May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies

and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 1

I humbly acknowledge some answers of a person. I don’t know who he is but

credit to him as well
Questions: Who was Lord Wavell? [4]

Wavell was a British field marshal and the commander of British Army forces in the Middle East
during the Second World War. When Linlinthgow retired as viceroy in the summer of 1943,
Wavell was chosen to replace him as viceroy of India. He remained in office till 1947 when
Mountbatten replaced him. He was present in simla conference and proposed the Wavell plan.

Questions: Describe Simla Conference? [4]

Lord Wavell called this conference to discuss the future of India with Indians. Congress, Muslim
League and scheduled casts attended it. Wavell proposed that an executive council should act as
in interim government and it would have equal members of congress and Muslim league and
scheduled casts were given seats. This failed because Jinnah said that the scheduled casts would
take side of India and they would be left in minority.

Questions: Describe the elections of 1945-46? [4]

Muslim league had manifesto of Pakistan and congress had of a joint India without British. In the
election, the Muslim league won all the seats of Muslims in center and 446 out of 495 in
provincial elections. Congress won 91% of non-Muslims seats. Congress also won in NWFP.

Q: What was the Cabinet Mission plan of 1946? [4]

Lord Attlee made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission would visit
India to make recommendations regarding constitutional reforms to be introduced in India. The
Cabinet Mission which was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander visited India and
met the representatives of different political parties but a satisfactory solution to the
constitutional difficulties could not be found. The Mission envisaged the establishment of a
Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution as well as an interim government. The Muslim
League accepted the plan on June 6, 1946, while maintaining its rights of striving for a separate
Muslim state. The Congress also partially accepted the plan, but later rejected the plan.

Questions: What the direct Action Day? [4]

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 2
The Council of the All India Muslim League met in Bombay and on July 27, 1946 it finally
sealed its rejection of the Cabinet Mission Plan, and decided to launch its famous “Direct
Action” for the achievement of Pakistan, which it could not achieve by peaceful means due to
the intransigence of Congress on the one hand and the breach of faith with the Muslim by the
British Government on the other. Direct Action Day was observed peacefully throughout India,
except in Calcutta, where riots broke out.

Question: Who was Mountbatten? [4]

He was the last the last viceroy of British India and the First Governor-General of India. He
belonged to the royal families of both Germany and Britain. He was in navy during Second
World War but was sent as the viceroy to arrange the departure of british in india. He persuaded
Radcliff to change the map of Pakistan in 1947. He died in Ireland.

Questions: What was the 3rd June Plan? [4]

This plan was announced in 1947 by Mountbatten. It said that British India would be split into
two states, India and Pakistan. The plan was duly accepted by the three Indian parties to the
dispute the Congress, the League and the Alkali Dal (representing the Sikhs).Each state was to
have dominion status. The provinces would have choice to join Pakistan or India. Punjab, Sindh,
NWFP, Baluchistan, Bengal and Assam joined Pakistan.

Questions: Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah? [4]

He was born in Karachi. He went to study law in London and returned to India. There he became
an advocate. In his early carrier he joined both congress and Muslim league. Later he left
congress and became the president of Muslim League. He was the first governor-general of
Pakistan.

Questions: What was August offer? [4]

The August offer 1940 was made on August 8, 1940, the eve of the Battle of Britain. The
Viceroy at the time, Lord Linlithgow, made a fresh offer that promised the expansion of the
governor-general's Executive Council to include more Indians, the Establishment of an Advisory
War council, giving full weight to minority opinion, recognition of Indians' right to frame their
own constitution (after the war would end). In return, it was hoped that all parties and
communities in India would cooperate in Britain's war efforts. 6- What was the August Offer?

Question:Who was Chaudhary Rahmat Ali ? [4]

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 3
Chaudhry Rahmat Ali, founder of the Pakistan National Movement, was born in 1895. On
January 28, 1933, he issued his first memorable pamphlet "Now or Never; Are we to live or
perish forever?" He coined the word "Pakistan" for 30 million Muslims who live in the five
northern units of India; Punjab, North West Frontier (Afghan) Province, Kashmir, Sindh and
Baluchistan. The pamphlet also gave reasons for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate
nation. He spoke of an independent homeland for Muslims, Pakistan, in the northern units of
India, "Bang-i-Islam" for Muslims in Bengal, and "Usmanistan" for the Muslims in Hyderabad-
Deccan. He coined the name PAKISTAN.

