Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method
they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.[1]

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical work moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy
sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling
and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in
developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.

When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single-stage pump. When a casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is called a double- or multi-stage
pump.

In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps have evolved; biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps. A small, electrically powered pump

Contents
Types
Positive displacement pumps
Impulse pumps
Velocity pumps
Gravity pumps
Steam pumps
Valveless pumps A large, electrically driven pump
(electropump) for waterworks near
Pump repairs
the Hengsteysee, Germany
History of Pumps
Applications
Priming a pump
Pumps as public water supplies
Sealing multiphase pumping applications
Specifications
Pumping power
Efficiency
References
Further reading

Types
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be placed external to the fluid.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are two basic types of pumps: positive
displacement and centrifugal. Although axial-flow pumps are frequently classified as a separate type, they have essentially the same operating principles as centrifugal pumps.[2]

Positive displacement pumps

A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.

Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side
expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.

Positive displacement pump behavior and safety

Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, Lobe pump internals
positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate.

A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed
discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or
safety valves. The internal valve is usually used only as a safety precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction line or supply tank provides increased safety.

Positive displacement types

A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move the fluid:

Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid-ring pumps
Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston pumps, plunger pumps or diaphragm pumps
Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps

Rotary positive displacement pumps

These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures and draws in the liquid.[3]

Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient because they can handle highly viscous fluids with higher flow rates as viscosity increases.[4]

Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating pump and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are
operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through, which reduces efficiency.

Rotary positive displacement pumps fall into three main types:

Gear pumps – a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between two gears
Screw pumps – the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws turning against each other to pump the liquid Rotary vane pump
Rotary vane pumps – similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the vanes trap fluid between the
rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump.

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps

Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction. In order for suction to take place, the pump must
first pull the plunger in an outward motion to decrease pressure in the chamber. Once the plunger pushes back, it will increase the pressure chamber and the inward pressure of the plunger will then open the discharge
valve and release the fluid into the delivery pipe at a high velocity.[5]
Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three)
cylinder. They can be either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions.
The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam propulsion
—as boiler feed water pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications that demand low flow rates
against high resistance. Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle pumps and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.

These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction
side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation and the pump’s volumetric efficiency can be achieved
through routine maintenance and inspection of its valves.[6]

Typical reciprocating pumps are:

Plunger pumps – a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed by suction on the way back.
Diaphragm pumps – similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to
pump hazardous and toxic fluids.
Piston pumps displacement pumps – usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.
Radial piston pumps - a form of hydraulic pump where pistons extend in a radial direction. Simple hand pump

Various positive-displacement pumps

The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:

Rotary lobe pump

Progressive cavity pump
Rotary gear pump
Piston pump
Diaphragm pump
Screw pump
Gear pump
Hydraulic pump
Rotary vane pump
Peristaltic pump
Rope pump
Flexible impeller pump

Gear pump
This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the Antique "pitcher" pump (c. 1924) at
outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various the Colored School in Alapaha,
Georgia, US
hydraulic power packs.

Screw pump
A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two or three screws with opposing thread — e.g., one screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise.
The screws are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid
through the pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump's casing is minimal.

Progressing cavity pump

Widely used for pumping difficult materials, such as sewage sludge contaminated with large particles, this pump consists of a helical rotor, about ten times as long as its width.
This can be visualized as a central core of diameter x with, typically, a curved spiral wound around of thickness half x, though in reality it is manufactured in single casting. This
Gear pump
shaft fits inside a heavy duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness also typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor gradually forces fluid up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop
very high pressure at low volumes.

Roots-type pumps
Named after the Roots brothers who invented it,this lobe pump displaces the liquid trapped between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°, rotating
Screw pump
inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point of discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex. It
can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance that some applications require.

Applications include:

High capacity industrial air compressors

Roots superchargers on internal combustion engines.
A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation's Thunderbolt.

Peristaltic pump
A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It contains fluid within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been
A Roots lobe pump
made). A number of rollers, shoes, or wipers attached to a rotor compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or occludes),
forcing the fluid through the tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam it draws (restitution) fluid into the pump. This process is
called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.

