International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 6, No.

8, August 2016

Reflections of Socio-Cultural Changes on Urban Space in

the 19th Century: The Case of Bursa
Elif Secer, Selen Durak, and Tulin Vural Arslan

city in the 19th century can be best observed.

Abstract—The Industrialization Movement in Europe since
18th century affected daily life in Ottoman Empire. Depending
on military and political failures against Western countries, II. INDUSTRIALISATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES
Ottoman Empire began to reorganize itself through making
reforms by adopting the Western culture and civilization. Many The urban structure of the cities all over the world,
innovations occured in the Ottoman Empire’s economic, especially in Europe, had undergone prominent changes with
political and social order with the presentation of Tanzimat Industrialization Revolution and the mechanization of
Edict in 1839. These Westernization efforts also affected the production in the second half of 18th century and especially in
socio-cultural and spatial structure of Ottoman cities. Bursa,
the first capital of Ottoman Empire, was among the significant
19th century. The increasing importance of trade and the
examples where the reflections of these changes on urban fabric access of technology in the city transformed production,
can be best observed. The aim of this study is to discuss the transportation and communication systems. The decrease in
spatial transformation of Bursa from a typical Ottoman city the requirement for labour in agricultural economy and the
into an industrial city. This discussion is based on the dynamics surplus of the product caused migration from rural to urban
behind the emergence of new building typologies which areas and the population began to gather in the cities. The
differentiated from the traditional urban fabric with their
functions and construction system.
factories, which were the new layout of the form of
production began to be located in the cities creating
Index Terms—Ottoman westernization, tanzimat reforms, residential areas for the workers around. The increase in
urban transformation in 19th century, Bursa. urban population and the developments in transportation
systems necessitated the re-organisation of the cities. As a
result, urban planning emerged as a new discipline in order to
I. INTRODUCTION find solutions for the problems of industrial cities [1].
In the 18th and 19th centuries fundamental changes A. Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century
occured all over the world, especially in Europe in the field of
The most prominent feature of the Ottoman Empire at the
economy, society, military and architecture. The changes
end of the 18th century was the loss of imperial land and the
emerged after the Industrialization, affected Ottoman Empire
weakening of the central government [2]. Military failures
as a neighbouring state of Europe. Economic and political
led Ottoman empire to orient towards the West in order to
decline in the 18th century entailed Ottoman Empire to make
gain strength. The initial Modernization movements began to
innovations in the State structure by adopting the Western
flourish during the process called Ottoman Westernization
culture and civilization. The political reforms that were
Period. the presentation of Tanzimat Edict in 1839 was the
practiced from the presentation of Reform Edicts in 1839
concrete example of Westernization process indicating the
(Tanzimat) and in 1856 (Islahat) until the First Constitutional
changes in traditional structure of the Ottoman society.
Era prevailed in 1876 affected the social life of the period and
The improvements in the sense of West was initially seen
these changes had reflections on the urban structure
in military as a result of the failures against the West and land
throughout the Empire.
losses. During Tanzimat period, depending on the perception
The first Ottoman capital Bursa is an ancient silk
that European society was superior than Ottomans,
production and trade center. With the effect of Industrial
amendments were made in the State’s former organisation.
Revolution, silk production became a significant industry for
Official institutions were reorganized according to the similar
the city in the 19th century. During industrialization process,
organisations in the West. In addition, improvements
Ahmet Vefik Pasha was appointed in Bursa in order to
manifested itself in technology, science and education fields.
implement Tanzimat reforms for the sake of modernization.
Westernization affected the structure of the society leading to
Significant changes had been experienced in socio-cultural
radical social changes [3].
structure of the city in the 19th century with industrialization
The problems of social security, health and education
and Westernization efforts. Bursa is one of the cities where
institutions and social structure of the multi-national Ottoman
the reflections of the Modernization process and the
society with diverse nationalities and religions can be seen as
distinctive changes in the traditional fabric of the Ottoman
issues causing decadence. These issues were addressed by
Manuscript received December 31, 2014; revised May 4, 2015. Tanzimat reforms, new regulations emerged in the State’s
E. Secer is with the Interior Architecture and Enviromental Design order and the social structure [3]. Ottoman society, through
Department, University of Bursa Orhangazi, 16310 Yıldırım, Bursa, Turkey making self-criticism, tried to improve its traditional
(e-mail: elif.secer@bou.edu.tr).
S. Durak and T. V. Arslan are with the Architecture Department, Uludag structure in order to keep up with the West during the 19th
University, Gorukle Campus, Bursa, Turkey (e-mail: century.
selendurak@gmail.com, tulinv@yahoo.com).

