EMOTION:"is a complex psychological phenomenon which occurs as animals or people live

there lives ." It is intense feeling that are directed at someone or something.

HISTORY OF EMOTION: Psychology as an independent academic discipline emerged

during the last third of the 19th century (see e.g., Leahey, 2003). I have therefore chosen this period
as the starting point of the present, short history of psychological perspectives of emotion. However,
readers should be aware that academic emotion psychology did not start from scratch. On the
contrary, it build on a rich tradition of theorizing about emotions by philosophers, historians, and
literary writers that dates back to the Ancient Greeks (see e.g., Strongman, 2003) and has remained
influential up to the present (e.g., Arnold, 1960; Nussbaum, 2001). When psychology became an
independent discipline, it defined itself initially as the science of consciousness (of conscious mental
states; e.g., Brentano, 1873; Wundt, 1896). Given that emotions are salient exemplars of conscious
mental states, it is not surprising that the psychologists of consciousness also had a keen interest in
the emotions. In fact, most of the basic types of psychological emotion theory discussed today were
already present, at least in the outlines, in the psychology of consciousness. During the subsequent,
behaviorist phase of psychology (about 1915-1960), and due in large part to its restrictive research
doctrines, research on emotions subsided again (see e.g., Arnold, 1960), although behaviorists did
make some important contributions to emotion psychology (e.g., research on the classical
conditioning of fear; see Gray, 1975; LeDoux, 1998; Watson, 1919). Immediately after the so-called
“cognitive revolution” of the early 1960ies, when behaviorism was replaced by cognitivism—a
modern version of mentalism guided by the metaphor of information processing in computers—
emotion research took up speed again, until in the 1990ies, it became a boom that also began to
affect other scientific disciplines. Today, emotion is an important topic in nearly every subfield of
psychology, as well as in many other disciplines ranging from biology to neurophysiology to
computer science, linguistics and literary studies. Some already see the emergence of a new
interdisciplinary research field, analogous to A SHORT HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON EMOTION 4 cognitive science: affective science, the interdisciplinary study of emotions and
related phenomena (Scherer, 2009). One important reason for the recent surge of interest in
emotions has been a reevaluation of the adaptive utility of emotions. Traditionally, emotions have
often been regarded as maladaptive (because, it was held, they interfere with rational thinking and
decision-making; see e.g., Roberts, 2013). In contrast, during the past twenty or so years, emotions
have increasingly come to be seen as overall adaptive (e.g., Feldman-Barrett & Salovey, 2002; Frijda,
1994). Some theorists even regard emotions as indispensable for adaptive behavior (e.g., Damasio,
1994). This changed view of the usefulness of emotions has also been an important motive for
launching of the field of affective computing (Picard, 1997).
Do emotions have a history? And do they make history? These are the questions that the new
Research Center “History of Emotions” seeks to answer. To explore the emotional orders of the
past, historians work closely with psychologists and education specialists. In addition, they draw
on the expertise of anthropologists, sociologists, musicologists and scholars working on literature
and art. Our research rests on the assumption that emotions – feelings and their expressions – are
shaped by culture and learnt/acquired in social contexts. What somebody can and may feel (and
show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It
is thus historically variable and open to change.

A central objective of the Research Center is to trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of
feeling. We therefore look at different societies and see how they develop and organise their
emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons. Research concentrates on the modern period (18th to
20th centuries).
Geographically, it includes both western and eastern societies (Europe, North America and South
Asia).

Special attention is paid to institutions that have a strong impact on human behaviour and its
emotional underpinnings, such as the family, law, religion, the military, the state.
Equally important to the Center´s research programme is the historical significance of emotions.
 Emotions are said to motivate human action and thus influence social, political, economic
developments.

In this capacity, they are and have been a privileged object of manipulation and
instrumentalisation. Who appealed to what kind of emotions for what reasons? To what degree did
emotions play a part in/contribute to the formation and dissolution of social groups, communities
and movements? These and other questions open doors to a new field of research, one which aims
to thoroughly historicise a crucial element of human development.

