science and technology for the service of our peoples.
ing into account the interests of, the Latin American countries not yet affili- Latin America will share in the benefits of current scientific and techno-
ated with these systems. This great task will reinforce historic bonds, will logical progress so as to reduce the widening gap between it and the highly
promote industrial development and, the strengthening of Latin American industrialized nations in the areas of production techniques and of living
industrial enterprises, as well as more efficient production and now oppor- conditions. National scientific and technological programs will be devel-
tunities for employment, and will permit the region to play its deservedly oped and strengthened and a regional program will be started; multina-
significant role in world affairs. The ties of friendship among the peoples tional institutes for advanced training and research will be established; ex-
of the Continent will thus be strengthened. isting institutes of this kind in Latin America will at the same time be
strengthened and contributions will be made to the exchange and advance-
THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, for his ment of technological knowledge.
part, declares his firm support for this promising Latin American initia-
tive. We will expand programs for improving the health of the American peoples.
THE UNDERSIGNED PRESIDENTS AFFIRM THAT: The fundamental role of health in the economic and social development of

21
Latin America demands that the prevention and control of communicable cluding administrative, financial, and exchange restrictions, that obstruct the
diseases be intensified and that measures be taken to eradicate those which trade of the products of the area.
can be completely eliminated by existing techniques. Also programs to sup-
To these ends, the Latin American Presidents agree to take action on the following
ply drinking water and other services essential to urban and rural environ-
points:
mental sanitation will be speeded up.
a. Beginning in 1970, to establish progressively the Latin American
Latin America will eliminate unnecessary military expenditures. Common Market, which should be substantially in operation within
a period of no more than fifteen years.
THE PRESIDENTS OF THE LATIN AMERICAN REPUBLICS, con-
scious of the importance of armed forces to the maintenance of security b. The Latin American Common Market will be based on the im-
recognize at the same time that the demands of economic development and provement of the two existing integration systems: the Latin Ameri-
social progress make it necessary to devote to those purposes the maxi- can Free Trade Association (LAFTA) and the Central American Com-
mum resources available in Latin America. mon Market (CACM). The two systems will initiate simultaneously
a process of-convergence by stages of cooperation, closer ties, and
Therefore, they express their intention to limit military expenditures in integration, taking into account the interest of the Latin American
proportion to the actual demands of national security in accordance with countries not yet associated with these systems, in order to provide
each country's constitutional provisions, avoiding those expenditures that their access to one of them.
are not indispensable for the performance of the specific duties of the armed
forces and, where pertinent, of international commitments that obligate c. To encourage the incorporation of other countries of the Latin
their respective governments. With regard to the Treaty on the Banning of American region into the existing integration systems.
Nuclear Arms in Latin America, they express the hope that it may enter 2. Measures with regard to the Latin American Free Trade Association
into force as soon as possible, once the requirements established by the (LAFTA)
Treaty are fulfilled.
The Presidents of the member states of LAFTA instruct their respective
IN FACING THE PROBLEMS CONSIDERED IN THIS MEETING, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, who will participate in the next meeting of
which constitute a challenge to the will of the American governments* and the Council of Ministers of LAFTA, to be held in 1967, to adopt the mea-
sures necessary to implement the following decisions:
peoples, the Presidents proclaim their faith in the basic purpose of the in-
ter-American system: to promote in the Americas free and democratic so- a. To accelerate the process of converting LAFTA into a common
cieties, existing under the rule of law, whose dynamic economies, rein- market. To this end, starting in 1970, and to be completed in a period
forced by growing technological capabilities, will allow them to serve with of not more than fifteen years, LAFTA will put into effect a system
ever-increasing effectiveness the peoples of the Continent, to whom they of programmed elimination of duties and all other nontariff restric-
announce the following program. tions, and also a system of tariff harmonization, in order to establish
progressively a common external tariff at levels that will promote
II ACTION PROGRAM efficiency and productivity, as well as the expansion of trade.
