Master’s Thesis

European Campus Rottal-Inn

Technische Hochschule Deggendorf

Faculty of Applied Healthcare Sciences

Degree course: International Tourism Management

Topic in English

Master’s Thesis to obtain the academic degree:

Master of Arts (M. A.)

Submitted by: Name, First Name, Location, Matriculation Number

Examiner: Title, Name of supervisor/examiner

Pfarrkirchen, ____________
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

The travel industry is one of the world's biggest and quickest developing monetary divisions,
and religion intrigued of the travel industry, and as of late this intrigue has expanded on the
grounds that the expanding number of Muslim on the planet, and the geopolitical
factors(Carboni et al., 2014). There are new the travel industry ideas, for example, Islamic
the travel industry and Halal accommodation, which are near the idea of "Halal
nourishment. Halal the travel industry is one of the cutting edge slants in the travel
industry, which rose extensively in numerous nations including the Middle East, and later a
large number of nations worried about this kind of the travel industry. (Battour etal. 2010).
Numerous individuals relate the travel industry to shorelines, joy without controls and
mixed drinks. Be that as it may, there are a few ideas, for example, "halal the travel
industry" or "Islamic the travel industry" and there is a developing interest for this kind of
the travel industry which prompts draw in the consideration of the proprietors of the real
lodgings and the travel industry offices (AlkuwaitReuters, 2015). Halal isn't just for Muslims.
There are expanding request of Halal items among non-Muslims and the development of
Muslim businesspeople. (Islam and Chandrasekaran, 2013), not just as a result of the
extensive populace of Islam devotees yet in addition since movement and the travel
industry are incorporated in numerous Islamic arrangements (lawful, financial, political and
social approaches) (Halkiasetal.,2014). Halal is turning into a worldwide check for quality
confirmation, and identified with exchange and different parts (Bin AbTalibet al., 2013).
Islam and the Muslim people group, exhibits in the 57 part nations of the Organization of
the Islamic Conference (OIC) (Mansour, 2014; Farahani, &Henderson, 2010). Muslims, who
established an expected 18% of the total populace 30 years prior, now reach to about 23%
and will be 30% by 2050 (Bilgen and Kanata, 2016). The halal economy, which is quickly
developing, and offers chances to numerous Muslim nations in the world; with around 1.57
billion Muslims, in more than 100 countries(Razalli, et al., 2012). Besides nine out of 10 say
their confidence influences their buys. Muslim traveler spend about $126 billion amid their
movements in 2011 and it will be come to $192 billion of every 2020 (Akyol &Kilinc, 2014).
The Arab and Muslim voyagers are evading European and North American as their goal and
changing it to a Muslim nations after the September 11, 2001 assaults, this occasion was
qualified to the world the travel industry like Malaysia, which can spur explorers to visit
profound places, and Take into record their exceptional need (Razalli et al.2012). There is
an investigation demonstrated to the positioning of nations as halal well-disposed goals for
the year 2012 as pursues: Malaysia, Egypt, United Arab Emirate, Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan,
Brunei, and Qatar (Chandra, 2014). In Malaysia the traveler landings for the initial five
months of 2012 were 9,438,592 visitors. ASEAN district still contributed the biggest number
of vacationers to Malaysia with 73.4% of the aggregate entries. The income from January to
May 2012 was RM21.8 billion in contrast with RM 21.4 billion of every 2011. What's more,
this is Consistent with Transformation Plan 2020 for accomplishing 36 million visitors and
168 billion in receipts by 2020. Along these lines Tourism Malaysia attempts to expand trip
to 6 need nations (Samori and Abd Rahman, 2013). In light of what past referenced, It is
essential to take a gander at the truth of halal the travel industry in Jordan and Egypt as
developing markets of this new pattern of the travel industry and its commendable
advantages. Also, to give proposals to activity plan of the advancement and improvement
halal the travel industry in Jordan and Egypt. Where halal the travel industry continually
advancing and as demonstrated before, there is almost a billion and half Muslims in the
world, thus empowering enthusiasm for this cutting edge traveler introduction. Likewise
Jordan and Egypt must to profit by this pattern, particularly that numerous nations in Asia
and the Middle East endeavoring to help and create halal the travel industry in the coming a
long time to guarantee pull in the biggest conceivable number in the coming years.

1.1 Halal Tourism and its Components

Halal and Tourism

Voyaging and adventure are profoundly prescribed by the Qur'an. Allah requesting that we
travel through the earth to take the exercises from His creation that He offers to us in His
benevolence (Al-Quran 29:20). It is a entrenched certainty that religion has effect on the
everyday exercises of Muslims, regardless of whether at home or voyaging, and along these
lines it shapes the decision of a goal for optional purposes and what is done at the goal
(Jafari and Scott, 2014). Islam perceives individuals' entitlement to move from one place to
other and supports going for useful purposes including Hajj and Umrah (actually the higher
and lesser journeys, separately), wellbeing and medicine, training, business, exchange,
stimulation, and fun. Be that as it may, words like "fun" and "excitement" ought to be
deciphered with alert as Muslims are permitted to look for the sake of entertainment and
diversion just in a way that does not go past the standards and commitments of Islamic
Sharia'h (Saad et al, 2010). In this manner, in this unique situation, the travel industry
arrangement, improvement targets and the administration and activity of the business will
be significantly impacted by the Islamic standards (Scott and Jafari, 2010).

Halal Tourism: Definitions and Dimensions

As it is apparent from the name, Islamic the travel industry is primarily focusing on
individuals with Islamic convictions in specific, however it could likewise have an all-
inclusive intrigue notwithstanding for the non-Muslims because of a large number of reasons
like reasonable evaluating, harmony and security, family-accommodating condition and
cleanliness and so forth. Islamic the travel industry as an idea has been utilized with various
names and meanings in the travel industry hypothesis and practice. Halal the travel
industry, Sharia'h Tourism and Muslim-accommodating the travel industry are the most
widely recognized terms, which are utilized on the other hand. Be that as it may, none of
these phrasings has an all-around comprehended definition (Crescent Rating, 2015). In
addition, there are some related terms, for example, 'Halal accommodation', 'Sharia'h
consistent lodgings', and 'Halal well-disposed travel' concerning the administrations in this
division. The real parts of Islamic the travel industry are like those of ordinary the travel
industry like lodgings, eateries, coordinations, back, and travel bundles.

Box 1.1: Major Components of Islamic Tourism

Halal Hotels: Some of the principle pointers of an Islamic inn include: no liquor,
betting and so on;

Halal sustenance just; Quran, petition mats and bolts showing the bearing of Mecca
in each room; Beds and toilets situated so as not to confront the heading of Mecca;
supplication rooms; traditionalist staff dress; Islamic financing; separate recreational
offices for people.

Halal Transport (Airlines): Major markers for halal transport include: tidiness; non-
mixed beverages; and distributions which are reasonable with Islam.

Halal Food Premises: Foods that served in an eatery must be halal. All creatures
must be butchered by Islamic standards. No mixed beverages ought to be served in
the start.

Halal Tour Packages: The substance of the visit bundles must be founded on an
Islamic themed. The Islamic visit bundles incorporate visits to the mosques, Islamic
landmarks and advance and occasion amid the Ramadan.

Halal Finance: The money related assets of the inn, eatery, travel organization and
the aircrafts must be fit with Islamic standards. All in all, Islamic back requires
interest in sharing the benefit and misfortune among of all gatherings who
associated with this fund venture. Islamic back additionally restricts intrigue.

Source: Adapted from Akyol and Kilinc (2014)

Assessment of the estimation of the travel industry items in the event that of Islamic the
travel industry, be that as it may, involves a totally unique process because of the
prerequisites of the Islam. These prerequisites are called Sharia'h-standards and at the
easiest dimension, these standards "restrict infidelity, betting, utilization of pork and other
Haram (taboo) sustenances, moving or drinking alcohol and dressing improperly."
moreover, an ordinary Muslim is required to do standard supplications in clean conditions
and quick in Ramadan. In Islamic lessons, Muslims are additionally anticipated that would
decline pointless utilization and liberality. On a basic level, Islamic the travel industry is
about fulfilling travelers searching for a goal that can satisfy their requirements without
being hostile in any way. It covers all travel industry related products and ventures that are
structured, delivered and introduced to the showcase as indicated by the Islamic standards
(Hamza et al., 2012). Muslim voyagers more often than not go with family individuals and
subsequently, this idea is custom fitted around the movement needs of Muslim sightseers
who predominately look for a family amicable condition (Dinar Standard, 2015). All goals
that give administrations and offices that take into account probably a portion of the
religious needs of Muslim guests are classified as 'Muslim Friendly Destinations' (Crescent
Rating, 2015). At these goals, sightseers can depend on feeling protected and secure, and
can appreciate family-focused halal exercises and have great time without stress.

The inspiration for the Muslims to take part in the travel industry action can be general
(e.g., directing business, visiting companions or relatives), seeking after other individual
objectives and exercises (e.g., instruction, shopping) and joy, and additionally explicit
Islamic inspirations (e.g., spreading the message of Islam, Islamic qualities and culture,
venerating Allah (through Hajj and Umrah), fortifying the obligation of silat al-rahim
(society) and so forth. A large portion of the general inspirations are basic for Muslims and
non-Muslims. In any case, certain inspirations for the travel industry which incite
unadulterated debauchery and sumptuousness are most certainly not adequate as indicated
by Islamic convention and these inspirations can be considered non-Islamic or haram
(Duman, 2011).

There is likewise a wide assorted variety in mindfulness and appropriation of different

Islamic practices by Muslim explorers. A noteworthy number of Muslim vacationers travel to
worldwide non-Muslim goals, for example, Europe and change in accordance with any
restrictions by looking for options in contrast to Halal Food, and in addition different
religious contemplations, for example, petition spaces. In the interim, a major section
voyaging comprehensively is additionally looking for choices that address their religious
contemplations (Thomson Reuters and Dinar Standard, 2015). In a worldwide study
together led by Dinar Standard and Crescent Rating, halal nourishment, generally speaking
cost and Muslim-accommodating knowledge were positioned among the main 3 Muslim
vacationer advertise needs (Dinar Standard, 2015). While an expansive fragment of Muslim
vacationers searching for these administrations, not very many inns, aircrafts and the travel
industry goals in actuality attempted to meet their requests.

Obviously, while building up a system to address the Islamic the travel industry advertise,
every significant partner like goals, lodgings and resorts, carriers and travel offices need to
consider the measure of the stream of Muslim guests to their goal. They additionally need to
think about which confidence related necessities they will take into account, for example,
Halal sustenance, nonattendance of liquor, supplication spaces and Ramadhan
administrations. Extra alternatives incorporate giving "ladies just" offices, and fusing Islamic

legacy visits, among different alternatives (Dinar Standard, 2015).

