1A Present Simple and Continuous

Present simple Present Continuos

Use present simple for things that are always Use present continuous for actions in progress
true or happen regularly at the time of speaking
Often use with adverbs of frequency: usually
never, every day, once a week
e.g. I work in a bank, She studies Russian. e.g. What are you cooking? I’m waiting for a
Where do you live? friend.

1B Future forms

Be going to + infinitive Future arrangements Will/shall + infinitive

(present continuous)
-Future plans and intentions -For futures arrangements -Instant decisions
-Predictions when you have -You can use going to but -promises
some evidence present continuous -future facts
-Going to is when we have emphasizes that you made -suggestions
already decided to do the arrangements -Shall is only use with we and
something I. Is only for suggestions and
offers and when they are
questions
e.g. my sister is going to adopt e.g. Lorna and Jamie are e.g. I will have the steak
a child getting married on October I won’t tell anybody where
12th you are
I will carry that bag for you
Shall I help you with your
homework?

2A Present perfect and Past Simple

Present perfect simple: have/has + past Past simple

participle
-Use for past experiences when we don’t say -Use for finished past actions when we say, ask
exactly when they happened. or know when they happen.
-We often use never and ever, they go before
the main verb
-We also use the present perfect with yet
(negative and interrogative sentences and
goes at the end of the sentence) and already
(affirmative sentences and goes before main
verb)
e.g. I have been in Madrid twice. E.g. I bought it last Saturday
I have bought a new computer. What time did you wake up this morning?
Have you ever lost a credit card?
2B Present perfect +for/since, Present perfect continuous

Present Perfect + for/since Present perfect continuous (have/has been +

verb + ing)
-Use with non-actions verbs (e.g. like, have, - Use with for and since with actions verbs
know, etc.) to talk about something which
started in the past and is still true now
-Use How long…? + present perfect to ask
about an unfinished period of time (from the
past until now)
-Use for + period a time (for two weeks, etc.)
-Use since + point of time ( since 1990)
e.g. How long have you worked here? e.g. How long have you been learning English?
Julia has had that bag since she was at Nick has been working here since April.
university.

3A Comparatives and superlatives: adjectives and adverbs

Comparatives Superlatives
-Use comparative adjectives to compare two -Use to compare people, things or actions with
people, place, things, etc. all of the group
-Irregular adjectives: -Use most instead more and lest instead less
Good>better bad> worse far>further -We often use a superlative with present
-One-syllable adjectives ending in ed: perfect + ever ( It’s the best book I have ever
Bored>more bored stressed> more stressed read)
Tired> more tired
-We can use (not) as + adjective + as
e.g. My sister is a bit taller than me e.g. Kevin is the tallest player in the team
This is less difficult than the last one Oslo is the most expensive capital city in
They are not as busy as us Europe.

3B Articles: a/an, the, no article

A/AN THE No article

-Use with a singular countable -Use when we talk about -When we are speaking in
noun something you have already general (plural or uncountable
-The first time you mention a mentioned. nouns)
thing/person - When it’s clear what you’re -With some nouns (home,
-In exclamations with What…! referring to. work, school, church) after
-In expressions of frequency -When there is only one of at/to/from
something -Before meals, days and
-With places in a town months
-with superlatives -Before next/last+ day, week,
etc
e.g. I saw an old man with a e.g. I saw an old man with a e.g. Women usually talk more
dog dog>the dog was barking than men
It’s a nice house My father opened the door Love is more important than
What an awful day! The children are at school money.
I have class three times a The moon goes around the I get back from work at 5.40
week Earth I never have breakfast
I’m going to the cinema
tonight

4A

Can/could Be able to + infinitive (ability or possibility)

-Can is modal verb. It only has a present form -Use for ability and possibility, especially
(which can be used with future meaning) and where there is no form of can, e.g. future
a past or conditional (could) present perfect, infinitive and gerund.
- Sometimes use be able in the present and
past (instead of can/could), usually if we want
to be more formal.
e.g. I can speak three languages e.g. Luke has been able to swim since he was
Jenny can’t come tonight. three
My cousin could play violin when she was I would like to be able to ski
three You will be able to practice your English in
London
I love being able to stay in bed late on Sunday
morning