Plunger pumps
Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive displacement pumps.

These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke the plunger retracts and
the suction valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the liquid out of the discharge valve. Efficiency and common problems:
With only one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is
at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and water hammer may be a serious problem. In general the problems
are compensated for by using two or more cylinders not working in phase with each other.
360° Peristaltic Pump

Triplex-style plunger pumps

Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, which reduces the pulsation of single reciprocating plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet can further smooth the pump ripple, or ripple graph of a
pump transducer. The dynamic relationship of the high-pressure fluid and plunger generally requires high-quality plunger seals. Plunger pumps with a larger number of plungers have the benefit of increased flow, or
smoother flow without a pulsation damper. The increase in moving parts and crankshaft load is one drawback.
Car washes often use these triplex-style plunger pumps (perhaps without pulsation dampers). In 1968, William Bruggeman reduced the size of the triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that car washes could use
equipment with smaller footprints. Durable high-pressure seals, low-pressure seals and oil seals, hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic plungers and heavier duty ball and roller bearings improve
reliability in triplex pumps. Triplex pumps now are in a myriad of markets across the world.

Triplex pumps with shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person who uses a home pressure washer for 10 hours a year may be satisfied with a pump that lasts 100 hours between rebuilds. Industrial-grade
or continuous duty triplex pumps on the other end of the quality spectrum may run for as much as 2,080 hours a year.[7]

The oil and gas drilling industry uses massive semi trailer-transported triplex pumps called mud pumps to pump drilling mud, which cools the drill bit and carries the cuttings back to the surface.[8] Drillers use triplex or
even quintuplex pumps to inject water and solvents deep into shale in the extraction process called fracking.[9]

Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps

One modern application of positive displacement pumps is compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although all manufacturers offer ATEX
certified models to comply with industry regulation. These pumps are relatively inexpensive and can perform a wide variety of duties, from pumping water out of bunds to pumping hydrochloric acid from secure storage
(dependent on how the pump is manufactured – elastomers / body construction). These double-diaphragm pumps can handle viscous fluids and abrasive materials with a gentle pumping process ideal for transporting
shear sensitive media.[10]

Rope pumps
Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these pumps can be made from very simple materials: A rope, a wheel and a PVC pipe are sufficient to make a simple rope
pump. Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grass roots organizations and the techniques for making and running them have been continuously improved.[11]

Impulse pumps
Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the
pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.

Conventional impulse pumps include:

Hydraulic ram pumps – kinetic energy of a low-head water supply is stored temporarily in an air-bubble hydraulic accumulator, then used to drive water to a higher head.
Pulser pumps – run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only.
Airlift pumps – run on air inserted into pipe, which pushes the water up when bubbles move upward
Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse from a
combustion event through the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. In order to allow this direct transmission, the pump needs to be almost entirely made of an elastomer (e.g.
silicone rubber). Hence, the combustion causes the membrane to expand and thereby pumps the fluid out of the adjacent pumping chamber. The first combustion-driven soft
pump was developed by ETH Zurich.[12] Rope pump schematic

Hydraulic ram pumps

A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower.[13]

It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-rate and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that lifts a portion of the input
water that powers the pump to a point higher than where the water started.

The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is
often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.

Velocity pumps
Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is
converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to
pressure is explained by the First law of thermodynamics, or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle.

Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is achieved.[14]

These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:

1. Continuous energy
2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)
3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head
A practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is how they operate under closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps physically displace
fluid, so closing a valve downstream of a positive displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic
pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time). A centrifugal pump uses an impeller
with backward-swept arms

Radial-flow pumps
Such a pump is also referred to as a centrifugal pump. The fluid enters along the axis or center, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially); an example is the centrifugal fan, which is
commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. Generally, a radial-flow pump operates at higher pressures and lower flow rates than an axial- or a mixed-flow pump.