DOI: 10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.723 628

 International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 6, No. 8, August 2016

As a result of the changes in the structure of the State and modernization process of Paris conducted by Baron Eugene
the society, new building typologies, that were not required Haussmann as a Paris Embassy. Through his guidance, the
until then, emerged in the Ottoman Empire. Military and affects of Haussmann plan implemented in Paris could be
official public institutions, health-care and industrial observed in urban changes and development activities in
facilities, entertainment, commercial and accomodation Bursa [10].
buildings were embodied as the concrete samples of In order to ensure the development of industrialization
Westernization movements in cities during 19th century [4]. initiated by the foreign investors, Ahmet Vefik Pasha initially
made improvements in transportation system. Peripheral
B. From Traditional towards Industrial City: Bursa
roads were constructed in order to link Bursa with other
Bursa, after its conquest in 1326, became the capital of the major cities of Anatolia. The roads in the city were
State. Although in the following centuries when Edirne and reorganized so as to ensure the communication between the
Istanbul became the capital consecutively, Bursa didn’t lose city center and silk factories. Factories were linked to
its importance. Ottoman rulers always attached great
residential areas with new road connections which were
importance to Bursa that became a notable trade and
planned in accordance with the modern means of
production center due to its location and physical structure.
Silk and spice exchange between East and West was realized transportation. Linear roads aimed at linking the historic city
through Bursa. Silk was also manufactured in the city. Until with the new buildings of Tanzimat period [10]. In order to
the 19th century, Bursa had an appearance of a typical ensure the transfer of raw material that were produced in
traditional Ottoman city with its quarters developed around factories overseas, a railroad line was opened linking Bursa
building complexes called kulliye [5]. with its port city Mudanya. In this way, raw material could be
The trade of silk which was manufactured in Bursa had an easily transferred to Marseille Port and then to Lyon, the silk
important place in the economy of the city. In the 18th production center of France [5].
century, fabrics manifactured more cheaper in Europe led to a Due to these developments, Ahmet Vefik Pasha initiated
decline in domestic weaving and an increase in demand for the first modern urban activities in the city. With the factories
industrial production [5], [6]. In the 19th century, growing included in the skyline of the city and new transportation
demand for raw material in European countries, where routes, Bursa began to transform into an industrial city [11].
industrial production had developed, steered Ottoman trade,
especially the trade in Bursa.
The economic indicators changed in Bursa in the 19th III. REFLECTIONS OF SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGES ON
century depending on the technological developments in the URBAN SPACE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
weaving sector. With Industrial Revolution in Europe, in The change of manifacturing in raw silk industry from
steam-powered weaving industry, filature (spinning silk into domestic production to mechanization began to transform the
threads) technology emerged. Ten years later, first filature city's social fabric. Industrialization movement impacted
factory was opened with the initiation of foreign investment both physical and social structure in Bursa. In the early 19th
in Bursa [7]. Sericulture, which was once manifactured with century, following the establishment of silk factories in Bursa,
traditional methods, had undergone an industrial process in sericulture became an important field of activity, especially
Bursa, leading the construction of factories that caused among non-Muslims. Therefore silk factories, which had to
changes in urban structure [8]. be located near water resources, had chosen regions
19th century was Ottoman's orientation to West. However, especially where non-Muslims inhabited [11]. There were
the reason that initiated the change in Bursa was mainly the eleven silk factories in the 19th century urban fabric in
external factors [5]. Sericulture, which had an important Muradiye, Demirkapi, Mecnundede, Umurbey ve Karaagac
place in city’s trade, was the main cause of modernisation and Quarters (see Fig. 1) [8].
affected the generation of new dynamics in the city.
C. Urban Development during Westernization Period in
Bursa
Ottoman rulers sent officials to several cities in Anatolia
and Rumelia who were expected to inspect the reforms made
after Tanzimat and to improve central government. These
inspectors were equipped with extraordinary powers who
aimed at the realization of the reforms and the correction of
deficiencies through observing local government [9].
Beatrice Saint Laurent specified that the State had
identified Bursa as a pilot area for practising the reforms out
of Istanbul [10]. In 1855, Bursa had experienced a majör
earthquake which resulted in great damages. This situation
might have influenced the selection of Bursa as a pilot area.
Ahmed Vefik Paşa was appointed in Bursa in 1863 by the
central government. He accomplished the first innovative Fig. 1. Location of silk factories in Bursa in the 19th century [8].
movements in the city as an inspector in 1863 and 1864 and
as a governor between 1879 and 1882. Factories, although a new building typology in the 19th
Before his task in Bursa, Ahmet Vefik Pasha witnessed the century, are not included in this study in terms of their