CHAPTER I b. To coordinate progressively economic policies and instruments
LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION and to harmonize national laws to the extent required for integra-
AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT tion. These measures will be adopted simultaneously with the im-
provement of the integration process.
1. Principles, objectives, and goals
c. To promote the conclusion of sectoral agreements for industrial
Economic integration is a collective instrument for accelerating Latin
complementation, endeavoring to obtain the participation of the coun-
American development and should constitute one of the policy goals of tries of relatively less economic development.
each of the countries of the region. The greatest possible efforts should be
made to bring it about, as a necessary complement to national develop- d. To promote the conclusion of temporary subregional agreements,
ment plans. with provision for reducing tariffs within the subregions and harmo-
nizing treatments toward third nations more rapidly than in the gen-
At the same time, the different levels of development and economic and eral agreements, in keeping with the objectives of regional integra-
market conditions of the various Latin American countries must be borne tion. Subregional tariff reductions will not be extended to countries
in mind, in order that the integration process may promote their harmoni- that are not parties to the subregional agreement, nor will they create
ous and balanced growth. In this respect, the countries of relatively less special obligations for them.
economic development, and, to the extent required, those of insufficient
market, will have preferential treatment in matters of trade and of technical Participation of the countries of relatively less economic development in
and financial cooperation. all stages of the integration process and in the formation of the Latin Ameri-
can Common Market will be based on the provisions of the Treaty of
Integration must be fully at the service of Latin America. This requires the Montevideo and its complementary resolutions, and these countries will
strengthening of Latin American enterprise through vigorous financial and be given the greatest possible advantages, so that balanced development of
technical support that will permit it to develop and supply the regional the region may be achieved.
market efficiently. Foreign private enterprise will be able to fill an impor-
tant function in assuring achievement of the objectives of integration within To this same end, they have decided to Promote immediate action to facili-
the pertinent policies of each of the countries of Latin America. tate free access of products of the LAFTA member countries of relatively
less economic development to the market of the other LAFTA countries,
Adequate financing is required to facilitate the economic restructuring and and to promote the installation and financing in the former countries of
adjustments called for by the urgent need to accelerate integration. industries intended for the enlarged market.
It is necessary to adopt all measures that will lead to the completion of Latin The countries of relatively less economic development will have the right
American integration, above all those that will bring about, in the shortest to participate and to obtain preferential conditions in the subregional agree-
time possible, monetary stability and the elimination of all restrictions, in- ments in which they have an interest.
22
The situation of countries characterized as being of insufficient market Latin American countries that are not members of the Association.
shall be taken into account in temporary preferential treatments established, f. To have studies made of the possibility of concluding agreements
to the extent necessary to achieve a harmonious development in the inte-
of industrial complementation in which all Latin American coun-
gration process.
tries may participate, as well as temporary subregional economic
It is understood that all the provisions set forth in this section fall within or integration agreements between the CACM and member countries
are based upon the Treaty of Montevideo. of LAFTA.
3. Measures with regard to the Central American economic integration pro- g. To have a committee established composed of the executive or-
gram gans of LAFTA and the CACM to coordinate implementation of the
foregoing points. To this end, the committee will encourage meet-
The Presidents of the member states of the Central American Common
ings at the ministerial level, in order to ensure that Latin American
Market commit themselves:
integration will proceed as rapidly as possible, and, in due course,
a. To carry out an action program that will include the following initiate negotiation of a general treaty or the protocols required to
measures, among others: create the Latin American Common Market. Latin American coun-
(1) Improvement of the customs union and establishment of a tries that are not members shall be invited to send representatives to
Central American monetary union; these meetings and to those of the committee of the executive organs
(2) Completion of the regional network of infrastructure; of WTA and the CACM.
