PE 4 CLIMB FAILS / EXPLORATION FAILS

MOUNTAINEERING Gigi wu – known as the “Bikini Hiker”, had fallen

down a ravine (20-30 meters) in Taiwan’s Yushan
-is the set of activities that involves ascending mountains.
national park and was badly injured.Reason for
Mountaineering-related activities include traditional
dying – frozen to death
outdoor climbing, hiking, AND skiing.
John Allen Chau – Secure permits
WHY DO MEN CLIMB MOUNTAINS?
James Franco – 127 hours - Do not climb alone
GEORGE LEIGH MALLORY
B. CLIMB COMPOSITION
-What we get from this adventure is just sheer joy. And
joy is, after all, the end of life. We do not live to eat and 4 KEY PERSONS AND ROLES
make money.
 Team leader
“Because it’s there.” - George Mallory, on why he
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A TEAM LEADER
wanted to climb Mount Everest
1. Itinerary (travel plans)
THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE YOU DO A CLIMB
2. Checklist for climbing
A. Organizing a climb/ exploration/ outing 3. Waiver
B. Climb composition 4. Pre-climb
C. Pre-climb 5. Appointment of committees
D. Pre-departure 6. Distribution of equipment
E. Climb Proper 7. Transportation
F. Post-climb 8. Post-climb
 Assistant team leader
A. Organizing a climb/ exploration/ outing
RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ASSISTANT TEAM
1. Decide where to go (minor or major)
LEADER
2. Choose your target participants
3. Collect information about the destination 1.Support and respect the team leader

4. Assess participant’s capability

 Trail Master
5. Arrange food and equipment distribution
 Hikers
6. Check weather forecast
7. Secure permits
8. Assign Climb officials ASSIGN THE CLIMB COMPOSITION
9. Conduct pre-climb
1. Lead man (trailblazer/ lead packer)
2. Mid man (Scribe/ purser)
3. Sweeper (tail ender)
 4. first-aiders (medical assistance) -For instance, if it comes out during the pre-climb
that 50% of the participants are trail runners who
C. PRE-CLIMB want to zoom past the trail, whereas 50% are
1. Body conditioning: be physically fit and photography enthusiasts who want to take their
emotionally prepared. time, then you can consider dividing the group into
2. Nutrition and rest: Make sure to get proper two, assigning a guide for the trail runners, and
nutrition and rest prior to the climb. another guide for the photographers.
3. A pre-climb meeting and orientation, it is a
meeting held before the climb proper, during which
4. the pre-climb informs all the participants about
participants of the climb talk about the climb.
what to expect, which will then enable them to
make the necessary preparations.
Note: Holding a pre-climb before the climb is a
-A well-done pre-climb would have a run through
requirement in many climbs organized by formal
of things to bring, which will avoid the
organizations, and this practice has carried over even
unfortunate scenario of a participant not
among independent hikers.
bringing a headlamp on a climb that actually
involves several night-treks.
WHY IS A PRE-CLIMB THAT IMPORTANT?
-The organizers must stress the difficulties /
1. the very act of holding a pre-climb is a reminder
challenges of the climb. “This will be a very long
that the climb must be taken seriously.
climb” will make the participant consider
-It goes back to the basics, bringing to every
bringing more trail food, but less weight. “There
participant’s consciousness that even if hiking has
are many steep assaults” will make them
become routine, we still have to run through all the
consider a training.
details.