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architectural characteristics. This study focuses on the impact Bursa affected the urban population and culture in the 19th
of socio-cultural changes after the factories were introduced century. After the Industrial Revolution, with the change in
in the urban fabric. daily life, buildings for entertainment and tourism emerged as
Big fires that demolished a large urban area in 1800s and new social spaces generated by the Western culture of foreign
the earthquake that occured in 1855 causing great damages in and non-Muslim inhabitants.
the city, necessitated urban development and construction of
A. The Change in Administrative Structure
new buildings.
Following the 1855 earthquake, the first plan of the city The reforms that were put into practise after the Tanzimat
was drawn in 1858 by Suphi Bey, who was a surveyor in a Edict included administrative, political, social and economic
military school. This plan guided the reconstruction of the regulations in Western sense. Public buildings for
city. With Modernization project, the physical fabric of the administrative affairs didn’t exist in the urban fabric until the
city was no longer organic, urban areas were planned in line 19th century. Government palace and town hall were the
with certain geometrical principles [12]. buildings developed as a result of the new administration
During this period, the physical fabric of the traditional approach. Government palaces were the symbols of central
Ottoman urban neighbourhood had changed. Socio-economic government in provinces, aimed at reinforcing the central
differences began to be considered in residential areas. government through making local legislations [14].
Traditional Ottoman city consisted of quarters with narrow, 1) Government palace
dead-end streets structured in accordance with the Innovation practices that were applied in the context of city
topography spontaneously. In order to update the physical administration regulations were public squares in front of the
structure of the city for contemporary means of transportation, government palace. The most important element in the square
Ahmet Vefik Pasha made radical changes in the urban fabric. was the government palace which included several
He opened big avenues through removing dead-end streets departments such city court, police, public works, trade and
and demolishing some buildings that were located on that agriculture, education, foreign affairs, and revenue offices. In
routes [10]. In this period, grid-iron plan began to shape the addition to this, prisons were located in relation with the
physical structure of quarters where organic urban structure government palace. Western building forms, that were
existed until the mid-19th century [5]. reflecting the ideology of the period, were dominant in the
In this period, the necessity of reconstruction in old overall structure of buildings [14].
quarters which were demolished by big fires emerged in The first reflection of Tanzimat reforms in the center of the
Bursa. For example, an Armenian quarter in Setbasi was city was the Government Palace that was constructed in 1863.
demolished by 1863 fire damaging the urban pattern. Ahmet The building, surrounded by walls, generated a focus in the
Vefik Pasha provided a new plan for this region in which the city center. Town hall, theatre and post-office were also
streets intersected vertically forming a grid [12]. With this located in this region which were constructed during the
plan, a new avenue called İpekcilik Street (named after governorship of Ahmet Vefik Pasha, [12]. It is claimed that
sericulture) was opened and the region began to be inhabited government palace, post-office and prison were displayed
by rich silk merchants. There was not a differentiation in together on the city maps [15].
terms of ethnicity and religion; the residences of Muslims, The goverment palace and the theatre were reflecting
non-Muslims and foreigners lined up together. The quarters European architecture in terms of plan and form (Fig. 2).
along the street became the location of upper-level income Town hall and post-office were reflecting traditional
groups [10]. Ottoman fabric in terms of construction methods and material.
Ottoman rulers prevented the use of timber as a Saint Laurent determined the location of government palace
construction material in the new buildings in order to avoid as the public square on which the statue of Atatürk is located
the spread of fire, and encouraged the construction of now. Three-storey masonry building was constructed with
masonry buildings. It could be observed that the use of timber brick, stone and stucco and had a rectangular plan. It had a
was reduced after 1863 fire [13]. Bursa began to acquire a simple facade with minimal ornamentation. There were the
modern appearance rather than a traditional Ottoman city rooms for the judge on the ground and first floors and
thereafter. governorship on the second floor [15].
In the 19th century, within the context of Modernization
project that was initiated with Tanzimat Edict, new
construction techniques and building typologies, that were
not existing in Ottoman cities before, began to emerge in
Bursa. The new building typologies can be listed as
administrative buildings, banks opened as a result of the new
financial system, railway stations and ports that emerged due
to the innovations in the transportation system, institutions
established depending on the arrangements in the field of
education and health. Fig. 2. Government palace [16].
During the Modernization process of Bursa, in addition to
the Tanzimat ideology of Ottoman Empire, industrialization Edmund Dutemple, who worked as a French consul in
in silk manifacture played an important role in the Bursa in 1880, claimed that the government building was
transformation of the traditional structure in socio-cultural constructed in neo-classical style and emphasized the
sense. The presence of the foreign investment in silk trade in similarity with other administration buildings all over the

