Response to Intervention (RtI) 
and  
Gifted and Talented Education (GT) 
“All educators for all students”
 

Fall 2009 
Contributors
Michael Hall Curriculum and Instruction Unit Manager Office of Public Instruction
Deb Poole Gifted and Talented Instructional Coordinator Office of Public Instruction
Mary Rearden, Great Falls Public Schools
Ruth Carlstrom Great Falls Public Schools, retired
Stephanie Smith, Answers Plus Consulting
Joette Speaks, Colstrip Public Schools

Fall 2009 
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INTRODUCTION
 
What is RtI and how does it help students who are Gifted or Talented?
 
How do we make sure we mean all when we say all?
 
When the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act was reauthorized in 2004, a
powerful new element was added to the law stressing prevention-focused instructional practices to be
used in the regular classroom. Awareness of these new requirements is growing, but many
educators are still asking, “What services should be made available? Which students should get
them? How do we organize this process and make informed decisions?”

Some educators are also asking, “How does this apply to students who may already know most of
what I am planning to teach them or whose ability to learn is so fast that they quickly learn the
material?” “What about students who may have disabilities which may interfere with learning but who
still display traits of giftedness?”

The RtI model assumes that each student receives high-quality, research-based, and differentiated
instruction from a general educator in a general education setting. The National Association of State
Directors of Special Education (NASDSE) has described RtI as a practice of:

Providing high-quality instruction and interventions matched to student need;

Monitoring progress frequently to make decisions about changes in instruction
or goals; and
Applying child response data to important
educational decisions.
Speaking in an edweek.org chat on
RtI and Gifted Education Judy
RTI and Gifted  Elliott, Chief Academic Officer for
The Montana Office of Public Instruction (OPI) is
the Los Angeles Unified School
committed to providing optimal learning conditions
District, says this about RtI and
that support academic achievement for all students.
gifted education:
When implemented with fidelity an RtI framework has
the potential for meeting this commitment through the
“Indeed RtI is a framework that
implementation of a multi-tiered system of support
works for all students, including
based on scientific evidence. The process also
gifted. Gifted students, too, have
emphasizes the importance of local school principals
learning and behavior needs. Using
as instructional leaders, the use of data to guide
the pyramid or triangle of RtI,
instruction, appropriate intervention and practice,
specific interventions can be
parent involvement, and other research-based
identified to support highly able
practices. In the world of gifted education, this
students that need an extra scoop
refers to implementing and sustaining efforts
(Tier 2) or more specially
which ensure our students have access to
challenging opportunities at Tier 3.”
differentiated curriculum, flexible pacing, cluster
grouping, acceleration and other universal
interventions available to all students in the
regular classroom.

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Table of Contents

Relating Gifted Education and Response to Intervention .................................. 4

Explanations and interventions for each Tier .................................................... 4
Tier 1... ........................................................................................................ 7
Differentiated Instruction ............................................................................ 10
Grouping Strategies ................................................................................... 13
Tier 2.......................................................................................................... 15
Strategies and Interventions for Tier 2 ....................................................... 17
Tier 3 ......................................................................................................... 22
Types of Acceleration ................................................................................ 25
Twice-Exceptional Learners............................................................................. 30
Characteristics of Advanced Learners ............................................................. 33
Glossary (both RtI and GT).............................................................................. 37
Resources ....................................................................................................... 43
Programs ....................................................................................................... 45
Appendix A ...................................................................................................... 47
Learning Contract - Colorado Department of Education
Appendix B ..................................................................................................... 49
THE DO'S AND DON'TS OF INSTRUCTION: What It Means To Teach
Gifted Learners Well, Carol Ann Tomlinson, Ed.D
Appendix C ..................................................................................................... 52
Research to Support Acceleration, The National Work Group on Acceleration
References ...................................................................................................... 53

“All educators for all students”

  The fundamental question

that RTI addresses is:
  “Under what conditions
 
will a student
successfully demonstrate
a satisfactory response to
the curriculum?”

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 Relating Gifted Education and Response to Intervention

There are eight non-negotiable essential components of RtI.

1. Evidence-based curriculum and instruction

2. Ongoing assessment
3. Collaborative teaming
4. Data-based decision-making
5. Fidelity of implementation
6. Ongoing training and professional development
7. Community and family involvement
8. Strong leadership

Each element is part of an interrelated process that should be applied to every student. RtI creates an
integrated and seamless continuum of service that encompasses all staff through a multi-tiered
service delivery model. It requires effective building leadership and ongoing collaboration among
educators with a motto of “all educators for all students.”

 
A multi-tiered system of support provides guidance for delivering comprehensive, quality
  instruction for all students. An RtI framework is designed to provide evidence-based
  instruction and targeted interventions that lead to student success.
 

EXPLANATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS FOR EACH TIER

Tier 1: ALL: Core Classroom Instruction
All students should receive core classroom instruction
utilizing scientifically based curriculum and methods to
teach critical elements of a subject (reading, math,
written expression ), e.g., 80-90 percent of students will
have a sufficient response to instruction by demonstrating
subject proficiency with Effective Tier 1 instruction.
Students who score at the higher level of Tier 1 should be
receiving instruction that will continue to keep them
challenged.
Tier 2: SOME: Strategic Targeted Instruction
Some students will receive strategically targeted
instruction in addition to core instruction.
Strategic
Instruction addresses the specific needs of students who
do not make sufficient progress in Tier 1. It is important
to be aware, especially when thinking of advanced
learners, that educators need to measure, not what they
know, understand and are able to do relative to their
age peers, but rather what they have learned during their

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 time in the classroom. Gifted students learn at a much faster pace than other students
and should not be expected to wait for their
age peers to catch up. They may spend from A 1992 study conducted by Drs. Joseph Renzulli
three to six years of their school lives learning and Sally Reis found that 40-50 percent of the
nothing new. (Rogers 2002). regular curriculum could be eliminated with no
Instruction is generally provided in a small detrimental effects for the top 10-15 percent of
group (3-5 students) format with similarly students. Therefore, students of high-ability
skilled students. The duration of this require curriculum content and pace of
instruction varies based on student curriculum above and beyond Tier 1 in order to
assessment and progress monitoring data that meet their unique needs. Students performing
measures student response to intervention. above Tier 1 should be moved into Tier 2 or 3
interventions.
Tier 3: FEW: Intensive Targeted Intervention
Intensive targeted instruction is provided to the
most at risk (or the students who demonstrate the greatest intellectual need) who have not sufficiently
responded to Tier 1 and 2 instructions. It may in some cases replace core instruction. The duration of
this intervention is extended over a longer period of time and varies based on student assessment
and progress monitoring data.

Student Movement through the Tiers

Student movement through the tiers is a fluid process based on student assessment data and
collaborative team decisions about students' response to instruction. It should be noted that students
who receive interventions based on their needs for academic challenge are not expected to return to
Tier 1 instruction. Our goal for these students is for them to learn and grow at an accelerated pace.

Similarities between RtI and practices in the field of Gifted Education make this the perfect
opportunity to allow “all students’” to truly mean all.

Like RtI, Gifted Education provides a tiered model of programming. Levels of

intensity in programming allow for the diversity of individual needs of students
who are gifted and talented. Response to Intervention provides support systems
for students with exceptional ability or potential. Students who are gifted require
special provisions because of their strengths and above-grade instructional level
or potential.
The basis of education for gifted students, like all students, is in the regular
classroom. About 60 percent of gifted students will have their needs met within
that setting, as long as there is consistent differentiation. Approximately 30 to 35
percent of the gifted students will need some type of additional services, such as
pull-together (sometimes referred to as pull-out) activities or program offerings,
academic competitions, special projects, etc. Even with differentiation and
additional classroom services, approximately 5 to 10 percent will require some
form of opportunity outside the regular classroom, such as grade skipping,
subject acceleration, concurrent enrollment, etc.
With its strong expectation of differentiation in the regular classroom, RtI embeds
gifted education into the daily focus of quality instruction. Academic, affective and
behavioral outcomes become critical targets for students, not solely enrichment
targets as was a previous standard.

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 In gifted education, rather than remediation-based interventions, strength-based
interventions and strength-based programming, are used to describe tiered
instruction. The problem-solving process which uses data, strengths and
interests of students to implement appropriate, rigorous and relevant curriculum
and instruction are strengths of RtI.
RtI supports setting targets or trend lines for students. Long-term planning and
monitoring of student progress will allow students to learn and grow toward
accelerated expectations. The pace of acceleration is based upon individual
experiences and needs and may include different forms of acceleration.
Progress monitoring continually contributes new data so that learning is dynamic
and adjustments are made for pace, depth and complexity of the evidence-based
practices utilized.

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Tier 1: Core Classroom Instruction for all students
 

 
TIER 1 refers to classroom instruction for all
 
students that utilizes evidenced-based
  materials and practices to teach core subject Montana Board of Public
areas (e.g., reading, written expression, and
  math).
Education Accreditation
Standards guarantee that
  Assessment data is used to monitor and
maintain the ongoing cycle of skill success. identified gifted and talented
  Screening or benchmark assessments are students are entitled to receive
administered within the first four weeks of the
 
school year to all students to identify students
high-quality, rigorous, and
  at risk for skill difficulty or mastery and at appropriate academic
least two other times during the year (winter challenge as a part of their
  and spring) to determine if students are
making progress or need extra support. regular classroom experience.
  Instruction is planned accordingly. Grade level
assessments, Criterion-Reference Test (CRT)
 
as utilized in the Montana Comprehensive
  Assessment System (MontCAS), and other
assessments identify the content that students
  have mastered and thus indicate the need for
appropriate subsequent challenging content.
 
In addition, screening for giftedness looks
  for exceptional abilities compared to age-
mates.
 
Differentiated instruction occurs in flexible
 
small groups within the instructional time.
  Outcome assessments are also administered
to all students to determine student growth
 
over time (3rd grade and above, MontCAS).
 