.Recent years have seen a massive increase in interest in emotions not just among historians
but also across the humanities and in the natural sciences. Some observers have already
proclaimed an ‘ emotional turn ’ in cultural studies more generally. To be sure, historians
have long been interested in emotions. As early as 1941, Lucien Febvre, the co-founder of the
Annales , called for a history of the ‘ emotional life of man in all its manifestations ’ . More
recently, historians such as Peter Stearns, William Reddy and Joanna Bourke have made
important contributions to the history of emotions in other national contexts. Yet these
theoretical proposals and practical examples have rarely informed the writing of German
history. Perhaps more so than in other national historiographies, the dominating social
science paradigm after 1945 tended to marginalize historical interest in emotions. And with
some very important exceptions, more recent cultural history approaches have also not drawn
on ‘ emotions ’ as a distinct category of analysis. This situation, however, is changing
rapidly. There is a growing number of edited volumes, conferences, monographs in
preparation, and programmatic essays, and this indicates a heterogeneous, pluralistic yet
sustained effort to write the history of emotions in the German lands — often also in
explicitly comparative and transnational perspective. In the light of the multitude of
theoretical approaches, however, it is not entirely clear how precisely this history of emotions
should be conceptualized, nor is it apparent how it will inform or even revise the writing of
German history. To gain insight into these questions, Frank Biess ( University of California,
San Diego ) has invited to the virtual round table five colleagues who have already made
significant contributions to this newly emergent field. They are Alon Confino ( University of
Virginia ), Ute Frevert ( Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung ), Uffa Jensen (
Universität Göttingen ), Lyndal Roper ( Oxford University ) and Daniela Saxer ( Universität
Zürich/ETH Zürich ). Their contributions to the forum probe the pitfalls but also the potential
of a history of emotions in Germany, and in so doing, seek to make accessible a new and
exciting field of research to the larger community of historians of Germany.

RELATED:

History of Emotions - Townsend Working Groups

townsendgroups.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/february_5.pdf

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TYPE OF EMOTION:
Primary and Secondary Emotions Primary emotions are fairly simple to understand. They are your
reactions to external events. Some precipitating event may cause you to experience emotion.
Example: You may feel sad that someone hurt you or anxious about an upcoming test. A secondary
emotion is when you feel something about the feeling itself. Example: You may feel anger about
being hurt or shame about your anxiety. Secondary emotions turn emotions into complex reactions.
They increase the intensity of your reactions. Differentiating between primary and secondary
emotions provides powerful coping skills. Types of Secondary Emotional Reactions 1. Discomfort
with or judgment about your primary emotion. When you fail to validate your primary emotion as
normal, reasonable, even helpful, you will create a secondary emotion. Example: When you are hurt
by another, you will often turn this hurt into anger. Then you will be dealing with the anger and
avoiding the primary emotion of hurt. It is wise and easiest to deal with the hurt. 2. Emotions evoked
from your perceived identity. If you assume that an event or the behavior of another person says
something about you, your worthiness, your goodness, your value, or your image, then the emotion
evoked from the event will be intense. If you realize that the event only says something about the
event or the other person/people involved, you decrease the intensity of your reaction. 3. Intense
emotions from past events. Intense emotions are stored in memory. You can recall your emotional
reactions to particular events – particularly intense emotions or traumatic events. Emotional
memory can be triggered by present events that offer a similarity to past events. If you stop avoiding
your emotions and experience them in present time, old emotions lose their power and lower in
intensity. 4. Emotions from assumption you make about your world. We all make assumptions about
our world. Some are accurate; some are inaccurate. Either way, these assumptions either increase or
decrease the intensity of our emotional experience. If you think that everyone must approve of you
then, every time you experience disapproval, you will experience intense emotions. If you have
learned that some people will disapprove and that is okay with you, your emotional state in the face
of disapproval will be lessened. 5. Emotions from your fear or anticipation of the future. Fear or
anticipation about your future will intensify your emotional states. If you expect failure, evidence of
problems will create intense emotions. If you expect success, this same evidence will create
emotions that are less intense or immediate. Differentiating Between Primary and Secondary
Emotions 1. Is this emotion a direct reaction to an external event? Primary 2. Is the emotion
becoming more intense over time? Secondary 3. Do you experience the emotion more frequently
than the events that prompted the emotion? Secondary 4. When the initiating event receded, did
the emotions recede? Primary 5. Does the emotion continue long after the event, interfere with
your abilities in the present, and affect new and different experiences? Secondary 6. Is the emotion
complex, ambiguous, and difficult to understand? Secondary Deborah Christensen, PhD., M.S.C.P.
(2010)
RELATED:

Primary and Secondary Emotions - Corner Canyon Counseling

https://cornercanyoncounseling.com/wp.../05/Primary-and-Secondary-Emotions.pdf
.PRIMARY EMOTION:A primary human emotion types are the one triggered in
response to an event.