(3) Promotion of a common foreign-trade policy;
h. To give special attention to industrial development within integra-
(4) Improvement of the common market in agricultural products and
tion, and particularly to the strengthening of Latin American indus-
implementation of a joint, coordinated industrial policy;
trial firms* In this regard, we reiterate that development must be
(5) Acceleration of the process of free movement of manpower
balanced between investments for economic ends and investments
and capital within the area;
for social ends.
(6) Harmonization of the basic legislation required for economic in-
tegration. 5. Measures common to member countries of the Organization of Ameri-
can States (OAS)
b. To apply, in the implementation of the foregoing measures, and when
pertinent, the temporary preferential treatment already established or The Presidents of the member states of the OAS agree:
that may be established, in accordance with the principle of balanced
a. To mobilize financial and technical resources within and without
development among countries.
the hemisphere to contribute to the solution of problems in connec-
c. To foster closer ties between Panama and the Central American tion with the balance of payments, industrial readjustments, and re-
Common Market, as well as rapid expansion of trade and investment training of the labor force that may arise from a rapid reduction of
relations with neighboring countries of the Central American and trade barriers during the period of transition toward the common
Caribbean region, taking advantage, to this end, of their geographic market, as well as to increase the sums available for export credits in
proximity and of the possibilities for economic complementation; intra-Latin American trade. The Inter-American Development Bank
also, to seek conclusion of subregional agreements and agreements and the organs of both existing integration systems should partici-
of industrial complementation between Central America and other pate in the mobilization of such resources.
Latin American countries.
b. To mobilize public and private resources within and without the
4. Measures common to Latin American countries hemisphere to encourage industrial development as part of the inte-
The Latin American Presidents commit themselves: gration process and of national development plans.
c. To mobilize financial and technical resources to undertake spe-
a. Not to establish new restrictions on trade among Latin American
cific feasibility studies on multinational projects for Latin American
countries, except in special cases, such as those arising from equal-
ization of tariffs and other instruments of trade policy, as well as industrial firms, as well as to aid in carrying out these projects.
from the need to assure the initiation or expansion of certain produc- d. To accelerate the studies being conducted by various inter-Ameri-
tive activities in countries of relatively less economic development. can agencies to promote strengthening of capital markets and the
b. To establish, by a tariff cut or other equivalent measures, a margin possible establishment of a Latin American stock market.
of preference within the region for all products originating in Latin e. To make available to Central America,, within the Alliance for
American countries, taking into account the different degrees of de- Progress, adequate technical and financial resources, including those
velopment of the countries. required for strengthening and expanding the existing Central Ameri-
can Economic Integration Fund, for the purpose of accelerating the
c. To have the measures in the two preceding paragraphs applied
Central American economic integration program.
immediately among the member countries of LAFTA, in harmony
with the other measures referring to this organization contained in f. To make available, within the Alliance for Progress and pursuant
the present chapter and, insofar as possible, to extend them to non- to the provisions of the Charter of Punta del Este, the technical and
member countries in a manner compatible with existing international financial resources needed to accelerate the preparatory studies and
commitments, inviting the latter countries to extend similar prefer- work involved in converting LAFTA into a common market.
ences to the members of LAFTA, with the same qualification, CHAPTER II
d. To ensure that application of the foregoing measures shall not hinder MULTINATIONAL ACTION FOR INFRASTRUCTURE
internal readjustments designed to rationalize the instruments of trade PROJECTS
polity made necessary in order to carry out national development The economic integration of Latin America demands a vigorous and sus-
plans and to achieve the goals of integration. tained effort to complete and modernize the physical infrastructure of the
e. To promote acceleration of the studies already initiated regarding region. It is necessary to build a land transport network and improve all
preferences that LAFTA countries might grant to imports from the types of transport systems to facilitate the movement of persons and goods
23
throughout the hemisphere; to establish an adequate and efficient telecom- the IDB should have additional resources in order to participate ac-
munications system and interconnected power systems; and jointly to de- tively in the attainment of this objective.