 
 

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TIER 1
COMPONENT INSTRUCTION

 Evidence-based core curriculum and instructional materials in

Curriculum core subjects areas
 Large group instruction of skills
Instructional
Organization  ongoing progress monitoring and attention to affective needs are
critical attributes for continuous learning. Knowledge of the
characteristics of gifted learners and use of proven strategies
(e.g., concept learning, acceleration, and grouping) supports
these attributes.
 Small differentiated group instruction for the acquisition and
practice of skills (both higher level skills and remedial skills for
twice exceptional students) and challenge activities as
determined by benchmark and progress monitoring data.
 Pre-assessment should be done at all levels to prevent
repetition and re-teaching of content students have already
mastered. Students mastering, or nearly mastering the content,
then move on to an advanced level of difficulty. According to
research done by Dr. Karen Rogers, this practice, known as
compacting, has a .83 effect size, paRtIcularly in math and
science.
 The key in instructional delivery is to remember that high ability
students must move through the curriculum at a faster pace.
They can handle content that is deeper, more complex, and
more abstract than the regular grade level instruction provides.
This requires pre-assessment, curriculum differentiation, and
consistent on-going assessment. Higher-level thinking skills
should be embedded in all that high ability students do.
 Teacher (or other specialist) trained to teach programs being
Instructor taught
 Benchmark screenings, (at least 3 times per year), outcome-
Assessment based assessments, ongoing program assessment, pre-
assessment, and informal assessment for all students

 Screening for giftedness looks for exceptional abilities compared

to age-mates. Screening requires assessment and observations
that seek strengths in problem solving, cognition,
communication, creative and critical thinking, social skills, and
academic and talent areas.

 Screening tools may include but not be limited to a standardized

non-verbal or cognitive abilities test and observation scales, as
well as general district, classroom or state assessments. The

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 goal is to collect a body of evidence or student profile of
strengths and learning needs for programming.
 Teacher knowledge of content benchmarks, student
demonstrations of learning, and use of data will ensure
continuous learning without ceilings for the gifted learner. The
Montana Content standards should be the basis for curricular
modifications made to meet individual student need. Essential
Learning Expectations are also a great tool to use in making
curricular modifications for students.
• Parents informed of student progress on a regular basis
 Core instruction provided daily
Time
Recommend K-3: 90 minutes reading instruction (matched to
student readiness level) Grades 4-6: 60-90 minutes reading
instruction (matched to student readiness levels)
 Gifted students are significantly more likely to retain science and
mathematics content accurately when taught 2-3 times faster
than “normal” class pacing. They are also significantly more
likely to forget or mislearn science and mathematics content
when they must drill and review it more than 2-3 times.
 Applications of skills throughout the day across all content areas
• General education classroom* (with appropriate grouping for
Setting differentiation)
 Home practice and support
 Attention to affective needs
Support
• Use of trained paraprofessionals to challenge opportunities
• Use of trained paraprofessionals for skills practice for Twice-
exceptional* students
• Encouragement of parent-school partnerships
 Parent training as needed
 Professional development for school personnel, especially
regarding differentiation, Twice-exceptional, knowledge of the
characteristics of gifted learners and understanding of proven
strategies for gifted/advanced learners (e.g., concept learning,
acceleration, grouping)
 Ongoing verification for fidelity of implementation

* A consideration in learning-strategies instruction for gifted/learning-disabled students (Twice-exceptional) is where the

instruction will take place. Although it may seem natural for the special education teacher to deliver any and all
compensatory instruction, a twice-exceptional student typically encounters at least three teachers in any given week
(Robinson, 1999). It is important that the regular education and gifted education teacher be aware of any learning-
strategies instruction in an effort to incorporate the skills throughout the student’s learning.

Fall 2009 
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Differentiated Instruction
 

Differentiated instruction should be provided to accelerate learning for high-ability students and
maximize student achievement for all students as part of Tier 1 instruction. The classroom teacher
should provide flexible instructional grouping of students based on their ongoing identified needs.
Classroom teachers should be clear about what they are trying to teach and why it is important.
Research has shown that teachers are often too random in their delivery of instruction, unclear as to
what they are teaching, and unable to define the succinct reason for instruction.

The most important Tier 1 strategy for Gifted or Advanced Learners is

Differentiated Instruction. The key principles of Differentiated Instruction
are:

• Student-centered instructional practices and materials are

standards-based and grounded in research;
• Instruction has clear objectives with focused activities to reach the
objectives;
• Assessment results are used to shape future instructional
decisions;
• Students have multiple avenues to show mastery of essential
content and skills, and to demonstrate their learning; and
• Instructional pacing, depth and complexity are varied.
 

Strategies for Differentiating Instruction

Abstraction Content that goes beyond surface detail and facts to underlying
concepts, generalizations, and symbolism.

Active Engagement Instructional strategies that result in relevance and engagement for
students.

Agendas A personalized list of tasks that a paRTIcular student must complete

in a specified time

Choice Provide opportunities for choices and flexibility. Many GT students

love the opportunity for choice and given an opportunity will
construct their own differentiated choices.

Choice boards, Tic-tac- Students make a work selection from a certain row or column.
toe Teachers can provide for student learning needs while giving
students choice.

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 Compacting This strategy should be done at all levels to prevent repetition and
re-teaching of content students have already mastered. To compact
the teacher must pre-test students in the content to be presented.
Students mastering, or nearly mastering the content, then move on
to an advanced level of difficulty. According to research done by Dr.
Karen Rogers, compacting has a .83 effect size, particularly when
math and science content is compacted.

Conceptual Discussions High level discussions of themes, concepts, generalizations, issues,

and problems, rather than a review of facts, terms and details.

Extensions Offer relevant extension options for learners who need additional
challenges.

Flexible Assessments Offer different assessment options that allow students to

demonstrate their mastery of new concepts, content, and skills.

Flexible tasks Allowing students to structure their own projects and investigations
according to their strengths and interests.

Flexible project Students negotiate for more or less time to complete a learning
deadlines experience and its matching product or assessment.

Grouping Regular opportunities to work in whole groups, small groups, with a

partner, or in an independent setting.

Higher-order thinking Questioning in discussion or providing activities based on

skills processing that requires analysis, synthesis, evaluation, or other
critical thinking skills.

Independent study Students research a teacher or self chosen topic, developing either
traditional or non-traditional products to demonstrate learning.

Jigsaw/Cooperative Just as in a jigsaw puzzle, each piece-each student’s part is

learning essential for the full completion and full understanding of the final
product.

Learning centers or Activity stations that demonstrate awareness of different academic

stations needs and learning style preferences.

Learning contracts Students negotiate individually with teacher about what and how
much will be learned and when product will be due; often connected
with an individual or independent project-see Appendix A.

Learning programs Computer programs or websites to meet learners’ needs.

Mini-lessons Mini-lessons provide levels of scaffolding, support and challenge as

needed for students of like ability/need.

Fall 2009 
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 Most difficult first Students can demonstrate a mastery of a concept by completing
the five most difficult problems with 85 percent accuracy. Students
who demonstrate mastery do not need to practice any more.

Open-ended Providing students with tasks and work that do not have single right
assignments answers or outcomes. The tasks may have timelines and a
sequence of activities to be accomplished, but outcomes will vary
for each student.

Orbital study Independent investigations, generally of three to six weeks. They

orbit or revolve around some facet of the curriculum. Students
select their own topics for the orbital, and they work with guidance
and coaching from the teacher to develop more expertise on the
topic as well as learning the skills of an investigator.

Pre-assessment An array of pre-assessment options can guide instruction. By

regularly pre-assessing students, teachers can flexibly group
students by ability and readiness levels. Pre-assessment is also
essential for compacting.

Problem-based learning A student-centered instructional strategy in which students

collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their experiences.
Learning is driven by challenging, open-ended problems. Students
work in small collaborative groups. Teachers take on the role as
"facilitators" of learning.

RAFT Provides students choice in a writing assignment varying Role,

Audience, Format, and Topic.

Subject integration Uniting two or more disciplines and their content through a
“Theme-based” units conceptual theme, such as "origins," "change" or "friendship."

Tiered assignments Varied levels of tasks to ensure that students explore ideas and use
skills at a level that builds on what they already know and
encourages growth. All students explore the same essential ideas
but work at different levels of depth and complexity.

Vary levels of Books and instructional materials at different levels of complexity

complexity allow students to study the same concepts but at levels of depth
and complexity to fit their learning needs.

Vary pacing plan to accommodate varied pacing allowing students to move

through content at a pace appropriate for their learning needs.

Vary tasks provide different homework options, journal prompts, and questions

Adapted from: The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners, Carol Ann Tomlinson

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 Grouping Strategies
The identified strengths of a gifted student will cause all gifted students to experience at least Tier 2
interventions so that ceilings are not placed on learning. These interventions might be classroom
based, a small group with a specialist, a specialized program delivered by the classroom teacher or
specialist or classes to meet the individualized needs of gifted students. Nevertheless, Tier 1
Differentiation will involve grouping students. The following table, based on Re-forming Gifted
Education, Karen B. Rogers, will explain grouping strategies for Tier 1 and Tier 2
interventions/differentiation.

Grouping Strategies 
Cluster grouping Identify and place four to eight high ability students in the same
grade level in one class with a teacher who likes them, is trained
to work with them and will devote proportional class time to
differentiating for them.

Cooperative learning Providing grouped activities for the purpose of developing peer
groups interaction skills and cooperation. May be like or mixed ability
groups.

Cross-graded classes, Grouping children by their achievement level in a subject area

cross-age grouping rather than by grade or age level. Also known as multi-age
classrooms.

Flexible skills grouping Students are matched to skills by virtue of readiness, not with the
assumption that all need the same spelling tasks, computation
drill, writing assignment, etc. Movement among groups is
common and based on readiness on a given skill and growth in
that skill.

Full-time ability grouping Children of high ability or with high achievement levels are put
into a separate group for differentiating their instruction. Ability
grouping can be full or part-time, permanent or flexible sorting.

Like-ability cooperative Organizing groups of learners in three to four member teams of

learning like ability and adjusting the group task accordingly.

Regrouping by A form of grouping, usually (but not always) sorted for once a
achievement for subject year, that delivers appropriately differentiated curriculum to
instruction students at a specific ability or achievement level.

