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Chapter 1

Problem and Context

“Everybody is genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree it

will leave its whole life believing that it is stupid”

-Albert Einstein

Introduction

This study is all about learning difficulties of STEM students toward Basic

Calculus but before we proceed to the main problem we should know What is

learning difficulty? The Salvesen Mindroom Centre (2019) describe that a learning

difficulty is an issue of understanding or an emotional difficulty that affects a

person’s ability to be told, get together with others and follow convention.The

Government implemented an Education Program called K-12 Program. This

program covers pre-school and 12 years of basic education (six(6) years of

primay education, four(4) years of junior high school and two(2) years of senior

high school[SHS]) to supply enough time for mastery of ideas and skills, develop

womb-to-tomb learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, inferior

skills development, and entrepreneuship. Although, K-12 Program has a big

benefit for our students and incoming students this program has it’s disadvantage

which gives the students more pressure and are now experiencing learning
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difficulties especially when it comes to Basic Calculus. And now the researchers

are aiming to find the real reason of learning difficulties and the strategies on how

to handle the subject. So that, many students, teachers and other people will know

the key to pass this problem.

Objectives of the Study

This qualitative study is aiming to know the learning difficulties that the STEM

Students are now experiencing toward Basic Calculus, the qualitative study

sought to answer the following objectives:

1. To gain insights on how STEM students perceive Basic Calculus.

2. To determine the cause of their learning difficulties in terms of

2.1 Learning style

2.2 Personal problem

3. To find out the strategies in handling learning difficulties

Significance and Context of the Study

The study is relevant to those students who have difficulty in learning the

subject. It makes them not easy to deal with the learning that they experiencing.
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If the people were understanding and aware of this huge problem, students

with these situation might have strength to strive harder.

Students – For them to be able to know or to understand the specific

problem of our research. So that they will have an idea about it and they will also

learn many strategies on how they will deal with the three topics.

Teachers - To find a new way to teach students who cannot keep up to

the certain subject.

Future Researchers - They're able to find another way to learn more

fluently without hesitation.

The Scope and Limitations of the Study

The qualitative study focuses on the difficulties of a STEM Students

towards Basic Calculus.

The selected students are from Grade 11 and they should be on STEM

Strand. The researchers want to know their difficulties and to find ways on how

they can learn easily.

Before the researchers came up to this topic and title, the researchers

receive many rejections but they didn't give up. Researchers look for a new topic
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that is more related to STEM strand and if it can give benefits to the people

especially to the students.

In grades 11, the researchers will select four(4) participants. In other

words, the researchers will select two(2) participants in male students and two(2)

participants in female students.

The respondents should be from Technological Institute of the Philippines-

-Quezon City in SY 2018-2019 and under K-12 Program.

Theoretical Framework

Rhalmi, M.(2011) discuss that Cognitivism is a learning theory that focuses

on the processes concerned in learning instead of on the ascertained behavior.

As hostile Behaviorists, Cognitivists don't need Associate in Nursing outward

exhibition of learning, however focus a lot of on the interior processes and

connections that happen throughout learning. Cognitivism contends that “the

black box” of the mind ought to be opened and understood. The learner is viewed

as Associate in Nursing info processor. data will be seen as schema or symbolic

mental constructions and learning is outlined as amendment in an exceedingly

learner’s schemata. Some necessary schoolroom principles from psychological

science embrace meaningful learning, organization, and elaboration.

Cognitivist theory developed as a reaction to behavioristic psychology.

Cognitivists objected to behaviorists as a result of they felt that behaviorists

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thought learning was merely a reaction to an input and unnoticed the concept that

thinking plays a vital role. one among the foremost notable criticisms self-

addressed to behavioristic psychology was Chomsky’s argument that language

couldn't be nonheritable strictly through learning, and should be a minimum of

partially explained by the existence of some inner talents. behavioristic

psychology for instance falls short to elucidate however youngsters will learn an

infinite variety of auditory communication that they need ne'er detected of.

The learners in line with cognitivists are active participants within the

learning method. They use numerous ways to method and construct their

personal understanding of the content to that they're exposed. Students aren't

thought of any longer as recipients that academics fill with data, however as active

participants within the learning.