velop international watersheds, frontier regions and economic areas that
CHAPTER III
include the territory of two or more countries. In Latin America there are in
MEASURES TO IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL TRADE
existence projects in all these fields, at different stages of preparation or CONDITIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
implementation, but in many cases the completion of prior studies, finan-
cial resources, or merely the coordination of efforts and the decision to bring The economic development of Latin America is seriously affected by the
them to fruition are lacking. adverse conditions in which its international trade is carried out. Market
structures, financial conditions, and actions that prejudice exports and other
The Presidents of the member states of the OAS agree to engage in deter- income from outside Latin America are impeding its growth and retarding
mined action to undertake or accelerate the construction of the infrastruc- the integration process. All this causes particular concern in view of the
ture required for the development and integration of Latin America and to serious and growing imbalance between the standard of living in Latin
make better use thereof. In so doing, it is essential that the groups of inter- American countries and that of the industrialized nations and, at the same
ested countries or multinational institutions determine criteria for assign- time, calls for definite decisions and adequate instruments to implement
ing priorities, in view of the amount of human and material resources needed the decisions.
for the task.
Individual and joint efforts of the member states of the OAS are essential
As one basis for the criteria, which will be determined with precision upon to increase the incomes of Latin American countries derived from, and to
consideration of the specific cases submitted for study, they stress the fun- avoid frequent fluctuations in, traditional exports, as well as to promote
damental need to give preferential attention to those projects that benefit new exports. Such efforts are also essential to reduce any adverse effects
the countries of the region that are at a relatively lower level of economic on the external earnings of Latin American countries that may be caused by
development. measures which may be taken by industrialized countries for balance of pay-
Priority should also be given to the mobilization of financial and technical ments reasons.
resources for the preparation and implementation of infrastructure projects The Charter of Punta del Este, the Economic and Social Act of Rio de
that will facilitate the participation of landlocked countries in regional and Janeiro and the new provisions of the Charter of the OAS reflect a hemi-
international trade. spheric agreement with regard to these problems, which needs to be effec-
In consequence, they adopt the following decisions for immediate imple- tively implemented; therefore, the Presidents of the member states of the
mentation: OAS agree:

1.To complete the studies and conclude the agreements necessary to 1. To act in coordination in multilateral negotiations to achieve, with-
accelerate the construction of an inter-American telecommunications out the more highly developed countries' expecting reciprocity, the
network. greatest possible reduction or the elimination of tariffs and other re-
strictions that impede the access of Latin American products to world
2.To expedite the agreements necessary to complete the Pan American markets. The Government of the United States intends to make ef-
Highway, to accelerate the construction of the Bolivarian Highway forts for the purpose of liberalizing the conditions affecting exports
(Carretera Marginal de la Selva) and its junction with the Trans- of basic products of special interest to Latin American countries, in
Chaco Highway and to support the studies and agreements designed accordance with the provisions of Article 37. a) of the Protocol of
to bring into being the new highway systems that will join groups of Buenos Aires.
countries of continental and insular Latin America, as well as the
basic works required to develop water and airborne transport of a 2. To consider together possible systems of general nonreciprocal pref-
multinational nature and the corresponding systems of operation. As erential treatment for exports of manufactures and semimanufactures
a complement to these agreements, negotiations should be under- of the developing countries, with a view to improving the condition
taken for the purpose of eliminating or reducing to a minimum the of the Latin American export trade.
restrictions on international traffic and of promoting technical and 3. To undertake a joint effort in all international institutions and orga-
administrative cooperation among land, water, and air transport en- nizations to eliminate discriminatory preferences against Latin Ameri-
terprises and the establishment of multinational transport services. can exports.