Q: What was transfer of power ceremony of 1947? [4]

The transfer of power ceremony was held in Karachi and finally Pakistan came into being on
14th August 1947. Consequently, Quaid-e-Azam was sworn in as Governor General of Pakistan
and Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister of Pakistan on 15th August. That was the
culmination of a long struggle which the Muslims of the South Asian Sub Continent has wedged
for a separate homeland in the name of Islam

Q: What were the Redcliff awards? [4]

Mr. Radcliff, an ordinary lawyer was sent from England to India for the demarcation of the
boundaries of Punjab and Bengal. The viceroy and Mr. Radcliff connived with the Congress and
demarcated the boundary according to their wishes. Radcliff included many Muslim majority,
areas in India and deprived Pakistan of the waters of Sutlej, Bias and Ravi. Further captured
Kashmir and created a Kashmir problem which is still unsolved. The defective planning of

Radcliff created many problems for Pakistan unsolved. The defective planning of Redcliff
created many problems for Pakistan.

Q: What was Attlee’s statement of 1947? [4]

On 5th February 1947, harried by Muslim League’s tactics, nine members of the Interim
Government wrote to the Viceroy demanding that League members resign. The League’s
demand for the dissolution of the constituent assembly had proved to be the last straw. The
developing crisis was temporarily defused by the statement made by Attlee in Parliament on 20th
February, 1947. The date for British withdrawal from India was fixed as 30th June 1948 and the
appointment of a new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979), was announced.

Q: What was the London Conference of December, 1946? [4]

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 4
The British Government convened a conference of Hindu leader in December 1946 in London to
resolve the constitutional problems. Prime Minister Attlee, Lord Wavell, Nehru, Quaid-e-Azam,
Liaquat Ali Khan and Sardar Baldev Singh participated in this conference. This Conference also
could not end political deadlock.

Q: What was interim government of 1946? [4]

On 2nd September 1946 a Congress-dominated Interim Government headed by Nehru was

established. The Muslim League refused to accept the proposal in the beginning and did not
nominate its members on 5 reserved seats. Muslim League, afterwards, thought that Congress,
being in power could harm the Muslim interests so it joined the Cabinet after two months on
26th October 1946. However, the basic attention of both the parties was to save their interests in
the interim government.

Q: What was Delhi convention of 1946? [4]

On 19th April 1946, soon after the elections, Jinnah called a convention at Delhi of all the newly
elected League members in the central and provincial legislatures. In this convention the word
“States” of 1940’s Lahore Resolution is transformed into the word “State” and the legislators
signed pledges solemnly declaring their firm conviction that the safety, security, salvation and
destiny of the Muslims lay only in the achievement of Pakistan.

Q: Why the elections of 1945 held? [4]

Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-1946. Muslim League
managed to win all the 30 seats reserved for the Muslims in central legislative and 427 seats out
of 495 Muslim seats in the provincial legislative. Elections results were enough to prove that
Muslim League, under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam, was the sole representative of the
Muslims of the region. Quaid-e-Azam said on this occasion I have no doubt now in the
achievement of Pakistan. The Muslims of India told the world what they want. No power of
world can topple the opinion of 10 crore Muslims of India.

Q: Why Lord Wavell called Simla Conference in June 1945? [4]

Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla in June 1945 to give a practical shape to this plan.
Quaid-e-Azam insisted that the right to appoint five Muslim Members in the Executive Council
should entirely rest with the Muslim League. This was not acceptable to the Congress as the
Congress claimed to represent both the Hindus and Muslims. The conference failed to achieve
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 5
any purpose due to one-sided attitude of Lord Wavell. In this conference, Quaid-e-Azam made it
crystal clear that only the Muslim League can represent Muslims of India.