1.2 State of Islamic Tourism in OIC Member Countries

Box 1.2: Broad Concepts of Islamic Tourism

Monetary idea: The financial idea for the Islamic the travel industry centers around
consideration of new traveler markets and vacationer goals. This idea is the most
broadly talked about and comprehended in both Islamic and non-Islamic nations.
Significant the travel industry players, consider Muslim nations as one of the developing
traveler markets with gigantic monetary, statistic and goal possibilities. There are
numerous local and universal gatherings like Islamic Conference of Tourism Ministers
(ICTM) and the Arab Counsel of Ministers of Tourism (ACMT) to examine and expand on
monetary elements of the Islamic the travel industry showcase. The third gathering of
ICMT exhibited another vision in such manner by receiving the "Riyadh Declaration",
which plans to facilitate the visa, improve the intra-OIC the travel industry venture,
compose joint promoting occasions and encourage the recovery of Islamic social
legacy.

Social idea: The social idea for Islamic the travel industry incorporates dreams and
thoughts that diagram the consideration of Islamic religious social destinations in the
travel industry programs with "instructive" and self-assurance building components. It
attempts to energize a reorientation inside the visitor goals towards less utilization and
"western culture" stacked destinations towards more Islamic chronicled, religious and
social locales.

Religious traditionalist idea: The religious moderate idea for Islamic the travel
industry depends on the preservationist elucidation and comprehension of Islam.
Consolidating components of the greatly preservationist Islamic way of life with the
cutting edge the travel industry could in reality present new the travel industry
alternatives, spaces, and circles. For a developing moderate intra Arab and intra Muslim
the travel industry showcase, the execution of a religious traditionalist idea in the travel
industry arranging as an additional alternative and as an inclusion into the current
standard the travel industry could undoubtedly have a positive financial and social
impact.

Source: Adapted from Al-Hamarneh and Steiner (2004)

Islamic the travel industry is an ongoing marvel in the hypothesis and routine with regards
to worldwide the travel industry. Customarily Islamic the travel industry was frequently
connected with Hajj and Umrah as it were. Be that as it may, as of late there has been a
flood of items and administrations structured explicitly to take into account the business and
recreation related sections of Muslim visitors over the globe. The Muslim the travel industry
advertise has seen fast development throughout the years and rose as one of the quickest
developing sections of the worldwide the travel industry showcase. Muslim the travel
industry showcase (barring the Hajj and Umrah uses of $20 to $25 billion) has expanded
from around $80 billion out of 2006 to $145 billion of every 2014, comparing to a
noteworthy increment of 81 percent (Crescent Rating, 2015).

The measure of the worldwide Islamic the travel industry showcase developed by 4.9
percent came to $151 billion out of 2015. In subtle elements, $108.8 billion (comparing to
72 percent of the market measure) of this spending was begun from OIC part nations
(Thomson Reuters, 2016). Then again, Muslims living in non-OIC part nations spent about
$42.3 billion (comparing to 28 percent of the market estimate) on Islamic the travel
industry exercises. It is anticipated that the span of the market will reach $243 billion out of
2021 with an annualized development rate of 8.3 percent. The anticipated development rate
of the Islamic the travel industry showcase surpasses the evaluated GDP development rates
of dominant part of OIC part nations. In such manner, OIC part nations ought not think little
of the monetary significance of Islamic the travel industry division as a potential
empowering agent for monetary development (Henderson, 2009). The provincial breakdown
of the worldwide Islamic the travel industry showcase uncovers that it is exceptionally
packed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). In 2013, MENA district represented
portion of the aggregate out bound the travel industry consumptions made by the Muslim
visitors. Among different locales, Europe and Central Asia (ECA) represented the second
biggest offer of 25 percent pursued by East Asia and Pacific (EAP, 12 percent) and Sub-
Saharan Africa (SSA, 6 percent).

Major Source Markets for Halal Tourism

The 57 Member Countries of the OIC are the significant source advertise for the worldwide
Islamic the travel industry. As per the most recent evaluations, in excess of seventy five
percent (78 percent) of the aggregate 1.62 billion Muslims live in OIC part nations. All
things considered, Muslim visitors and the travel industry uses stayed circulated unevenly
crosswise over OIC part nations. Obviously, the asset rich OIC part nations in the Middle
East remained the real source markets for the Islamic the travel industry. Among these
nations, individuals from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) developed as the star
entertainers with a persuading 37 percent offer of worldwide Muslim travel uses. It is
significant that GCC nations speak to just 3 percent of the worldwide Muslim populace
(Dinar Standard and Crescent Rating, 2012).
The main 20 worldwide Muslim the travel industry source markets spread over the four
mainlands, representing more than 75% (76 percent) of the worldwide Islamic the travel
industry advertise in 2013-2014. The essential best source markets, truth be told, are
moved in the Muslim lion's share OIC part nations. 14 out of 20 top markets are OIC part
nations while six of them are Muslim minority nations from the Europe and America. Saudi
Arabia was positioned first with Muslim the travel industry uses of $17.8 billion pursued by
Iran ($14.3 billion), United Arab Emirates ($11.2 billion), Qatar ($7.8 billion), Kuwait ($7.7
billion), Indonesia ($7.5 billion) and Malaysia ($5.7 billion). These main seven source
markets represented the greater part of the add up to Muslim the travel industry
consumptions. Then again, among the six Muslim minority source markets, Russia
represented the biggest offer with $5.4 billion Muslim the travel industry uses pursued by
Germany ($3.6 billion), United Kingdom ($2.4 billion), Singapore ($2.3 billion), France ($2.3
billion) and Joined States ($2.0 billion). As a gathering, these nations represented around
12 percent of the aggregate Muslim the travel industry consumptions amid 2013-2014.

Major Source Markets for Halal Tourism

The 57 Member Countries of the OIC are the real source advertise for the worldwide Islamic
the travel industry. As indicated by the most recent evaluations, in excess of seventy five
percent (78 percent) of the aggregate 1.62 billion Muslims dwell in OIC part nations. All
things considered, Muslim sightseers and the travel industry consumptions stayed circulated
unevenly crosswise over OIC part nations. Obviously, the asset rich OIC part nations in the
Middle East remained the significant source markets for the Islamic the travel industry.
Among these nations, individuals from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) developed as the
star entertainers with a persuading 37 percent offer of worldwide Muslim travel uses. It is
significant that GCC nations speak to just 3 percent of the worldwide Muslim populace
(Dinar Standard and Crescent Rating, 2012).

The best 20 worldwide Muslim the travel industry source markets spread over the four
mainlands, representing more than seventy five percent (76 percent) of the worldwide
Islamic the travel industry advertise in 2013-2014. The essential best source markets,
actually, are gathered in the Muslim lion's share OIC part nations. 14 out of 20 top markets
are OIC part nations though six of them are Muslim minority nations from the Europe and
America. Saudi Arabia was positioned first with Muslim the travel industry consumptions of
$17.8 billion pursued by Iran ($14.3 billion), United Arab Emirates ($11.2 billion), Qatar
($7.8 billion), Kuwait ($7.7 billion), Indonesia ($7.5 billion) and Malaysia ($5.7 billion).
These main seven source markets represented the greater part of the add up to Muslim the
travel industry consumptions. Then again, among the six Muslim minority source markets,
Russia represented the biggest offer with $5.4 billion Muslim the travel industry
consumptions pursued by Germany ($3.6 billion), United Kingdom ($2.4 billion), Singapore
($2.3 billion), France ($2.3 billion) and Joined States ($2.0 billion). As a gathering, these
nations represented around 12 percent of the aggregate Muslim the travel industry uses
amid 2013-2014.

Top-20 Source Markets for Islamic Tourism, 2013-2014

Rank Country Size (US Rank Country Size (US

$ Billion) $ Billion)
1 Saudi Arabia 17.8 11 Germany 3.6

2 Iran 14.3 12 Egypt 2.8

3 United Arab 11.2 13 Azerbaijan 2.4

Emirates
4 Qatar 7.8 14 United Kingdom 2.4

5 Kuwait 7.7 15 Singapore 2.3

6 Indonesia 7.5 16 France 2.3

7 Malaysia 5.7 17 Iraq 2.2

8 Russia 5.4 18 United States 2

9 Turkey 4.5 19 Morocco 2

10 Nigeria 4.4 20 Lebanon 1.9

Source: Thomson Reuters and Dinar Standard

Major Islamic Tourism Destinations

In the worldwide the travel industry showcase, Europe is the most prevalent district
regarding number of entries. At the nation level, France beat the rundown of the most well
known goals, trailed by USA, Spain and China. Among OIC part nations, Turkey and
Malaysia are positioned among the best worldwide traveler goal. At the OIC level, Turkey is
the most famous the travel industry advertise pursued by Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Morocco
and United Arab Emirates.

The previously mentioned rankings of the best traveler goals are to a great extent
dependent on the customary the travel industry criteria without giving due thought to the
crucial prerequisites of the Islamic the travel industry. Throughout the years, a few
establishments have set out on activities to create uncommon criteria to assess the
execution of the travel industry goals regarding the consistence with the necessities of the
Islamic the travel industry and rank them as needs be. A standout amongst the most
popular and chief activities is the Master Card-Crescent Rating Global Muslim Travel Index
(GMTI).

GMTI is made of a few factors that establish the Muslim visitors involvement with a goal. As
appeared in Figure 2.1, this file takes a gander at nine criteria in three regions for a goal.
Every zone is given explicit weight as indicated by its pertinent significance. In the GMTI
2015, every one of the Area 1 and Area 2 was appointed 40 percent weight though Area 3
represented 20 percent of the file score for a goal. By and large, 110 nations were
contemplated and positioned in the GMTI 2015. The best 100 nations, which incorporate 29
OIC part nations, represented more than 95 percent of the aggregate Islamic the travel
industry showcase in 2014.

As indicated by the consequences of the GMTI 2015, Malaysia toped the file positioning with
an aggregate score of 83.8. It was trailed by Turkey with a score of 73.8 and UAE with a
score of 72.1 (Table 2.2, left). In actuality, nine out of the worldwide best 10 Islamic
traveler goals are OIC individuals. Given the way that the OIC part nations have a relative
favorable position because of existing Halal biological system and Muslim agreeable
administrations, the outcomes are not astounding. In any case, there is a solid requirement
for proactive approaches and measures in OIC part nations to benefit from existing master
Islamic the travel industry condition and changing over their near leeway into upper hand.
Truth be told, the vast majority of OIC part nations are inadequate with regards to
fundamental necessities and reasonable methodologies to completely amplify their engaging
quality to Muslim voyagers (Master Card and Crescent Rating, 2015).