3.To sponsor studies for preparing joint projects in connection with 4. To strengthen the system of intergovernmental consultations and carry
watersheds, such as the studies commenced on the development of them out sufficiently in advance, so as to render them effective and
the River Plate basin and that relating to the Gulf of Fonseca. ensure that programs for placing and selling surpluses and reserves
4.To allocate sufficient resources to the Preinvestment Fund for Latin that affect the exports of the developing countries take into account the
American Integration of the IDB for conducting studies that will interests of the Latin American countries.
make it possible to identify and prepare multinational projects in all 5. To ensure compliance with international commitments to refrain from
fields that may be of importance in promoting regional integration. introducing or increasing tariff and nontariff barriers that affect ex-
In order that the aforesaid Fund may carry out an effective promo- ports of the developing countries, taking into account the interests of
tion effort, it is necessary that an adequate part of the resources allo- Latin America.
cated may be used without reimbursement, or with reimbursement 6. To combine efforts to strengthen and perfect existing international
conditioned on the execution of the corresponding projects. agreements, particularly the International Coffee Agreement, to ob-
5.To mobilize, within and outside the hemisphere, resources in addi- tain favorable conditions for trade in basic products of interest to
tion to those that will continue to be placed at the disposal of the Latin America and to explore all possibilities for the development of
countries to support national economic development programs, such new agreements.
resources to be devoted especially to the implementation of multina- 7.To support the financing and prompt initiation of the activities of the
tional infrastructure projects that can represent important advances Coffee Diversification Fund, and consider in due course the creation
in the Latin American economic integration process. In this regard, of other funds to make it possible to control the production of basic
24
 products of interest to Latin America in which there is a chronic opment plans, in order to intensify internal efforts and to facilitate
imbalance between supply and demand. obtaining and utilizing external financing.
8. To adopt measures to make Latin American export products more 2.To improve credit systems, including those earmarked for the re-
competitive in world markets. settlement of rural workers who are beneficiaries of agrarian reform,
9.To put in operation as soon as possible an inter-American agency for and for increased productivity, and to create facilities for the produc-
export promotion that will help to identify and develop new export tion, marketing, storage, transportation, and distribution of agricul-
tural products.
lines and to strengthen the placing of Latin American products in
international markets, and to improve national and regional agen- 3.To provide adequate incentives, including price incentives, to pro-
cies designed for the same purpose. mote agricultural production under economic conditions.
10.To initiate such individual or joint action on the part of the member 4.To foster and to finance the acquisition and intensive use of those
states of the OAS as may be required to ensure effective and timely agricultural inputs which contribute to the improvement of produc-
execution of the foregoing agreements, as well as those that may be tivity, as well as the establishment and expansion of Latin American
required to continue the execution of the agreements contained in the industries producing agricultural inputs, particularly fertilizers, pes-
Charter of Punta del Este, in particular those relating to foreign trade. ticides, and agricultural machinery.
With regard to joint action, the Inter-American Committee on the Alliance 5.To ensure the adequacy of tax systems that affect the agricultural
for Progress (CIAP) and other agencies in the region shall submit to the sector, so that they may contribute to the increase of productivity,
Inter-American Economic and Social Council (IA-ECOSOC), for consid- more production, and better land distribution.
eration at its next meeting, the means, instruments, and action program for 6.To expand substantially programs of specialized education and re-
initiating execution thereof.
search and of agricultural extension, in order to improve the training
At its annual meetings, IA-ECOSOC shall examine the progress of the of the rural worker and the education of technical and professional
programs under way with the object of considering such action as may personnel, and, also, to intensify animal and plant sanitation campaigns.
ensure compliance with the agreements concluded, inasmuch as a substan- 7.To provide incentives and to make available financial resources for
tial improvement in the international conditions in which Latin American
the industrialization of agricultural production, especially through
foreign trade is carried on is a basic prerequisite to the acceleration of
the development of small and medium industry and the promotion
economic development.
of exports of processed agricultural products.
CHAPTER IV 8.To facilitate the establishment of multinational or international pro-
MODERNIZATION OF RURAL LIFE AND INCREASE OF grams that will make it possible for Latin America to supply a larger
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, PRINCIPALLY OF FOOD proportion of world food needs.