Axial-flow pumps
These are also referred to as All fluid pumps. The fluid is pushed outward or inward and move fluid axially. They operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial-flow (centrifugal) pumps. Axial-flow
pumps cannot be run up to speed without special precaution. If at a low flow rate, the total head rise and high torque associated with this pipe would mean that the starting torque would have to become a function of
acceleration for the whole mass of liquid in the pipe system. If there is a large amount of fluid in the system, accelerate the pump slowly.[15]

Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pumps. The fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and 90 degrees from the axial
direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge
characteristic in relation to radial and mixed-flow.

Eductor-jet pump
This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a low pressure. This low pressure sucks in fluid and propels it into a higher pressure region.

Gravity pumps
Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountain. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes called a gravity pump; in a gravity pump the water is lifted by gravitational force and so called gravity pump

Steam pumps
Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery's or the Pulsometer steam pump.

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use in smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been viable because of escalating
inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use of modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that these types of system are now a cost effective opportunity.
Valveless pumps
Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical occlusions) are present to regulate the flow direction. The fluid pumping
efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless pumping to transport the working
fluids therein. For instance, blood circulation in the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even when the heart’s valves fail. Meanwhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood long before the
development of discernible chambers and valves. In microfluidics, valveless impedance pumps have been fabricated, and are expected to be particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids. Ink jet printers operating on
the Piezoelectric transducer principle also use valveless pumping. The pump chamber is emptied through the printing jet due to reduced flow impedance in that direction and refilled by capillary action..

Pump repairs
Examining pump repair records and mean time between failures (MTBF) is of great importance to responsible and conscientious pump users. In view of that fact, the preface to
the 2006 Pump User’s Handbook alludes to "pump failure" statistics. For the sake of convenience, these failure statistics often are translated into MTBF (in this case, installed life
before failure).[16]

In early 2005, Gordon Buck, John Crane Inc.’s chief engineer for Field Operations in Baton Rouge, LA, examined the repair records for a number of refinery and chemical plants
to obtain meaningful reliability data for centrifugal pumps. A total of 15 operating plants having nearly 15,000 pumps were included in the survey. The smallest of these plants
had about 100 pumps; several plants had over 2000. All facilities were located in the United States. In addition, considered as "new", others as "renewed" and still others as
"established". Many of these plants—but not all—had an alliance arrangement with John Crane. In some cases, the alliance contract included having a John Crane Inc. technician
or engineer on-site to coordinate various aspects of the program.
Derelict windmill connected to water
Not all plants are refineries, however, and different results occur elsewhere. In chemical plants, pumps have historically been "throw-away" items as chemical attack limits life. pump with water storage tank in the
Things have improved in recent years, but the somewhat restricted space available in "old" DIN and ASME-standardized stuffing boxes places limits on the type of seal that fits. foreground
Unless the pump user upgrades the seal chamber, the pump only accommodates more compact and simple versions. Without this upgrading, lifetimes in chemical installations
are generally around 50 to 60 percent of the refinery values.

Unscheduled maintenance is often one of the most significant costs of ownership, and failures of mechanical seals and bearings are among the major causes. Keep in mind the potential value of selecting pumps that cost
more initially, but last much longer between repairs. The MTBF of a better pump may be one to four years longer than that of its non-upgraded counterpart. Consider that published average values of avoided pump failures
range from US$2600 to US$12,000. This does not include lost opportunity costs. One pump fire occurs per 1000 failures. Having fewer pump failures means having fewer destructive pump fires.

As has been noted, a typical pump failure, based on actual year 2002 reports, costs US$5,000 on average. This includes costs for material, parts, labor and overhead. Extending a pump's MTBF from 12 to 18 months would
save US$1,667 per year — which might be greater than the cost to upgrade the centrifugal pump's reliability.[16][17][18]

History of Pumps
In 200 BC Archimedes designed the Archimedean screw pump. It is considered one of the most important inventions of all time. It is still in use for pumping liquids and granulated solids. It can irrigate fields without
electrical pumps.[19]

Applications
Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications includes the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for
irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine
services, etc.

Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to
Metering pump for gasoline and
low pressure, and from high volume to low volume.
additives.

