D.

Review Related Literature

Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower
speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction
between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. While congestion is a possibility
for any mode of transportation, this article will focus on automobile congestion on public roads.
Poorly timed traffic signals lead to start-and-stop activity and low travel speeds, which greatly impacts carbon
emissions. This article summarizes current traffic signal operations in the United States and discusses the potential to
coordinate traffic signals to reduce congestion and carbon emissions. Investment in signal timing is lacking because
agencies must prioritize limited budgets with competing construction, maintenance and operations needs. However,
this lack of investment has led to an overall poor performance for traffic signal operations in the United States. The
first step in traffic signal coordination is to develop a master plan that considers the needs for signal timing, agency
resources, communication systems and priority corridors. Then new coordinated signals timings on corridors should
be developed, implemented and fine-tuned on a regional basis. An ongoing program should be developed to make
sure the coordinated signal timings are maintained and updated at least every 5 years, and an ongoing maintenance
program should be developed to quickly repair vehicle detection devices and maintain efficient traffic signal
operations. The cost to implement new signal timing is approximately $3,500 per intersection, but could reduce fuel
consumption up to 10% and reduce harmful emissions up to 22%. Author: Peters, Jim; McCourt, Randy; Hurtado, Renee
Recurrent and non-recurrent congestion in urban areas continues to be a major concern due to its adverse impacts on
delays, fuel consumption and pollution, driver frustration, and traffic safety. In the U.S., limited public funding for
roadway expansion and improvement projects, coupled with continued growth in travel along congested urban
freeway corridors, creates a pressing need for innovative congestion management approaches. Author: Sisiopiku,
VirginiaPCreated:2012
This study describes the result of six transportation demand management (TDM) implementations in three major traffic
concentration periods of 2009-2010 with an expressway pre-registration and incentive scheme for electronic toll
collection (ETC) vehicles in order to mitigate traffic congestion of the Tomei Expressway in Japan. The new TDM scheme
offers an incentive to a limited number of pre-registered target travelers selected by drawings, from the viewpoint of
reducing revenue loss, after confirming the eligibility of their travel as specified by the new TDM scheme with the ETC
data. This scheme is considered more useful than the early applied TDM scheme with toll discount. The operator can
control the total cost in the new TDM scheme, avoiding the large revenue loss incurred by the operator because of the
toll discount in the early TDM scheme. The new scheme also has the advantage of easily conducting web surveys of the
registrants' behavioural changes with regard to the TDM scheme. The characteristics of travelers' behavioural changes
and the implementation effects of the TDM scheme are described. Author: Xing, Jian; Takahashi, Hideki; Tada, Hishashi
Traffic engineering is the task of handling the traffic flows in the back bone networks in order to provide maximum
network resource utilization. The key characteristics are redirecting the traffic flows to avoid congestion, applying
constraint based shortest path first, providing the ISPs to get more control for the management of traffic flows. Fairness
measures or metrics are used in traffic engineering to determine whether users or applications are receiving a fair
share of system resources. In this work, the fairness measure considered is congestion control and the control of
unresponsive flows. Author: Azath, M.; R. S. D. Wahida Banu; Madheswari, A. NeelaCreated: 2011
ABSTRACT The level of traffic congestion on the UK road network is steadily increasing and impairing the efficiency of
logistical activities. Previous studies have focused on the direct costs of congestion to road users. This paper presents
the results of a study of the indirect effects of traffic congestion on the internal operations of seven distribution centres
in the fast-moving-consumer-goods sector. In-depth interviews were held with several managers in each of these
distribution centres to assess the relative importance of congestion-related delays and to examine how firms have
adapted their logistical operations to the congestion problem. The research suggests that it will be very difficult to
quantify at a macro level the indirect costs of traffic congestion to industry. Author: McKinnon, Alan C.
My RRL shows the different effects and information about the traffic in our country but not only in our country. My RRL
can be so broad but don’t think about it because this RRL is an information where we can gather ideas and knowledge
too. So, we will know how to solve our problem in traffic, like automobile congestion on public roads wherein the
number one problem is those automobile that can make the road complicated
Good day this survey question will serve as your opinion that can be one of the information
that can be use in my research. Please, Kindly Encircle your answer below, Thank you.
Name:
Age:
1. Do you feel the changes in our city?
A. Yes B. No C. Not so D. Maybe
2.What should be our attitude if we are on the traffic?
A. Calm B. Patients C. Impatient D. Glad
3. What can be the effects of traffic to your family?
A. Annoy B. Stress C. Happy D. They might get late
4. Why does traffic in Las Pińas City is very serious issue?
A. Because of the road re - blocking B. because of intersections
C. Because of the street vendors D. Because of the citizens
5. How does it affect your daily routine in life?
A. Lack of time to prepare B. It is eating lots of time
C. It is putting the people in a problem D. It doesn’t affect me as a person
6. Does the traffic in Las Piñas City annoyed you as a citizen?
A. Yes B. No C. Super D. Not so
7.Do you think our government in Las Piñas City is taking an action in this issue?
A. Yes B. No C. Maybe D. Nothing at all
8. On your opinion, how can you resolve the problem in traffic?
A. Be one of the government programs about this issue
B. Show your friends and the bad effects of this issue
C. The government must take an action in this issue
D. Have a new rule to lessen the traffic
9. You as a citizen how do you manage your time to avoid traffic?
A. Prepare myself early B. Left the house an hour before to avoid traffic
C. Check my schedule D. Have a list of my daily routine
10. What can you say about this serious issue in Las Piñas City?
A. It makes my life complicated B. It disturbs the citizens
C. it makes the time travel not enough D. It makes me annoy
11. You as a citizen in Las Piñas City, does these activities makes your mind to transfer to another place?
A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. Not sure
12. Does these activities benefit your family?
A. It doesn’t benefit my family B. It’s just making our daily life complicated
C. There’s no good things happen in my family D. It’s just putting my family in problem
13. Do you see some beautiful outcomes in these activities?
A. None B. A little bit yes C. Not sure D. Can’t decide
14. How can it help you if these activities are done?
A. The time travel will get shorter B. It will not annoy the citizens
C. the road wouldn’t get congested D. We can easily travel
15.There are some roads in Las Piñas are done, So you as a citizen of Las Piñas City do you see the improvement
of our City?
A. I don’t see any improvement B. Maybe C. I can’t say yet D. A little bit improvement
16. How much do you wanted to finish these activities?
A. Excited B. Can’t wait C. Super Excited D. Nothing at all
17. Do think these activities can benefit you family?
A. Yes B. No C. Maybe D. I don’t know
19.Does these issue benefits your family?
A. No B. Yes C. Maybe D. Not so
20.How can it help you if this issue is solved?
A. It can make the time to travel be enough B. It can be easily to travel
C. We can have more time to prepare D. We can manage our time to travel and stay at home
 IS THEIR A CHANGE
IN THE CITY
Yes 33.33% No 16.67%
Not so 33.3% Maybe 16.67%

