Volume 5, Issue 2, November – December 2010; Article-002 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Review Article

HERBAL ANTITUSSIVES AND EXPECTORANTS – A REVIEW

1* 2 3 1 1
Seema Gairola , Vikas Gupta , Parveen Bansal , Ranjit Singh , Mukesh Maithani
1
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Meerut, India
2
University Centre of Excellence in Research, BFUHS, Faridkot, India
3
Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Received on: 21-09-2010; Finalized on: 20-11-2010.

ABSTRACT
The problems emerging from the treatment of cough during many types of respiratory diseases by conventional opioid antitussive
agents, such as codeine and codeine-like compounds. Medicinal plants are potential source of substances with high-antitussive
efficiency with minimal unwanted effects. Recent trends of modern phytotherapy include specification of active substances
responsible for therapeutic effect as well as their quantification in the healing drugs, which enables the treatment rationalization,
especially the dosing and pursuing of adverse effects. This review is intended to describe the current status of plant used as
antitussive and expectorant and their active compounds with cough-suppressing activity.
Keywords: Cough, Antitussive activity, Medicinal plants, expectorants.

INTRODUCTION Traditionally cough is classified as either productive, i.e.

producing mucus usually with expectoration, or
There are many types of drugs that are used to suppress
nonproductive (dry)10. Therefore, the use of an effective
cough and are often prescribed in combination. Before
antitussive agent such as dextromethorphan or codeine
dealing with the particular type of drug used, it is
to suppress the debilitating cough suffered by such
important to consider briefly the nature of cough
patients seems appropriate11. Non-Narcotic antitussive
production, its role in disease and desirability of
agents anesthetize the stretch receptor located in
suppressing it1. The studies showing that about 95 million
respiratory passages, lungs and pleura by dampening
units of pediatric drugs were sold for coughs and colds
their activity and thereby reducing the cough reflex at its
every year in the United States2.
source. Narcotic antitussive agents depress the cough
The sale of pediatric and adult cough medication center that is located in the medulla, thereby raising its
represents a significant proportion of the pharmaceutical threshold for incoming cough12.
market in many Countries3. In most countries, these
Expectorants are the mixtures have a definite but limited
pharmaceutical preparations are sold as over-the-counter
place in medicine. They are not curative, but undoubtedly
(OTC) drugs, a category that includes the following
alleviate the symptoms of patients in certain stages of
therapeutic classes: cough suppressants, expectorants,
bronchitis or tracheitis13. They help to raise secretions
and mucolytics 4. In 2006, the American College of Chest
from the respiratory passages. Even though they are
Physicians published nine guidelines for treating acute
used by 10% of American children weekly, they are not
cough which do not recommend use of OTC drugs5.
recommended in children 6 years of age or younger due
Another concern regarding cough medications is fixed-
to lack of evidence showing effect, and concerns of
dose combinations because using two or more drugs in
harm14. Statistical data analysis convinced the FDA that
the same formulation, besides having no supporting
guaifenesin loosens and thins sputum and bronchial
therapeutic grounds or scientific evidence, increases the
secretions and makes expectoration easier by increasing
risk of adverse events6 .
sputum volume and reducing sputum viscosity15. In the
Cough is a useful physiological mechanism that serves to 1990s only a few of the early natural expectorants are in
clear the respiratory passages of foreign material and widespread use and some of these have been chemically
16
excess secretions and should not be suppressed modified to improve efficacy or physical characteristics .
7.
indiscriminately Cough is thought to be caused by a Plants having antitussive and expectorant activity are
reflex. It occurs due to stimulation of mechano-or listed in table 1.
chemoreceptor in throat, respiratory passage or stretch
8
receptor in the lungs . The sensitive receptors are located
in the bronchial tree, particularly in the junction of the
trachea. These receptors can be stimulated mechanically
or chemically e.g. by inhalation of various irritants than
nerve impulses activate the cough center in the brain9.