Priming a pump
Typically, a liquid pump can't simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and the internal body surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with the liquid that requires pumping: An operator must introduce
liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming the pump. Loss of prime is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and displacement ratios in pumps for liquids, whether thin or
more viscous, usually cannot displace air due to its compressibility. This is the case with most velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for example, centrifugal pumps. For such pumps the position of the pump should always be
lower than the suction point, if not the pump should be manually filled with liquid or a secondary pump should be used until all air is removed from the suction line and the pump casing.

Positive–displacement pumps, however, tend to have sufficiently tight sealing between the moving parts and the casing or housing of the pump that they can be described as self-priming. Such pumps can also serve as
priming pumps, so called when they are used to fulfill that need for other pumps in lieu of action taken by a human operator.

Pumps as public water supplies

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or 'pitcher pump'. It was commonly installed over community water wells in the days before piped
water supplies.

In parts of the British Isles, it was often called the parish pump. Though such community pumps are no longer common, people still used the expression parish pump to describe
a place or forum where matters of local interest are discussed.[21]

Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to
gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. At the time it was not known how cholera was transmitted, but
physician John Snow suspected contaminated water and had the handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the outbreak then subsided.

Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most sustainable low-cost option for safe water supply in resource-poor settings, often in rural areas in developing
countries. A hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated
buckets. Pumps such as the Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of
pumps in some regions of Africa has diminished their utility for these areas.
First European depiction of a piston
pump, by Taccola, c.1450.[20]
Sealing multiphase pumping applications
Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil drilling activity. In addition, the economics of multiphase production is
attractive to upstream operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and improved production rates. In essence, the multiphase
pump can accommodate all fluid stream properties with one piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller multiphase pumps are installed in series
rather than having just one massive pump.

For midstream and upstream operations, multiphase pumps can be located onshore or offshore and can be connected to single or multiple wellheads. Basically, multiphase
pumps are used to transport the untreated flow stream produced from oil wells to downstream processes or gathering facilities. This means that the pump may handle a flow
stream (well stream) from 100 percent gas to 100 percent liquid and every imaginable combination in between. The flow stream can also contain abrasives such as sand and
dirt. Multiphase pumps are designed to operate under changing or fluctuating process conditions. Multiphase pumping also helps eliminate emissions of greenhouse gases as
operators strive to minimize the flaring of gas and the venting of tanks where possible.[22]
Irrigation is underway by pump-enabled
extraction directly from the Gumti, seen
Types and features of multiphase pumps in the background, in Comilla,
Bangladesh.

Helico-axial pumps (centrifugal)

A rotodynamic pump with one single shaft that requires two mechanical seals, this pump uses an open-type axial impeller. It's often called a Poseidon pump, and can be described as a cross between an axial compressor
and a centrifugal pump.
Twin-screw (positive-displacement)
The twin-screw pump is constructed of two inter-meshing screws that move the pumped fluid. Twin screw pumps are often used when pumping conditions contain high gas volume fractions and fluctuating inlet conditions.
Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two shafts.

Progressive cavity (positive-displacement)

When the pumping application is not suited to a centrifugal pump, a progressive cavity pump is used instead.[23] Progressive cavity pumps are single-screw types typically used in shallow wells or at the surface. This pump
is mainly used on surface applications where the pumped fluid may contain a considerable amount of solids such as sand and dirt. The volumetric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a progressive cavity pump increases
as the viscosity of the liquid does.[23]

Electric submersible (centrifugal)

These pumps are basically multistage centrifugal pumps and are widely used in oil well applications as a method for artificial lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped fluid is mainly liquid.

Buffer tank A buffer tank is often installed upstream of the pump suction nozzle in case of a slug flow. The buffer tank breaks the energy of the liquid slug, smooths any fluctuations in the incoming flow and acts as a sand
trap.

As the name indicates, multiphase pumps and their mechanical seals can encounter a large variation in service conditions such as changing process fluid composition, temperature variations, high and low operating
pressures and exposure to abrasive/erosive media. The challenge is selecting the appropriate mechanical seal arrangement and support system to ensure maximized seal life and its overall effectiveness.[22][24][25]

Specifications
Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, volumetric flow rate, outlet pressure in metres (or feet) of head, inlet suction in suction feet (or metres) of head. The head can be simplified as the number of feet or metres the
pump can raise or lower a column of water at atmospheric pressure.