Figure 1

ATTITUDE DURING TRAFFIC JAM

Attitude during Traffic Jam

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Calm Patient Impatient Glad

Figure 2

EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC
Effects of Traffic

They might be Late

Happy

Stressed

Annoyed

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Figure 3

Why is it a serious problem

15%
20%

Road re-blocking 3.33%

15% Intersections 3.33%
Street Vendor 33.33%
Citizens 13.33%

50%

Figure 4

EFFECTS ON DAILY ROUTINE

Effects on Daily Routine

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Lack of time to prepare Eating a lot of time Putting people in different Doesn"t effect me as a
probles person

Figure 5
 Does it annoy you

NOT SO 7

SUPER 3

NO 10

YES 10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Does it annoy you

Figure 6

Does the Government take action

20%
27%
Yes 26.67%
No 20%
Maybe 33.33%
Nothing at All 20%

33% 20%

Figure 7
 How can you resolve the problem

10%
Be one with the government
30% programs about the issue 30%
Show your friend and relatives the
bad effects of this issue 30%
30%
The Government must take an
action in this issue 30%
Have a new Road to lessen Traffic
10%
30%

Figure 8

How they Manage time as a Citizen

HAVE A LIST OF MY DAILY ROUTINE 8

CHECK MY SCHEDULE 15

LEAVE HOME AN HOUR BEFORE TO AVOID TRAFFIC 4

PREPARE MYSELF EARLY 3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

How they Manage time as a Citizen

Figure 9
 What can you say about this issue

It makes my Life complicated

27% 26.67%
30%
It Disturbs the Citizen 10%

It makes the Travel time not

10% enough 33.33%
it Annoys me 30%
33%

Figure 10

Does this issue make then wanna go to live in a different

place
20
18
18
16
14
12
12
10
8
6 7
4
2 3
0
Yes 60% No 23.33% Sometimes 10% Not sure 40%

Does this issue make then wanna go to live in a different place

Figure 11
 Does this activites benefit your family

12

6 6 6

IT DOESN'T IT'S JUST MAKING OUY THERE'S NO GOOD THINGS ITS ADD MORES PROBLEM
DAILY LIFE COMPLICATED THAT HAPPED TO MY TO MY FAMILY
FAMILY

Does this activites benefit your family

Figure 12

any beautiful outcomes

CAN'T DECIDE 6

NOT SURE 9

A LIL BIT YES 8

NONE 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

any beautiful outcomes

Figure 13
Figure 13

How can it help you if these activities are

done

9%
The time to travel will get shorter
26% 10%
The road wouldn't get congested
36.67%
31%
It will not annoy the citizens 40%

We easily travel
34%

Figure 14

There are some road in Las Pinas are done,

So you as a citizen of Las Pinas City do you
see the improvement of our City?

5%

32% I don't see any imrovement 23.33%

27%
Maybe 26.67%
Ican't say yet 20%
A little bit improvement 30%

36%

Figure 15
Figure 15

How much do you wanted to finish these

activities?

23% 27%
Excited 26.67%
Can't wait 30%
Super Excited 20%

20% 4th Qtr

30%

Figure 16

Do think these activities can benefit your

family?

10%

30% 10%
Yes 10%
No 10%
Maybe 50%
Not so 30%

50%
Figure 19

Does these issue benefits your family?

3%
17% 20%

No 20%
Yes 60%
Maybe 16.67%
4th Qtr

60%

Figure 20

How can it help you if this issue is solved?

23% It can make the time to travel be

enough 23.33%
33%
We cn have more time to prepare
33.33%
It can be easily to travel 10%

4th Qtr
10% 34%