Definition of Terms

Calculus

A developed branch of mathematics that deals mostly with quality of

rework and with finding expansion, field, and volumes.

Difficulty

A rate of something that makes it hard to do; the hard nature of something

Learning.
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Learning

The exertion or procedure of gaining knowledge or skill by studying,

practicing, being taught, or experiencing something :the activity of
someone who learns.

Education

The wisdom, perception, and pact that you get from attending a school,
college, or university.
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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Branchy Manchy: Different Branches of Mathematics.

The article of Giannis Karagiannakis, Anna Baccagini-Frank and Yiannis

Papadatos that is entitled "Mathematical Learning Difficulties Subtypes

Classification." Stated that Mathematics is a subject that has many branches

such as Arithmetic, Arithmetic Problem Solving, Geometry, Algebra, Probability,

Statistics, Calculus that indicates an organize variety or basic abilities that is

related to sense of quantity, symbols, decoding, memory, visuouspatial capacity,

logics, to name a few. The students that are now experiencing difficulties on

understanding and learning Mathematics are now facing problems on any of

these skills on in their colleague.

Synthesis

In the researchers’ conclusion, there are different branch of Mathematics

but there are some students who are facing difficulties on understanding and

skills the branch of Mathematics.

Accepting Negatives

In the analysis of Michael David Benhar (2018) entitled “Acceptance of

Negative Emotions” said that, many humans were taught that “bad” feelings,

along with anxiety and despair are to be averted or decreased as a lot as viable.
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furthermore, in many instances human beings equate psychological fitness with

happiness and “bad” feelings as a sign that some thing is simply no longer right.

genuinely, immoderate emotional reactions to a situation can negatively effect

scholar mastering and socialization. Overly controlled or immoderate shows of

feelings both have deleterious consequences at the studying manner via

impairing pupil and peer interactions at the side of pupil-trainer communication.

for example, better ranges of hysteria have clean poor implications that often

impair attention, reminiscence retrieval, language utilization and impulse control.

however, mild to mild tiers of anxiety whilst taking an exam or acting an oral

presentation were proven to boom student overall performance. The potential to

self-regulate one’s feelings is taken into consideration an essential issue of

educational and social functioning that allows students to modulate and direct

their emotions towards tremendous makes use of. sadly, about 17% of students

with emotional, behavioral and gaining knowledge of disorders inside the u.s.

have problems regulating their feelings. This inability to adjust their emotions

has a devastating poor impact on their instructional and social overall

performance. consequently, students’ potential to manage their emotions is a

crucial issue of classroom control that contributes toward effective mastering

inside the school room setting. despite the fact that, even though most people

can't control how they experience or emote, they are able to pick out the

behavior they act upon. In other words, our focus as educators and mental

health experts ought to no longer be on diminishing college students’ feelings,

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however instead, teaching them on how to take care of and cope with these

“bad” emotions after they stand up. recognition and commitment therapy (ACT)

ACT is a part of the latest wave of cognitive-behavioral therapy that has

centered on incorporating mindfulness-based talents, which can be defined as

“paying attention with flexibility, openness, and curiosity (Harris, 2009, p. eight).

conventional cognitive-behavioral remedy in most cases centered on the

interpretation of the state of affairs to the individual and looking at the cognitive

biases and distortions which have a negative effect. The intention turned into

then to factor out these cognitive distortions and teach the man or woman a

greater practical and wholesome interpretation. But.ACT takes a wholly

exceptional technique by no longer reinterpreting the content material of the

scenario, however instead, by means of reinterpreting your dating to the content

material. In different words, the purpose is not to exchange the content material

of the maladaptive thoughts but the way you relate to them; if they may be

preventing the man or woman from dwelling a cost-stuffed existence, then

they're by definition, not useful. which means that by means of changing one’s

relationship to the phrases we are saying to ourselves in speech and in concept,

we are able to take them along and nonetheless live a meaningful existence. by

means of spotting that the words people say, and suppose are just words that

we in the long run give that means to, it allows the person to make room for

those unpleasant feelings that rise up as a capacity effect of those thoughts and