Joy
Joy or happiness has shades of enjoyment, satisfaction
and pleasure. There is a sense of well-being, inner
peace, love, safety and contentment. There is an
existence of both, positive thinking and positive
activities.
The first secondary emotion is "cheerfulness". This
comprises a myriad of tertiary emotions like:
Zest is another secondary emotion encompassing
different tertiary emotions like:
The other emotions included in this category are
contentment, relief, optimism, pride and enthrallment.
Fear
Fear is a response to impending danger. It is a survival
mechanism that is a reaction to some negative stimulus.
It may be a mild caution or an extreme phobia. If the
fear is trivial, it is called "trifling fear" or if the danger
seems formidable it is a "serious fear".
One secondary emotion in this category is
"nervousness". The various tertiary emotions relating to
this sub-category are
The other emotions included in this category are
contentment, relief, optimism, pride and enthrallment.
Love
Love arises from a feeling of profound oneness. Love
can be platonic, romantic, religious or familial. There
are certain nuances to love regarding bonding,
friendship, altruism and philanthropy. As per
psychology, love is to lend self-esteem to another.
There are three secondary emotions - affection, longing
and lust.
Affection includes the following tertiary emotions:

Lust is related to different tertiary emotions like:

Sadness
Sadness is necessarily related to a feeling of loss and
disadvantage. If this feeling drowns the individual, it
may lead to a state of depression. When a person can be
observed to be quiet, less energetic and withdrawn to
himself it may be inferred that sadness exists. Such an
individual usually has a sloping body, stuck out lips and
a downcast appearance of the head.
The secondary emotion "suffering" includes agony, hurt
and anguish. Another secondary emotion
"disappointment" comprises tertiary emotions like
dismay and displeasure. "Shame" is a secondary
emotion that can be linked to tertiary emotions like
guilt, remorse and regret.
The secondary emotion "neglect" can be understood by
the following tertiary emotions list.

Feelings of sympathy and pity are also included in this

category.
Surprise
Surprise means the showing up of an unexpected result.
When one experiences surprise, it is accompanied by
raising of the eyebrows, horizontal lines on the
forehead, open mouth, stretched skin below the
eyebrows and wide open eyelids. Depending on the
intensity, the mouth may not open, but only the jaw
may drop. A momentary raise in the eyebrows is the
most common evidence of surprise.
There are related tertiary emotions like:

Anger
Anger is evoked due to injustice, conflict, humiliation,
negligence or betrayal. If the anger is active, the
individual attacks the target, verbally or physically. If
the anger is passive, the person silently sulks and feels
tension and hostility. Often, when one empathizes with
another, anger may be displayed. If the purpose of the
source of pain is known, the magnitude of anger is
altered
SECONDARY EMOTION:Secondary emotions are emotional reactions
we have to other emotions. For example, a person may feel ashamed as a result of
becoming anxious or sad. In this case, anxiety would be the primary emotion while shame
would be the secondary emotion. Secondary emotions are emotional reactions we have to
other emotions. For example, a person may feel ashamed as a result of becoming anxious
or sad. In this case, anxiety would be the primary emotion while shame would be the
secondary emotion.

Secondary emotions are often caused by the beliefs we have about experiencing certain
emotions. Some people may believe that being anxious or sad is a sign of weakness or
says something negative about them as people. Therefore, whenever these emotions are
experienced, these thoughts come up, which trigger secondary emotions. Because people
with PTSD often experience uncomfortable emotions such as anxiety, anger, or fear,
they're particularly at risk of experiencing secondary emotions.
RELATED:

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

https://www.verywellmind.com/secondary-emotions-2797387

MEASURING EMOTION: Before one can measure emotions, one must be able to
characterise emotions and distinguish them from other states. Unfortunately, this is a problem
that currently belongs to those yet unsolved. Although the concept of emotion appears to be
generally understood, it is surprisingly difficult to come up with a solid definition. When
surveying emotion research in psychology, one finds various traditions that hold different
views on P.M.A. Desmet (in press) Measuring Emotions Delft University of Technology;
Department of Industrial Design 2 how to go about defining, studying, and explaining
emotions. The last 100 years, psychologists have offered a variety of definitions, each
focussing on different manifestations or components of the emotion. As there seems to be no
empirical solution to the debate on which component is sufficient or necessary to define
emotions, at present the most favoured solutions is to say that emotions are best treated as a
multifaceted phenomenon consisting of the following components: behavioural reactions
(e.g. approaching), expressive reactions (e.g. smiling), physiological reactions (e.g. heart
pounding), and subjective feelings (e.g. feeling amused). Each instrument that is claimed to
measure emotions in fact measures one of these components. As a consequence, both the
number of reported instruments and the diversity in approaches to measure emotions is
abundant. Today’s instruments range from simple pen-and-paper rating scales to dazzling
high-tech equipment that measures brain waves or eye movements. In this chapter, the
distinction is made between non-verbal (objective) instruments and verbal (subjective)
instruments.

RELATED:

Measuring Emotion - Magnus

https://www.magnus.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/papermeasuring.pdf

.REFRENCE:

Emotions - SlideShare

https://www.slideshare.net/uuroosa/emotions-21850032

History of Emotions - Townsend Working Groups

townsendgroups.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/february_5.pdf
1. Primary and Secondary Emotions - Corner Canyon
Counselinghttps://cornercanyoncounseling.com/wp.../05/Primary-and-Secondary-Emotions.pdf

2. Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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4. https://www.verywellmind.com/secondary-emotions-2797387

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