5. the pre-climb is an opportunity to discuss sharing

2. the pre-climb is an opportunity for all the
information and gear during the climb itself.
participants to meet before the climb itself.
-It reduces the redundancies in the gear that a
-Hiking is a social activity, after all, and the
group brings. “I have extra butane cans from my
people you are climbing with can make or break the
previous climb!” a participant might volunteer,
climb. Knowing them beforehand will give you an
reducing the need for others to bring more.
idea what to expect from the other participants.
-By bringing only what is needed, we also avoid
causing unnecessary impact to the environment.
3. the pre-climb makes sure that everyone is on the
A participant may also contribute information
same page, as far as a climb is concerned.
and updates that the organizers may not know
-One of the goals of a pre-climb is for
about.
participants’ expectations to come out, which will
then guide the organizers.
D. PRE-DEPARTURE (Mahal, Mura, Mahihiram)
 Assembly 4. 2 Classification of equipment (Personal and Group)
 punctuality - Personal: Gears (loadings example: clothing, toiletries,
personal food, medicine, malong, sleeping bag etc. )
E. CLIMB PROPER
- Group: Tent, Stove, Cook set, assigned food etc.
1. Head count
2. Control overall pacing of climb HIKING FOR BEGINNERS: 10 ESSENTIAL TIPS
3. Check trail signs 1. Start small and choose the right trail for your fitness
level.
2. Familiarize yourself with the trail
3. Check the weather
4. Tell someone where you will be
5. Wear the right shoes and socks
6. Dress for success
7. Keep it light
8. Pace yourself
9. Pack the 10 essentials
4. Ensure camp protocols
10. Leave no trace
- Observe PDA
- Avoid Jewelries
10 ESSENTIALS THINGS TO BING WHEN BACKPACKING
5. Observe performance of climb officers and
OR MOUNTAINNERING
participants (regroup if needed)
• Navigation (map & compass)
6. Ensure campsite cleanliness, orderliness and
• Sun protection (sunglasses & sunscreen)
security (be mindful of other climbers)
• Insulation (extra clothing)
(magkakadikit dapat ang tent hindi kalat-kalat)
• Illumination (headlamp/flashlight)
• First-aid supplies
F. POST-CLIMB
• Fire (waterproof matches/lighter/candle)

1. Over-all assessment • Repair kit and tools

• Nutrition (extra food)
2. Comments and suggestions
• Hydration (extra water)
3. Learning • Emergency shelter (tent/plastic tube
tent/garbage bag)
TIPS FOR BACKPACKING
1. Just 40% of your body weight
2. Weigh your gear
3. 3 kinds of equipment “3M’s”
THE COMPASS: A CAMPING AND ORIENTEERING GENERAL USES OF THE COMPASS
ESSENTIAL
-The modern compass people use today function mainly
for navigation.
WHAT IS A COMPASS?
-With that, the compass has seen extensive use in
-The compass is a navigational instrument that shows
seafaring, hiking, mountaineering, orienteering,
directions in a frame of reference that is stationary
camping, flying, and other activities which require
relative to the surface of the earth.
constant checking of coordinates and directions.
-A compass has a magnetic needle or card that can rotate
-Compass reading, its use and applications, are taught in
freely and align itself with the Earth’s magnetic field and
basic survival courses.
point Magnetic North-South.
-Compasses have also been used in Scouting and the
-The compass has been around for more than a century,
military, owing to its capability to lead people in all kinds
and has seen various modifications through the past
of weather and travelling conditions.
decades. Several types have been made to accommodate
various purposes, and each has their own particular
parts.

MAJOR HISTORY SURROUNDING THE COMPASS

-The invention of the compass is credited to the Han

Dynasty of China between the 2nd Century BC and 1st
century AD.

-The compass back then was far from advanced, and was
THE ORIENTEERING COMPASS
originally used for divination purposes. It was only in the
next few years that its applications for navigation was -Also called The Mountaineering Compass or Baseplate

discovered. Compass

-The original compass from China used lodestone, a -Used for:

magnetite or naturally magnetized mineral, instead of - Mountaineering

magnetized iron. - Orienteering
- Map Plotting
- General Navigation

-Short Summary:

- Adjustable Dial
 - Magnetic needle always points North IMPORTANT REMINDERS

PARTS OF THE ORIENTEERING COMPASS

-There are plenty of types of compasses. Even in

compasses of the same type, some parts may be
present or absent depending on the model and
manufacturer.
-More or less, the parts on the labeled figure (left)
are the constant parts of an orienteering compass.
-Do note that the parts of the compass are vital to its
use, and any compromise or damage to a part may
possibly render the compass unusable or otherwise
inaccurate. Always take care of the compass and all
of its parts.
 Hold the compass steadily and level to avoid

READING THE COMPASS inaccuracy

STEP 1: Look down at the compass and see where the  Keep compass away from magnetic objects or

needle points. electronics that may interfere with needle

STEP 2: Turn your body while keeping the compass in  Understand the cardinal directions

front of you.  Take care of the compass and check if it is functioning

STEP 3: Notice that as the compass rotates, the needle well from time to time

stays pointing the same direction (North)

STEP 4: Read the coordinates accurately by taking note CIPHER
of the degree and direction presented on the compass.
-Cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for
BASIC COMPASS READING performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-

-Before one could learn how to read a compass, one must defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.

learn how to hold it properly. -An alternative, less common term is encipherment.