From an initial design point of view, engineers often use a quantity termed the specific speed to identify the most suitable pump type for a particular combination of flow rate and head.

Pumping power
The power imparted into a fluid increases the energy of the fluid per unit volume. Thus the power relationship is between the conversion of the mechanical energy of the pump mechanism and the fluid elements within the
pump. In general, this is governed by a series of simultaneous differential equations, known as the Navier–Stokes equations. However a more simple equation relating only the different energies in the fluid, known as
Bernoulli's equation can be used. Hence the power, P, required by the pump:

where Δp is the change in total pressure between the inlet and outlet (in Pa), and Q, the volume flow-rate of the fluid is given in m3/s. The total pressure may have gravitational, static pressure and kinetic energy
components; i.e. energy is distributed between change in the fluid's gravitational potential energy (going up or down hill), change in velocity, or change in static pressure. η is the pump efficiency, and may be given by the
manufacturer's information, such as in the form of a pump curve, and is typically derived from either fluid dynamics simulation (i.e. solutions to the Navier–Stokes for the particular pump geometry), or by testing. The
efficiency of the pump depends upon the pump's configuration and operating conditions (such as rotational speed, fluid density and viscosity etc.)

For a typical "pumping" configuration, the work is imparted on the fluid, and is thus positive. For the fluid imparting the work on the pump (i.e. a turbine), the work is negative. Power required to drive the pump is
determined by dividing the output power by the pump efficiency. Furthermore, this definition encompasses pumps with no moving parts, such as a siphon.

Efficiency
Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed for a given pump, efficiency is a function of the discharge and
therefore also operating head. For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency or Best Efficiency Point (BEP) ) and then declines as
flow rates rise further. Pump performance data such as this is usually supplied by the manufacturer before pump selection. Pump efficiencies tend to decline over time due to wear (e.g. increasing clearances as impellers
reduce in size).

When a system includes a centrifugal pump, an important design issue is matching the head loss-flow characteristic with the pump so that it operates at or close to the point of its maximum efficiency.

Pump efficiency is an important aspect and pumps should be regularly tested. Thermodynamic pump testing is one method.