nonetheless select an motion that is in congruence with our values (desired

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ongoing moves). It now not will become a question of whether the concept is

accurate or a distortion, however whether or not the concept is operating for the

man or woman to pursue a cost-encumbered lifestyles (Harris, 2009). Cognitive

Defusion (Disentanglement). ACT has six core approaches and it is past the

scope of this text to present the complete framework such as the severa

empirically-proven studies that aid this remedy. however, cognitive defusion is

one of the 6 core tactics this is vital in changing our courting to our thoughts that

evoke anxiety, melancholy, compulsion, and many others. Defusion method

mastering to disentangle from our mind and to apprehend that what we assume

is not the same as who we necessarily are or how we select to behave. Our

mind are essentially words that we think to ourselves and by using clinging to

them as representing a few last truth, we're frequently pushed around via them

and even use them as an explanation for why we cannot act on behaviors which

might be essential to us. for example, how often have we thought to ourselves

that i am too afraid and then justified our inaction because of our tension? with

the aid of spotting that the thoughts are simply thoughts or words that bypass us

by using just as vehicles passing via our home, we alternate the relationship and

the energy they have got over us. popularity (establishing Up and Making

Room). every other ACT middle technique is attractiveness or making room for

uncomfortable emotions. via dropping the warfare with them and attempting to

banish those unwanted feelings, we permit them to coexist in ourselves and in a

few manner, take them alongside for the journey in order that we still act on our
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values. an awful lot of traditional remedy involves eliminating undesirable

feelings and emotions. ACT conveys the message that feeling emotionally bad

is a part of the human experience and due to the fact that lifestyles by hook or

by crook constantly reveals a way to awaken such terrible feelings, the purpose

isn't to run from them, however to by hook or by crook make room for them in

order that the person can still pursue significant actions. Please remember that

this doesn't imply looking or liking these ill feelings however having a willingness

to permit them to be.

Synthesis

Therefore, we need to accept ourself in order for us to more understand

what is needed to understand because if we don't accept our self or our

negative emotion, it will hinder us to learn new things.

The Learning Article

In the article of McLeod, S.(2018) discussed that to Bruner, necessary

outcomes of learning embody not simply the ideas, categories, and problem-

solving procedures fabricated antecedently by the culture, however conjointly

the power to "invent" these items for oneself.

Cognitive growth involves Associate in Nursing interaction between basic

human capabilities and "culturally fabricated technologies that function

amplifiers of those capabilities."

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These culturally fabricated technologies embody not simply obvious

things like computers and tv, however conjointly a lot of abstract notions like the

approach a culture categorizes phenomena, and language itself. Bruner would

possible trust Vygotsky that language serves to mediate between environmental

stimuli and also the individual's response.

The aim of education ought to be to make autonomous learners (i.e.,

learning to learn).

In his analysis on the psychological feature development of kids (1966),

Doctor Bruner planned 3 modes of representation:

 Enactive illustration (action-based)

 Iconic illustration (image-based)

 Symbolic representation (language-based)

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Chapter 3

Research Methodology

Method

This study is a Qualitative Research, since the researchers are finding

answers to a certain problem which is Learning Difficultues. The researchers

also used this type of research because the respondents are below 9 (nine)

participants.

(V.Pathale, B.Jena, and S.lealra,2013) discuss that logical research

depends on finding an answer for a specific issue one can recognize. There are

different techniques for figuring an exploration plan for the examinition two wide

methodologies of information accumulation and elucidation in research are

subjective and qualitative research. The basic technique for leading examinition

was qualitative, yet as of late, subjective strategy for research has

additionallypicked up force among specialties.

Our research is a case study since it involves long time study of a person,

group of people, or organization. And seek to find answer to why the students

struggling to learn easily in the subject Basic Calculus.

Heale,R. and Twycross, A.(2018) What is a case study? Evidence-Based

Nursing,21:7-8. Case study may be a analysis methodology, sometimes seen in

social and life sciences. there's nobody definition of case study analysis.
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However, terribly simply…‘a case study are often outlined as associate degree

intensive study a couple of person, a bunch of individuals or a unit, that is aimed

to generalize over many units’. A case study has additionally been delineated as

associate degree intensive, systematic investigation of one individual, group,

community or another unit during which the research worker examines in-depth

knowledge referring to many variables.