Interestingly, numerous Muslim minority nations have gained critical ground in cooking for
the necessities what's more, requests of Muslim voyagers. Among these nations Singapore,
Thailand, UK, South Africa, and France are top-5 non-OIC Islamic the travel industry goals
(Table 2.2, right). With an aggregate score of 65.1, Singapore is positioned significantly
higher than the famous OIC goals like Morocco and Brunei. In actuality, greater part of
these non-OIC top Islamic the travel industry goals are described by brilliant the travel
industry framework and items and subsequently, here and there they require extremely
insignificant changes in their techniques to take into account the necessities of the Muslim
travelers (Master Card and Crescent Rating, 2015).
Top 10 OIC and Non-OIC Islamic Tourism Destinations

GMTI OIC Destination Score GMTI Non-OIC Destination Score

2015 2015
Rank Rank
1 Malaysia 83.8 9 Singapore 65.1

2 Turkey 73.8 20 Thailand 59.2

3 United Arab 72.1 25 United Kingdom 55

Emirates
4 Saudi Arabia 71.3 30 South Africa 51.1

5 Qatar 68.2 31 France 48.2

6 Indonesia 67.5 32 Belgium 47.5

7 Oman 66.7 33 Hong Kong 47.5

8 Jordan 66.4 34 USA 47.3

10 Morocco 64.4 35 Spain 46.5

11 Brunei 64.3 36 Taiwan 46.2

Source: MasterCard and Crescent Rating (2015)

1.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Islamic Tourism

Islamic the travel industry is an exceptionally late wonder. In spite of all the positive
advancements, the Islamic the travel industry showcase is as yet divided by the decent
variety of the importance of halal, pay level, mindfulness level, area and translation of
religion. These are a portion of the primary hindrances to upgrading Islamic the travel
industry action in OIC part nations. A portion of the explicit difficulties that limit the
improvement of Islamic the travel industry in OIC part nations and accessible open doors in
front of OIC part nations for improvement of Islamic the travel industry advertise are
recorded beneath.

Challenges

Absence of bound together and worldwide measures and accreditation: There are
no brought together universal halal norms and confirmation game plan for the travel
industry. Truth be told, in the greater part of OIC part nations, there is no official body
accessible at the national dimension to guarantee inns and goals as indicated by the Islamic
prerequisites.
Monetary limitations: As another rising section of worldwide the travel industry, Islamic
the travel industry has not gotten enough monetary assets, maybe, with developing number
of examples of overcoming adversity speculators will give due regard for this specialty
portion by considering its potential and developing business sector measure.

Sexual orientation: In numerous Muslim greater part nations, female work in the travel
industry area is an issue because of different social and social reasons. Besides, ladies are
additionally not permitted to travel alone in certain Muslim nations. Along these lines, a
noteworthy extent of the worldwide Muslim populace is as a matter of course dispensed with
from the Islamic the travel industry showcase. Contrasts in the impact of Islamic qualities
and convictions: There is critical variety crosswise over OIC part nations in regards to the
comprehension and impact of the Islamic qualities and convictions. These existing contrasts
are likewise reflected in their travel industry improvement approaches. While, some OIC
part nations are more loose and inviting towards the travelers, some others are more
preservationist what's more, less intrigued.

1.4 Concluding Remarks and Policy Recommendations

There is a developing enthusiasm into Islamic the travel industry because of expanding
dimension of mindfulness about the social, financial and social possibilities of Islamic the
travel industry. Actually, the travel industry is an imperative constituent of the OIC
advancement plan and throughout the years, a few gatherings and discussions including
nine Clerical dimension meetings have been sorted out to feature the real issues and
difficulties confronting the improvement of the travel industry in OIC part nations and detail
approach activities to address these challenges. Advancement of Islamic the travel industry
has likewise increased more noteworthy significance in the motivation of the OIC and the
First OIC International Forum on Islamic Tourism was composed in Jakarta, Indonesia on 2-
3 June 2014.

In the light of the talks exhibited in this area, some expansive strategy proposals could be
made for the thought of OIC part nations at the national and OIC collaboration levels also
with respect to the significant partners of the business.

National and the OIC Cooperation Level

Harmonization of approaches and rules: There is a requirement for working out

modalities and discoveries ways and intends to blend the Islamic Tourism arrangements and
rules with the end goal to advance advancement of Islamic the travel industry and better
collaboration among OIC part nations.
Sharing of ability and encounters for the advancement of Islamic the travel
industry: Among OIC part nations, there are driving Islamic goals like Malaysia, Turkey and
United Arab Emirates. Endeavors ought to be made to encourage the exchange of
information and trade of aptitude among the developing Islamic the travel industry markets
and the best performing nations.

Collaboration for making a positive picture: Peace and security are the most imperative
components for the travel industry advancement. Because of political unsteadiness and
common clashes in some OIC part nations, there is a general negative worldwide media
situating of these nations. Moreover, the wonder of Islamophobia is additionally on the
ascent over the globe. There is a requirement for joint activity and participation at the OIC
level to counter the negative media exposure and address the developing Islamophobia by
featuring the social and religious qualities and commitments of the Muslims to the history,
culture, design and craftsmanship. This will help not exclusively to develop a positive picture
yet in addition make ready for improvement of Islamic the travel industry.

Arranging Islamic the travel industry occasions: There is a requirement for

extraordinary gatherings, workshops and discussions both at national and OIC levels to
present and promote the Islamic the travel industry related items and administrations.
Moreover, occasions ought to likewise be sorted out to assemble the significant partners in
Islamic the travel industry market to share their encounters and best practices, and
conceptualize the joint future arrangements what's more, techniques.

Using the media: Media can assume an imperative job to encourage and spread Islamic
the travel industry exercises. To this end, OIC part nations ought to consider setting up
devoted satellite TV channel(s); distribute exceptional releases of famous magazines on
Islamic the travel industry and dispatch expansive scale web based life crusades.

Planning long haul procedures and ground breaking strategies for the
improvement of Islamic the travel industry advertise: Being the real source markets
and recipients of Islamic the travel industry, OIC part nations ought to build up an
exhaustive; proof based and long haul procedures for the advancement of an economical
Islamic the travel industry segment both at national and OIC levels.

Industry Level

Guaranteeing Halal: Take fundamental measures to guarantee that all items and
administrations accommodated a halal cognizant vacationer are as per the Islamic
standards;
Preparing the staff: Train, teach and advise the staff and aides about the Islamic
qualities, lessons and principals;

Encouraging the entrance: Prepare printed maps or create applications that demonstrate
the areas of mosques or supplication offices, halal sustenance eateries and other related
administrations;

Focusing on assorted variety: Destination advertisers need to recognize and address the
Islamic culture of various nationalities with the end goal to have the capacity to
configuration bundles that cook for their particular needs;

Legitimate settlement the board: Arrange the convenience as per the Muslim needs like
outfitting each live with a pointer to course of Qibla, giving supplicating mats and
encouraging congregational petitions;

Data about halal sustenance: Be all around educated about the Halal nourishment
premises as one of the most imperative worries for the greater part of Muslim voyagers. Get
proper affirmation for halal sustenance;

Offering sexual orientation explicit offices: Arrange separate diversion offices like
swimming pools and Spas for ladies and men;

Fitting clothing regulation for the staff: Develop a proper clothing standard for the staff
serving in inns and other visitor administrations focuses; and

Reasonable promoting techniques: Develop and apply appropriate showcasing system in

consistence with the Islamic lessons and ethics for the commercial and advancement of the
Islamic the travel industry items and administrations.
 Chapter 2

Review of Literature

There have been a few endeavors to characterize Islamic the travel industry. Association of
the Islamic Countries (OIC) (2008) depicted Islamic the travel industry as Muslim
vacationers making a trip to goals in which Islam is the overwhelming confidence of the
populace, with religious purposes framing the greater part of their goal (OIC, 2008). This
definition maybe pivots upon the reality of how Islam verifiably energizes going as a way of
profound satisfaction. Henderson (2009: 247) characterizes this idea in a more extensive
way; in that Islamic the travel industry is characterized as voyaging exercises shared by
Muslim vacationers that adjust to Islamic lessons, despite the fact that their voyaging
purposes may have little to do with religious accepts or practices. Henderson's perspective
encases Islamic the travel industry as an item, which liberates it from the restricted
meaning of connecting it to journey exercises; joining other relaxation exercises (e.g.:
shopping, skiing, and so on.). Henderson (2009:247) definition offers extraordinary
monetary potential, because of the way that these days, voyaging Muslims consolidate
journey, business and joy at whatever point they travel. Al-Hamarneh (2008) extended the
term further, by enveloping any voyaging exercises by the two Muslims and non-Muslims to
Islamic nations. Al-Hamarneh (2008's) definition does not restrain the travel industry
market to Muslims, and endeavors to set Islamic nations as worldwide goals that may have
numerous attractions applicable to the two Muslims and non-Muslim vacationers alike.

With the end goal of this paper, Islamic the travel industry is characterized by means of two
key terms: Islam and Tourism. Islam is characterized as the aggregate accommodation to
the desire of God; requiring a person to deliberately and faithfully surrender oneself to the
administration of Allah (Adh-Dhariyat: section 56), which convinces its supporters to
restrain themselves to what Allah licenses. The travel industry is characterized as the action
of individuals voyaging and remaining in spots outside their living arrangement for at least
one evenings, and not in excess of one continuous year with the end goal of relaxation,
business and different exercises; and the arrangement of offices and administrations to help
the voyaging exercises (Leiper, 1979: 398). Consolidating the two ideas, Islamic the travel
industry can be characterized as the demonstration of Muslims voyaging and visiting places
past their home (to Muslim or non-Muslim nations) for in excess of one back to back night
with the end goal of journey, business, recreation or different exercises; and the
arrangement of offices and administrations to help these exercises, which are all delineated
by the necessity of aggregate accommodation to the desire of God, and adjustment to
Sharia'. Vital to the idea of Islamic the travel industry is simply the idea of halal. The word
'halal' is Arabic in starting point, and is characterized as passable, particularly with regards
to Sharia' laws. The word halal is generally connected with sustenance, which alludes to
nourishment that is allowed for utilization according to Islamic lessons. All things
considered, the idea of halal isn't constrained to nourishment, however covers all parts of
Islamic exercises. In this manner, halal is a framework independent from anyone else,
which ought to be seen by Muslim explorers.