Q: What was Lord Wavell’s plan of June 1945? [4]

Answer: Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, announced his plan on 14th June 1945 to end the
political ruin. As per the provisions of the Wavell Plan, the Executive Council would be
reorganized and Hindus and Muslims would equally represent in the Viceroy’s Executive
Council and the Council would work as Interim Government till the end of war.

Q: What was the Indian Independence act of 1947? [4]

It was passed in 15 August, 1947.The Bill containing the provisions of the Mountbatten Plan of
June 3, 1947, was introduced in the British Parliament and passed as the Indian Independence
Act, 1947. The Act laid down detailed measures for the partition of India and speedy transfer of
political powers to the new government of India and Pakistan. The government of India act 1935
was to be the constitution of both states.

Q: What was the Lahore Resolution of March, 1940? [4]

On March 23rd, at the annual session of Muslim League at Lahore, the famous resolution,
commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution was passed. It was presented by Maulvi Fazlul
Haq. Quaid-e-Azam said in the ever eloquent words: We are a nation with our own distinctive
culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature,
sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history and
tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of
life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation.

Q: What was poor men budget of 1947? [4]

Congress Allocated the Finance Ministry to the League. This is effect placed the whole
governmental setup under the Muslim League. On 28th February Liaquat Ali Khan as a minister
of Finance presented a budget for 1947-48 which was called a poor man's budget as it adversely
affected the Hindu capitalists. The deadlock between the Congress and the League further
worsened in this setup.

.Q: What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]

Answer: The immediate effect of Partition in 1947was that the Indus Basin became divided and
conflicts subsequently arose between the two countries over the sharing of water resources. In
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 6
1948, after India obtained control of the headwaters and halted the water flow into Pakistan, the
dispute drew international attention. Most of the rivers flowing in Pakistan have their origin in
India. In 1948, India stopped water supply to Pakistani canals to damage the Pakistani
agriculture. However on 9th September, 1960 on agreement called Indus Basin Treaty was
signed between the two countries.

Question: What is the Kashmir Issue? [4]

Answer: Kashmir dispute is the most important and unsolved problem. Kashmir is the natural
part of Pakistan because at the time of partition 85% of the Kashmir's total population was
Muslim. The Hindu Dogra Rule, who was secretly with the Government of India, declared
Kashmir as a part of India? Pakistan has continuously insisted that Kashmir must get their right
of self-determination but due to non-cooperation of India, Kashmir issue still remain unsolved.

Q: What was Nehru report? [4]

It was a report produced by Motilal Nehru in the all-party conference 1928. It called for
immediate dominion status for India. It said that there should be bicameral parliament and all the
men and women should have right to vote. There was a system of protecting the rights of
minorities by reserving seats but it was still opposed by Muslims. It was presented to British as
the new constitution for India.

Q: What were Jinnah’s Fourteen Points? [4]

These were demands proposed by Jinnah in the All-India Muslim League conference. It was
given as an answer to Nehru Report. It was unanimously accepted by all the leaders of Muslim
league. It demanded for 1/3rd seats and separate electorates for Muslims. It said that all the
provinces should have equal amount of autonomy and Sindh should be separated from Bombay.

Q: What was Delhi proposal? [4]

A conference held by the Muslims in 1927 at Delhi, which is called "The Delhi-Muslim
Proposals". Following are the safeguards that were proposed: Punjab and Bengal: statuary
Muslim majorities No Weightage in provinces Sind to be separated from Bombay Constitutional
Reforms in NWFP One-third seats for Muslims in Central Legislature On communal issues, no
law will be passed if three-fourth members of the Concerned community opposes it.

Q: Why Gandhi started his Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) in 1930? [4]
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 7
Also called the 'Salt Satyagraha', to achieve the goal of complete independence, Gandhi launched
another civil disobedience movement. Along with 79 followers, Gandhi started his famous march
from Sabarmati Ashram on March 20, 1930, for the small village Dandi to break the Salt Law.
Gandhi inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement, a movement that was to remain
unsurpassed in the history of the Indian National Movement for the countrywide mass
participation it unleashed. In response Gandhi and Nehru were arrested.