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Volume 5, Issue 2, November – December 2010; Article-002 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Table 1: Plants having Antitussives and Expectorant activity

S. Botanical Name Part
Family Chemical Constituent Activity Reference
No. (Common Name) used
1 Abies webbiana Lindl. Pinaceae L Flavonoids, biflavonoid glycosides and Antitussive [17]
(Indian Silver Fir) phytosterols.
2 Abrus precatorius L. Leguminosae R, L, S (L+) abrin, glucosides (abralin, haemagglutinin), N- Antitussive [18]
( Indian liquorice) Methyltryptophan and Urease.
3 Acacia concinna wild. Mimosaceae L Saponin, lupeol, aspinasterol and acacic acid Expectorant [19]
DC lactone. It also contains hexacosanol and
(Shikakai) aspinasterone
4 Acorus calamus L. Araceae Rz Sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanes, cis-isoasarone, Antitussive [20]
( Sweet flag) acorone, ketones.
5 Adhatoda vasica L.Nees Acanthaceae L, R, F, vasicine, vasicinone, Expectorant [21]
(Vasaka) B Maiontone. vasicinolone, vasicol, kaempferol
6 Agaricus albus Linn Agaricaceae WP Agaric acid (agaricin) present to the extent of 14- Expectorant [22]
(Purging agaric) 16%.
7 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae B Quassinoids including ailanthone derivatives. Expectorant [22]
( Tree of heaven)
8 Alhagi pseudalhai Bieb. Fabaceae WP Flavonoids, tannins, sterols, triterpene, saponins Expectorant [22]
Desv (Camel thorn) and anthroquinones
9 Allium odorum L. Liliaceae L,B Sulfur compounds, saponins Expectorant [18]
( Sweet leek) And alkaloids.
10 Allium porrum Linn Liliaceae L Non-toxic saponins, thiosulphates, flavonoids, Expectorant [22]
(Leek) quercetin and kaempferol.
11 Althae officinalis Linn Malvaceae L,R Starch, mucilage, pectin, flavonoids, phenolic Antitussive [23]
(Marshmallow) acids, tannins, quercetin, kaempferol.
12 Amomum aromaticm Zingiberacea Fr Essential oil from seeds 1-1.5% containing cineole. Antitussive [22]
Roxb. (Bengal
cardamom)
13 Anagallis arvensis Linn. Primulaceae L Saponins, valerian, cyclanins. Expectorant [23]
(Chari saben)
14 Andrographis Acanthaceae L Diterpenoid lactones (andrographolides), Expectorant [18,21,24,25]
paniculata Burm.f. paniculides, farnesols and flavonoids
Nees (Kalmegh)
15 Artemisia Vulgaris Linn. Asteraceae F,R A volatile oil, an acrid resin and tannin. Expectorant [26]
(Arbaaka)
16 Asparagus racemosus Liliacea R, L Asparagamine A, quercetin, rutin hyperoside, Antitussive [27]
Wild (Shatavari) Mucilages,
17 Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadoraceae L Alkaloid, azocarpine, carpine. Expectorant [22]
(Mistletoe)
18 Bacopa monnieri L. Scrophulariaceae R, S, F Alkaloid, brahmine Antitussive [27,28]
(Brahmi) ,Fr
19 Balanites aegyptiaca Smaroubaceae S Diosgenin, steroidal saponins, balanitins Expectorant [18]
Linn.Delile.
(Deseart date)
20 Balsamodendron Burseraceae R, L, Polysaccharides, volatile oil, eugenol, Expectorant [18]
Myrrha Nees. Se monoterpenes
(Surasa, Barbara)
21 Belamcana chinensis L. Iridaceae Rz Belamcandin, tectoridin, shekanin and Iridin. Expectorant [18]
(Leopard lily)
22 Bischofia javanica B. Euphorbiaceae L, Sh Tannin, Vit c. Antitussive [18]
(Vinegar wood)
23 Blepharis linariaefolia Acanthaceae L Sesquiterpene lactones. Expectorant [26]
Pers. (Naethira Poondu)
24 Blumea Balsamifera L. Asteraceae. L Borneol, caryophyllene, ledol phytol, Antitussive [29]
DC (Kukur Sunga) caryophyllene oxide, guaiol.
25 C. longa Linn(Turmeric) Zingiberaceae Rz Curcumin, Essential oil, ketone, alcohol, Antitussive [30,31]
Zingiberine.
26 Caesalpina Bonducella Leguminosae Se, R, Aminoacids, aspartic acid, arginine, phenolic. Antitussive [32]
F. (Kuberakshi) B, L
27 Cassia Tora L. Caesalpinaceae Se ,L Emodin, glucose, chrysophanol , rhein, oleic, linolic, Antitussive [33,34]
(Cakunda) palmitic
28 Celosia Cristata Linn. Amaranthaceae F, Se Betanin, Amarantinin, Isoamarantinin, Celosianin, Antitussive [26]
(Cock’s comb) Protein.
29 Cephaelis ipecacuanha Rubiaceaea L Emetine, cholin, cephaeline ipecacuanhic acid, and Expectorant [28]
Rich. (Ipecac) nauseating ethereal oil.
30 Chelidonium major L. Papaveraceae R Chelidonine, homochelidonine, berberine, Antitussive [35,36]
(Tetter wort) protopine.
31 Chondrus crispus L. Gigartinaceae Fr Polysaccharides, carrageenan, tannins, iodine, Expectorant [18]
( Pearl Moss) bromine, iron,