4B

Have to Must Should/Shouldn’t + infinitive

Ought to/ought not to
-Have to is normally used to -It’s a modal verb and only -Should is not as strong as
talk about obligations or exists in the present, but it must/have to. We use to give
something is necessary to do. can be used with future advice or an opinion –to say if
-Have to is a normal verb and meaning. we think something is the
exists in all tenses and forms. -Must is more common for right or wrong thing to do.
-You can also use have or specific (on one occasion) or -You can use Ought to/ought
must for strong personal obligations. not to instead
recommendations should/shouldn’t
-Have is more common in
general, external obligations,
for example rules or laws
e.g. You have to wear a e.g. You must remember to e.g. You should take warm
seatbelt in a car phone Emily, it’s her birthday. clothes with you to Dublin
I’ll have to get up early I must buy a new shirt. You shouldn’t drink much
tomorrow. coffee
 Don’t have to Mustn’t
-Use when there is no obligation to do -Use when something is prohibited.
something -You can often use “can’t” or “not allowed to “
instead mustn’t

5A Past tenses

Past Simple Past Continuous Present Perfect

-Use for finished actions in -Use to talk about an action -Use when we are talking
the past progress at specific time in about the past and we want
the past. to talk about an earlier past
-We often use with “while” action
for two actions happening at
the same time.
-We often use to describe the
beginning of a story or
anecdote

5B Present and past habits: usually and used to

Present habits: usually/normally + present Past habits: used to/didn’t use to + infinitive
simple
-For present habits -For past habits
-Use for things that were true over a period of
time in the past
-We often use “never used” instead of didn’t
use to

6A The passive: be + past participle

You don’t know the subject You know the subject

-Use the passive when it’s not said, known, or -If you want to say who did the action, use by.
important who does an action.
-Use form negatives and questions in the same
as in active sentences
e.g. A lot of films are shot on location e.g. Batman Begins was directed by
Our car is being repaired today Christopher Nolan
Andy’s bike has been stolen today
You will be picked up at the airport
6B Modals of deduction: Might, must, can’t

Might/may Can’t Must

-When you think something is When you are sure something -When you are sure
possibly true is impossible/not true something is true
-You can use could instead
might in positive sentences

7A First Conditional

First conditional: If + present simple, will/won’t + infinitive

1. Use to talk about a possible future situation and it’s consequence
2. You can use an imperative instead will
3. You can use unless instead if…not
e.g.
1. If you work hard, you will pass your exams
2. Come and see us next week If you have time
3. Allison won’t get into university unless she gets good grades.
I won’t go unless you go

7B Second Conditional

Second conditional: If + past simple + would/wouldn’t + infinitive

1. Use to talk about a hypothetical/imaginary present or future situation and it’s
consequence
2. You can also use could instead would

e.g.
If I were you, I would buy a new computer
I wouldn’t get on better with my parents If I didn’t live with them
8A Reported speech: sentences and questions

Reported sentences Reported questions

-The sentences change: -questions changes as in reported sentences
Present>Past -When a question doesn’t begin with a
Will>Would question word use IF or WHETHER
Past Simple/Present perfect> Past Perfect
Can>could
May>might
Must>had to
-After said don’t use a person or a subject
-After told must use a person or pronoun
See e.g. in the book See e.g. in the book

8B Gerunds and infinitives

Gerund (verb + ing) Infinitive + to

-Use after prepositions and phrasal verbs -After adjectives
-As the subject of a sentence -To express a reason or purpose
-After some verbs: hate, spend, love, don’t -After some verbs: want, need, learn, agree,
mind decide, expect, forget, help, offer, plan,
-Common verbs: admit, avoid, deny, dislike, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want, would
enjoy, feel like, keep, prefer, mind, miss, go like.
on, give up, etc.

9A Third Conditional

Third Conditional: If + past perfect + would have + past participle

- Use to talk about how things could have been different in the past.

e.g.
If James hadn’t gone on that training course, he wouldn’t have met his wife
You wouldn’t have lost your job if you hadn’t been late every day

10A Relatives Clauses

Who > people

Which > things/animals

Where> Places

Whose> significa en español “cuyo/cuya”

That instead which or who

Extra non- essential information must go between commas (Bufford, where my father was born, is
a beautiful little town)

10B Question tags

Positive verb > negative tag (It’s cold today, isn’t?...We have met before, haven’t we? )

Negative verb> positive tag (She isn’t here today, is she?....Mike hasn’t been to Rome before, has
he?)