Q: What was Simon Commission? [4]

According to Govt. of India Act 1919 a commission was to be sent so in 1927 a Commission was
sent to India. It was a 7 men committee under the leadership of John Simon. All the members
were British so it was thought as an insult and Indians opposed it. In 1930 it produced a two-
volume report according to which RTC were held.

Q: What was Allahabad Address? [4]

It was the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal to the Session of the All-India Muslim League
on 29 December 1930 at Allahabad. In that address Iqbal said that he would like to see NWFP,
Punjab and Baluchistan as a separate state for Muslims. Thus, Iqbal demanded a sovereign
independent Muslim state even before the Muslim League demanded it in Pakistan's Resolution.

Q: Describe RTC-1? [4]

All the parties in India were called to first RTC. Congress refused to come as their demand that
everything that would be discussed would be applied to India was rejected. Muslims were
represented by Muhammad Ali, Agha Khan and Jinnah. In this the princes were promised their
rights.

Q: Why Lord Irwin decided to make pact with Gandhi in 1931? [4]

This pact was passed between Gandhi and Lord Irwin in 1931. In this pact Gandhi agreed to call-
off his non-cooperation movement and stopped his demand for independence. Irwin agreed that
the political prisoners would be released and their properties would be given them back.

Q: Describe RTC-2? [4]

It was called in London in 1931. Viceroy Irwin urged Gandhi to stop his non-cooperation and
attend the RTC. An agreement was reached which is called the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Muslims were
represented by Jinnah and Allama Iqbal. In the RTC the Gandhi took hard lines and refused to
accept the rights of Muslims. So this was failed.
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 8

Q: Describe RTC-3? [4]

It was called in London in 1932. Jinnah was not invited and Gandhi went back to India and
started his Disobedience movement so they both were not there. Muslims were represented by
Agha Khan and Muhammad Shah. No agreement could be reached.

Q: What was the Government of India act of 1935? [4]

The Simon Commission report submitted in 1930 formed the basis for the Government of India
Act 1935. The new Government of India Act received the royal assent on August 4, 1935. It was
the last constitution of British India and the first constitution of both India and Pakistan. In this
diarchy was dropped at provincial level and introduced at central level. The number of provinces
was increased to 11 by making NWF, Orissa and Sindh, Now 25 percent of Indian population
could vote.

Q: What was the communal award of 1932? [4]

Communal Award was announced by McDonalds in 1932. These were announced to reduce
communal tensions in India. The Muslims were given majority in Hindu Majority provinces and
Hindus in the Muslim majority areas. These were rejected by congress but reluctantly accepted
by the Muslims.

Q: Describe elections of 1937? [4]

These were the first elections after the govt. of India act 1935. Both Muslim league and the
congress participated in the elections. Congress got majority in 5 provinces and single largest
party in 4 provinces. Congress was asked to form ministries and it did.

Q: What was Wardha Scheme? [4]

It was an educational scheme started by Gandhi. In this, religious education was banned and
cotton spinning was made a part of education. Children were forced to bow before Gandhi’s
portrait and the education was to be in Hindi. This was opposed by the Muslims
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 9

Q: What was Bande matram? [4]

It was a Hindu nationalist Song. It was written against the Muslims that they should be expelled
from Hindustan. Its singing was made compulsory in schools and in start of official business
every day during the congress rule. It was seen as an insult to the Muslims.

Question: Describe Khilafat Conference 1?[4]

It was called in Delhi in 1919. Maulana Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali were leading figures.
Gandhi was also present as non-official member of congress. A resolution was passed that a
delegation would be sent to British to stop them demolishing the Khilafat.

Question: Describe Khilafat Conference 2?[4]

It was held in Amritsar in December 1919. Congress and Muslim league were present in in.
Muhammad Ali had returned from the Britain where he was failed to stop the British to
dismember the caliphate. It was unsuccessful.

Question: Describe Khilafat Conference 3?[4]

It was held in July 1921. It was the last Khilafat Conference. It passed a number of resolutions
against the British which offended them. As a result the Ali brothers were arrested.

