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Intro to White Mensural Notation
Jadwiga Krzyzanowska
Prepared for KWDMS 2013
Clefs
F Clef
C Clef G Clef
The line through
The line The line the clef
the clef is F
through the clef curls around is G
below Middle C
is Middle C above Middle C
Mensurations
More (or Less)
Note Name Modern Equivalent Rest
Longa Modus Perfectus
Modus Imperfectus Perfect Imperfect
Breve Tempus Perfectum
Tempus ImPerfectum
Prolatio Major
Semibreve
Prolatio Minor
Minim
Semiminim
(Crotchet)
Fusa
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Mensuration Signs
Symbol
Tempus Perfectum Perfectum ImPerfectum ImPerfectum
Prolatio Major Minor Major Minor
Divisions
Reccommended
Modern Time
Signature
Special Mensuration Signs
Line through Mensuration Sign Called Alla Breve
Alla Breve
Still ImPerfectum Minor
Italian for “At the Breve” 3 Indicates Minims are in groups of 3
Same Mensuration, but twice as fast.
Other Stuff to Know
Custos Flat Repeat Sign Signum Congruentiae
Occurs at the end of a line. Sometimes one Cadence Point (All voices
Tells what the pitch of the like this is at the come together) or
note on the next line is. end of a piece.... Sign for where to start or
Sharp
end a canon.
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Ligatures
Apel, Willi (1961). The Notation of Polyphonic Music, 900–1600
L = Long
Rule of Thumb: Don't change syllables on a ligature. B = Breve
S = Semibreve
Punctis Augmentionis
Only in Imperfect Mensurations
Dots act like in Modern Notation:
Adds one half the length of the note
If Imperfect Mensuration, this would
have the value of 3 Crotchets
Imperfection 4
In Tempus Perfectum, Breves are by default worth 3 Semibreves
In Tempus Perfectum, Breves are Sometimes worth 2 Semibreves
In the following examples, the modern notation has been halved for clarity.
= = =
Tempus Perfectum Prolatio Minor
If a Breve is followed by a note or rest that has a length of a Breve or greater, the Breve is Perfect—worth 3 Semibreves.
If a Breve is followed by 3 Semibreves, the Breve is Perfect.
If a Breve is followed by a group of smaller notes that equal 3 Semibreves, the Breve is Perfect.
If a Breve is followed by 2 Semibreves, the Breve is Perfect.
(The second Semibreve turns into an Imperfect Breve. This will be explained later.)
If a Breve is followed by 1 Semibreve, the Breve is Imperfect—worth 2 Semibreves
If a Breve is followed by 1 Semibreve worth of notes, the Breve is Imperfect—worth 2 Semibreves
If a Breve is followed by more than three Semibreves, the Breve is Imperfect.
If a Breve is preceded by 1 Semibreve, the Breve is Imperfect
If a Breve is preceded by more than three Semibreves, the Breve is Imperfect.
If a Breve is preceded by and followed by a Semibreve, the Semibreve following the Breve does the Imperfecting.
Rests cannot be Imperfected.
Rests can Imperfect Breves. These are Guidelines.
They are not hard and fast rules.
Imperfection 5
Tempus Perfectus Prolatio Major
Tempus ImPerfectum Prolation Major
Minims can Imperfect Semibreves.
Minims can Imperfect Breves and Longas. This is called Partial Imperfection.
General Assumtion: 2 Breves to a Longa.
This leads to weird combinations, especially in Tempus Perfectus Prolatio Major.
For example, you can get recursive Imperfection
The weird stuff doesn't happen often in actual music, but it's written about at length in music treatises.
Alteration
Alteration occurs when there are two Semibreves following a Breve.
The second Semibreve turns into an Imperfected Breve.
Punctis Divisionis
In Perfect Mensurations (Everything Except Tempus Imperfectus Prolation Minor), a dot after a note can indicate
that the rules of imperfection are to done differently than expected.
For Example:
By default indicates
indicates
The Dot indicates that the Semibreve before the dot Imperfects the Breve before the dot.
The two Semibreves form the alteration discussed above, thus the second Semibreve becomes an Imperfect Breve.
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What's Not Covered In This Handout
Sometimes in music written in white notation some of the notes are colored
Coloration black or red. This is a way of changing the meter mid-piece. To find out more,
check the Recommended Reading.
Sometimes there will be numbers or fractions written in the music. This is
Proportions another way to alter the meter mid-piece. To find out more, check the
Recommended Reading.
Often there will be notes in the music that need to be altered even though no
Musica Ficta accidentals are written in the music. A general rule of thumb is if there's a tritone
between the cantus firmus (usually bottom line with lots of long notes) and an
upper line, alter the upper line note to fix it. OK alterations: B – Bf; F-Fs; E-Ef;
C-Cs. There's a bit more to it than this, but this will get you pretty far.
Where to Find Facsimiles
http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:15th-century_facsimiles
Laborde Chansonnier
Chansonnier Cordiforme
http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:16th-century_facsimiles
Early English Books Online http://eebo.chadwyck.com/home
You may have access through your University
Lots of English Madrigals
Digital Archive of Medieval Music http://www.diamm.ac.uk/
GB-Lbl Add. 31922
http://www.diamm.ac.uk/jsp/Descriptions?op=SOURCE&sourceKey=1238
Recommended Reading
The Notation of Polyphonic Music 900 – 1600 by Wili Apel
The book that all of the other sources quote. You Should probably own it if you want to do
transcription. Available on Amazon new for under $30 at the time of this writing.
http://stdionysius.lochac.sca.org/collegeprojects/twmnlt.html
Was originally going to use this as the “textbook” for the class.
http://ieee.uwaterloo.ca/praetzel/mp3-cd/info/raybro/index1.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensural_notation
http://anaigeon.free.fr/e_mensur_intro.html
The Notation of Western Music by Richard Rastall
Discusses these topics. If you have to pick one book, I recommend Apel's book.
Tools Used for Handout
LibreOffice Impress
Lilypond
OooLilypond Plugin
Galliarde 29 from Claude Gervaise's Fourth Book of Dances 7
Upper Part from Ave Regina Caelorum ~ Dufay
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