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Volume 5, Issue 2, November – December 2010; Article-002 ISSN 0976 – 044X

S. Botanical Name Part

Family Chemical Constituent Activity Reference
No. (Common Name) used
32 Cimicifuga racemosa Ranunculaceae Rz, R Tannins, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, Expectorant [18]
Nutt. (Black snakeroot) Mucilage ,starch, actein, cimigoside,
33 Citrus japonica Thunb. Rutaceae L, Fr Essential oil, sugar and organic acids Antitussive & [18]
(Marumi Kumquat) Expectorant
34 Coleus amboinicus Lour. Labiatae L The whole plant contains an essential oil consisting Antitussive [18]
(Indian borage) of carvacrol.
35 Cressa cretica Linn Convolulaceae WP Alkaloid, β sitosterol, scopoletin, quercetin Antitussive & [37]
(Rudanti) glycosides, umbelliferone. Expectorant
36 Curcuma Zedoaria Berg. Zingiberaceae RZ, L α –pinene, D-camphene, cineol, D-camphor, D- Antitussive [18]
Rosc. (Cochin turmeric) borneol, zingiberene
37 Eclipta alba L. Asteraceaea R, Se Flavonoids(Apigenin, luteolin ) Isoflavenoids Antitussive [ 38]
(Bhangra) (Wedelolactone), Ecliptal, Terthienyl aldehyde
38 Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae L,B crystallized resin, cymenes, terpenes, flavonoids, Expectorant [38-41]
Labill (Australian Fever) including quercetin, tannins, volatile oils
39 Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbiaceae WP Euphorbin 35%, Latex two kinds-one is soluble in Antitussive [38-41]
Linn. (Indian spurge) ether other is insoluble.
40 Euphorbia hirata L. Euphorbiaceae S, L, F Gallic acid, querceitin, Phenyl glycoside and Antitussive [39]
(Snakeweed) Sucrose.
41 Euphrasia officinalis Scrophulariaceae L Aucubin, Catalpol, Luproside, Verproside, Antitussive [28]
Linn. (Eyebright) Eukovoside, Tannins.
42 Foeniculum vulgare Umbelliferae Se, L, Aromatic oil, fixed oil, Anethol and Fenchone. Antitussive [39]
Meller (Fennel) R
43 Ginkgo biloba L. Ginkgoceae L Flavonoids, flavones, flavonols, tannins, biflavones Antitussive [42]
(Balkuwari) ,terpenoids
44 Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Papilionaceae R Glycyrrhizin, Glycosides such as glycyrrhizol, Antitussive & [21,43,44]
(Liquorice) glabrins A and B, Expectorant
45 Inula helenium L. Compositae R Monoterpenes, Diterpenes, Flavonoids, Glycolipids Expectorant [45]
( Tu-mu-xing) (Asteraceae)
48 Kaempferia galanga L. Zingiberaceae L, Rz Cinnamate ,pentadecane, 1,8-cineole, Terpenoid Antitussive [46]
(Black thorn)
49 Lindera benzoin L. Blume Lauraceae B,L. Linderol, Linderone, Linderalactone. Expectorant [47]
(Spicewood)
50 Lobelia inflate Linn. Lobeliaceae Se Lobeline, Lobelachrin, Lobelia acid. Antitussive [48]
