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Lichens, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main growth forms: crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Bryophytes are nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They reproduce via spores and have a dominant haploid gametophyte stage. Pteridophytes are vascular plants that include ferns, club mosses, horsetails and extinct groups. They have an alternation of generations with a free-living gametophyte and dominant sporophyte.

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Ma. Genoveva Maldonado
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138 views42 pages

Lichens, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main growth forms: crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Bryophytes are nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They reproduce via spores and have a dominant haploid gametophyte stage. Pteridophytes are vascular plants that include ferns, club mosses, horsetails and extinct groups. They have an alternation of generations with a free-living gametophyte and dominant sporophyte.

Uploaded by

Ma. Genoveva Maldonado
Copyright
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lichens,

Bryophytes
and Pteridophytes
A cartoon tree of life
Bacteria
(not to scale!)
Archaea

Eukaryotes
“Protists”

Animals Fungi Plants


Lichens
•A symbiotic organism (always at least 2 partners)
•Fungus with cyanobacteria and/or green alga
Lichens
Lichen reproduction and dispersal
Lichen diversity fruticose
3 main growth forms

crustose

foliose
Lichen diversity
Reindeer “moss”
(Cladonia)
Lichen diversity

Old Man’s Beard


(Usnea)
Lichen diversity

Spotted dog lichen


Peltigira
Lichen diversity

Powderhorn and funnel lichens (Cladonia spp.)


Lichen diversity

Tumbleweed
shield lichen
The evolution of plant diversity
What do most plants have in common?

1. Photosynthetic organelles (chloroplasts)


--> make sugars from CO2 using light energy

1. Alternation of generations
--> have 2 multicellular life stages
What we do:

meiosis OR

2N 1N
organism gametes
What plants do: Alternation of Generations

2N meiosis
sporophyte
gametes
spores
1N
gametophyte
mitosis
Plant life cycles
Bryophytes: nonvascular plants (mosses and liverworts)
Bryophyte “primitive” features
• nonvascular
• no roots/belowground organs
• flagellate sperm
- require H2O to reach egg

• seedless
- dispersal by spores, fragmentation, gemmae
• dominant gametophyte (haploid) stage in life cycle
Mosses -- dominant gametophyte w/ attached sporophyte
peristome
Bryophyta

gametophyte
sporophyte

capsule

seta
Bryophyte diversity (3 phyla)
• Bryophyta (Mosses) -12,000 species
• Sphagnidae (peat mosses: Sphagnum)
• Andreaeaidae (lantern mosses)
• Bryidae (95% of moss species)

• Hepatophyta (Liverworts)
• Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
Sphagnidae
• single genus: Sphagnum; about 200 sps.
• about 1% of earth terrestrial surface covered by Sphagnum
20% of electrical power in Ireland from peat combustion
Bryidae: most common of the mosses
Features used for IDing:
Gametophyte
• general growth form
- stems erect (acrocarpous) or prostrate (pleurocarpous)
• leaf cellular features
Sporophyte
• capsule morphology
• peristome teeth features
Polytrichum Tortula & Aulacomnium

Grimmia
Hylocomium
Bryidae capsule peristomal teeth variation
Liverworts
8000 species worldwide
2 orders

Marchantiales
(“Thalloid”)

Jungermanniales
(“Leafy”)
Hornworts - primary tropical
The evolution of plant diversity
Land plants (Embryophytes)
multiple adaptations to life on land
~450 million
years ago tracheids
(vascular cells for water transport)

“true” leaves

woodiness

seeds
Present

Seed plants
Bryophytes Lycopods Monophilites
(mosses, (club mosses) (ferns, horsetails)
liverworts)

Vascular plants
Ferns -- dominant sporophyte, free-living gametophyte

sporophyte

gametophyte
Pteridophytes
(Ferns)

Tree Ferns

Single central vascular bundle


Lycophytes - Club mosses

Isoetes sp.
(Quillwort)
Lepidodendron (tree-size fossil club moss)

Selaginella microphylls
Lycopodium annotidum (Stiff Club Moss)
Lycophytes - Club mosses
strobilus
Sphenophytes - Horsetails
1 widespread genus - Equistetum (Equisetaceae)
Sphenophytes - Horsetails
Pteridophytes
(Ferns)

Tree Ferns (once in Montana!)

Adiantum pedatum (Maidenhair Fern) Polypodium vulgare (Polypody)


Ferns -- dominant sporophyte, free-living gametophyte

sporophyte

gametophyte
Fern identification

Leaf shape
Sori on regular leaves vs. specialized leaves

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