In order to promote a rise in the standard of living of farmers and an im- 9.To foster national programs of community development and of self-
provement in the condition of the Latin American rural people and their help for small-scale farmers, and to promote the creation and strength-
full participation in economic and social life, it is necessary to give greater ening of agricultural cooperatives.
dynamism to agriculture in Latin America, through comprehensive pro-
By recognizing the importance of the stated objectives, goals and means,
grams of modernization, land settlement, and agrarian reform when re- the Presidents of the member states of the OAS undertake, within the spirit
quired by the countries. of the Alliance for Progress, to combine intensified internal efforts with
To achieve these objectives and to carry out these programs, contained in additional external support especially earmarked for such measures.
the Charter of Punta del Este, it is necessary to intensify internal efforts
They call upon CIAP, when analyzing the agricultural sector as included in
and to provide additional external resources.
national development plans, to bear in mind the objectives and measures
Such programs will be oriented toward increasing food production in the indicated herein, giving due attention to agrarian reform programs in those
Latin American countries in sufficient volume and quality to provide ad- countries that consider these programs an important basis for their agricul-
equately for their population and to meet world needs for food to an ever- tural progress and economic and social development.
increasing extent, as well as toward improving agricultural productivity and
toward a diversification of crops, which will assure the best possible com- CHAPTER V
petitive conditions for such production. EDUCATIONAL, TECHNOLOGICAL,
AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT AND
All these development efforts in agriculture must be related to the overall
INTENSIFICATION OF HEALTH PROGRAMS
development of the national economies in order to harmonize the supply
of agricultural products and the labor that could be freed as a result of the A. Education and Culture
increase in farm productivity with the increase in demand for such prod-
Education is a sector of high priority in the overall development policy of
ucts and with the need for labor in the economy as a whole.
Latin American nations.
This modernization of agricultural activities will furthermore create con-
The Presidents of the member states of the OAS recognize that, during the
ditions for a development more in balance with the effort toward industri-
past decade, there has been development of educational services in Latin
alization.
America unparalleled in any other period of the history of their countries.
To achieve these goals, the Latin American Presidents undertake:
Nevertheless, it must be admitted that:
1.To improve the formulation and execution of agricultural policies
a. It is necessary to increase the effectiveness of national efforts in the
and to ensure the carrying out of plans, programs, and projects for
field of education;
preinvestment, agricultural development, agrarian reform, and land
settlement, adequately coordinated with national economic devel- b. Educational systems should be more adequately adjusted to the de-
mands of economic, social, and cultural development;
25
c. International cooperation in educational matters should be consider- 1. Increasing international resources for the purposes set forth in this
ably intensified, in accordance with the new standards of the Charter chapter.
of the OAS.
2. Instructing the appropriate agencies of the OAS to:
To these ends, they agree to improve educational administrative and plan-
a. Provide technical assistance to the countries that so request:
ning systems; to raise the quality of education so as to stimulate the cre-
ativity of each pupil; to accelerate expansion of educational systems at all i) In educational research, experimentation, and innovation;
levels; and to assign priority to the following activities related to economic,
social, and cultural development: ii) For training of specialized personnel;

1.Orientation and, when necessary, reorganization of educational sys- iii) In educational television. It is recommended that study be made
tems, in accordance with the needs and possibilities of each country, of the advisability of establishing a multinational training cen-
in order to achieve: ter in this field;

a. The expansion and progressive improvement of preschool educa- b. Organize meetings of experts to recommend measures to bring
tion and extension of the period of general education; national curricula into harmony with Latin American integration
goals;
b. An increase in the capacity of secondary schools and the improve-
ment of their curricula; c. Organize regional volunteer teacher programs;
c. An increase in opportunities following general education, includ- d. Extend inter-American cooperation to the preservation and use of
ing opportunities for learning a trade or a specialty or for continuing archeological, historic, and artistic monuments.
general education; 3. Expansion of OAS programs for fellowships, student loans, and teacher
d. The gradual elimination of barriers between vocational and general exchange.