Within class performance Sorting of students, topic by topic or subject by subject, within
grouping one classroom for the provision of differentiated learning for each
group.

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 Notes on Grouping Strategies for Gifted Students 
 Gifted students tend to mistrust the benefits of small group learning; 
care must be taken that the tasks demonstrate that the group can "do 
  better" than the individual. 
   
 Gifted students perform significantly more highly when the majority 
  of their time in academic core areas is spent in true peer interactions. 
   Gifted students show a preference for self­structured tasks and self­
imposed deadlines. 
   
   Gifted students show a preference for working on projects alone or 
with one like­ability peer. 
   
 
 Some gifted students do not appreciate, and actually resent, being 
peer tutors. This is especially true if they are called upon to teach 
  others on a regular basis. 
 
 

   

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Tier 2: Strategic Targeted Intervention

Tier 2 refers to evidence-based targeted

supplemental skill-building intervention. In the
case of gifted or advanced learners, Tier 2 refers
to students who require specific supports to
make adequate progress. This is part of an on-
going decision making process to determine the
effectiveness of interventions and programming
options and assessment of learning to meet the
needs of students for whom general education
Tier 1 strategies, (i.e., Differentiated Instruction)
do not support adequate progress.
This instruction may be matched with the
specific skill deficits of Twice Exceptional
students who fail to meet Tier 1 benchmarks in
core subjects. Tier 2 instruction is systematic,
explicit, and aligned with Tier 1 instruction.
Instructional interventions are typically delivered
in small groups of students with similar strengths
and interest needs. Instruction is based on the
needs of individual students as determined by
assessment data.
 

Tier 2: Essential Elements of Instructional Interventions 

COMPONENTS  INSTRUCTION 

 Evidence-based core curriculum and instructional materials in core

Curriculum and subject areas
Materials  Evidence-based intervention materials and strategies that
supplement Tier 1 instruction

 Homogeneous groups, see Tier 1 grouping strategies and the

Instructional following list of appropriate strategic instructional organizations
Organization  Explicit instruction targeting special skill deficits (Twice-exceptional)
 Compacting

Fall 2009 
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  Opportunities for acceleration

 Teacher or other specialists trained to teach programs being taught

Instructor  Gifted Education Specialist
 Twice Exceptional reading specialist, special education teacher,
speech/language pathologists

 Tier 1 benchmark screening plus

Assessment  Diagnostic and ongoing progress monitoring monthly, bi-weekly, or
weekly looking for trends which will inform instructional practice
 Pre-assessments
 Learning plan, learning goal assessments
 Teacher knowledge of content benchmarks, student demonstrations
of learning, and use of data will ensure continuous learning without
ceilings for the gifted learner.
 Parents informed of student progress on a regular basis

 20 to 60 minutes daily in addition to general classroom Tier 1

Time instruction
 When students are compacted into different work they are pursuing
an alternate assignment, activity, or product while the rest of the
class works on the regular curriculum work. They may be doing
assignments that are more complex, and involve greater depth
and/or breadth than the regular work. They may also be involved in a
project that requires original research. These assignments, most
likely, will require more time than the regular assignments.

 General education classroom or other appropriate setting

Setting * A note regarding Twice-Exceptional students

 Home practice and support

Support  Before and after school programs
 Parent training
 Use of trained paraprofessionals to provide support to the classroom
teacher as he/she provides Tier 2 instruction (emphasize trained in
the needs and traits of gifted and advanced learners)
 Instructional teams such as: literacy team, math team, grade-level
team, or student support team
 Professional development for all school personnel
 Ongoing verification for fidelity of implementation

*Kennedy (2002) noted that regular education teachers rarely have training to teach students with multiple exceptionalities
in their classroom. Similarly, special education teachers rarely receive any training in the unique needs of the gifted.
Therefore, collaboration is an important aspect of teaching students who are both gifted and learning disabled..

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 Strategies and Interventions for Tier 2

STRATEGY DESCRIPTION RESEARCH GAINS

Ability grouping Children of high-ability or with high- Studies of performance of gifted

achievement levels are put into a students in ability-grouped
separate group for differentiating classes in which the curriculum
instruction. Can be full or part-time or was accelerated, the effect size
flexible sorting was found to be 10 months
(Kulik, 1992)

Abstraction Going beyond surface information; use

of symbolism, underlying meaning of
content

Cluster grouping Cluster grouping is the practice of Current research suggests that
placing the top group of students from a there are several benefits of CG:
grade into the same classroom. This Gifted students regularly interact
assures the teacher of having a “group,” with their intellectual peers and
rather than just one student who is age peers (Delcourt & Evans,
above and beyond his/her peers. The 1994.) CG provides fulltime
teacher of this group should enjoy services for gifted students
working with high performing students Without additional cost.
and have a background in differentiated Curricular
instructions for high ability students. differentiation is more likely to
With this strategy high-ability students occur when a group of high-
are working on advanced curriculum achieving students is placed with
and assignments as a group within a a teacher who has expertise,
regular classroom. It avoids the training and a desire to
situation where a single child is always differentiate than when these
working by him/herself thus allowing students are distributed among
interaction and discussion within their many teachers. (Bryant, 1987:
own group. Kennedy 1995; Kulik 1992;
Rogers 1991)

Competitions or (See resources for additional list of Pre and post test data of highly
advanced clubs competitions.) talented mathematical 3-6th
Math Olympiad grade students who paRtIcipated
Future Problem-Solving in a program offered by Johns
Destination Imagination Hopkins University gained an
Junior Great Books average of 46 percentage points.
JASON Project (Mills, Ablard and Gustin, 1994)

Complexity Providing more difficult and intricately

detailed content

Fall 2009 
17 
 
 Concept-based Programs such as Mentoring Students using such programs
programs Mathematical Minds and Accelerated as M3 and Accelerated Math
Math focus on mathematical reasoning, have shown statistically
creativity and conceptual understanding significant gains in mathematical
understanding and have
outperformed students in
comparison groups.

Cooperative Organizing groups of learners in three Grouping academically talented

grouping with like- to four member teams of like ability and students together for instruction
ability learners adjusting the group task accordingly. has been found to produce
positive achievement outcomes
when the content and instruction
provided are appropriately
differentiated to be challenging.
(Gentry, 1999; Kulik and Kulik,
1992; Rogers, 1991)

Cross-graded This is a variation of Regrouping for Several studies show that

classes Specific Instruction. In this situation the students who were placed in
entire school must teach the same grade levels that matched their
subjects at the same time so that mathematical readiness had
students go to classes that are taught at effect gains of over 1. (Kulik,
their level regardless of grade level 1992; Mills et. al., 1994)
placement. At a paRtIcular time each
day students would travel to the
appropriate grade (or room) for their
instruction. The instruction would be
delivered for their level. For gifted
students, again, the focus would be on
pace, depth, breadth, and complexity.

Curriculum Compacting is the practice of pretesting Effect size of .83 (one year and
compacting student knowledge of material before it eight additional months of growth
is taught. This can be done by using per year. A study of 436 2-6th
end of level tests, a written narrative of grade high ability students
what the students already know, etc. If revealed that even though 40-50
the student has mastered, or nearly percent of the curriculum was
mastered the material he/she should be eliminated, performances on
delivered a curriculum that is new and standardized tests were
that offers a challenge. equivalent to that of students
who received regular curriculum
With skill based subjects, such as math instruction. (Reis, et. al., 1993)
and early reading, the end of unit tests
work well. With more content-based
areas, such as literature, social studies,
and some science, students could have
the option to take the book, study the

18                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 chapter, take the test, then go on to
replacement, or extension, material.

Diagnostic Above level diagnostic testing is used to

testing/prescriptive determine the strengths and
instruction model weaknesses of gifted students and
determine areas of study. Especially
useful for mathematically gifted
students.

Early instruction in Direct instruction in research which will

presentation, allow students to pursue areas of
research, study strength and interest.
and organizational
skills

Extra-curricular Accelerated programs outside of regular Pre and post test data of highly
learning school curriculum may be offered after talented mathematical 3-6th
school, on Saturday or during the grade students who participated
summer. in a program offered by Johns
Hopkins University gained an
average of 46 percentage points.
(Mills, et. al., 1994)

Goal setting for Early planning and goal setting for post
college planning secondary education

Honors, Advanced Students take courses with advanced or

Placement courses accelerated content (usually at the
secondary level) in order to test out or
receive credit for completion of college
level course work. (Although one such
program is actually designated
"Advanced Placement," several such
programs exist—for example,
International Baccalaureate.)

Method of inquiry Relating content to how things work,

methods that are used in the field.

Mentorship Student(s) are placed with a subject

matter expert or professional to further
a specific interest or proficiency, which
cannot be provided within the regular
educational setting.

Organization changing the sequence for how content

is taught

Fall 2009 
19 
 
 Partial day or send- removal of gifted/advanced learners When the content is sufficiently
out (pullout) from the regular classroom for a specific deepened, advanced and
grouping period of time each day or week to work differentiated pullout programs
with a trained specialist on differentiated were shown to be effective.
curriculum (Delcourt, Loyd, Cornell and
Goldberg; 1994)

Pull-in programs See partial day/pullout programs Above

Real audiences presenting work to a live audience or

providing an expert in the field to
evaluate the child’s work

Real world Providing learners with a problem or

problems situation to solve that is relevant to their
own lives

Regrouping by Students who are gifted in math or In 25 studies where curriculum

achievement for reading are grouped for instruction with remained the same for all
subject instruction similarly gifted students. This usually groups, there was only a slight
happens within the whole school or gain in academic growth. There
grade level (Walk to Read model). The are substantial gains however
students may change groups as when an alternative curriculum is
needed, or indicated, by assessment. chosen to meet the needs of
Schools using this strategy will have mathematically gifted students.
reading, math, etc. within each grade (Kulik, 1992) 11 out of 14 studies
level at the same time each day. High indicated that students in cross-
ability students then go to the teacher grade programs achieved an
teaching the curriculum at a faster pace, effect gain greater than 1.
with more breadth, depth and
complexity.