Researchers describe however case studies examine complicated

phenomena within the natural setting to extend understanding of them. Indeed,

Sandelowski, suggests exploitation case studies in analysis means the holistic

nature of medical care are often addressed. What is more, once describing the

steps undertaken whereas employing a case study approach, this methodology

of analysis permits the research worker to require a fancy and broad topic, or

development, and slim it down into a manageable analysis question(s). By

aggregation qualitative or quantitative datasets regarding the development, the

research worker gains an additional in-depth insight into the development than

would be obtained exploitation only one (1) kind of knowledge.

Interlocutors

Researchers used a Purposive Sample because they have a

requirements in able to be one of their respondents that is having a

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knowledge on Basic Calculus and have an experience on the research.

And also, participants should be from Grade 11 and they also should be

on STEM Strand. And lastly, the participants should be studying at

Technological Institute of the Philippines-Quezon City. Four (4) STEM

Students will be their participants because they have the traits or the

things that the researchers required to our research.

Crossman, A.(2018) discuss that a Purposive Sample is a non-

probability sample that is chosen supported characteristics of a population

and therefore the objective of the study. Purposive sampling is additionally

referred to as judgemental, selective, or subjective sampling.

Data Collection

When Ms.De Lara make our present group it makes us fear

everything that will may not came on the next chapters, but we came up

with our title which is “Triple Trouble” which stands for the three

Mathematical subjects (Pre Calculus, Physics and Statistics and

Probability). But, again before we came up to this title we proposed 10

topics. We got many rejections because it is quite far to our strand. And

luckily, our research teacher approved one of our proposed topic. So, after

that we make our title and after our research teacher approved our title

some of us already search for some articles that is related to our study

and some of us create our pre liminary pages. We search about learning
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difficulties on Statistics and Probability, Physics and Pre Calculus. We

came up to this kind of topic because we find those subjects difficult not

just to us but also to the other students and people.

First in chapter 1, we made our introduction. In introduction we

stated our problem and some points about learning difficulties and K-12

Program. Second, the objectives we wrote what is our goal in this

research and what are the things that we want to find. Third, the

significance and context of the study here we wrote the people who will

benefit the most such as the students, teachers and researchers. Fourth,

is the scope and limitation here we wrote who are the required participants

and many participants its somehow hard since we should balance it

according to the subject. Fifth, the theoretical framework it is hard to find

theories about learning difficulties because when we are searching for it, it

only appears learning disabilities which is not similar to our topic. Lastly for

chapter 1 is the definition of terms, it is easy because we are just going to

defind some unfamiliar words.

In chapter 2, its hard for us to make it because we have to

rephase it first and use citation so that it will not be plagiarism. It is also

hard because not all of us are good at English especially when it comes to

grammar. It gives us a hard time to finish it.

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In our Christmas vacation, we spent our time by having a

bonding time with our families but we don’t forget our responsibilities as a

researchers. In our free time, we search some articles that is related to our

topic and revised it. After the vacation we printed it and pass to Ms. De

Lara since after the Christmas vacation is our deadline for Pre Liminary

pages to Chapter 2.

In our defense, we are so worried because our chapters 1

and 2 are not yet printed. But then our worries gone when Ann and Sophia

arrived and they already have the printed copy of our Chapters 1 and 2.

During our defense all of us are nervous maybe because it is our first time

to experience it. And there we face some errors but luckily we found a way

to passed it. Some of the question of the panel are not answered but

atleast most of the questions are answered by us correctly. After the

question and answer our panel correct and suggest some things such as

our objectives two (2) of our objectives had been rejected and changed,

our introduction are also rejected since it is full narration and also our

theoretical framework since its far to our study. After the defense, we are

so happy because we don’t need to repeat from the start and we just need

to edit some parts and also revised and change. But, thankfully we passed

it. Its not yet the end but we felt like we’re near to success.