education; National educational and cultural development efforts will be evaluated in
e. The expansion and diversification of university courses, so that coordination by CIAP and the Inter-American Council for Education, Sci-
they will include the new professions essential to economic and so- ence, and Culture (now the Inter-American Cultural Council).
cial development; B. Science and technology
f. The establishment or expansion of graduate courses through pro-
Advances in scientific and technological knowledge are changing the eco-
fessional schools;
nomic and social structure of many nations. Science and technology offer
g. The establishment of refresher courses in all branches and types infinite possibilities for providing the people with the well-being that they
of education, so that graduates may keep their knowledge up to date seek. But in Latin American countries the potentialities that this wealth of
in this era of rapid scientific and technological progress; the modern world offers have by no means been realized to the degree and
extent necessary.
h. The strengthening and expansion of adult education programs;
i. The promotion of special education for exceptional students. Science and technology offer genuine instruments for Latin American
progress and must be given an unprecedented impetus at this time. This
2. Promotion of basic and advanced training for teachers and adminis- effort calls for inter-American cooperation, in view of the magnitude of
trative personnel; development of educational research and experi- the investments required and the level attained in such knowledge. In the
mentation, and adequate expansion of school building programs. same way, their organization and implementation in each country cannot
3.Broadening of the use of educational television and other modern be effected without a properly planned scientific and technological policy
teaching techniques. within the general framework of development.

4.Improvement of rural elementary schools to achieve a level of qual- For the above reasons the Presidents of the member states of the OAS
ity equal to that of urban elementary schools, with a view to assuring agree upon the following measures:
equal educational opportunities to the rural population. Internal efforts
5.Reorganization of vocational education, when necessary, taking into Establishment, in accordance with the needs and possibilities of each coun-
account the structure of the labor force and the foreseeable man- try, of national policies in the field of science and technology, with the
power needs of each country's development plan. necessary machinery and funds, the main elements of which shall be:
6.An increase in private financing of education. 1.Promotion of professional training for scientists and technicians and
7.Encouragement of local and regional communities to take an effec- an increase in their numbers.
tive part in the construction of school buildings and in civic support 2.Establishment of conditions favoring full utilization of the scientific
to educational development. and technological potential for solving the economic and social prob-
8.A substantial increase in national scholarship and student loan and lems of Latin America, and to prevent the exodus of persons quali-
aid programs. fied in these fields.
9.Establishment or expansion of extension services and services for 3.Encouragement of increased private financial contributions for sci-
preserving the cultural heritage and encouraging intellectual and ar- entific and technological research and teaching.
tistic activity. Multinational efforts
10.Strengthening of education for international understanding and Latin 1.Establishment of a Regional Scientific and Technological Develop-
American integration. ment Program designed to advance science and technology to a de-
Multinational efforts gree that they will contribute substantially to accelerating the eco-
nomic development and well-being of their peoples and make it fea-
26
 sible to engage in pure and applied scientific research of the highest- sewerage, and other services essential to environmental sanitation in
possible quality. This Program shall complement Latin American rural and urban areas, giving preference to lower-income groups. On
national programs in the area of science and technology and shall the basis of studies carried out and with the cooperation of interna-
take special account of the characteristics of each of the countries. tional financing agencies, national revolving fund systems shall be
used to assure the continuity of such programs.
2.The Program shall be oriented toward the adoption of measures to
promote scientific and technological research, teaching, and infor- c. Greater and more rapid progress in improving nutrition of the needi-
mation; basic and advanced training of scientific personnel; and ex- est groups of the population, taking advantage of all possibilities
change of information. It shall promote intensively the transfer to, offered by national effort and international cooperation.
and adaptation by, the Latin American countries of knowledge and
technologies originating in other regions. d. Promotion of intensive mother and child welfare programs and of
educational programs on overall family guidance methods,
3.The Program shall be conducted through national agencies respon-
sible for scientific and technological policy, through institutions-na- e. Priority for basic and advanced training of professional, technical,
tional or international, public or private--either now existing or to be administrative, and auxiliary personnel, and support of operational
established in the future. and administrative research in the field of health.