STEP 1: Hold your compass steadily in your hand so the -To encipher or encode is to convert information into
baseplate is level and the direction-of-travel arrow is cipher or code.
pointing straight away from you.
-In common parlance, "cipher" is synonymous with
STEP 2: Hold it about halfway between your face and “code", as they are both a set of steps that encrypt a
waist in a comfortable arm position with your elbow bent message; however, the concepts are distinct in
and compass held close to your stomach. cryptography, especially classical cryptography.

STEP 3: Look at the compass, and proceed to read it.

-The earliest known use of cryptography is found in non- -The early camping equipment was very heavy, so it
standard hieroglyphs carved into the wall of a tomb from was convenient to transport it by boat or to use craft
the Old Kingdom of Egypt circa 1900 BCE. that converted into tents.

-The word "cipher" (minority spelling "cypher") in former -In 1906 the Association of Cycle Campers opened its
times meant "zero" and had the same origin: first own camping site, in Weybridge.

-Middle French as cifre -By that time the organization had several hundred
members. Although WW1 was responsible for a
-Medieval Latin as cifra
certain hiatus in camping activity, the association
-from the Arabic ‫ صفر‬sifr = zero. received a new lease of life after the war when Sir

-"Cipher" was later used for any decimal digit, Robert Baden-Powell (founder of the Boy Scouts

even any number. movement) became its president.

-There are many theories about how the word

"cipher" may have come to mean "encoding". THINGS TO CONSIDER:

LESSON 4: BASIC OF CAMPING 1. Never camp alone.

WHAT IS CAMPING? 2. Plan the trip with a group.

3. Check the weather beforehand.
-An outdoor activity involving overnight stays away from
4. Bring more than enough water.
home in a shelter, such as a tent.
5. Leave No Trace
-Generally participants leave developed areas to spend 4. Don't forget medicine and a first aid kit.
time outdoors in more natural ones in pursuit of 5. Bring a cell phone.
activities providing them enjoyment. 8. Make a plan and leave it with someone who
isn't going with you.
10. Dress appropriately, and bring extras.
HISTORY OF CAMPING 11. Plan the menu in advance.

-The history of recreational camping is often traced back 11. Have a good time!

to Thomas Hiram Holding, a British travelling tailor, but it

was actually first popularized in the UK on the River
Thames.

-Thomas Hiram Holding is often seen as the father of

modern camping in the UK.

-Thomas Hiram Holding also wrote The Campers

Handbook in 1908, so that he could share his enthusiasm
for the great outdoors with the world.
 HOW TO PITCH A TENT?

1. Select a location free of debris for your campsite.

2. Lay down your footprint or ground cloth.
3. Position the tent over the footprint with the
doors facing away from the wind for optimal
ventilation.
4. Lay out the poles and assemble them. Follow
instructions to attach the tent poles to the tent
body. You may need to thread the poles through
sleeve or use clips on the tent body.
5. Attach the fly per the tents instructions and
secure it to the tent body or poles.
6. Stake out the tent. Start at the corners and make
the floor perimeter taut. Once the corners are
staked out, attach stakes to other points to get a
WHAT IS TENT PITCHING?
taut tent body and floor.
-According to Family Tent Expert, pitching a tent 7. If there is ground cloth or foot print material
means that you are assembling your tent on the extending beyond the floor perimeter of the
campsite. tent, tuck this in so it will not collect rain water.