(Indian Tobacco)
51 Ocimum sanctum Linn. Lamiaceae L, Se, Eugenol, carvacrol, methyl eugenol, α-cymene, Antitussive [49,50]
(Tulsi) R camphene, α - cymene, ρ-cymene.
52 Papaver rhoes L. Papaveraceae F, Cyanidine derivatives., alkaloid rhoeadine Antitussive & [22]
(Red poppy) ,morphine, thebine and narcotine Expectorant
53 Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae Se volatile oil, coumarin, β amyrin, stigmasterol, Expectorant [39, 45]
(Anise) flavonoid glycosides
54 Pistacia chinenis Bunge Anacardiaceae Galls volatile oil, terpentine oil, Hydrocarbon. Antitussive [39]
(Kakar singhi)
55 Plantago lancolata L. Plantaginaceae L, Se, Polysaccharides, Antitussive [51]
(Snake Weed) R. tannins, iridoid glycosides
56 Platycodon grandiflorum Campanulaceae R Triterpenoid saponin, Antitussive & [18]
Jacq. A. DC (Chinese Platycodigenic acid, Expectorant
bellflower) Platycodigenin,
57 Polemonium reptans L. Poemoniaceae R It contains triterpene saponins. Expectorant [52]
(Bluebells)
58 Polygala amara L. Polygalaceae Rz phenol glycosides, polygalite Expectorant [52]
(Bitter milkworth) & Antitussive
59 Polygala senega L. Polygalaceae Rz Sitosterol (b-sitosterol), Dehydrocholic acid (3,7,12- Expectorant [52,53]
(Sneca Snake root) trioxocholanic acid, steroids
60 Polygonum cuspidatum Polygonaceae, R,L anthraquinones and anthraglycosides primarily Expectorant [54]
Sieb(JapaneseKnotweed) emodin, rhein, chrysophenol, tannins, resveratrol.
61 Prunus armenica Linn Rosaceae Se Amygdalin (cyanhydrine-glucoside), emulsion Expectorant [45]
(Wild Apricot)
62 Sanguinaria canadenis Papaveraceae R Sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine, citric and Expectorant [45]
Linne. (Bloodroot) malic acids.
63 Sida rhombifolla L. Malvaceae L, R Pseudoephedrine, beta-Phenethylamine. Expectorant [45]
(Indian hemp)
64 Thymus vulgaris L. Lamiaceae F, L It contains 2% essential oil. Expectorant [45]
(Garden thyme)
65 Viola odorata L. Violaceae L, F, R Volatile oil, salicylic acid methyl ester, saponins, Expectorant [45,54]
(Banafsaj) alkaloids.
66 Withania Somnifera Solanaceae R,L Withanine alkaloid, Somniferine, Tropine, Hygrine, Antitussive [26]
Dunal. (Ashwagandha) Anaferine.
67 Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae Rz Zingiberene, camphene, ß-pinene, myrcene, Antitussive [55,56]
(Ginger) limonene, 1,8-cineole , ß-phellandrene.
L-Leaves, F-Flower, S-Stem, Sh-Shoot, Se-Seeds, Rz-Rhizomes, Fr-Fruit, R-Root, WP-Whole Plant

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12. Bennett PN, Brown MJ, Clinical pharmacology, 9th

CONCLUSION
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