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Ottoman Empire in this period. In addition, he resembled this non-Muslim education institutions [7].
building to an Ottoman residence, since the ground level
rooms were located around a close courtyard [15].
2) Town hall
After the first municipality established in Istanbul in 1854,
in 1866, it was determined that all municipal works should be
disseminated all over Anatolia. In Bursa a municipality was
organized in 1867 in order to realize modern urban activities.
[13]. Town hall was located in the vicinity of government
palace. (See Fig. 3) Post-office and theatre were also located Fig. 5. French consulate [16].
in that same region [12].

C. Landmarks: Clock Tower

Clock towers, which began to be built in the 19th century
in line with Tanzimat reforms, were standing as landmarks
indicating the power of the State [18]. Clock towers show the
flow of time and change time-space perception [19].
The first clock tower in Bursa was built in 1900, but
demolished soon after. In 1905, a new clock tower was built
and opened on the day when Abdülhamit II. became the new
Fig. 3. Town hall [16]. ruler (see Fig. 6) [13].

B. New Financial Relations and Services

1) Ottoman bank
The necessity of a financial insitution emerged depending
on industrialization, the establishment of factories, and new
financial relations. Ottoman Bank, which was founded in
Galata, Istanbul in 1856, opened its first branch in 1875 in
Silk Khan, located inside Bursa Historical Bazaar and Khans
Region. This condition displayed the impact of new financial
relations on site selection of the financial institution [12]. The Fig. 6. Clock tower [16].
branch changed its location 20 years later (see Fig. 4) [7].
D. The Change of Daily Life: Theatres, Hotels, Cafes,
Restaurants and Casinos
In the 19th century, with industrialization, increasing
number of foreign investors and non-Muslims began to
affect city population and culture. With the new routes
opened in the context of modernization initiated by Ahmet
Vefik Pasha, the reinforcement of communication of the city
with other cities, and the development of transport by sea
increased the number of foreign travellers and tourists [20].
There had been a change in the socio-cultural structure of the
city depending on the increase in population whose culture
differed from traditional Ottoman society and who were
Fig. 4. Ottoman bank [17].
granted rights in the context of Tanzimat reforms. The needs
and expectations of a different culture led to the generation of
2) Consulate buildings
new buildings for entertainment, which hadn't seen in the
In order to protect the financial interests of foreign states, urban fabric before. A theatre, cafés, restaurants, casionos
and preserve the rights of foreign citizens and tradesmen, and hotels began to take place in the 19th century Bursa.
Ottoman Empire gave some foreign states the right of being
1) A western art: Theatre
represented. These states initiated consulate facilities in
Istanbul, then in Bursa in line with the increased commercial Theatre, which was the significant indicator of
relations [7]. According to the provincial annuals published Westernization, began to spread among Ottoman society as a
in 1870, it was claimed that the countries which appointed new entertainment mean [4]. Ahmet Vefik Pasha was known
consuls in Bursa were Greece, Italy, France, Russia, for his interest in theater and the translations he made from
Germany, and Austria-Hungary. Consulates located in Moliere’s plays. He provided the construction of a theatre
quarters inhabited by non-Muslims. For example, French building in Bursa and organized plays with the performers he
Consulate located inside Armenian Quarter (see Fig. 5), invited from Istanbul [10].
Germen Consulate located inside Jewish and Greek quarters The theater building was constructed in 1879 in the city
[16]. Consulates were also concerned with the activities of center, where today a financial institution is located. The

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building was demolished by fire during the First World War. where only men could attend and public promenades where
It was claimed that the building was in neo-classical type and women and men could go together for entairtainment and
was constructed with stone and timber. Its facade had a recreation. In the 19th century, with the changing profile of