Skill-based Computer programs such as ITBS scores of students using a

programs Renaissance Learning and Success skill based mathematics program
Maker that allows the student to work at were significantly higher in skills
their own pace and gives direct, than students who did not use
immediate feedback to student and the program. (Ysseldyke,
teacher. Tardrew, Betts, Thill, and
Hannigan, 2004)

Specialized William and Mary Curriculum, National 2006 research on Mentoring

curriculum History Day, Mentoring Mathematical Mathematical Minds, to cite just
programs, Minds, Accelerated Math, Project one example, showed gains over
Intentional Spring, Project Spring II (see appendix) a similar comparison group on
academic TIMSS , NAEP and ITBS scores
programs, groups for third, fourth and fifth graders.
National Center for Gifted and
Talented Research.

20                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 Study of people Relating content to the people in the
field, famous people, human situations
and problems

Talent Provision of experiences for an

opportunities individual student with a demonstrated
high performance or high potential in a
specific area either through individual
work or with a group of students with
like talents.

Talent searches, Provision of highly challenging,

university program accelerated learning experiences,
usually on a college campus in a
specific talent area for highly talented
students.

Theme-based units Students are involved in a study of A study of advanced literature

concepts through theme based units groups found a significant
that stress the application of reasoning learning advantage for groups
to reading, writing, the creation of high- who received theme-based
quality projects, and the organization of instruction that emphasized the
learning. use of reasoning to reading and
writing and required high quality
products compared to groups
who did not receive theme-
based, high-expectation
instruction. Van Tassel-Baska,
et. al., (2002)

Fall 2009 
21 
 
 Tier 3: Intensive Targeted Interventions

Tier 3 refers to evidence-based intensive targeted

interventions for students whose academic and
intellectual needs are not being met by Tier 1 or
Tier 2 supplemental, targeted instruction.

Children and adolescents who will need this

intervention are highly gifted (IQ of 145 or greater)
or exceptionally gifted (IQ 180+). This small
percentage of students requires radical
acceleration, dual enrollment, early entrance,
specialized counseling, long-term mentorships or
participation in a specialized classroom or school
for gifted students.

They require a curriculum that differs significantly in

pace, level, and complexity from age-level peers.
Tier 3 instruction may take place in addition to
Tier 1 instruction or it may replace it entirely. If
progress monitoring and diagnostic assessments
indicate that a student is not making adequate
progress, a student may need a replacement of
Individuals with an IQ of 145+
the core program (Tier 1 instruction) or be
appear in the population at a ratio of
referred for further evaluation.
1 in 1,000
The highly gifted child needs an IEP that will make
provisions for alternative learning opportunities Individuals with an IQ of 160+ appear
which may include acceleration or cluster in the population at a ratio of fewer
grouping. In addition, early identification of these than 1 in 10,000
individuals will help to ensure that programming
may be planned for them to allow for continued Individuals with an IQ of 180+ appear
growth at the student’s level of potential. Early in the population at a ratio of fewer
speech, reading and other developmental skills than 1 in a million
are indicators of a highly gifted child. For some
students regular differentiation and instructional
management/delivery are not enough.

The higher the IQ of the student, the more

acceleration must happen in order to maintain
balance with the student and his/her curriculum.

22                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 NOTES ON EXCEPTIONALLY GIFTED STUDENTS

From “The use of radical acceleration in cases of extreme intellectual precocity”

Miraca U.M. Gross
National Association for Gifted Children (NAGC), Gifted Child Quarterly 1992 Vol.
36 http://www.geniusdenied.com/ARtIcles/Record.aspx?NavID=13_16,13_16&rid=11241

Exceptionally gifted children appear in the population at a ratio of less than 1 in 10,000.
Research has repeatedly found that these children differ quite significantly from
moderately gifted age-peers on many cognitive and affective variables. Because of this, it
is not enough to place them in part-time programs, such as a resource room or pull-out,
which are designed for moderately gifted students; they require full-time grouping with
children closer to their own mental age and levels of socio-affective development.
Research suggests that exceptionally and profoundly gifted students are best served by a
program of radical acceleration incorporating a number of grade-skips appropriately
spaced through the student's school career, supplemented with subject acceleration
where it is required. It is important that the student is also provided with lateral
enrichment at each stage. Radical acceleration provides the extremely gifted child with
the intellectual and social companionship of children at similar stages of cognitive and
affective development. Exceptionally gifted children retained with age-peers, or
accelerated by only one year, are at serious risk of peer rejection and social isolation.

It is now generally understood and accepted that a child's level of social and emotional
development is more highly correlated with his mental age than with his chronological
age (Callahan & Kauffman, 1982; Tannenbaum, 1983; Janos & Robinson, 1985). The
significance of this is immense when dealing with the extremely gifted since the higher
the IQ, the greater the discrepancy between chronological and mental age, and thus the
wider the gap between the psychosocial development of the gifted child and that of his
age-peers.

The common perception of the extremely gifted as eager, academically successful young
people who display high levels of task commitment has been refuted by research which
demonstrates that many highly gifted children underachieve seriously in the regular
classroom, and that, by the end of elementary school, many have almost completely lost
the motivation to excel (Pringle, 1970; Painter, 1976; Whitmore, 1980; Gross &
Feldhusen, 1990).

Fall 2009 
23 
 
 

Tier 3  Essential Elements of Instruction 

COMPONENTS  INSTRUCTION 
 Evidence-based intervention materials and strategies that supplement or
Curriculum and replace Tier 1 instruction
Materials  Programs and strategies emphasize skill building in areas of need as
identified through diagnostic assessments when dealing with twice
exceptional students
 Possible replacement of the core program. Continue Tier 1 and possibly
Tier 2 instruction when it matches the learning needs of the student (for
example a student may need Tier 3 interventions/acceleration in
mathematics, but find the core curriculum in reading a good match)

 Explicit instruction targeting specific skill deficits (Twice Exceptional)

Instructional  Usually individual interventions, most often some form of acceleration
Organization Students should have an IEP or ILP (Individual Learning Plan)
 The curriculum should differ significantly in pace, level, and complexity
from age-level peers.

 Teacher, reading specialist, special education teacher, ELL teacher,

Instructor speech/language pathologists, or other specialists trained to teach
programs being taught. Some students may have more than one teacher

 Tier 1 benchmark screening plus

Assessment  Screenings for giftedness, may include IQ testing, behavior scales, out of
grade level testing, ceilingless testing.
 Diagnostic assessments and ongoing progress-monitoring
Weekly or bi-weekly
 Parents informed of student progress on a regular basis

 Part or all of the core curriculum for age peers may be replaced
Time

 Appropriate setting within school, more than one school or outside of the
Setting school depending upon the acceleration or intervention

 Instructional teams such as: literacy team, math team, grade-level team, or
Support student support team (for Twice-exceptional)
 Provision of parent training as needed for home practice and support
 Additional tutoring programs
 Home practice and support
 Staff development especially regarding options for acceleration and
research regarding positive effects of such
 Before and after-school programs (not a substitute)
 Ongoing verification for fidelity of implementation
Effect size and comments (Third column) from research by Karen B. Rogers and Richard Kimpston.

24                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 Types of Acceleration
These interventions move a student through and educational program faster than
the usual rate or at an age younger than the typical age

Single A student bypasses the usual Research based gains: .57

subject progression of skills and content Subject acceleration in mathematics
acceleration mastery in one subject where great resulted in significant positive
advancement or proficiency has been academic increases for both
observed. The learner will progress at elementary and secondary students.
the regular instructional pace through Socialization was neither harmed nor
the remaining subject areas. enhanced; the psychological effects
were unclear. It seems logical that
since this form of acceleration
accounts for only a small time change
in the regular routine, no significant
differences in emotional and social
well-being would be noted.

Whole- A learner is double promoted to bypass Research based gains: .49 academic,
grade one or more grade levels. .31 social
skipping Grade skipping for bright children also
appears to be very beneficial. Its
greatest research-supported academic
and social effects appear to be in
grades 3-6.

Early A gifted child who shows readiness to Research based gains .49 academic
entrance to perform schoolwork enters kindergarten Early entrance to school appears to be
school or first grade one to two years earlier a relatively safe accelerative option for
than the usual beginning age. bright children. Social and
psychological adjustment were neither
enhanced nor threatened by this
practice. If this were the only option
offered a gifted child, it would capitalize
on a child's natural intelligence as early
as possible and would allow the child to
establish a peer group early. As a
result, the challenge of making new
friends would be encountered only
once, instead of with each decision to
accelerate.

Fall 2009 
25 
 
 Non-graded A learner is placed in a classroom Bright students in a non-graded or
Classroom undifferentiated by grade levels where multi-grade classroom environment
he/she works through the curricular showed substantial, positive academic
materials at a pace appropriate to
gains at the elementary grade levels.
individual ability and motivational level.
Although no research on social
outcomes could be located, it seems
likely that bright children who can move
through the curriculum at a comfortable,
but accelerated, pace would not find
social rejection so readily as when they
stand out as significantly different at
one grade level.

Curriculum The regular curriculum of any or all Research based gains: .83 (one year
Compacting subjects is tailored to the specific gaps, and eight additional months)of
deficiencies, and strengths of an growth per year.
individual student. The learner tests out Curriculum compacting-whereby the
or bypasses previously mastered skills student begins each school year at
and content, focusing only on mastery his/her actual level of performance in
of deficient areas, thus moving more each subject-results in significantly
rapidly through the curriculum. positive academic effects, especially in
mathematics. The single study of social
outcomes suggested no differences in
socialization, and the psychological
impact of this option was unclear.

Grade A student's progress is reorganized Research based gains: .40

telescoping through junior high or high school to Another implication from our analysis is
shorten the time by one year. Hence, that allowing children to progress
junior high may require two years through three years' curriculum in two
instead of three, or high school may years' time-grade telescoping-showed
require three years instead of four. very positive academic outcomes for
both junior and senior high students.
The option neither enhanced nor
harmed socialization or psychological
adjustment.

Concurrent A student attends classes in more than Research based gains: .22
enrollment one building level during the school
year—for example, high school for part
of the day and junior high for the
remainder.