Leiper’s Tourism System

The Leiper Tourism System (1979) is a model that attempts to summarize the concept of
Tourism within an integrated system

This model was connected in theoretical the travel industry models, and renovated in
numerous examinations, for example, Japan and Australia's travel industry framework
(Hensall and Roberts, 1985), political emergencies in Fiji (Cooper and Boniface, 1994), the
travel industry in Cambodia (Hing and Dimmocks, 2000), the travel industry instruction
(Ernawati, 2002), free bike the travel industry (Lamont, 2008) and goal showcasing
(Gitadharmesti, 2008). As indicated by this model, there are five fundamental components
that are interconnected inside the framework, which are visitor, vacationer creating district,
traveler goal area, travel course, and visitor industry. A traveler is depicted as a man
engaged with voyaging exercises, who remains no less than one night from their living
arrangement for delight, wellbeing or business reasons. The second component, vacationer
producing area, alludes to the lasting private premise of the traveler, which is the place the
voyaging exercises starts and ends. Conversely, visitor goal area is characterized as spots
that pull in sightseers to visit and incidentally remain. The development of the visitor goal
district relies upon numerous components, for example, quality, availability to traveler
areas, attractions, lodging and offices. The fourth component, travel course, is the way
connecting the visitor creating area to the goal locale. The fifth component, the travel
industry, alludes to the organizations and associations that encourage advancing and giving
the travel industry administrations, which can be seen as a connected chain, enveloping
vacationer creating district, travel course and goal area, which perpetually incorporate
travel specialists, traveler administrators, transportation, travel protection operators,
hoteliers and eateries.

The Leiper Tourism System has been used in numerous examinations to explore the travel
industry (Henderson, 2006; Morakabati, 2010). In any case, a large portion of such
examinations are just kept to inquire about in the region of the goal district. The Leiper
Tourism System (1979) is restricted by permitting just a single goal as a fascination point,
with other visited areas consigned to the job of a 'travel locale', therefore forgetting the vast
majority of the subtle elements that portray all true instances of the travel industry. While
they do give bits of knowledge, an effective the travel industry framework is exposed to
impacts by its outside surroundings (monetary steadiness, political condition and so forth.).
Also, little work has been directed to think about the pertinence of Leiper's way to deal with
explicit zones of the travel industry's advantage. It stays uncertain whether the calculated
model is material to other specialty territories of the travel industry examine.

This reasonable paper helps connect those holes by utilizing the Leiper's (1979) Tourism
System to support a comprehension of Islamic the travel industry. While the model presents
different sub-segments inside the five components, we plan to concentrate on viewpoints
that are applicable to Islamic the travel industry in three subcomponents; (1) creating
district, (2) goal area and (3) travel course. Inside the setting of visitors' creating locale, the
paper is bound to clarifying elements that spur an individual from the network to take part
in the travel industry exercises, and portraying the measurements of the outbound
sightseers from Muslim countries. With an end goal to clarify the visitors' goal area
component, we expand the past research by digging into issues, for example, halal
sustenance and cordiality, alongside neighborhood attractions complying with Islamic
lessons. We additionally expect to investigate the travel course segment by talking about
issues relating to in-flight concerns. Furthermore, this paper will address outside
components, for example, socio-social, political and monetary steadiness, the foundation of
a strong legitimate structure and mechanical framework that may impact the Islamic the
travel industry improvement. The accompanying area looks at the Islamic the travel
industry point of view inside Leiper's Generating locale, Destination Region and Transit
course.

Islamic Perspective

Tourists’ Generating Region Element

The travel industry happens when visitors travel from a producing area to a goal locale
through a travel course. As indicated by Leiper (1979), the traveler producing district is the
vacationers' territory of living arrangement, where voyagers are roused by their craving to
head out to specific spots. Islam urges Muslims to go to acquire information and to observe
the wonder of God; as authenticated in a few sections of the Quran and Hadith. A few
Hadiths bolster the possibility that God empowers travel; two of them in which the Prophet
is purportedly to have asked his adherents to look for information to the extent China (Al-
Suyuti: 1505), and the individuals who go out looking for learning will be in the way of God
until the point when they return (Al-Tirmidhi: 892). The customary desire to go among
Muslims could have begun from the prerequisite to satisfy their profound journey(s) by
playing out the Hajj or Umrah (Haq and Ho, 2010; Henderson, 2009). These profound
exercises are otherwise called journey, alludes to visits to the sacred Kaa'ba in Mecca, and
the blessed place of worship of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina (Bhardwaj, 1998).
Muslims are likewise empowered by their religion to perform Ziyara-depicted as an
adventure to places of worship, mosques and tombs of the holy people and their relatives
crosswise over Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Syria. The principle point of these exercises is to
restore Islamic culture and legacy (Henderson, 2003).

The accessible information on the travel industry request and supply among the Islamic
nations is fairly restricted. Regardless, as indicated by the World Tourism Organization
(UNTWO) (2007) (See Table 1), the Middle East universal the travel industry consumption
was USD 17.7 billion, the most elevated among other Islamic districts.
Outbound Tourism Expenditure of Islamic Countries in 2003.

Country Expenditure (USD Million)

Indonesia 3,082
Pakistan 924
Bangladesh 165
Morocco 548
Sudan 119
Tunisia 300
Malaysia 2,846
Middle East 17,663
Turkey 2,113
Source: UNTWO 2007

Before 9/11, Europe was a noteworthy traveler goal among outbound sightseers from
Islamic nations, instructing 12.9% of the piece of the overall industry in 2000 (World
Tourism Organization, 2007). Notwithstanding, that has essentially changed after the result
9/11. Muslim goals, for example, Turkey, Malaysia and Indonesia are getting to be critical
fare markets for these vacationers (Organization of the Islamic Countries, 2008) (See Table
2). Intra-local the travel industry exercises are likewise blasting inside the Middle Eastern
area itself. Bahrain and Egypt for example, are rising as prominent goals for transient
occasion among the Saudis (Steiner, 2010).

Outbound Tourism from the Islamic countries (2000 – 2005)

Market Share %
Destination 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Middle East 73.7 74.9 76.7 77.4 77.5 77.5
Europe 12.9 11.2 8.9 9.1 9.0 9.7
Americas 2.3 2.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0
Source: OIC 2008

Tourist’s Destination Region

Leiper (1979: 397) characterized goal area as 'areas which pull in visitor to remain
incidentally with specific reference to those highlights which intrinsically add to that
fascination'. Inside this district, sightseers remain for something like a night, and set out on
vacationer exercises, for example, unwinding, wellbeing, meeting and so forth., amid which
religion possibly impacts the travelers' decisions (Bon and Hussain, 2010; Bonne and
Verbeke, 2008). Fitting in with Islamic qualities, Muslims as hosts are instructed to offer
proper cordiality to visitors and approach them with deference. This is recorded in the
Prophet's Hadith, described by Abu Hurairah, "He who has faith in Allah and the Last Day,
let him demonstrate neighborliness to his visitor". Numerous variables will influence visitors'
choice opposite the goal locale, for example, halal nourishment, reasonable lodgings and
carriers.

Halal Food

Islam gives a broad structure to what is or isn't admissible in its devotees' day by day
exercises, which covers parts of nourishment, beautifiers, monetary issues, and
pharmaceutical items (Mukhtar and Butt, 2012). The most widely recognized accentuation
frequently lays on the denial of liquor utilization and betting in any of its shape (Sura' Al
Baqarah: refrain 219). In light of this, Muslims are taboo from betting, soaking up liquor,
and taking an interest in blended sexual orientation occasions, and are required to watch
halal dietary laws. There are five classes of illegal nourishment talked about in the Quran
(Sura' Al-Baqarah: section 173), "flesh (dead creatures) that are executed by strangulation,
blow, fall, gutted or mostly eaten by wild creatures; streaming blood, pork, liquor and
creatures that have been butchered with the conjuring of a name other that the name of
'Allah'".

Since Islam requires devouring halal nourishment, there is a popularity from Muslim
vacationers for food(s) that fit in with Islamic directions. All things considered, most Muslim
vacationers revealed troubles in acquiring halal nourishment when voyaging, particularly in
non-Muslim nations (Wan Hassan &Hall, 2003; Bon and Hussain, 2010). Activities are taken
by some Muslim and non-Muslim goals to upgrade their halal nourishment arrangements for
Muslim sightseers. For example, the Tourism Authority of Thailand has ordered that eatery
proprietors convey enhanced quality sustenance that meets the prerequisite of Muslims
(Bon &Hussain, 2010). As of late, Malaysia has turned into a most loved spot for sightseers
from the Persian Gulf nations by means of the arrangement of halal dinners in the greater
part of its universal lodgings and eateries (Battour et al., 2010). The presence of a special
worldwide trademark for halal nourishment, and a shared opinion or worldwide foundation
to issue and direct the halal accreditations may help improve the arrangement of halal
sustenance for Muslim sightseers.
Gender Segregation

Islamic showing demands strict sex isolation, particularly with respect to open offices. This
has been by and by since the season of the Prophet Muhammad, where the mosques amid
those occasions were isolated, with various segments for the two people (Jibreen, 1996).
The preclusion of free blending of people is solidly expressed in the Quran (Al-Ahzab: stanza
53). The two people are additionally required to dress moderately out in the open spaces;
Muslim men are obliged to cover their middles and upper legs, while ladies need to cover
their whole bodies leaving just their hands and faces uncovered (Din, 1989). Taking into
account the need of Muslims visitor does cover the arrangement of halal things, as well as
require Sharia'- inviting lodgings and housing.

Sharia’ Compliant Hotels

The expanding number of visitor from the Middle East having higher buying power drove inn
organizations take into account the their needs and wants, which shapes the greater part in
this specialty. In light of this, some industry professionals have started to present Sharia'
agreeable lodgings, which limit the utilization of liquor and non-halal sustenance, and also
betting exercises on their premises. For instance, the Al-Mulla Hotel, a Dubai-based
cordiality gathering, is practicing a more grounded pledge to Islamic the travel industry
items and administrations, by presenting isolated health offices and floors for people,
restricts non-halal nourishment and night club diversion on the premises, actualizing a
traditionalist clothing regulations for workers, and fusing religious projects into their TV slots
(Almulla Hospitality Corporate Culture, 2008). Clamor (1989) proposed that a portion of the
extra religious administrations that could be given by a Sharia-consistent inn are putting
'Qibla' (stickers with ornamented bolts pointing towards the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia for
petition bearings), or giving a duplicate of Quran in each room, alongside supplication
tangles; all of which could provide food for religious needs and enhance the fulfillment
dimension of Muslim sightseers.

Attractions in Muslim Countries

The fascination at a goal is another relevant angle that may impact vacationers' movement
choices. The Middle East, known as the origination of Islam and antiquated developments, is
perceived as one of the important goals for Muslims. Saudi Arabia, for example, has drawn
the biggest number of Muslim entries, with 8.6 million visitors answered to perform journey
in 2009 alone. As the indicated watchman of the sacred destinations, Saudi Arabia's
administration sees encouraging journeys as their fundamental obligation and duty
(Zamani-Farahani and Henderson, 2010). In different parts of the Middle East, there are
thick accumulations of archeological landmarks and remains, incorporating the pyramids in
Egypt and the stone cut city of Petra in Jordan (Hazbun, 2003). Iran, the second biggest
nation in the Middle East, is positioned as one of the best ten nations on the planet having
rich antiquated and chronicled destinations (Alavi and Yasin, 2000; Zendeh Del, 2001).