pediment. In the garden in front of the theatre, there was a the urban-dwellers and increase in non-Muslim population,
pond (Fig. 7). The building on the opposite of the theatre was places for entertainment, in Western sense, began to be
claimed to be the Government Palace [15]. opened in Bursa.
The first cafes were opened in Cekirge and Altiparmak
where thermal baths and hotels were densely located and in
Setbasi where non-Muslim population was dense.
Restaurants were another new typology which provide
service for especially foreign visitors. Casinos, where
musical activities took place, began to be opened in tis period.
There were generally restaurants and casinos within the
hotels [20].
Fig. 7. Theatre [15].
E. Health Institutions
2) Tourism buildings: Hotels After the 1855 earthquake that caused great damage, the
Bursa, as an ancient Ottoman capital, was a city of first Ottoman hospital, which was opened in 1390s, couldn't
considerable interest for local and foreign tourists with its provide service properly due to the incresing amount of
historic and natural resources. During industrialization period patients and injured people. Ahmet Vefik Pasha, when
in the 19th century, sea transport began through Gemlik and appointed to Bursa, aimed to establish a modern hospital in
Mudanya Ports of Bursa and inner-city transport routes were order to solve the health service problem. He selected the first
improved. In this period, Cekirge Road, which was linking settlement place in Bursa for the location of the hospital (Fig.
city center with the thermal baths, had been expanded. The 9). This region is known as Hisar (named after the citadel)
number of visitors increased depending on these located on a high topography, dominating the town.
improvements in the 19th century. As a result, in order to
meet the need for accomodation, new building typologies
emerged [20].
In Anatolia, since Seljuk Period, khans and caravanserais
provided accomodation services to travellers and passengers
besides being commercial centers. However, with the change
in socio-economic conditions and the perception of comfort
in the 19th century, these buildings couldn't provide the
expected physical conditions anymore [20]. A new building
typology, hotels emerged in the Modernization Era. Fig. 9. Gureba hospital [16].
The first hotel in Bursa was opened by foreigners engaged
in trade in 1850s. Hotel D’Anatolie, opened by Madame Ahmet Vefik Pasha expropriated an existing house in
Brotte (Fig. 8), was one of the hotels providing service in Hisar and opened the hospital with the name Gureba (for
those years [12]. people in need) in 1868. In 1879, a two-storey hospital with
masonry construction was built. In the following years, new
buildings were added to this building. However, the first
building initiated by Ahmet Vefik Pasha was destroyed by a
fire in 1956. This hospital have survived until now as being
modernized [21].
F. Educational Institutions
Another important field of Modernization movement was
the establishment of educational institutions opened on
Fig. 8. Hotel d’anatolie [19]. several fields in order to meet the need for trained people who
would be the practitioners of the reforms carried out by the
In 1869, foreigners was ensured the right to property with State. The religious educational institutions called madrasas,
legislations which encouraged them to make investments. which were the core of education system until the 19th
The hotels, opened in Bursa after these developments, were century had not been improved during this period. Rather
one of those investments. Hotels were located especially in new institutions giving education in Western sense were
Cekirge region where there were many thermal baths [13], being established.
and also in Setbasi region where Armenian and French The reforms in the education field in Bursa gained
population were dense. The customers of these hotels were acceleration after the creation of institution that would carry
the tradesmen, travellers and foreign visitors who came for out the duty of Directorate of Education in 1879. During this
the Consulates [20]. period, with the establishment of new institutions providing
modern education, non-Muslims and foreigners living in
3) Cafes, restaurants and casinos
Bursa opened several schools with the rights they attained.
In traditional Ottoman society, there were coffee houses