AP courses A student takes courses with advanced Research based gains: .27
or accelerated content (usually at the The research on Advanced Placement
secondary level) in order to test out or did not support significant outcome

26                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 receive credit for completion of college changes for students once they entered
level course work. (Although one such college full time. Social and
program--the College Board’s AP and psychological outcomes were unclear.
Pre-AP classes--is actually designated This does not mean, however, that
"Advanced Placement," several such Advanced Placement is not a viable
programs exist— for example, accelerative option for bright high
International Baccalaureate.) school students. If nothing else, the
research clarifies that participants are
not harmed at the college level by
having been credited for some courses.
Also worth mentioning are the potential,
positive effects of students having been
adequately challenged and having been
given more time to enroll in courses
better suited to their interests and ability
levels.

Mentorship A student is placed with a subject Research based gains: .57 academic,
matter expert or professional to further .47 socialization, .42 self-esteem
a specific interest or proficiency, which
cannot be provided within the regular
educational setting.

Early Student skips some of high school and Research based gains: .30
admission attends college Allowing bright students to bypass at
to college least one year of high school to enter
college full-time resulted in significantly
positive academic outcomes.
Socialization and psychological
adjustment showed no change. There
has to be some concern, however, for
the high school student who opts for
early admission, not completing a high
school diploma. Financial constraints,
poor health, family crises, or any
combination of circumstances could
keep the student from completing
college, in which case he or she has no
educational certification.

Credit by Through successful completion of tests, Research based gains: .59

examination a student is allowed to receive a There appeared to be a strong
specified number of college credits relationship between testing, out of
upon entrance to college. (Advanced college courses (credit by examination)
Placement and the College Level and subsequent college performance in
Examination Program are two those subject areas.
examples.)

Fall 2009 
27 
 
 Distance Enrollment in college or other Similar to subject acceleration
learning challenging courses while still enrolled
with age peers (Stanford University’s
EPGY for example)

Extra- Johns Hopkins Center for Talented See References page 44

curricular Youth, Duke University Talent
programs Identification Program
Center for Talent Development (CTD)
Northwestern University
For additional resources:
http://hoagiesgifted.com/academics.htm

Special For example, Davidson Academy http://www.davidsonacademy.unr.edu/

schools for
the gifted

Acceleration: What we do vs. what we know Association for Supervision and Curriculum
Development (ASCD) October 1992

28                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 An Important Note on Acceleration from
“Acceleration: What we do versus what we know”
by Karen B. Rogers

Teachers and administrators have a research-supported menu of accelerative practices to

select from that result in substantial academic achievement gains for students. Very few
options, however, appear to directly affect students' social skills and self-concept. If teachers
have avoided offering these practices to bright students out of a concern for the social and
emotional effects, such misgivings should be laid to rest. Those who wish to enhance
outcomes in affective areas for accelerated students, however, might consider the assistance
of a school counselor or a support group.

With careful attention to the cognitive, social, and emotional needs of prospective
accelerated students, teachers and administrators can recommend from an array of practices
with the confidence that the child will not only survive but will thrive in a more challenging
learning environment.

Fall 2009 
29 
 
 Twice‐Exceptional Learners

Gifted students with disabilities are at risk because their educational and social/emotional needs often
go undetected. The resulting inconsistent academic performance can lead educators to believe twice-
exceptional students are not putting forth adequate effort. Hidden disabilities may prevent students
with advanced cognitive abilities from achieving their potential. The frustrations related to unidentified
strengths and disabilities can result in behavioral and social/emotional issues. For some twice-
exceptional students, behavior plans become the focus of their interventions. The behaviors are
managed, but the underlying disabilities are never addressed. School can become a very frustrating
experience for struggling twice-exceptional students, their teachers, and parents.

The defining characteristics of the twice-exceptional learner is evidence of high performance or

potential in a gift, talent or ability combined with a disability that suppresses the student’s ability to
achieve according to his/her potential (Brody & Mills, 1997). Disabilities may include dyslexia,
auditory processing problems, visual processing deficits, emotional behavioral disabilities, ADD or
ADHD, and autism. Twice-exceptional students will be found in all three Tiers and will need
interventions that will differ from interventions for students who have disabilities but who are not gifted
or of high ability. Individual student data may show exceptional ability in one area and a weakness
that is an extreme disparity for the individual, even if the weakness is demonstrated at age-grade
level.

Researchers have offered suggestions of how many gifted and learning-disabled students are
present in the United States. Winner (1996) estimated that between 120,000 and 180,000 students
with learning disabilities also have above-average intelligence quotients (IQ). Winner also noted that
approximately 10 percent of high-IQ students read two or more years below grade level. Some
researchers estimate that 2–10 percent of all students enrolled in gifted programs also have a
learning disability (McEachern & Bornot, 2001), while others predict that the actual number is closer
to two to five percent of the nation’s gifted population (Delisle & Galbraith, 2002).
http://www.prufrock.com/client/client_pages/GCT_Readers/Disabilities/Ch._11/Gifted_Students_Who
_Are_Learning_Disabled.cfm Other research indicates that two to five percent of the gifted population
will have disabilities and two to five percent of students with disabilities will be gifted (Dix & Schafer,
1996; Whitmore, 1980; & Maker, 1977).

Ongoing collaboration among special, general and gifted education, and parents is critical for
identification and long-term planning for these students. It is essential that the disabilities are
identified early so appropriate interventions can be provided at optimum times. Unfortunately, the
struggles of many twice-exceptional students go unnoticed for many years, resulting in learning gaps
and undeveloped potentials.

30                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 Explanation of Strategies for
 Twice‐Exceptional Students 

Appropriate Identification

Teachers need to be sensitive to clues that seem to indicate contradictions in abilities rather than
rely on standardized or intelligence test scores. Possible examples are:

 above grade extensive vocabulary/struggle with spelling basic words;

 strong verbal expression/poor illegible handwriting;
 good listening comprehension skills/ low self-concept;
 sophisticated sense of humor/difficulty engaging in social aspects of the classroom;
 difficulty sitting still;
 can become deeply immersed in special interests or creative activities and or
 reason abstractly and solve complex problems/dislike rote memorization.

The following list should be viewed as characteristics which are typical of many children who are
gifted and who also have a disability, rather than characteristics which all such children possess.
These twice-exceptional children do not form a simple, homogeneous group; they are a highly diverse
group of learners.

Indicators of Cognitive/Affective Strengths

 Have a wide range of interests that are not related to school topics or learning.
 Have a specific talent or consuming interest area for which they have an exceptional memory
and knowledge.
 Are interested in the “big picture” rather than small details.
 Are extremely curious and questioning.
 Possess high levels of problem-solving and reasoning skills.
 Have penetrating insights.
 Are capable of setting up situations to their own advantage often as a coping method.
 Are extremely creative in their approach to tasks and as a technique to compensate for their
disability.
 Have an unusual imagination.
 Are humorous often in “bizarre” ways.
 Have advanced ideas and opinions which they are uninhibited in expressing.
 Have a superior vocabulary.
 Have very high energy levels.

Fall 2009 
31 
 
Indicators of Cognitive/Affective Problems

 Have discrepant verbal and performance abilities.

 Have deficient or extremely uneven academic skills which cause them to lack academic
initiative, appear academically unmotivated, avoid school tasks, and frequently fail to complete
assignments.
 Are extremely frustrated by school.
 Have auditory and/or visual processing problems which may cause them to respond slowly, to
work slowly, and to appear to think slowly.
 Have problems with long-term and/or short-term memory.
 Have motoric difficulties exhibited by clumsiness, poor handwriting, or problems completing
paper-and-pencil tasks.
 Lack organizational skills and study skills; often appearing to be extremely “messy.”
 Are unable to think in a linear fashion; have difficulty following directions.
 Are easily frustrated; give up quickly on tasks; are afraid to risk being wrong or making
mistakes.
 Have difficulty explaining or expressing ideas, “getting-to-the-point,” and/or expressing
feelings.
 Blame others for their problems while believing that their successes are only due to “luck.”
 Are distractible; unable to maintain attention for long periods of time.
 Are unable to control impulses.
 Have poor social skills; demonstrate antisocial behaviors.
 Are highly sensitive to criticism.

Indicators of Low Self-Esteem

One of the most common characteristics of these children is low self-esteem. They frequently
“disguise” this low self-esteem through the use of any or all of the following behaviors:

 Anger
 Self-criticism
 Crying
 Withdrawal
 Daydreaming and fantasy
 Apathetic behaviors
 Disruptive behaviors
 Clowning behaviors
 Denial of problems

Compensation and Remediation

 Create a transition plan to emphasize areas of giftedness as well as needs for remediation
when students are moving from one school level to another.
 Develop strategies which nurture the student’s potential.
 Identify learning gaps and provide explicit instruction.
 A case manager who is responsible for facilitating communication between counselors,
special educators, gifted educators, and general educators; facilitates collaboration to plan

32                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 curriculum modifications and connect students with resources and technology tools to
compensate for weaknesses.
 Provide course options that ease course load and accelerate strength areas such as summer
school and Internet courses.
 Teach and encourage students to use compensation strategies such as talking to professors,
using other student’s notes to supplement their own, taking fewer classes, taking advantage
of extended time for testing, listening to books on tape, and utilizing technology to
compensate for weaknesses.

Social and Emotional Support

 Twice-exceptional students should receive counseling do develop self-esteem and high self-
efficacy.
 These students need many opportunities to exercise their areas of high ability.
 They need supportive adults at home and at school.
 Twice-exceptional students should enhance their capacity to cope with mixed abilities.

EXPLANATION OF RESEARCH GAINS FOR THESE STRATEGIES

Appropriate Identification

 Many gifted students with learning disabilities appear to be average students because their
giftedness and disability merge. Because of this, 41% of gifted students with disabilities are
not diagnosed until college (McEachern & Barnot, 2001).
 IQ tests may not be sensitive enough to determine significant discrepancies between subtest
scores, particularly for gifted populations (Kavale & Forness, 1984).

Compensation and Remediation

 Twice-exceptional students are particularly vulnerable during transitions from one level of
education to the next. One program in New Mexico found success with a plan designed to
follow students from elementary through high school ( Nielsen, Higgins, Wilkinson, & Wiest
Webb, 1994)
 A study of twice-exceptional students who were successful in college found that all of the
students in the study used compensation strategies. They were also willing to work harder
than their peers to obtain the same level of results (Reis & Neu, 1994).