Other Islamic non-Arab nations are likewise developing as traveler goals. Malaysia has been
profiting from Islamic the travel industry, outperforming other Asian Muslim nations in the
quantity of traveler landings (Hashim, Irazabal and Byrum, 2010; Henderson, 2010). The
Islamic Civilization Park in the Malaysian State of Terengganu, which shows magnificent
Islamic engineering, has pulled in an aggregate of 2 million visitor entries in its first year of
the activity (Henderson 2010). In any case, it is indispensable to guarantee that Islamic
characteristics are fused in the improvement of these attractions. As per the Quran (Al-
Baqarah: refrain 43), Muslims are required to play out their supplications five times each
day, and are not allowed to defer petitions outside the assigned time period without a
substantial reason. Consequently, having supplication rooms at open spots would 13
encourage a lovely occasion understanding for Muslim vacationers. Observational
investigations have found that the accessibility of mosques at vacation spot locales impacts
vacationer travel inclinations (Weidenfeld, 2006; Mohsin, 2005). The Islamic the travel
industry framework isn't just material to the goal district and producing area, yet
incorporates travel course.

Transit Route

Travel Route is the third principle measurement in the Leiper's Tourism System.
Vacationers, in their adventure from the Tourist Generating Region to the Tourist
Destination Region, disparage these purported travel courses. Inside the Transit Route,
Muslim voyagers may need to eat in eateries, lead relaxation exercises in parks, or rest in
an inn. For Muslims, every one of these exercises must be completed inside the admissible
edge of code and lead stipulated by the Quran and Hadith. Of the considerable number of
components of service(s) gave in the Transit Route, maybe the most dubious part of the
travel industry administrations is the arrangement of a halal flying background. The in-flight
service(s) pulls in sightseers to a specific carrier or visit administrator. More extensive
determination of in-flight halal suppers would be favored by Muslim travelers. Imperial
Brunei, Air Arabia and Kuwait Airways are a portion of the transporters that endeavor to
oblige Muslim visitors by giving halal sustenance and denying on board liquor serving and
utilization. The absence of halal aircraft suppers, with veggie lover dinners filled in as the
elective alternative in many U.S. aviation routes, may have brought about disagreeable
encounters for Muslim sightseers, rendering them unsatisfied and miserable (Rashid, 2007).
Halal carrier experience or administrations are bound to serving halal nourishment, as well
as in watching different perspectives, for example, fusing religious projects as a major
aspect of in-flight diversion, having duplicates of the Quran on load up, tuning in to the
recitation of the Holy Quran as an in-flight listening alternative, declaring petition times,
giving an adequate supplication space in 14 long-remove travel (like Iran Air) and giving
isolated areas to men, ladies and families. The adjusted model and the essential parts and
components inside the Islamic or halal the travel industry framework.

Islamic Tourism System

Environments

The three elements of the Leiper Tourism System are impacted by outside elements, for
example, economy, legislative issues, socio-culture, administration and lawful approaches.
These outer elements should be great if Islamic the travel industry were to thrive. Outside
elements frequently decide the condition of the travel industry improvement and industry in
a Muslim nation.
Tourism as Economic Diversification

Oil and gas' impending fatigue has expanded the significance of the travel industry segment
in financial enhancement and the arrangement of business openings in a few countries
(Sharpley, 2003). The quantity of inbound travelers to the Middle East alone, for example,
is anticipated that would develop by 108%, achieving income of US$24 billion of every 2011
(Battour et al., 2010). As of late, global the travel industry exercises have risen as a more
grounded financial supporter of a few Muslim nations, for example, Malaysia, Dubai, Turkey,
Egypt and Morocco. The Brunei government for instance, has submitted itself in creating the
travel industry as a wellspring of monetary development for the nation (Baum and Conlin,
1997). The travel industry assumes an extremely critical job in the economy of Malaysia,
where the legislature organizes this segment for its yearly spending plan (Henderson, 2010;
Zailani et al., 2011). The Malaysian government has situated the division as a motor for
monetary development, and now endeavors to position itself as an Islamic the travel
industry center point (Hashim et al., 2010). The nation's drive in facilitating the first OIC
Global Islamic Tourism Conference and Exhibition delineates its enthusiasm for focusing on
and serving this specialty Islamic market.

The Influence of Politics

The interest for business and relaxation travel can be extremely disintegrated by political
precariousness. Clearly, savagery and political distress, for example, interstate wars, fear
mongering and wrongdoing make unsettling influence and instability, which may serve to
stop numerous voyagers, financial specialists, visit administrators and travel operators in
vacationer creating districts from considering the nations influenced as appropriate for the
travel industry (Cavlek, 2002; Santana, 2001). Voyagers for example, may view Iraq or
Afghanistan as high-chance goals because of their persistent political pressures (Morakabati,
2011). The 9/11 assaults in New York and Washington DC had adversely influenced the
travel industry of Muslim nations, especially those countries that were subject to Western
traveler markets. Then again, goals which don't depend exclusively on Western markets do
in facilitating sightseers in their nations. For instance, amid a similar period, Syria and
Malaysia detailed 43% and 30% expansion separately in their vacationer entries. Morocco is
another case of such 16 goal, in which 88% of the nation's inbound voyagers are produced
from Western industrialized nations (Organization of the Islamic Countries, 2008). The
district endured an amazing decrease in global vacationer landings, with 40% less
Americans, 25% less Italians, 19% less British and 17% less Germans touching base there
somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2005. The contention among Morocco and Spain
concerning the sway of the island of Laila in July 2002 further intensify the circumstance.
Other Islamic travel goals, for example, Tunisia and Indonesia additionally confronted
comparative troubles. The psychological oppressor assaults in Djerba and Bali discolored the
positive touristic pictures of the two goals (Steiner, 2010).

Social Issues, Policies and Governance

The landings of non-Muslim inbound sightseers are at times observed as troublesome to

neighborhood networks, making pressure between them. A portion of these voyagers'
practices, for example, open presentations of warmth, utilization of liquor, wearing sparse
dress and sunbathing bare are viewed as hostile and unsatisfactory in most Muslim nations
(Henderson, 2003; Al-Hamarneh and Steiner, 2004). Concerns in regards to the destructive
consequences for nearby networks drove some Islamic nations to confine their objective
market to Muslim visitors. Some Middle Eastern (e.g., Saudi Arabia) countries especially
exhibit little excitement for facilitating non-Muslim universal voyagers (Din, 1989). Being
oil-rich countries, they are held in preparing for present day the travel industry, since they
have little requirement for additional incomes, however are more worried at the conceivable
disintegration of religious devoutness as an outcome of the travel industry advancement.
Powerful open arrangements in help of the travel industry are consequently fairly
demoralizing in this district. A few specialists have importuned upon the significance of
religious esteem framework in humanism (Al-Hyari, Alnsour, Al-Weshah and Haffar, 2012).
Be that as it may, the elucidation of Islamic law or Sharia' law isn't uniform, which runs the
array from moderate to liberal starting with one Muslim nation then onto the next (Hassan,
2005). Sightseers making a trip to Saudi Arabia, for instance, may locate a stricter usage of
Islamic law, because of the area's situation as the host of Islam's holiest spots and the
origination of the religion (Din, 1989). Some political gatherings dishearten certain travel
industry exercises that they consider in opposition to Islam in Muslim nations. However,
nations, for example, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Turkey practice a more
loosened up type of Islamic law (Henderson, 2003; Hashim et al., 2007). Exercises, for
example, alcohol moving, night clubbing and dressing not as per Islamic educating are
regular in these nations. The more loosened up Islamic law pulls in both non-Muslim and
Muslim voyagers, and may have been one reason for the achievement of the travel industry
in the nations, for example, Malaysia, Turkey and United Arab Emirates.
Facilities and Infrastructure

Muslim nations, for example, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, Turkey and Morocco are
getting a charge out of high volumes of worldwide inbound voyagers because of their quick
infrastructural advancement (Stephenson, Russell and Edgar, 2010). This is anyway not the
situation in other Islamic nations, for example, Libya, Sudan and Nigeria (Hashim, Murphy
and Muhammad, 2007). While the travel industry gives off an impression of being
appropriate for these nations' advancement, the part is undermined by poor foundations, for
example, streets, power, water supplies, convenience and media communications (Gauci,
Gerosa and Mwalwanda, 2002). The combination among innovation and the travel industry
empowers mechanical players to join aptitudes and assets, making collaborations through
proficient correspondence and data sharing. The advancement of web indexes, conveying
limit and systems' speed has expanded the worldwide usage of ICT innovation for arranging
and encountering visitors' movements (Buhalis and Law, 2008). The travel industry sites
could likewise be built up as a way to deal with advance religious the travel industry. The
advancement of Islamic standards by the travel industry administrators' sites can encourage
visitors in comprehension the fitting and moral conduct in Muslim nations, especially for
non-Muslims. While it is required for Muslim nations to join and venture the Islamic picture
in special endeavors, little proof of such endeavor exists.

Discussions and Conclusions

Islam impacts the basic leadership for Muslim vacationers, deciding the interest for
voyaging and the course of their inbound and outbound stream. Be that as it may,
overemphasis on Islamic the travel industry could lessen the quantities of non-Muslim
voyagers, which could be unsafe to their separate economy. In this manner, a fitting parity
ought to be struck in the national the travel industry arrangements. Any way to deal with
cultivate a superior comprehension among Islamic and non-Islamic nations could result in a
more noteworthy and more secure vacationers stream, prompting bigger quantities of
potential visitors and financial advantages to the host nations; and messenger new qualities
and aspects of enthusiasm for travelers.

To draw in Muslim travelers, inns and eateries should serve halal dinners, and
administrators ought to consider applying for halal accreditation, as this would impart
certainty among Muslim vacationers. With Islamic qualities and standards framing a
generous component of the Muslim social framework, it is basic for experts to configuration
in-house cordiality and the travel industry preparing that fuses Islamic qualities and socio-
social sensitivities. Firms ought to likewise look for work force with suitable aptitudes,
character and commitment towards Islam, as this could make the correct subject and
feeling. The devotion of the legislature, maybe through financial motivations, for example,
impose unwinding for inns, and eateries that apply for halal affirmation for example, may
draw in more supervisors to serve halal nourishment in their foundations. Different
advertising and limited time battles anticipating positive pictures of Muslim nations,
together with alluring normal assets and social legacy could help disperse positive attention
to Islamic religion and culture and decrease clashes that may rise among non-Muslim
travelers. Dynamic special endeavors outside the goal are alluring, since this would help
make good exposure in news and media, especially for Muslim nations influenced by
negative political occasions and depend vigorously on non-Muslim vacationers.