4.As part of the Program, they propose that multinational technologi- f. Incorporation, as early as the preinvestment phase, of national and
cal and scientific training and research institutions at the post-gradu- regional health programs into general development plans.
ate level be established, and that institutions of this nature already The Presidents of the member states of the OAS, therefore, decide:
existing in Latin America be strengthened. A group, composed of
high-ranking, qualified persons, experienced in science, technology, 1. To expand, within the framework of general planning, the prepara-
and University education, shall be established to make recommen- tion and implementation of national plans that will strengthen infra-
dations to the Inter-American Council for Education, Science, and structure in the field of health.
Culture (now the Inter-American Cultural Council) on the nature of 2. To mobilize internal and external resources to meet the needs for
such multinational institutions, including such matters as their orga- financing these plans. In this connection, to call upon CIAP, when
nization, the characteristics of their multinational administration, fi- analyzing the health sector in national development programs, to
nancing, location, coordination of their activities among themselves take into account the objectives and needs indicated.
and with those of pertinent national institutions,, and on the other
3. To call upon the Pan American Health Organization to cooperate
aspects of their operation. The aforementioned group, selected and
with the governments in the preparation of specific programs relat-
convoked by the Inter-American Council for Education, Science, and
ing to these objectives.
Culture (now the Inter-American Cultural Council) or, failing this,
by CIAP, shall meet within 120 days after the close of this meeting.
CHAPTER VI
5.In order to encourage the training of scientific and technological per- ELIMINATION OF UNNECESSARY
sonnel at the higher academic levels, they resolve that an Inter-Ameri- MILITARY EXPENDITURES
can Fund for Scientific and Technological Training shall be estab- The Latin American Presidents, conscious of the importance of the armed
lished as part of the Program, so that scientists and research workers forces in maintaining security, at the same time recognize that the demands
from Latin American countries may pursue advanced scientific and of economic development and social progress make it necessary to apply
technological studies, with the obligation to engage in a period of the maximum resources available in Latin America to these ends.
scientific work in Latin America.
Consequently, they express their intention to limit military expenditures in
6.The Program shall be promoted by the Inter-American Council for
proportion to the actual demands of national security, in accordance with
Education, Science, and Culture (now the Inter-American Cultural each country's constitutional provisions, avoiding those expenditures that
Council), in cooperation with CIAP. They shall coordinate their ac- are not indispensable for the performance of the specific duties of the armed
tivities with similar activities of the United Nations and other inter-
forces and, where pertinent, of international commitments that obligate their
ested organizations.
respective governments.
7.The Program may be financed by contributions of the member states
With regard to the Treaty on the Banning of Nuclear Arms in Latin America
of the inter-American system, inter-American or international
they express the hope that it may enter into force as soon as possible, once
institutioni3q technologically advanced countries, universities, foun-
the requirements established by the Treaty are fulfilled.
dations, and private individuals.
C. Health ————————————————————————————————
Endnote:
Improvement of health conditions is fundamental to the economic and so- * When the term "Latin America" is used in this text, it is to be understood
cial development of Latin America, that it includes all the member states of the Organization of American States,
except the United States of America. The term "Presidents" includes the
Available scientific knowledge makes it possible to obtain specific results,
Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. The term "Continent" comprises
which, in accordance with the needs of each country and the provisions of
both the continental and insular areas.
the Charter of Punta del Este, should be utilized to attain the following
————————————————————————————————
objectives:
The preceeding information may be found online at:
a. Control of communicable diseases and eradication of those for
which methods for total elimination exist. Pertinent programs shall Summit of the Americas Information Network
receive international coordination when necessary. http://www.summit-americas.org/declarat%20presidents-1967-eng.htm
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
b. Acceleration of programs for providing drinking-water supplies,
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/intdip/interam/intam19.htm

27