Question: What was Treaty of Versailles?[4]

It was one of the peace treaties at the end of the First World War. It was signed in 1919 to end
the state of war between Britain and Germany with its Allies. As a result Germany had to pay
money to Britain and its allies. Germany was split and Poland was created.
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 10

Question: What was Treaty of Sevres? [4]

It was a peace treaty at the end of WWI. It was between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies. In
this the Turkey was to be split up. While it was under discussion the Nationalist Government
abolished the Khilafat.

Q: What was Hijrat Movement? [4]

The Indian Muslim religious leaders declared India Darul Harab which means the place
(Country) where Muslims are not allowed to perform their religious practices, in the said
situation; The Muslims should migrate to the nearest safe place. The Ulama issued fatwas to go
to Darul Islam, Afghanistan. There was an impression that King of Afghanistan would welcome
them. So the migration took place at large scale. Initially Afghans welcomed them. Later, they
closed the border and pushed the migrants back to the Indian territories. It resulted in loss of
lives and Money. Many died during this migration. Some went to Soviet Union from
Afghanistan because they had nothing in India now.

Question: Who was Kamal Attaturk? [4]

He was a Turkish Military leader during World War I. He was the leader of Turkish national
Movement. He abolished the khilafat and the Ottoman Empire. He was the first president and
founder of Republic of Turkey.

Q: What was the Moplahs uprising? [4]

Moplahs were the descendants of the Arab Muslims settled in the Sub-Continent even before the
arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, they revolted against Hindu landlords whose
treatment was very brutal with them. Later this clash changed as Moplahs versus the Police and
Hindu. Fighting took place and 4000 Moplahs were killed. This embittered the Hindu-Muslim
relations.

Question: What was the importance of Khilafat Movement? [4]

In spite of collapse of the Caliphate, Khilafat Movement was an important step towards the
Muslim political development. Muslims learnt the importance of leadership and political
organization. The movement did a great job in uniting the Muslims of India against Britain in
support of the Caliph of Turkey. It aroused the feelings of Indian Muslims for their brothers in
the world. Muslims got the idea and desire of a separate homeland for themselves. Once again,
the Muslims became aware that they could no longer trust on Hindus and British. Both betrayed
them on various occasions. Congress suddenly quit the movement when it had reached its
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 11
climax. If Muslims have to survive, they will have to do it on their own. No dependence on other
nations.

Q: What was the non-cooperation movement of 1920? [4]

With the Congress support of the Khilafat movement, Hindu-Muslim unity was achieved which
encouraged Gandhi to launch his non-violent, non-cooperation movement. At the Calcutta
Session in September 1920, the Congress resolved in favor of the non-violent, non-cooperation
movement and defined Swaraj as its ultimate aim. The movement envisaged: (i) Surrender of
titles and honorary officers; (ii) Resignation from nominated offices and posts in the local
bodies; (iii) Refusal to attend government darbars and official functions and boycott of British
courts by the lawyers; (iv) Refusal of general public to offer themselves for military and other
government jobs, and boycott of foreign goods, etc. The non-cooperation movement also saw
picketing of shops selling foreign cloth and boycott of the foreign cloth by the followers of
Gandhi.

Q: What happened at the Chaura Chauri incident? [4]

Chauri-Chaura was a village in the Gorakhpur District. There, in 1922, twenty-one police
officers were killed after they fired on the crowd to stop them. Whole police station was set on
fire. This compelled Gandhi to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement on February 12, 1922.

Q: What was the Swaraj party of 1922? [4]

Gandhi's decision to call off the agitation caused frustration among masses. His decision came in
for severe criticism from his colleagues who organized the Swaraj Party. The foundations of the
'Swaraj Party' were laid on January 1, 1923, as the 'Congress-Khilafat-Swarajya Party'. It
proposed then an alternative program of diverting the movement from widespread civil
disobedience program to restrictive one which would encourage its member to enter into
legislative councils (established under Montfort Reforms of 1919) by contesting elections in
order to wreck the legislature from within and to use moral pressure to compel the authority to
concede to the popular demand for self-government.

Q: What is the Khilafat Movement of 1920? [4]

The Caliph, Sultan of Turkey, was looked upon by the Muslims as their religious head. During
the First World War, when the safety and the welfare of Turkey were threatened by the British
thereby weakening the Caliph's position, Indian Muslims adopted an aggressive anti-British
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 12
attitude. The two brothers, Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali launched an anti-British movement
in 1920-the Khilafat Movement for the restoration of Khilafat.