Global and provincial collaboration by means of support in the Organization of Islamic

Conference (OIC) may likewise help these nations in annihilating destitution and cultivating
national limit building. Over this, they ought to think about building up a worldwide body
that could create, set up and screen principles for halal friendliness consistence, since this
progression could help with settling any distinctions that may emerge. The advertising of
Islamic the travel industry is absolutely not a straightforward assignment, because of the
clashing requests of non-Muslim sightseers and the different needs among Muslim
vacationers all inclusive. The created reasonable structure may go about as a stage for visit
administrators and approach creators in detailing showcasing systems and advancements to
goad the improvement of Islamic the travel industry. Mechanical experts may utilize the
discoveries of this examination to structure Islamic the travel industry items and
administrations that could fulfill the two Muslims and non-Muslims. These conditions propel
visit administrators to investigate Islamic traits and qualities, which could help them in
planning items and administrations that are custom fitted to the market's needs.
 Chapter 3

Methodology and Research Design

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Understanding Muslim sightseers' conduct, by concentrating on Iran's Islamic characteristics

is the goal of this investigation. Subsequently, picking a fitting system for accomplishing this
goal is significant. An approach equipped for estimating all the factors and exhibiting the
examination structure, which comprises of a few procedures for information breaking down,
must be picked. For upgrading the legitimacy of the look into, a few strategies and methods
must be picked legitimately.

As per Cohen et al. (2003) and Sarantakos (2005), approach indicates how an examination
has been directed while techniques allude to sets of apparatuses and procedures utilized for
information accumulation and information investigation.

In this section, it has been endeavored to elucidate and depict the improvement of
speculations and the measures which have been utilized. Likewise a point by point
clarification of the information gathering strategies and the procedures utilized for breaking
down information is additionally given.

3.2. Research Methods

At the point when the examination questions are structured then the subsequent stage is to
pick an suitable procedure. For the most part there are two kinds of strategies which can be
utilized to do the information accumulation and research investigation: Quantitative strategy
and Subjective technique. Them two are substantial and usable. Yet, the principle concern is
their authenticity for an examination not their quality (Sarantakos, 2005). Remenyi and
Williams (1998) contend that, this issue can be explained through taking a gander at the
inquire about inquiries. The examination questions can figure out which sort of examine
strategies ought to be utilized.

In this examination, considering the exploration questions, the most reasonable look into
strategy was resolved to be quantitative technique. Regular sciences are the place the
quantitative techniques have been utilized out of the blue. This sort of look into strategy can
be utilized and continue through an arrangement of surveys in which a few decisions are
resolved for respondents; in addition, the example estimate ought to be sufficiently
expansive to direct this technique. The exploration questions, explore configuration and also
the exploration system are altogether organized ahead of time; this strategy is contained a
survey and examinations. The specialist must be fit for assessing and measurably dissecting
the gathered information (Cavana et al. 2008; Creswell, 1994).

3.3. Research Hypotheses

All through the writing survey, a few examinations on the push and force persuasive
variables have been found. They likewise illuminated the relationship between these
inspirational components and visitors' fulfillment. (Uysal and Hagan, 1993; Kozak, 2002;
Goossens, 2000; Crompton, 1979; Yoon and Uysal, 2005; Uysal and Jurowski, 1994; You et
al., 2000; Kim et al., 2007; Yuan and Mcdonald, 1990; Klenosky, 2002; Dann, 1981). Push
and Pull inspirational factors have affect on travelers' fulfillment; in regards to this issue the
accompanying speculations have been proposed:

H1: The push inspirational elements (PSHM) can affect vacationers' fulfillment emphatically.

H2: The draw persuasive components (PLLM) can affect visitors' fulfillment emphatically.
Past investigations, have investigated the relationship among religion, conduct also,
purchasing choices (Hirschman, 1981; Battour, 2010, Delener, 1990; Essoo also, Dibb,
2004). Attempting to fulfill Muslim travelers' religious needs will upgrade their fulfillment
(Weidenfeld, 2006); thinking about this issue, the accompanying speculations have been
prescribed:

H3: Islamic characteristic of goal (IAD) moderates the relationship among the push (PSHM)
persuasive elements and voyagers' fulfillment (OTS).

H4: Islamic property goal (IAD) moderates the relationship among the pull (PLLM)
persuasive elements and travelers' fulfillment (OTS).

3.4. Data Collection

In this examination, for gathering information, an organized poll has been utilized. This poll
is involved four sections. The initial segment comprises of two sub- areas including push
(PSHM), and (PLLM) persuasive variables; including 30 push persuasive components (PSHM)
and 24 pull inspirational (PLLM) traits; Parts two and three spotlight on the Islamic traits of
goal (IAD), pursued by travelers' general fulfillment (OTS) which is included 18 Islamic
qualities also, section three incorporates four in general fulfillment explanations. In the last
part which is section four, it is endeavored to get respondents general specifics through 8
questions that respondents needed to round out. It ought to be noticed that this survey has
been taken from Battour's investigation (2010) and has been utilized for this investigation
by his authorization.

The announcements' estimation of this survey depends on a five point Likert scale, by
appointing 1 for "not critical by any stretch of the imagination" and moderately 5 for
speaking to "vital"; in the following two sections, for Islamic characteristics and voyagers'
general fulfillment, respondents are given by a few articulations significant to the segment's
variable, additionally estimated through Likert scale from 1 to 5.

The survey was exhibited in two variants, Arabic and English configurations in request to be
helpful for the individuals who don't know English. Two renditions of thepoll are joined in the
informative supplement B. The wellsprings of the things included in the poll have been
condensed in the accompanying table:

The sources of measurement items

Variables Source of Measurement Items

PSHM (Baloglu&Uysal, 1996; Jang &Cai, 2002; Kim
et al., 2007; Yoon &Uysal, 2005)
PLLM (Baloglu&Uysal, 1996; Jang &Cai, 2002;
Jang & Wu, 2006; Yoon &Uysal, 2005)
IAD Developed by Battour, 2010
OTS (Bigné et al., 2005; Chi &Qu, 2008; Del
Bosque & Martín, 2008; Yoon &Uysal, 2005)

3.5. Data Analysis

In this section, the techniques which were used to analyze the quantitative data are
explained.

3.5.1. Analysis of data surveys

In this segment, factual strategies have been utilized to do the investigation. The led
examination methods which have been utilized include: illustrative measurements,
quantitative information examination by applying EFA and PLS. To assess the connection
between the speculations that have been recommended, the PLS has been utilized. These
are clarified in detail in the accompanying sub-segments:

3.5.1.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis Procedures

Exploratory factor investigation techniques must be led to decide the premise of structures
which are identified with a bigger number of factors. This is the most much of the time
utilized instrument for breaking down elements; so this method attempts to find the factors
that can portray the example of connections among existing factors.

Hair et al. (2010) contend that the EFA can be utilized when information decrease is a
imperative for continuing to information examination, by deciding few factors that can
portray and clear up the most difference seen among bigger gathering of factors.

There could be different explanations behind doing the factor investigation; a portion of the
reasons dictated by Gorsuch (1983) are as per the following: (Cited in Battour, 2010,
pp.132)

1) To decrease the quantity of components; since, having huge number of variables

may interfere with the way toward displaying the measures independently.
2) Factor investigation can likewise be utilized when we need to make a subset that
comprises of the most elevated connection among unique factors and the major part
factors.
3) To make an arrangement of factors as uncorrelated things to be able to do
overseeing multicollinearity in strategies like various relapses. As indicated by
Battour (2010), the multicollinearity alludes to the circumstance in which variable's
impact can be predicated by different factors; this can be estimated and controlled
by fluctuation blowing up elements (VIF). On the off chance that the estimation of
VIF is more noteworthy than 10, at that point we are confronting multicollinearity.
4) To erase one thing when it "cross-stack on in excess of one factor"; and for
assessing and guaranteeing of a scale or list by demonstrating that its part things
simply stack on same factor.

A portion of the EFA prerequisites which are should have been done on informational index
are: deciding the example measure, Bartlett's trial of sphericity and Keiser-Meyer-Olkin
(KMO) record that will be talked about in the accompanying sections.

As indicated by Malhotra (2007), the example estimate is a critical issue when directing a
study; it relies upon the quantity of components and the methods utilized for information
examination. Hair et al. (2010) clarify the example measure ampleness in this way that,
example size ought to be no less than 100 when the model comprises of five or under five
builds that every one of these develops has somewhere around three things, having high
commonness of 0.6 or higher among them. In addition, Hair et al. (2010) likewise advocate
that the example size ought not be less than150, when the models have seven or under
seven develops, and there is moderate communalities of around 0.5 among the things.
Malhotra (2007) clarifies that the test size can be 300 when the model comprises of seven
or less builds (under three things), having low communalities of 0.45 among its things. Be
that as it may at the point when there are numerous develops and additionally under three
things having low communalities, the example size ought to be 500 (Hair et al., 2010).
Bluffs (1987) additionally trusts that an example size of 150 is adequate for 40 factors in a
scale.

The framework utilized for information investigation for this examination was fractional
minimum square (PLS). As indicated by Chin et al. (2003) the base number of test measure
when utilizing PLS is 100. In this investigation the example measure is 186 (male: 116,
female: 70); along these lines, in view of this announcement the example measure is
sufficient for current investigation.

As indicated by Tanachnick and Fidell (2007), for estimating the example measure
sufficiency, the Kaiser-Myer-Olkin (KMO) can be connected to assess the reasonableness of
information for factor examination. The KMO was connected to check whether there is a
requirement for factor investigation or not and in addition to decide whether the connection
among the factors are little. The estimation of KMO ought to be somewhere in the range of
0 and 1.0. KMO of 0.6 or more will prompt factor examination.

Bartlett trial of sphericity is another test, which can quantify add up to noteworthiness of
the relationship in the network. As per Nunnally (1978), it is better to have low dimension
of noteworthiness yet extensive test measurement esteems for sphericity. Additionally, it is
trusted that the information can be investigated if the estimation of Bartlett's trial of
sphericity is more than 0.5 critical (Tabachnik and Fidell, 2007).

3.5.1.2. Techniques for Assessing the Measurement Model

For estimating and assessing the build legitimacy one can utilize estimation demonstrate
devices to check the degree to which measures assess what they need to evaluate,
legitimately (Malhotra, 2007; Churchill, 1979; Hair et al., 2010; Cavana et al., 2008).
In view of O'Leary-Kelly and Vokurka (1998), preceding directing develop legitimacy a few
issues must be considered and satisfied: Content/confront legitimacy, unidimensionality,
unwavering quality, merged legitimacy, discriminant legitimacy. Each portrayed here.