Social and Emotional Support

 In a study of the resiliency and risk factors of twice-exceptional students it was found that they
are at great risk for poor self-concept, poor self-efficacy, hypersensitivity, emotionality, high
levels of frustration, anxiety, and self-criticism.
 The students who were more successful had good self-esteem and high self-efficacy. Those
who had supportive adults also were more successful students. (Dole, 2000)

Fall 2009 
33 
 
Classroom Implementation

Teachers need to be very perceptive in recognizing contradictory high abilities and disabilities so that
students may be identified and receive compensation, remediation, acceleration and modifications.
Because each student who is twice-exceptional has a unique set of abilities and disabilities, the
specific strategies used in the classroom will vary from student to student.

34                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 Characteristics of Advanced Learners
 
During a child’s first five or six years some of the most commonly exhibited characteristics
are:

 extraordinary vocabulary at an early age;

 varying sleep patterns and needs, often beginning in infancy;
 exceptional understanding of complex or abstract ideas;
 precocity in math and language tasks – knowledge and behaviors that are not taught or
coached, but surface on their own;
 advanced sense of humor and understanding of jokes and puns;
 heightened sensitivity to feelings and ideas; and/or
 amazing curiosity – questioning and touching almost everything (it seems!).

General Intelligence

 Recalls facts easily

 Is very well informed about one or more topics
 Shows keen insight into cause-effect relationships
 Has exceptional ability to solve problems
 Has phenomenal memory

Intelligence in a Specific Academic Area

 Exhibits extended attention in math, science and/or humanities

 Displays a passion for a topic of interest
 Makes independent contact with or carries on correspondence with experts in the field
 Puts extensive efforts into a project - time is of no consequence
 Manages to change a topic under discussion to the discipline of his/her interest (e.g., a
discussion on today’s weather soon becomes focused on meteorology or global warming)

Creativity

 Possesses strong visual thinking or imaginative skills

 Transfers ideas and solutions to unique situations
 Prefers variety and novelty and an individual way of solving problems
 Asks many and unusual questions
 Often has several projects going at once
 Resists external controls, tests and challenges limits

Leadership

 Relates to and motivates other people

 Organizes others for activities
 Demonstrates high levels of self-assurance when making decisions or convincing peers
 Sees problems from many perspectives
 Listens to and respects the opinions of others (or listens to, and debates the opinions of
others)

Fall 2009 
35 
 
Visual/Performing Arts

 Shows very high ability in the visual arts, i.e., painting, sculpting, and/or arranging media in a
unique way
 Possesses unusual ability to create, perform, or describe music
 Possesses unusual talent in drama or dance
 Uses aRtIstic ability to express or evoke feelings
 Persists with an artistic vision

36                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
   Glossary of RtI/Gifted Terms
504 Act: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 as amended by the Americans with Disabilities
Act Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA) states that a student is eligible for accommodations under
Section 504 if the student has a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more of
the student’s major life activities that impacts education.

Ability or Achievement Grouping: Children of high ability or with high achievement levels are put
into a separate group for differentiating their instruction. Can be full or part-time, permanent or flexible
sorting.

Accelerated Pace of Presentation: Substantial increase in tempo of content presentation and

acquisition.

Acceleration: Interventions that move a student through an educational program at a faster than
normal rate.

Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate Courses: Provision of course with advanced

or accelerated content at the secondary school level, affording student opportunity to “test out” of or
be given credit for completion of college-level course work.

Cluster Grouping: Identify and place top five to eight high ability students in the same grade level in
one class with a teacher who likes them, is trained to work with them, and devotes proportional class
time to differentiating for them.

Compacted Curriculum/Compacting: Streamlining the regular curriculum to “buy time” for

enrichment, accelerated content, and independent study. Usually involves pre-assessment or pretest
of what the students have already mastered.

Complex Tasks: Providing multiple-step projects for advanced knowledge and skill acquisition.

Conceptual Discussions: High-level discussions of themes, concepts, generalizations, issues, and

problems, rather than review of facts, terms, and details.

Concurrent Enrollment: Allowing students to attend classes in more than one building level during
the same school year.

Cooperative Learning Groups: Providing grouped activities for the purpose of developing peer
interaction skills and cooperation. May be like or mixed ability groups.

Credit by Examination: Provision of testing programs whereby the student, after successful
completion of a test, will be offered a specified number of course credits. The College Level
Examinations Program (CLEP) is the program widely used at the university level.

Credit for Prior Learning: Allowing students to demonstrate mastery of previously learned material
through some form of assessment; same as “testing out.”

Cross-Grade/Cross-Age Grouping: Grouping children by their achievement level in a subject area

rather than by grade or age level, also known as multi-age classrooms.

Fall 2009 
37 
 
Differentiated Instruction: A matching of instruction to meet the different needs of learners in a
given classroom by modifying delivery, time, content, process, product, and the learning environment.
One or more of these elements can be modified to provide differentiation.

Early Admission to College: Permitting a student to enter college as a full-time student without
completion of a high school diploma.

Early Content Mastery: Giving students access to knowledge and concepts in a content area
considerably before expected grade- or age-level expectations.

Early Entrance to School: Allowing selected gifted children showing readiness to perform
schoolwork to enter kindergarten or first grade one to two years earlier than the usual beginning age.

Evaluation: Summarizing assessment results, then making decisions based on these results.

Evidence-Based Instruction (EBI): Refers to empirical research that applies rigorous, systematic,
and objective procedures to obtain valid knowledge. This includes research that: employs systematic,
empirical methods that draw on observation or experiment; has been accepted by a peer-reviewed
journal or approved by a panel of independent experts through a comparably rigorous, objective and
scientific review; involves rigorous data analyses that are adequate to test the stated hypotheses and
justify the general conclusions drawn; relies on measurements or observational methods that provide
valid data across evaluators and observers and across multiple measurements and observations; and
can be generalized.
Flexible Project Deadlines: Occasional renegotiation of when projects or assignments will be due,
especially when high quality work has already been shown.

Flexible Service Delivery: Describes the prescriptive, focused, research-based interventions

provided to students by any trained or skilled staff member, regardless of the child’s special or
general education categorization or the educator’s special or general education job description.

Flexible Tasks: Allowing students to structure their own projects and investigations according to their
strengths and interests.

Full-Time Ability Grouping: Sorting students, usually once a year, by ability level and then
scheduling all of their academic (sometimes nonacademic) classes together.

Grade Telescoping (“Rapid Progress”): Shortening the time of progressing through a school level,
such as middle, junior or senior high by one year, while still covering all curricula.

Grade-Skipping: Double promoting a student such that he/she bypasses one or more grade levels.

Higher-order Thinking Skills: Questioning in discussions or providing activities based on processing

that require analysis, synthesis, valuation, or other critical thinking skills.

Implicit Instruction: An instructional ideology that assumes that students are naturally active learners
who construct new personalized knowledge through linking prior knowledge and new knowledge. In
implicit instruction, the teacher guides students only as much as is necessary for them to build their
own understanding. Scaffolding, or teacher support through questioning and explaining, is provided
only as needed.

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 Independent Study Projects: Structured projects agreed upon by student and supervising teacher
that allows a student to individually investigate areas of high interest or to advance knowledge.

Individual Education Plan (IEP): A written statement for a student with a disability that is developed,
reviewed and revised in accordance with the state of Administrative Rules of Montana (ARM) and
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 2004 Part B.
Individual Educational/Learning Plans (IEP or ILP or EP): Provision of formal written plan for
managing and delivering the curricula for a child with extraordinary differences in ability or
educational needs.

Individualized “Benchmark” Setting: Working with an individual student to set performance

outcomes for the student’s next product or performance.

Instructional Intervention: Explicit and systematic instruction delivered by highly skilled teachers
tailored to meet the identified needs of struggling learners. This instruction is delivered in small
groups.
Intense Intervention: Explicit and systematic instruction delivered by highly skilled teacher
specialists. This instruction is targeted and tailored to meet the needs of struggling learners in small
groups or one-on-one with increased opportunities for practice and teacher feedback.
Intervention: Provided by general and special educators, based on training, not title. Designed to
help a student improve performance relative to a specific, realistic and measurable goal.
Interventions are based upon valid information about present levels of performance relative to grade-
level expectations, realistic implementation with fidelity, and may include modifications and
accommodations. Interventions are multi-tiered, research-based, target-specific skills, time limited
and parent inclusive.
Learning Contracts: Student and teacher jointly develop a contract for accomplishment of learning
outcomes(s); often involves a streamlining of regular class work.

Like-Ability Cooperative Learning: Organizing groups of learners in three-to-four member teams of

like ability and adjusting the group task accordingly.

Magnet School: Provision of a separate school focused on a specific subject area or areas (arts,
math, etc.) or on a specific group of students (academically gifted or mathematically talented) with
students gifted in that area.

Mentoring: Establishment of one-to-one relationship between student and outside-of-school expert in

a specific topic area or career.

Modifications (Assessments): Changes in the test or assessment conditions that fundamentally

alter the test score interpretation and comparability. Providing a student with a modification during a
state accountability assessment constitutes a test irregularity because it invalidates the student’s test
score.
Multi-Grade/Multi-Age Classes: Combining two or three grade levels into one classroom and
placing the brightest children as the youngest children in the class.

Multisensory: Simultaneously engaging the visual, auditory and kinesthetic modalities.

Fall 2009 
39 
 
Multi-tiered Intervention: Provides different levels of intensity (core, strategic, intensive) based upon
student response to instruction/intervention and with ongoing progress monitoring and focused
assessment.

Non-Graded Classes: Placing learners in a classroom without regard to age or grade and allowing
them to work through the materials at a pace and level appropriate to their individual ability and
motivational levels.

One-on-One Tutoring/Mentoring: Placing a gifted student with a personal instructor who will offer
curriculum at the appropriate level and pace.