-To pitch is to erect or build, so when you pitch a tent,

you are building it up for shelter.
WHERE TO PITCH A TENT?
-When a fellow camper says that they will be pitching
1. CHOOSE FLAT GROUND
a tent, it's time to set up camp and install your tent
for shelter. -Established campgrounds will typically maintain level
and safe sites to pitch your tent.
-once your tent is pitched, you can focus on other
aspects in the campsite, such as food. -You are more likely to achieve a comfortable night’s
sleep
-Pitching a tent is quite easy, depending on season
tent, the type of tent you have and the terrain you 2. AVOID HILLS

assemble it on. But we’ll get on to pitching a tent -Whether you’re on the top, bottom or middle of a hill,
later on. all of these locations pose a threat to your safety.

-If it rains you may wake up in a puddle of water or worse

in a deadly flash flood.
3. CONSIDER SUN EXPOSURE -Often times it is the simplest of skills that you have,
which will be the most useful.
-Some tents can be damaged or suffer premature aging
by the sun’s harmful rays 8 BASIC KNOTS

4. CONSIDER WIND EXPOSURE 1. OVERHAND KNOT

-Try to position your tent so the door is facing away from -The overhand knot is the simplest type of knot.
the wind for proper protection from strong gusts.
-It is made by crossing the rope end around the standing
5. BE CLOSE TO WATER part to form a loop, bringing the rope’s end through the
loop, and pulling the rope taut.
-Some campers feel it is safer to camp near a water
source in case they drain their supply of water. -It is often used to prevent the end of a rope from
unraveling
-However, this may not be the safest choice. There are a
couple of reasons for this: -It should be used if the knot is intended to be
permanent.
a. Camping too close to a water course can be
dangerous if there is rain and a flash flood
washes your site away.
b. Camping too close to water can contaminate
water supplies. Many established campsites are
sited 100 feet or more from a water source.
With this in mind, keep your campsite close, but
not too close, to a water source.
2. FIGURE EIGHT KNOT
6. DON’T LEAVE YOUR MARK ON THE LAND
-The figure eight knot is one of the strongest knots.
Remember your environmental responsibilities. Dispose
of your waste properly and do not leave any trace of your -It forms a secure, non-slip loop at the end of a rope.

visit, on your campsite when you leave. -Also known as the Flemish Bend, this is the most widely
used tie-in knot by mountain climbers.

KNOT TYING -The reason is that it is strong, secure and easy to visually
inspect.
-is a simple mechanical skill, a skill that you will never
forget, but it takes practice, repetition in other words so
the skills become natural.

-It is an important skill that will save your life in a survival

situation.
3. SQUARE (REEF) KNOT -Use this when you need to create your own shelter or
secure something to a post.
-The knot is formed by tying a left-handed overhand knot
and then a right-handed overhand knot, or vice versa.

-"right over left; left over right"

-The reef knot is used to tie two ends of a single line

together such that they will secure something, for
example a bundle of objects, that is unlikely to move
much.

6. CLOVE HITCH

-This knot is used to temporarily fasten a rope to a spar,

mast, tree trunk, and so on.
4. SHEEPSHANK KNOT
-It is made by passing the rope’s end around an object
-The sheepshank is a simple knot useful for temporarily and then crossing it over the rope’s standing part to form
shortening a rope. a loop, then passing the end around the object again to
form a second loop, through which the end is passed.
-It can be used to strengthen a rope at its weak point by
placing the weak part in the middle between the two -The knot can be detached simply by lifting it off the
loops. object.

5. SLIP KNOT
7. TIMBER HITCH
-The slip knot is a stopper knot which is easily undone by
-Beginning for diagonal lashing, drawing the spars
pulling the tail (working end).
together.
-It will tighten around an object when pulled from the
"short end" if not attached to an object it will pull
through (untie).
-The timber hitch is a knot used to attach a single length FIRST AID & BANDAGING
of rope to a cylindrical object. Secure while tension is
WHAT IS FIRST AID?
maintained, it is easily untied even after heavy loading
-The immediate care given to a person/victim who has
-It does not jam or slip, no matter how heavy the load
suddenly become ill or has been injured.
and is easy to tie and untie.