3.5.1.2 (a) Unidimensionality

Unidimensionality alludes to a circumstance in which a basic build can clarify set of things
which are fundamentally identified with the basic build and every thing are identified with
one dormant variable (Hair et al. 2010; O'Leary-Kelly and Vokurka). EFA demonstrates that
every one of the things are just loads to one build with factor stacking estimation of ±0.5;
the relapse weights are 0.5 or higher with their critical t-values (t-esteem ≥ 1.96 at
a=0.05)

3.5.1.2 (b) Reliability

To set up consistency among various estimations of factors dependability tests are being led
to ensure that the measures are free of mistake (O'Leary-Kelly and Vokurka, 1998; Pallant,
2005; Hair et al, 2010). As indicated by Hair et al., abnormal amounts of dependability will
exist if the Cronbach's alpha or unwavering quality coefficient is higher than 0.7.

3.5.1.2 (c) Convergent Validity

This is for trying the degree to which same develops are identified with one another by
structuring instrument for estimating that (Malhotra, 2007); or as it were, to demonstrate
that there is combination among comparable develops. Markers identified with the each
develop will be estimated to figure the normal change extricated (AVE) (Battour, 2010).

In view of Fornel and Larcker (1981), the legitimacy of the build and the singular pointers
will be suspicious when the AVE is lower than .50. This uncovers that the difference took by
blunders got from its measures, is bigger than the fluctuation got from the develop.

3.5.1.2 (d) Discriminant Validity

Discriminant legitimacy clears up the circumstance in which measures are new and not
identified with different factors (Churchill, 1979). It indicates how and to what degree the
develops' measures are not quite the same as one another (Battour, 2010). As
recommended by Fornel and Larcker (1981), discriminant Validity is picked and analyzed for
this investigation. At the point when AVE is higher than its basic fluctuation with other build,
discriminant legitimacy can be perceived.

3.5.1.3. Procedures for Structural Model Assessment and Hypothesis

Testing For assessing the auxiliary model of this investigation, the fractional slightest square
(PLS) has been picked. For the most part, PLS is utilized to disclose changes and to
guarantee corroborative of the hypotheses; it can likewise decrease the rest of the
fluctuation of the subordinate factors in the proposed models (Gefen et al. 2000).

As indicated by Chin (1998), the PLS can likewise be utilized to anticipate whether there
would be a relationship among the factors or not, and giving a few suggestion to promote
the examination and testing. Along these lines, PLS can be considered as, being a forecast
display (Chin, 1998).

Purposes behind utilizing PLS for this examination would be as per the following:

1) PLS would be the best decision where there are some new measures and relationship
which have not been analyzed previously and the writing audit additionally has not
contemplated them adequately (Hair et al., 2010; Ainuddin et al., 2007).
2) PLS can be material, when the hypothesis isn't built up adequately and the proposed
relationship could possibly exist (Chin, 1998).
3) PLS would be a superior decision for examining when the connection between factors
isn't sufficient (Falk and Miller, 1992).
4) Determining the relationship among the perceived markers to their shrouded
variable is urgent for approving exploratory models; this can be done through PLS.
5) For complex models, it is smarter to utilize PLS where the primary exertion is
featuring the expectation and demonstrating the cooperation impacts of covered up
factors, (Chin et al., 2003). In this investigation there is a directing variable in the
model accordingly utilizing PLS is required.
6) It is recommended to apply PLS when begin building up a model; this could be
viewed as a relapse based methodology.

Two periods of investigation have been used while inspecting the relationship between two
develops and additionally testing the proposed speculations; this was to assess the auxiliary
model: when the model was tried with directing variable and the following without directing
variable. The Path displaying has been used to analyze the models by applying the
SmartPLS programming (http://www.smartpls.com)

The centrality of speculations has been checked through deciding the way coefficient and R2
values. The quality of the connections which exist among the exogenous and endogenous
variable can be best affirmed through the way coefficient, though R2 esteem, uncovers the
model's prescient power for endogenous factors (Battour, 2010, pp. 144).
To demonstrate the hugeness of ways, t-esteem ought to be determined by using bootstrap
in which information are resampled to survey the vulnerability (Chin, 1998).

3.6. CHAPTER SUMMARY

In this part an inside and out depiction of the examination structure, approach, information
gathering and investigation techniques, have been given. To accomplish consider
destinations a quantitative methodology has been used. The exploration structure also, the
theories were tried by utilizing fractional minimum square (PLS). In the following sections,
the examination's outcomes are being given. Also, the ramifications of discoveries are being
examined.
 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

4.1. Presentation

The principle objective of this examination is to inspect the relationship among various
develops in the model which are push inspiration (PSHM), pull inspiration (PLLM),
vacationers' fulfillment (OTS) and Islamic properties of goal (IAD).

This section depicts the consequences of information broke down by systems portrayed in
Section Three.

4.2. Review Results

This segment displays the investigation for the overview in consistency with the strategies
depicted in part three. The substance and face legitimacy of the poll was resolved when the
IAD build created. For estimating the hypothetical build, a survey which comprises of eight
pages has been used. The survey was conveyed among travelers in three unique urban
communities in Iran: Mashhad, Isfahan and Tehran. The gathered information have been
coded, altered and cleaned and were set up to be investigated further.

4.2.1. Information Preparation

To plan information intends to extricate information from poll and embed them into PC. This
is to guarantee the essential information are finished and blunder free; since we may
confront a few issues which may come about because of having a missed esteem, or
embeddings the information erroneously, and having a non-ordinary dispersion (Hair et al.,
2010). This stage is included a few stages which are as per the following: information
altering, information coding, information section, mistake recognition and information
cleaning and screening (Hair et al., 2010). Every one of these means is portrayed in the
accompanying passages.

 Data Coding

In this survey there were no open-finished inquiries accordingly, the coding was
uncomplicated. In this manner, in this progression numerical qualities were appointed to
every one of the inquiries (Hair, et al., 2003), aside from the last area which was structured
furthermore, gave to visitors' on the off chance that they needed to leave any remarks.

 Data Editing
In this progression, it is endeavored to check every one of the pages and inquiries of the
poll to be rounded out and to check for the nature of information to guarantee their ease of
use and their agreement with the benchmarks (Churchill, 1999; Hair et al., 2003).
Subsequent to altering the crude information and affirming their harmoniousness with the
acknowledged quality gauges, the time has come to embed the information into SPSS
programming.

 Data Cleaning and Screening

The mistakes were recognized in this progression in the wake of exchanging and altering
the crude information into PC. This is an imperative advance; as per Hair et al. (2010), if
this step gets missed or skipped, a few issues will emerge and affect the qualities what's
more, consequences of the measurable tests. In this way, information were checked and
altered; SPSS 19 was utilized for every factor for checking the exception reactions and
missing information. Three cases with unlawful reactions were noted and remedied.

4.2.2. The Respondent Profiles

In this area general data about respondents are being given so that to give a compact
clarification about the examples' profile in this investigation. This data depend on sexual
orientation, conjugal status, age, instructive dimension, month to month salary, dimension
of religiosity and nation of beginning.

Respondents’ Country of Origin

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Saudi Arabia 28 15.1 15.1 15.8
Turkey 20 10.8 10.8 25.8
Kuwait 68 36.6 36.6 62.4
Pakistan 4 2.2 2.2 64.5
UAE 17 9.1 9.1 73.7
Lebanon 7 3.8 3.8 77.4
Bahrain 29 15.6 15.6 93.0
Malaysia 2 1.1 1.1 94.1
Afghanistan 1 .5 .5 94.6
Iraq 8 4.3 4.3 98.9
Tajikistan 2 1.1 1.1 100.0
Total 186 100 100
Regarding sex, table 4.2 demonstrates that 62.4 % of respondents were male and 37.6%
were female. The order of tests regarding their conjugal status presents that 32.8% of
respondents were single, 33.9% wedded without kids, 29.0% wedded with kids and 4.3%
separated. By age, 87.1% are over 25 a long time old. By instruction level, 60.8% of the
examples have a college degree also, postgraduates and the rest are in essential (or less),
optional and middle. Regarding month to month salary, 34% conceded that they gain not
exactly 1000 USD, though 25.3% of respondents guarantee to gain 1000-2999 USD, 20.4%
procure 3000-5999 USD, 11.8% win 6000-11,999 USD, 8.1% acquire 12000 USD and over.
By religiosity, 5.4% sort themselves as mainstream, 18.8% as gently religious, 50.5% as
religious and 25.3% as extremely religious.

4.2.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results

The skewness and kurtosis values have been analyzed to guarantee the presumption of
ordinariness. The skewness esteems for estimation things run from - 1 to +1 and Kurtosis
values for estimation things extend from - 3 to +3. The full scope of skewness is
incorporated into the Appendix A.

KMO record and Bartlett's trial of sphericity assessed the reasonableness of informational
index. The information were arranged into three unique gatherings, which are appeared in
the table 4.3. The table demonstrates that the KMO files are higher than 0.5 (as proposed
by Hair et al., 2010), while the consequences of Bartlett's trial of sphericity are all critical
(p= 0.000) thus, the result of these tests uncovers the reasonableness of information for
EFA.
Respondents’ profile
 Results of Examination of Variables for EFA Suitability
Variable No. KMO p- Value Remark
of Index (Bartlett’s
items Test of
Sphericity)
PSHM 30 .852 .000 Suitable
PLLM 24 .932 .000 Suitable
IAD 18 .914 .000 Suitable

4.2.3.1. Push Motivation Factors

At the point when the reasonableness of information were affirmed in the past stage, the
time had come to investigate the 30 things of push inspiration factors by utilizing main part
examination (PCA).

The aftereffects of the PCA and Varimax are appeared in the table 4. 4 Based on the shared
trait of things stacking on each factor, eight push persuasive variables have been
distinguished and marked as Experience way of life, Achievement, Escape and Explore,
Knowledge, Family harmony, Relaxation and Adventure, Sports furthermore, Prestige.

The aggregate change of these eight variables is 68.55. Furthermore the Cronbach's alpha
was additionally determined to inspect the dependability of each factor. In view of what
Nunnally and Bernstein (1994) have proposed, the alpha coefficients for seven factors are
over .70, aside from factor eight which is esteem.

The primary factor, in the table 4.4 is Experience way of life which demonstrates the
difference of 31.77 and the Cronbach's alpha of .755.One of the things identified with this
factor is having a change from conventional life which has been portrayed and centered in
past examinations too (Kim et al., 2003; Hanqin and Lam, 1999; Kim furthermore, Lee,
2002; Uysal and Jurowski, 1994; Jang and Cai, 2002).

The second factor which is accomplishment demonstrates 7.86 % of fluctuation. The

Cronbach's alpha of this factor is .741.