Parent-School Partnerships: When parents and school staff collaborate for school success. In the
RtI process at Tier 1, all parents are notified and encouraged to ask questions about the change in
school procedures to effectively challenge students in the learning process. Parents are included in
data collection and decision making through participation in the Student RtI Team. There is
collaboration to develop effective intervention and practice opportunities for school and home.

Partial Day/Send-Out Grouping: Removal of gifted children from a regular classroom for a specified
period of time each day or week to work with a trained specialist on differentiated curriculum.

Personal Goal Setting: Teaching students to identify personal goals and how to prioritize time and
activities to reach those goals.

Positive Behavioral and Intervention Supports (PBIS): A system of tiered preventative and
remedial programs, activities and interventions that provide a positive school climate and support
student social/behavioral success.

“Problem”: A “problem” in the problem-solving process is defined as the difference between

grade/age-level expectations and student present level of performance (PLOP). The difference
between these two numbers describes the nature and extent of the “problem” and serves as a guide
for goal setting and intervention decisions. An example of a “problem” is a grade-level expectation in
Grade 2 for a minimum oral reading fluency (ORF) rate in the fall of 23 correct words per minute
(CWPM); a Grade 2 student ORF score of 10 CWPM; the “problem” is the difference between 23 and
10, or “13 CWPM."

Problem-Based Learning: Providing students with unstructured problems or situations for which
they must discover the answers, solutions, concepts, or draw conclusions and generalizations.

Problem-Solving Skills Training: Providing students with problem-solving strategies matched to

differing problem types.

Problem-Solving: A process that uses assessment data to identify the problem, analyze why the
problem is occurring, develop and implement an intervention/instructional plan, and evaluate
outcomes. The RtI Teams use problem solving to evaluate student learning and instructional
effectiveness at both the system/school level as well as at the student level.

Progress Monitoring: The ongoing process of collecting and analyzing assessment data to
determine student progress toward specific skill goals or general outcomes. At Tier 2 and Tier 3,
progress monitoring data is used to make instructional decisions about the effectiveness of

40                                                                   
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 intervention to accelerate student learning that increases the learning rate and enables the student to
meet a specific goal designed to meet at least minimum proficiency levels.

Regrouping by Performance Level for Specific Subject Instruction: A form of grouping, usually
sorted for once a year that delivers appropriately differentiated curriculum to students at a specific
ability or achievement level.

Research-based: Interchangeable term with “evidence-based."

Scaffolding: Support given to assist students in learning a skill through explicit instruction, modeling,
questioning and feedback, etc., to ensure student performance. Scaffolding should gradually be
withdrawn as students become more independent of teacher support.
School for the Gifted: Provision of a separate school with admission requirements that students be
identified or “certified” as gifted.

School-within-a-School: Gifted students are placed in self-contained classes at every grade level in
an otherwise heterogeneous school.

Secondary: Tier 2 intervention level in a Positive Behavioral and Intervention Support (PBIS) system
that is delivered to the students in need of additional training and supports for behavioral success.
These are often delivered in a small group of students with similar training and support needs.
Service Learning Projects: Provision of academic credit for student volunteer work on community
and welfare projects.

Single-Subject Acceleration: Allowing students to move more quickly through the progression of
skills and content mastery in one subject where great advancement or proficiency has been
observed; other subjects may be at grade level.

Skill: Something a student knows how to do expertly and automatically. Basic skills of reading,
written expression and math are critical life skills.
Special Education: Special education is specially designed instruction, at no cost to the parents, to
meet the unique needs of a student with a disability, including instruction conducted in the classroom,
in the home, in hospitals and institutions and in other settings; and instruction in physical education.
The term includes speech-language pathology services and may include other related services, travel
training and applied technology education, if they meet the definition of special education.
Strategy: A conscious use of a specific, evidence-based method.
Supplemental Intervention: An addition to Tier 1 classroom instruction targeted to meet specific
needs of students in one or more of the five critical elements of reading instruction.
Supplemental Materials: Materials that are aligned to and support the core instructional program.
Systematic Instruction: A carefully planned sequence for targeted instruction.
Talent Development: Provision of experiences for an individual student with demonstrated high
performance or potential in a specific area either through individual work or with a group of students
with like talent.

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Talent Search Programs: Provision of highly challenging, accelerated learning experiences, usually
on a college campus in a specific talent area (math, writing) for highly talented students.

Talent/Ability Grouping: Grouping students of like ability or like interest on a regular basis during
the school day for pursuit of advanced knowledge in a specific content area.

Targeted: Focused instruction on an identified skill.

Team Members (IEP): special education teacher, parent, student when appropriate, person to
interpret data and others as needed.
Telescoping of Learning Time: Any technique that shortens the amount of time a student is
provided to acquire content and skills, i.e., rapid progress, acceleration, compacting, tempo; can be
subject specific or across a grade level.

Tertiary: Tier 3 intervention level in a Positive Behavioral and Intervention Support (PBIS) system
that is delivered to the few students in need of very specific, unique and intensive supports for
success. These are often part of a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP) that is the result of a Functional
Behavioral Assessment (FBA) evaluation.
Tier 1 Intervention: Tier 1 interventions are actually preventative programs that are provided to all
students in a classroom, school, district or rural educational cooperative, regardless of individual
needs. Examples include: “Bully-proofing," “Character Education," Evidence-based core curriculum
and instructional practices, and “Guided Reading."
Tier 2 Intervention: Tier 2 intervention is strategic and targeted intervention that is implemented as a
result of assessment that indicates a student is not making adequate gains from Tier 1
instruction/programs. Tier 2 intervention is typically delivered in small groups of students with similar
skill concerns. Examples include “Sound Partners," “Read Well," social skills training and “Knowing
Mathematics."
Tier 3 Intervention: Tier 3 interventions are for students who require highly individualized,
systematic, and explicit instruction to accelerate learning rate and/or to support learning. Intervention
is considered to be intensive and is typically delivered one-on-one or in very small groups of
students(2-3) with similar skill needs.
Tutoring: Additional practice for struggling students provided by trained individuals. Tutoring does
not serve as an intervention. Tutoring may also be conducted between peers, either within grade, or
cross-grade peer tutoring.
Universal: Tier 1 preventative programs, services, activities in a Positive Behavioral and Intervention
Support (PBIS) system that is school-wide and delivered to all students and staff in the school
building.
Within-Class Ability/Performance Grouping: Sorting of students, topic-by-topic or subject-by-
subject within one classroom for the provision of differentiated learning for each group.

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  Resources
 

http://www.mtagate.org/

Montana AGATE, state Association for Gifted and Talented Education

http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/

Neag Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development, The National Center for the Gifted and
Talented (NRC/GT). TONS of free information and research as well as connections to other
resources

http://www.hoagiesgifted.org/

Hoagies’ gifted education page for “all things gifted” Inclusive information about Gifted kids, great for
parents and educators

http://www.nagc.org/

National Association for Gifted Children, inclusive

http://www.nagc.org/index.aspx?id=1069

Information about The Parallel Curriculum, a curriculum design model to develop high potential and
challenge high-ability students. Free professional development materials.

http://www.sengifted.org/

Supporting the Emotional Needs of Gifted Children

http://www.gt-cybersource.org/?NavID=0_1

Davison Institute’s gateway to information and resources for and about gifted children, great clearing
house of information on GT

http://www.apa.org/ed/cgepweblinks.html

American Psychological Association’s center for gifted education policy, great links to other
information on GT

http://cfge.wm.edu/

College of William and Mary’s Center for Gifted Education, includes curriculum for GT students

http://www.whitworth.edu/Academic/Department/Education/Gifted/Index.htm

Whitworth University (Spokane, Washington) Gifted Education Department

Fall 2009 
43 
 
http://www.coe.uga.edu/gctweb/index.html

University of Georgia’s Gifted Education home page

http://www.cec.sped.org

Council for Exceptional Children—twice-exceptional

http://www.eric.ed.gov/

Education Research Information Clearinghouse

http://www.ascd.org/

Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, great information about curriculum and
differentiation, includes online courses

http://www.opi.state.mt.us/

Montana Office of Public Instruction, use pull down menu (Programs and Services of OPI) in upper
right, scroll down to Gifted and Talented Grant Program

http://www.cde.state.co.us/gt/

Colorado Dept. of Education Gifted Web site. They have done a lot of good work with RtI and GT,
including these documents:

http://www.cde.state.co.us/cdesped/download/pdf/slThinkingPoints_RtIGT.pdf

http://www.cde.state.co.us/gt/download/pdf/TwiceExceptionalResourceHandbook.pdf

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  Programs for Gifted and Talented Students  
 

http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/mentor/

University of Connecticut summer program for talented kids

http://www.ctd.northwestern.edu/

Center for Talent Development at Northwestern University

http://www.davidsongifted.org/?NavID=0_2

The Davidson Institute for Talent Development

http://www.tip.duke.edu/

Duke University Talent Identification Program

http://epgy.stanford.edu/

Stanford University’s program for Gifted Youth

http://cty.jhu.edu/

Johns Hopkins University, Center for Talented Youth

http://www.carroll.edu/academics/gifted/index.cc

Carroll College Gifted Institute

http://www.giftedstudy.com/

Summer Institute for the Gifted

http://www.renzullilearning.com/default.aspx

Online resources for Gifted Children

http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/projectm3/

Mentoring Mathematical Minds

http://www.du.edu/city/about/index.html

Center for Innovative and Talented Youth, University of Denver.

Fall 2009 
45 
 
http://www.du.edu/city/programs/academic-year-programs/rocky-mountain-talent-search.html

Rocky Mountain Academic Talent Search, valuable assessment information by taking an above-level
test, information about special summer programs for high-ability students and the opportunity to
qualify for summer programs at the University of Denver and other universities throughout the United
States

http://www.nationalhistoryday.org/

National History Day is an annual contest that engages students in historical research using primary
documents.

http://www.renlearn.com/am/

Accelerated Math helps create differentiated instruction to meet individual student need.

http://www.odysseyofthemind.com/

Odyssey of the Mind, is an international educational program that provides creative problem-solving
opportunities for students from kindergarten through college. Team members apply their creativity to
solve problems that range from building mechanical devices to presenting their own interpretation of
literary classics. They then bring their solutions to competition on the local, state, and world level.

http://www.moems.org/

Math Olympiad, math contests for 4th--8th graders

http://soinc.org/

Science Olympiad, one of the premiere science competitions in the nation, provides rigorous,
standards-based challenges to more than 530 teams in 48 states.

http://firstlegoleague.org/community/default.aspx

First Lego League (FLL) introduces children around the world to the fun and experience of solving
real-world problems by applying math, science and technology.