3C’S OF FIRST AIDING

• Check
• Call
• Care

ROLE OF FIRST AIDER

• Bridge the gap between the time of the accident

8. Bowline and the arrival of the physician.
• Ends when medical assistance begins.
-The bowline forms a loop that cannot slip.
• Doesn’t intend to compete with or take place of the
-It is frequently referred to as a rescue knot due to its use physician.
in rescue harnesses. Objectives of First Aid

-It is made by laying the rope’s end over its standing part • To Alleviate suffering

to form a loop over the end, then taking the end around • To Prolong life

behind the standing part and through the loop. • To Prevent further or added injury

CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER

• Gentle- shouldn’t cause pain

• Resourceful- make best use of all things
• Observant- notice all signs
• Sympathetic- should be comforting
• Tactful- shouldn’t be alarming
CONDITIONS REQUIRING FIRST AID 2. Pinch the lower part of the nostrils just
below the bony part of the nose for
1.FAINTING
10minutes while breathing through the
-caused by a sudden fall in the supply of blood to their mouth.
brain that results in the temporary loss of consciousness. 3. Release nostrils slowly, repeat procedure if

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS bleeding continue.

4. Do not touch or blow the nose for about
 Sweating
24hrs. Do not pact the affected nostrils with
 Dizziness
cotton.
 Nausea
5. Bring patient to hospital if necessary.
 Weakness
 Paleness
 Ringing in the ears 3.WOUND
 Blurred vision
- Break in the continuity of a tissue either external or
FIRST AID internal.

1. Lay the person flat on the ground. Elevate CLASSIFICATION

the legs to coax more blood into your brain.
-open (internal)
2. If person is on chair, push his head down
between his knees. -closed (closed)

3. Loosen tight clothing.

4. Avoid crowding the patient.
4.FRACTURE
5. Call a doctor if necessary.
-a medical condition in which there is a break in the
continuity of the bone.
2.NOSE BLEED
-A bone fracture can be the result of high force impact or
-occurs when a small blood vessel in the lining of the nose stress, or trivial injury as a result of certain medical
bursts. conditions that weaken the bones

-It very common in children and often result from TYPES OF FRACTURE
harmless activities such as your child picking their nose,
• Greenstick fracture: an incomplete fracture in
blowing it too hard or too often or from getting knocked
which the bone is bent.
on the nose during play.
• Transverse fracture: a fracture at a right angle to
FIRST AID the bones axis.

1. Sit down and lean forward slightly. • Spiral fracture: a fracture in which the break has
a curved or sloped pattern.
 • Comminuted fracture: a fracture in which the • Arm Sling
bone fragments into several pieces. • Underarm Sling
• Compound fracture: meaning the bone ends are • Cravat Bandage for Forehead
no longer touching. • Cravat Bandage for the Neck
• Cravat Bandage for the Neck
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Cravat Bandage for the Cheek or Ears
• Pain and swelling at the fracture site. • Cravat Bandage for the Eye
• Tenderness close to the fracture. • Cravat Bandage for Elbow
• Paleness and deformity (sometimes). • Cravat Bandage for the Knee
• Loss of pulse below the fracture, usually in an • Cravat for the Forearm, Arm, Leg and Thigh
extremity (this is an emergency). • Shoulder Armpit Cravat
• Numbness, tingling or paralysis below the
fracture (rare; this is an emergency).
• Bleeding or bruising at the site. FIRE STARTING
• Weakness and inability to bear weight. WHAT IS FIRE STARTING?

FIRST AID -Fire starting or fire making is the process of starting a

• Initial treatment for fractures of the arms, legs, fire artificially.

hands and feet in the field include splinting the -With the aid of several components and the recognition
extremity in the position it is found, elevation of the fire triangle (heat, oxygen, fuel), a fire could be
and ice. made in the wilderness or campsites.
• -Immobilization will be very helpful with initial
-In Scouting and camping, starting fires is an essential
pain control.
skill as heat and warmth could be vital in the outside
environment, and also necessary for survival.

BANDAGING

-Bandages have three key uses: applying pressure to THE STEPS TO STARTING A FIRE

bleeding wounds; covering wounds and burns; and -Unless lightning strikes a random tree branch or the very
providing support and immobilization for broken bones, ground you’re camping on, you have to produce a fire by
sprains, and strains. artificial means.