Factor 3 which is Escape& Explore, depicted 6.78% of change and the Cronbach's alpha of
this factor is .813.
Factor 4 is information which clarifies 5.30% of difference. The things stacked under this
factor are related with expanding learning which is identified with picking up information
about recorded places and encountering new tastes of sustenance furthermore, culture that
have been accounted for beforehand in various examinations (Jang and Wu, 2006; Cha et
al., 1995; Kim et al., 2006; Jang and Cai, 2002; Correria et al., 2007). The Cronbach's
alpha of this factor is .819 which is viewed as exceptionally high.

Factor 5 is family fellowship with the change of 4.81%. The things stacked under this figure
connected to impart the general public which has been allude to in different examinations
also (Jang and Cai, 2002; Kim and Jogaratnam, 2002; Jang and Wu, 2006; Cha et al.,
1995; Kim et al., 2006). The Cronbach's alpha for this factor is .816 which is high.

Factor 6 is Relaxation and experience with the change of 4.46 and the Cronbach's alpha of
.742.

Factor 7 is Sports with the change of 4.9 and Cronbach's alpha for this factor is .759. .
Every one of the things stacked under this factor are related with game exercises which
have been engaged by different specialists as well (Kozak, 2002; Yoon what's more, Uysal,
2005; Cha et al., 1995; Uysal and Jurowski, 1994).

Factor 8 is Prestige with the change of 3.45 and a low Cronbach's alpha of .671.

PUSH factors Loading Variance Cronbach’s

explained alpha
Factor 1: Experience life style 31.77 .755
Getting away from demands at home .677
Experiencing a simpler life .797
Escaping from ordinary .634
Factor 2: Achievement 7.86 .741
Finding thrills and excitement .737
Being entertained and having fun .766
Seeing and experiencing a foreign destination .701
Factor 3: Escape & Explore 6.78 .813
Learning new things or increasing knowledge .631
Getting a chance from a busy job .745
Going places friends have not been .775
Factor 4: Knowledge 5.30 .819
Visiting historical places .600
Trying new food .638
Meeting new people .758
Doing nothing at all .647
Factor 5: Family Togetherness 4.81 .816
Visiting places my family came from .701
Visiting friends and relatives .829
Being together as a family .718
Factor 6: Relaxation and Adventure 4.46 .742
Being daring and adventurous .681
Being free to act how I feel .643
Rediscovering myself .819
Factor 7: Sports 4.09 .759
Participating in sports .745
Desire to watch sports events .793
Participate in physical activity .839
Factor 8: Prestige 3.45 .671
Talking about trip .643
Rediscovering past good times .710
Total variance explained 68.55
Push Factors
4.2.3.2. Pull Motivational Factors

24 things of force factors were broke down by rule segment investigation (PCA). The
relative outcomes are demonstrated the table 4.5. Three variables have been distinguished,
hauled out and marked as neatness and shopping, wide space and climate as well as
various culture. The aggregate level of change elucidated by the three factors was 63.23%
with the Cronbach's alpha over .70 which was in understanding to what Nunnally and
Bernstein (1994) have suggested.

Pull Factors
The main factor which can be found is neatness and shopping with difference of 51.73% and
a Cronbach's alpha of .859 which is considered to be high.

The second factor is wide space and regular landscape which clarifies 6.52% fluctuation and
Cronbach's alpha of .855. The things stacked under this factor are for the most part
identified with the longing and the need to find biological destinations and undisturbed
nature and socialization with new nearby individuals which have been explored in past
examinations on the travel industry inspirations ( Chi and Qu, 2008; Jang also, Wu, 2006;
Bigne et al., 2005; Del Bosque and Martin, 2008).

The third factor which is distinctive culture has the difference of 5.96% and a Cronbach's
alpha of .736 which is likewise worthy.

4.2.3.3. Islamic Attribute of Destination Factors

IAD factors Loading Variance Cronbach’s

explained alpha
 Factor 1: Worship Facilities &Halal Food 61.44 .955
Availability of mosque .621
Availability of prayer facility at tourists sites .753
Loud pronounce of azan .678
Placement of Qibla stickers in hotel rooms .748
Placing a copy of Qur’an in each hotel room .707
Water supply available in toilets at tourist sites .789
Halal food at tourist sites .764
Halal kitchen in hotels and restaurants .750
Factor 2: Alcohol-gambling free & Dress Codes 10.11 .956
Banning of alcoholic drinks at public places .807
Banning of gambling activities at public places .811
Observation of Islamic dress code at hotel .859
Dominance of Islamic dress code in public .857
Factor 3: General Islamic Morality 6.01 .887
Banning of sex channels in hotel .849
Banning prostitution .887
Banning display of affection btwn sexes in public .738
Movies shown on TV .644
Factor 4: Islamic Entertainments 5.66 .952
Segregated areas for women at beaches .877
Hotels with separate swimming pools and gym .887

Total variance explained 83.23

18 things of Islamic qualities of goal have been broke down by same scientific methods. To
affirm the consequence of consistent enhancement stages and guaranteeing the premise
structure of proposed things, an EFA examination has been used as well. The accompanying
table 4.6 represents the aftereffects of PCA and Varimax.

Four elements have been recognized, hauled out and marked as love offices and halal
sustenance, liquor betting free& clothing standards, general Islamic profound quality and
Islamic excitements. The aggregate fluctuation distinguished for these four components is
83.23% which is satisfactory as per Nunnally and Bernstein (1994) who have suggested .70
or more.
The primary factor which is revere offices and halal sustenance has the change of 61.44%
which is high. This factor is contained eight things with a Cronbach's alpha of .955 which is
likewise moderately high. The second factor is liquor betting free conditions and clothing
regulations that clarify 10.11% of change and Cronbach's alpha of .956 which can be
viewed as high.

Factor three is general Islamic profound quality with the fluctuation of 6.01% and the
Cronbach's alpha of .887; the last factor which has been separated is Islamic stimulations
with the difference of 5.66% and the reasonableness of .952 Cronbach's alpha.

Summary of Items Dropped in Exploratory Factor Analysis

4.2.4. Measurement Model

The estimation model's develops were assessed by applying a few legitimacy tests, for
example, unidimensionality, unwavering quality, concurrent legitimacy and discriminant
legitimacy. These evaluations have been clarified in part three, segment 3.5.1.2; followings
are the methodology which must be satisfied for measurable systems.

4.2.4.1. Unidimensionality and Reliability

In this examination, for estimating and assessing the undimensionality, the things must be
connected and identified with the premise develop essentially; furthermore the things must
be identified with one and just a single shrouded variable.
 The Results of Unidimensionality and Reliability Assessment

Unidimensionality Reliability
Factor loading Cronbach’s Composite
Alpha Reliability
PLLM 0.609-0.862 0.736-0.859 0.921
PSHM 0.600-0.839 0.878-0.943 0.915
IAD 0.621-0.887 0.887-0.956 0.965
OTS 0.820 0.906
Acceptable ±0.3 to ±0.4; ideally α≥0.7 CR≥0.7
level ±0.5

It very well may be found that the things in EFA have the loadings of ≥ 0.5 (0.600 to
0.887), so this demonstrates the things utilized in the current examination are related with
their basic develops and therefore the undimensionality has been set up in this examination.

As per Malhotra (2007), dependability alludes to the sum that a scale produces reliable
outcomes in the event of rehashing the estimation. To accomplish a wanted and worthy
dependability a prescribed strategy was pursued and Cronbach's alpha and composite
dependability have been utilized. In table 4.8 the alpha reaches from 0.736 to 0.956 since
every one of them are over the limit of 0.7 suggested by Hair et al. (2010), they are
generally adequate and dependable. The composite dependability esteems have been
gotten from CFA which demonstrates that all of the qualities are above 0.7 and are
profoundly dependable.

4.2.4.2. Convergent validity

The normal change separated (AVE) has been utilized to assess the focalized legitimacy.
The procedure has been kept running with smartPLS for the entirety estimation display. AVE
is the degree of change, caught by the build in connection to the measure of change,
ascribed to estimation blunders (Battour, 2010, pp. 162). On the off chance that the AVE is
under 0.50, the difference created from the estimation blunder will outperform from the
fluctuation emerging from develops (Fornell also, Larcker. 1981).

Assessment of Convergent Validity

 Construct AVE
PSHM 0.520
PLLM 0.513
IAD 0.614
OTS 0.709

As indicated by Battor and Battour (2010c) and proposed by Fornell and Larcker (1981) the
merged legitimacy is perceived just if the AVE for each develop be 0.50 or a greater amount
of aggregate fluctuation. The table 4.9 is given by the AVE measures that every one of them
are higher than 0.50. In light of table 4.9, the concurrent legitimacy for push persuasive
variables is 0.520, pull factors 0.513, Islamic traits of goal 0.614 and in general vacationers'
fulfillment 0.709; all of them have the appropriate and worthy merged legitimacy.

4.2.4.3. Discriminant Validity

The discriminant Validity alludes to the circumstance in which the square base of AVE for
each build is more noteworthy than the estimation of relationship between's given build and
every one of different develops; or at the end of the day, AVE esteem is higher than the
change it imparts to different builds (Battour, 2010; Fornell and Lacker, 1981).The strong
numbers in corner to corner arrange in Table 4.10 presents the square foundation of AVE
which is constantly bigger than the connection esteems. In view of the outcome appeared in
table 4.10 it tends to be viewed as that worthy discriminant legitimacy has been
distinguished.

Correlation between Constructs

PSHM PLLM IAD OST

 PSHM 0.721
PLLM 0.529 0.716
IAD 0.190 0.185 0.783
OST 0.373 0.553 0.362 0.842

It can be concluded that the results of measurement model are acceptable and suitable to
progress with assessment of structural model.

4.2.5. Analysis of the Structural Model and Testing of Hypotheses

The information has been lessened in the last area during the time spent estimation display.
Presently just substantial, dependable and composite factors are close by which is usable in
the last advance for evaluating the basic model. The method for assessing the auxiliary
model and testing the theories has been examined in part three, area 3.3; the theory
relations have been produced in understanding with hypothetical system created in part
three.

The Study Hypotheses

No Hypotheses
H1 The push motivations (PSHM) positively influence overall tourist satisfaction
(OTS).
H2 The pull motivations (PLLM) positively influence overall tourist satisfaction (OTS).
H3 Islamic attributes of destination (IAD) moderate the relationship between the
push motivations (PSHM) and overall tourists’ satisfaction (OTS).
H4 Islamic attributes of destination (IAD) moderate the relationship between the pull
motivations (PLLM) and overall tourist satisfaction (OTS).

The structural model has been analyzed by using SmartPLS once with moderating variable
and the next time without moderating variable to examine the relationships between
constructs in the recommended model and to test the hypotheses.
Based on the results shown in the table 4.12 all the hypotheses have been supported; they
are proven by the path coefficient and significant t-value.

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