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1) Military school reflecting the aesthetic approach of the period [16].

The improvements initiated in the Ottoman Empire began
in the military system first, depending on military failures
and land losses. With the changes in the army organisation, a
new military education approach was required. In 1845, a
military school was established in Bursa with this aim [13].
The first school building was built in the center of the city
opposite the theatre. In 1892, the school moved to a
two-storey masonry building (Fig. 10), that was reflecting the
Fig. 12. Teachers’ school for boys [16].
common architectural approach of the period.

Fig. 13. Teachers’ school for girls [16].

Fig. 10. Military school [22].
5) The school of agriculture
2) The school of industry In history, agricultural activities had been an important
In Ottoman Empire, there were reformatories opened for source of income in Bursa. During Industrialization, in Bursa,
training orphans who would be beneficial to society in future. The School of Agriculture was established in order to
During Tanzimat Period, reformatories were transformed develop modern cultivation methods and improve
into vocational schools. The first reformatory in Bursa was productivity. The school was located on a vast land in
opened in 1869. In 1889, it moved to Hisar region, and began Hurriyet region far from the city center (Fig. 14.) [13].
to provide vocational training [23].
3) The school for civil services
Changing political and social order with the
implementation of Tanzimat reforms, emerging new
institutions such as town hall, post office and financial
institutions which didn't exist in the urban fabric before, led
to the requirement for education of administrative staff.
Fig. 14. The school of agriculture [16].
In order to meet the need for officers required by the
Ottoman Bureaucracy, in 1883, the School of Civil Service
6) The schools opened by foreigners
was opened in a house first. Then, it moved to a two-storey
masonry building with a balcony standing on columns on the Education was one of the fields that foreigners made
front facade in 1885 (Fig. 11) [13]. investments with the rights they attained in Ottoman Empire.
Among the schools that foreigners established in Bursa was
The School of Sericulture opened by French capital in 1888.
The aim of the school was to provide training in sericulture
and support the local silkworm production. In 1894, it moved
to a building reflecting aesthetic approach of Westernization
period (Fig. 15). This school was located in Setbasi district
where Armenian and French population were dense. The
Fig. 11. The school for civil services [24].
architecture of the school was similar with French schools
and residences at that time depending on the relations started
4) The schools for teachers’ training with France on raw silk trade [5].
Within the context of Tanzimat Reforms, teachers’
training became an important field of improvement.
Therefore, schools of teachers began to be established. In
Bursa, a school training boys, who would be employed in
institutions giving education with modern methods, was
opened on Ipekcilik Street, in 1884 (Fig. 12).
With Modernization, the traditional structure of Ottoman
society began to be changed. The education of girls began to
be considered and new institutions were opened with this aim.
In 1901, a teachers’ school training girls was opened in Bursa Fig. 15. The school of sericulture [elif secer archive].
[13]. It was a two-storey masonry building with a balcony
In 1820, with the support of ‘American Board of
standing on columns and arched windows on the front facade
Commissioners for Foreign Missions’ American schools
(Fig. 13). The ornamentation above the balcony was