References
1. Pump classifications (http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E05.htm#5.3.1). Fao.org. Retrieved 14. Welcome to the Hydraulic Institute (http://www.pumps.org/content_detail_pumps.aspx?id=1768).
on 2011-05-25. Pumps.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
2. Improving Pumping System Performance: A Sourcebook for Industry (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/man 15. "Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps" (http://www.idmeb.org/contents/resource/80030b_15_23.pdf)
ufacturing/tech_assistance/pdfs/pump.pdf), Second Edition, May 2006. Accessed 2015-05-22. (PDF). Institution of Diploma Marine Engineers, Bangladesh. June 2003. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
3. "Understanding positive displacement pumps | PumpScout" (http://www.pumpscout.com/articles-expert- 16. Pump Statistics Should Shape Strategies (http://www.maintenancetechnology.com/2008/10/pump-statisti
advice/understanding-positive-displacement-pumps-aid89.html). Retrieved 2018-01-03. cs-should-shape-strategies/). Mt-online.com 1 October 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
4. inc., elyk innovation,. "Positive Displacement Pumps - LobePro Rotary Pumps" (http://www.lobepro.com/ 17. Submersible slurry pumps in high demand (http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/submersible-slurry-
fund-why-choose-lobepro-12-reasons.php). www.lobepro.com. Retrieved 2018-01-03. pumps-in-high-demand-2006-10-06). Engineeringnews.co.za. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
5. "Preventing Suction System Problems Using Reciprocating Pumps" (http://www.triangle-pump.com/prev 18. Wasser, Goodenberger, Jim and Bob (November 1993). "Extended Life, Zero Emissions Seal for
enting-suction-system-problems). Triangle Pump Components, Inc. Retrieved 2017-08-18. Process Pumps". John Crane Technical Report. Routledge. TRP 28017.
6. Inc., Triangle Pump Components. "What Is Volumetric Efficiency?" (https://info.triangle-pump.com/blog/w 19. https://web.archive.org/web/20190102102054/https://www.pumpsandsystems.com/topics/pumps/pumps/his
hat-is-volumetric-efficiency). Retrieved 2018-01-03. pumps-through-years
7. "Definitive Guide: Pumps Used in Pressure Washers" (http://pressurewashr.com/pressure-washer-pump 20. Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times (https://books.g
s/). The Pressure Washr Review. Retrieved May 14, 2016. oogle.com/books?id=MqSXc5sGZJUC&pg=PA143&dq=Taccola+first+piston). London: Routledge.
8. "Drilling Pumps" (http://www.gardnerdenverpumps.com/pumps/). Gardner Denver. p. 143. ISBN 0-415-15291-7.
9. "Stimulation and Fracturing pumps: Reciprocating, Quintuplex Stimulation and Fracturing Pump" (http:// 21. "Online Dictionary – Parish Pump" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/parish+pump). Retrieved
www.gardnerdenverpumps.com/pumps/stimulation-fracturing/gd-2500/) Archived (https://web.archive.or 2010-11-22.
g/web/20140222144759/http://www.gardnerdenverpumps.com/pumps/stimulation-fracturing/gd-2500/) 22. Sealing Multiphase Pumping Applications | Seals (http://pump-zone.com/seals/seals/sealing-multiphase-
2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. Gardner Denver. pumping-applications.html). Pump-zone.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
10. Admin. "Advantages of an Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pump" (https://www.globalpumps.com.au/blo 23. "When to use Progressive Cavity Pumps" (http://www.libertyprocess.com/when_to_use_progressive_cav
g/advantages-of-an-air-operated-double-diaphragm-pump). Retrieved 2018-01-03. ity_pumps.html). www.libertyprocess.com. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
11. Tanzania water (http://tanzaniawater.blogspot.com/2010/08/hi-its-cai.html) blog – example of grass roots 24. John Crane Seal Sentinel – John Crane Increases Production Capabilities with Machine that
researcher telling about his study and work with the rope pump in Africa. Streamlines Four Machining Functions into One (http://www.sealsentinel.com/interphex/Day1-Story2.htm
12. C.M. Schumacher, M. Loepfe, R.Fuhrer, R.N. Grass, and W.J. Stark, "3D printed lost-wax casted soft l) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101127044346/http://www.sealsentinel.com/interphex/Day1-S
silicone monoblocks enable heart-inspired pumping by internal combustion," RSC Advances, Vol. 4,pp. tory2.html) 2010-11-27 at the Wayback Machine. Sealsentinel.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
16039–16042, 2014. 25. Vacuum pump new on SA market (http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/vacuum-pump-new-on-sa-m
13. Demirbas, Ayhan (2008-11-14). Biofuels: Securing the Planet’s Future Energy Needs (https://books.goog arket-2005-04-22). Engineeringnews.co.za. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
le.com/books?id=4pp6aFaMPJ4C&pg=PA22&dq=%C2%A0A+hydraulic+ram+is+a+water+pump+power
ed+by+hydropower.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTnOXM_MzUAhUWHGMKHRPdCwkQ6AEIODAE#v
=onepage&q=%C2%A0A%20hydraulic%20ram%20is%20a%20water%20pump%20powered%20by%20
hydropower.&f=false). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781848820111.

Further reading
 Australian Pump Manufacturers' Association. Australian Pump Technical Handbook, 3rd edition. Canberra: Australian Pump Manufacturers' Association, 1987. ISBN 0-7316-7043-4.
Hicks, Tyler G. and Theodore W. Edwards. Pump Application Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Company.1971. ISBN 0-07-028741-4
Karassik, Igor, ed. (2007). Pump Handbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=MNq-mAEACAAJ) (4 ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 9780071460446.
Robbins, L. B. "Homemade Water Pressure Systems" (https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83). Popular Science, February 1919, pages 83–84. Article about how a homeowner can easily build
a pressurized home water system that does not use electricity.

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