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 Appendix A  
From Colorado Department of Education‐‐Learning Contract 

Strategy   

Grade Level    Subject   

Prepared By     Name 

                          District   

                          Telephone  

                          E‐Mail Address 

Concept 

Content Standard 

Benchmark 

Know: 

Understand:  

Do: 

Assessment (Demonstration of the learning)  Lesson Duration 

  ____ day/s 

   

Pre Assessment  Alternative  Lesson  or  assignment  for  students  passing  the  pretest 
(Do not record here for the purpose of this contribution.) 
 

Fall 2009 
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Materials (Appropriate for readiness of advanced learners) 

Introduction 

Instruction, Student Groupings‐Activities‐Engagement  

Assessment Rubric: Product/Performance 

48                                                                   
Fall 2009
 
 Appendix B 

THE DOs AND DON'Ts OF INSTRUCTION:

What It Means To Teach Gifted Learners Well
by Carol Ann Tomlinson, Ed.D, The University of Virginia

Some people suggest that gifted education is just sort of "fluffy" or enriching-gravy on the potatoes,
perhaps, but not anything especially substantial or critical in the way of mental fare. Others propose
that all gifted education is what's good for all students. Unfortunately, those two criticisms sometimes
stem from observing classrooms where gifted learners are taught inappropriately.

So what does it mean to teach a highly able student well? Of course it will vary some with the age of
the child, the subject, the learning style of the student-and possibly even the child's gender or culture.
Certainly appropriate instruction for such learners varies for a child who comes to school rich with
experiences vs. a child who is equally able but lacks richness of experience. And it will vary with a
child who has immense potential versus a peer with somewhat less capacity. Nonetheless, there are
general indicators of appropriate curriculum and instruction for highly able students (in their areas of
strength), and general indicators of inappropriate curriculum and instruction for such learners.

Good Instruction for Gifted Learners

1) Good curriculum and instruction for gifted learners begins with good curriculum and
instruction. It's difficult, if not impossible, to develop the talent of a highly able student with insipid
curriculum and instruction. Like all students, gifted learners need learning experiences that are rich.
That is, they need learning experiences that are organized by key concepts and principles of a
discipline rather than by facts. They need content that is relevant to their lives, activities that cause
them to process important ideas at a high level, and products that cause them to grapple with
meaningful problems and pose defensible solutions. They need classrooms that are respectful to
them, provide both structure and choice, and help them achieve more than they thought they could.
These are needs shared by all learners, not just those who are gifted. Good instruction for gifted
learners must begin there.

2) Good teaching for gifted learners is paced in response to the student's individual needs.
Often, highly able students learn more quickly than others their age. As a result, they typically need a
more rapid instructional pace than do many of their peers. Educators sometimes call that
"acceleration," which makes the pace sound risky. For many gifted learners, however, the
comfortable pace-like walking "quickly" suits someone with very long legs. It's only "fast" for someone
with shorter legs. On the other hand, it's often the case that advanced learners need a slower pace of
instruction than many other students their age, so they can achieve a depth or breadth of
understanding needed to satisfy a big appetite for knowing.

3) Good teaching for gifted learners happens at a higher "degree of difficulty" than for many
students their age. In the Olympics, the most accomplished divers perform dives that have a higher
"degree of difficulty" than those performed by divers whose talents are not as advanced. A greater
degree of difficulty calls on more skills, more refined skills, applied at a higher plane of sophistication.
A high "degree of difficulty" for gifted learners in their talent areas implies that their content,
processes and products should be more complex, more abstract, more open-ended, more
multifaceted than would be appropriate for many peers. They should work with fuzzier problems, will

Fall 2009 
49 
 
often need less teacher-imposed structure, and (in comparison to the norm) should have to make
greater leaps of insight and transfer than would be appropriate for many their age. Gifted learners
may also (but not always) be able to function with a greater degree of independence than their peers.

4) Good teaching for gifted learners requires an understanding of "supported risk." Highly able
learners often make very good grades with relative ease for a long time in school. They see
themselves (and often rightly so) as expected to make "A's," get right answers and lead the way. In
other words, they succeed without "normal" encounters with failure. Then, when a teacher presents a
high-challenge task, the student feels threatened. Not only has he or she likely not learned to study
hard, take risks and strive, but the student's image is threatened as well. A good teacher of gifted
students understands that dynamic, and thus invites, cajoles and insists on risk but in a way that
supports success. When a good gymnastics coach asks a talented young gymnast to learn a risky
new move, the coach ensures that the young person has the requisite skills, then practices the move
in harness for a time. Then the coach "spots" for the young athlete. Effective teachers of gifted
learners do likewise.

Inappropriate Instruction for Gifted Learners

1) Instruction for gifted learners is inappropriate when it asks them to do things they already know
how to do, and then to wait for others to learn how. Many advanced learners regularly complete
assignments calling on materials, ideas and skills they have already mastered. Then they wait for
peers to catch up, rather than being pre-assessed and assigned more advanced materials, ideas and
skills when they demonstrate competency.

2) Instruction for gifted learners is inappropriate when it asks them to do "more of the same stuff
faster." Reading more books that are too easy and doing more math problems that have ceased
being a challenge are killers of motivation and interest.

3) Instruction for gifted learners is inappropriate when it cuts them loose from peers and the teacher
for long periods of time. Asking a highly able student to sit at a desk in the back of the room and
move through the math book alone ignores a child's need for affiliation, and overlooks the fact that a
teacher should be a crucial factor in all children's learning. It also violates the importance of
meaningful peer interaction in the learning process, as well as in the process of social and emotional
development.

4) Instruction for gifted learners is inappropriate when it is structured around "filling time." Highly able
students are often asked to go write a play, complete a puzzle, or do classroom chores because they
have completed required tasks that take others longer. It would be difficult to defend such practices
as a high-quality use of educational time.

5) Instruction for gifted learners is inappropriate when they spend substantial time in the role of tutor
or "junior teacher." All students need to be colleagues for one another, giving a hand or clarifying
procedures when needed. That's quite different from when advanced learners spend chunks of time
on a regular basis teaching what they already know to students who are having difficulty. Some
educators suggest that doesn't harm highly able learners because their test scores remain high. That
begs the question of the extended learning these students might have garnered had the same
amount of time been spent in pursuit of well-planned new ideas and skills.

50                                                                   
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 6) Instruction for gifted learners is inappropriate when it is rooted in novel, "enriching" or piecemeal
learning experiences. If a child were a very talented pianist, we would question the quality of her
music teacher if the child regularly made toy pianos, read stories about peculiar happenings in the
music world and did word-search puzzles on the names of musicians. Rather, we would expect the
student to work directly with the theory and performance of music in a variety of forms and at
consistently escalating levels of complexity. We would expect the young pianist to be learning how a
musician thinks and works, and to be developing a clear sense of her own movement toward expert-
level performance in piano. Completing word-search puzzles, building musical instruments and
reading about oddities in the lives of composers may be novel, may be "enriching," (and certainly
seems lacking in coherent scope and sequence, and therefore sounds piecemeal). Those things will
not foster high-level talent development in music. The same hold true for math, history, science and
so on.

It's Actually Simple-In Theory

What it takes to teach gifted learners well is actually a little common sense. It begins with the premise
that each child should come to school to stretch and grow daily. It includes the expectation that the
measure of progress and growth is competition with oneself rather than competition against others. It
resides in the notion that educators understand key concepts, principles and skills of subject
domains, and present those in ways that cause highly able students to wonder and grasp and extend
their reach. And it envisions schooling as an escalator on which students continually progress, rather
than a series of stairs, with landings on which advanced learners consistently wait.

It's not so hard to articulate. It's fiendishly difficult to achieve in schools where standardization is the
norm, and where teachers are supported in being recipe followers, rather than flexible and reflective
artisans. In schools where responsive instruction is a carefully supported indicator of professional
growth, the capacity to extend even the most capable mind is a benchmark of success.

This article reprinted from the May 1997 issue of Instructional Leader, with permission from the Texas
Elementary Principals and Supervisors Association.

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Appendix C 
Research Support for Acceleration, From the Acceleration Work Group,
Council of State of Directors Programs for the Gifted

As an educational intervention, acceleration is decidedly effective for high ability students. The
research support for acceleration that has accumulated over many decades is robust and consistent.
The research allows us to confidently state that carefully planned acceleration decisions are
successful.

Both grade-based and content-based acceleration are effective interventions in academic and social-
emotional domains for high-ability students. Grade-accelerated students generally outperform their
chronologically older classmates academically, and both groups show approximately equal levels of
social and emotional adjustment (cf., Assouline et. al., 2003; Colangelo et. al., 2004; Kulik, 2004;
Kulik & Kulik, 1992; Lipscomb, 2003; Sayler & Brookshire, 1993; Southern & Jones, 1991). To be
clear, there is no evidence that acceleration has a negative effect on a student’s social-emotional
development.

Some educators are reluctant to accelerate a student because they are concerned about long-term
outcomes. However, longitudinal research has demonstrated that accelerants attain advanced
degrees, produce scholarly works and contribute professionally at rates well above societal baselines
(Lubinski et. al., 2001, 2006). In follow-up interviews, the students indicated they wished they would
have had more acceleration opportunities while in the K-12 setting (Lubinski et. al., 2001, 2006).

The review of acceleration research presented in A Nation Deceived (Colangelo et al., 2004) provides
the necessary supporting evidence for our recommendations for developing an acceleration policy.
For more information about acceleration research, visit IRPA’s Web site at
http://www.accelerationinstitute.org.

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References

Brody, L. E., & Mills, C. J. (1997). "Gifted children with learning disabilities: A review of the issues." Journal of
Learning Disabilities, 30, 282-296.

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