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changes were manifested by new urban planning approach education in the ottoman province: Bursa industrial school,” Journal of
Blacksea Research, no. 37, pp. 71-90, Spring, 2011.
and new building typologies that were not existing in the city [24] The School for Civil Services. [Online]. Available:
before. http://www.bursaerkeklisesi.k12.tr
Buildings that were constructed in that period with the 19th [25] İ. Yaşayanlar, “Activities of mission les soeurs de charité in Bursa,”
Bursa’da Yaşam, Bursa, pp. 82-85, 2014.
century techniques, rather than traditional methods, were in a
sense, symbolic structures manifesting the changing modern Elif Secer was born in Izmir in 1988. She started
face of the State. The change in the 19th century Ottoman architecture education in Anadolu University, studied
in Universidad de Alicante and Yildiz Technical
society initiated urban developments in Bursa which had a University from 2010 to 2011 and graduated as an
traditional character before. The city is a significant example architect from Anadolu University in 2012. She started
where the impact of Ottoman Westernization trials on the to master degree in Uludag University, Faculty of
Architecture in 2013 and continues there.
public space can be best observed. The social and spatial She worked documentation and conversation and
transformation that Bursa experienced in the 19th century, works as an architect with in historical sites and
can be accepted as the reflection of socio-economic change of buildings in Turkey. Now, she is working as a research assistant in Bursa
Orhangazi University Faculty of Architecture. Her field of interest is sense of
Western countries after Industrial Revolution in Ottoman
place, history of architecture, Ottoman architecture and culture.
Empire.
Selen Durak was born in Bursa in 1974. She
REFERENCES completed her bachelor degree of architecture in
Middle East Technical University in 1996, and
[1] S. Durak, “Railways in Anatolia as a modernization project and finished her master degree of architecture in Uludağ
Bursa-Mudanya railway line,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Architecture, Uludag University Architecture Department in 2003 and PhD
University, Bursa, Turkey, 2003. degree in Middle East Technical University, Faculty of
[2] M. Ş. Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, Princeton Architecture in 2010.
University Press, New Jersey, UK, 2010. She has been an architect for eighteen years in
[3] Z. Çelik, The Remarking of İstanbul, Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Turkey. Now she is working as an associate professor in Uludağ University
19 Century, part II, University of California Press berkely and Los Faculty of Architecture. Her field of interest is universal and inclusive
Angeles, California,1993. design, children’s environments, history of architecture and cultural heritage.
[4] A. Ertuğrul, “Different types of structure in the Ottoman Empire in the
19th century,” Journal of Turkey Research Literature, vol. 7, no. 13, pp. Tulin Vural Arslan was born in Bursa in 1974. She
293-312, 2009. completed her bachelor degree of architecture in
[5] N. Dostoğlu, “Urban development of Bursa in the modernization era,” Middle East Technical University in 1996, and
in Proc. Ottoman Modernization and Bursa Symposium, C. Çiftçi, Ed., finished master degree in Middle East Technical
Osmangazi Municipality, Bursa, Turkey, 2009. University, Faculty of Architecture in 1999 and PhD
[6] F. D. Karakoç, “Social and cultural life of Bursa before 20th century,” degree in Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of
in Proc. Ottoman Modernization and Bursa Symposium, Osmangazi Architecture in 2005.
Municipality, Bursa, Turkey, 2009. She has been an architect for eighteen years in Turkey. Now she is
[7] Z. D. Abacı, “Foreign consulates in Bursa (19th century),” in Proc. working as an associate professor in Uludağ University Faculty of
Ottoman Modernization and Bursa Symposium, C. Çiftçi, Ed., Architecture. Her field of interest is architectural design, design of shopping
Osmangazi Municipality, Bursa, Turkey, 2009. centers and the development and transformation of commercial districts in
[8] E. Ö. Oral and Z. Ahunbay, “The conservation of the heritage of Bursa historic city centers.
sericulture industry,” Journal of ITU/a Architecture, Planning, Design,
vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 37-46, 2005.

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