-These includes gauze, triangular, Elastic, and tubular -Included here are the traditional way of starting fires,
bandage. which is through the use of matches, igniters, torches,

• Head Top (for head injuries) and even lighters.

• Chest Bandage -However, in the wild, one may often find that they do
• Hand Bandage not have enough matches or lighters. Also, in camping,
people are usually encouraged to start fires without the amount of materials over time, and you would
aid of matches. need a lot to keep it going for an entire night.

1. PICKING A PLACE • Drier is better when it comes to materials. If

leaves, twigs or sticks are “green” or wet, they
-Usually, the location for starting a fire must be suitable.
would not catch fire or would otherwise take a
For instance, the ground upon which the fire bed is
long time.
placed must be dry and far from any trees or
establishments that may easily catch fire. • Size matters. Wood, when too big or too small,
would fail to sustain a fire due to their
-Additionally, the fire bed must be bare and free form
inappropriate size.
any plant materials.
3. LAYING DOWN THE FIRE
-Also make sure that the place chosen for the fire is clean
and easily accessed, in case of unintended spreading of -After gathering all the necessary materials for starting a
fire. fire, they must be arranged in an appropriate manner
before they could keep anybody warm and produce heat.
-Stones, which can be used to dampen or extinguish the
fire if it gets out of control, must be kept handy. -There is no conventional way to arrange or “lay” a fire,
but campers and enthusiasts alike have observed that
2. TINDER, KINDLING, FUEL WOOD
particular techniques and lays are often fool-proof and
TINDER - Every good campfire starts with good tinder. most effective in starting a fire.
Tinder catches fire easily, but burns fast. Material like dry
-Arrangement is important because it affects how much
leaves, dry bark, wood shavings, dry grass, and some
oxygen can the fire have, how high the temperature can
fluffy fungi make for good tinder.
get, how fast the fire could spread evenly across the
KINDLING - Kindling usually consists of small twigs and kindling, and how long it could last.
branches. These catch fire from the tinder and keep the
• Laying down the fire Teepee fire lay
fire going longer, until such time that fuel wood could
• Laying down the fire Lean-to fire lay
catch fire.
• Laying down the fire Log cabin fire lay
FUEL WOOD - Fuel wood is what keeps your fire hot and 4. PUTTING OUT THE FIRE
burning. These could be large logs or medium-sized
-After starting the fire and having it serve its purpose, it’s
branches and sticks. These burn the longest, but are also
time to put the fire out safely.
the slowest to catch fire.
-Putting out fires is important, both for safety and
TIPS:
courtesy reasons. In the United States and neighboring
• Collect more tinder, kindling and fuel wood than regions, forest fires are often started by unattended
you need. Fires consume a surprisingly large camp fires that were not put out properly. Also, cleaning
the place up is respect for the next camper.
-Putting out the fire could be done in a variety of ways,
all of which are safe and essential.
Last exams before PICC. Kaya natin to! Kaya mo to, ikaw
a. Start Early. pa ba?
b. Sprinkle, don’t pour.
James 1:5 😊
c. Stir
d. Touch test
e. Dispose the ashes
f. Patch up your ground

IMPORTANT REMINDERS

-Keep your fire’s size to an appropriate level, do not let it

get too big or wild.

-Not all stones can be used or rubbed together to start a

fire, as opposed to cartoons. Only specific igneous rocks,
such as flint, obsidian and others could induce a spark
when struck quickly and strongly enough.

-Do not put body parts near the fire to avoid burns and
serious injury. Warmth is radiated well enough from the
fire.

-Never play with fire.

ESSENTIAL MATERIALS

-There are a handful of materials that can be used to start

fires in the wilderness.

-Flint and steel are artificial fire starters that could be

purchased. These are considered as important scouting
and camping gear.

-Tinderboxes keep tinder dry. It could be used to keep

tinder free from moisture.

-Pocket knives could be used to whittle kindling and

tinder, and also serve as a fire starter by being struck
against flint or other igneous rocks that could produce
sparks through friction.