Q: Who were Ali Brothers? [4]

i- Maulana Shaukat Ali: was an Indian Muslim Nationalist and the leader of Khilafat
Movement. In his early carrier he was member of Congress. He was brother of Muhammad Ali
Jauhar and helped his brother to publish weekly Hamdard and weekly Comrade. Due to seditious
material he and his brother were imprisoned. He was once again jailed for his support to
Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement. Later he joined Muslim League

ii- Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar: was an Indian Muslim leader, poet and journalist. He
became president of khilafat Conference In 1918. He was the leaders of delegation which was
sent to England to persuade British to not to punish Turkey. In his early carrier he was member
of Congress. He started to publish weekly Hamdard and weekly Comrade. Due to seditious
material he and his brother were imprisoned. Later he joined Muslim League.

Q: What was Satayagra?[4]

It is a word of Hindi and it means truth-force. It was a non-cooperation movement started by

Gandhi. It was a form of non-violent protest against British. It later became violent protest
during Khilafat Movement. Jinnah and Muslims did not join it.

Q: What was the silk letter conspiracy?[4]

The Silk Letter Conspiracy (Tehrek-e-Reshmi Rumal) refers to a conspiracy by Deobandi leaders
to attempt to begin a Pan-Islamic insurrection in British India during World War I by seeking
support from Ottoman Turkey, Imperial Germany, and Afghanistan. The plot was uncovered by
Punjab CID with the capture of letters from Ubaid ‘Allah Sindhi, one of the Deobandi leaders
then in Afghanistan, to Mahmud al Hassan another leaders then in Persia. The letters were
written in Silk cloth, hence called silk letter conspiracy, to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the
tribal belt of India against the British.

Question: What was congress? [4]

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 13
Although the British succeeded in suppressing the 1857 Revolt, they could not stop the growth of
political awareness in India. It was an Indian organization of representatives to represent their
views to British. Its founder was an Englishman, Allan Octavian Hume, a retired member of the
Indian Civil Service. The Indian leaders, who cooperated with Hume in launching the Congress,
were patriots of high character. The first President of the Congress was W.C. Bannerjee. Later it
became a political party under the leadership of Gandhi. It was a Hindu dominated body and
there were only few idealist Muslims in congress.

Question: What was Muslim league? [4]

In 1906, All India Muslim League was set up under the leader-ship of Aga Khan, Nawab
Salimullah of Dacca and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. The League supported the partition of Bengal,
and demanded special safeguards for its community and separate elec-torates of Muslims. This
led to communal differences between Hindus and Muslims. It passed Lahore resolution under the
leadership of Jinnah in 1940. It achieved independence from British in 1947.

Question: Describe simla deputation? [4]

In October 1st, 1906 a Muslim Deputation consisted of 70 representatives, representing all

opinions of the Muslim community, headed by Sir Aga Khan met Lord Minto who was
appointed as the Viceroy of India. Muslim elite leaders from all over India drew up a plan to
safeguard Muslim interests. The Muslim leaders demanded for separate electorates for their
community, more seats than their actual population and presented it to the Viceroy Lord Minto
who granted them in Morley Minto refrorms.

Question: What were Morley Minto reforms? [4]

These were introduced in India as Indian Council Act 1909 by Lord Morley and Lord Minto to
give increased share to Indians in the government. In this seats in imperial and central executive
councils were increased of Indians. The reforms introduced the system for Muslims were given
separate electorates and 1/3rd seats in all the elections. This was done to encourage the notion
that the political, economic and cultural interests of Hindus and Muslims were separate and not
common. Indian political leaders were however dissatisfied by these reforms.

Question: What was luckh-now Pact? [4]

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 14
An important step forward in achieving Hindu-Muslim unity was the Luck now Pact 1916. In
1916 congress and Muslim League met in Luck now. It was Jinnah who persuaded both parties
to meet. Both the Con-gress and the Muslim League held sessions at Lucknow in 1916 and
concluded the famous Lucknow Pact. The Congress accepted the demands of separate electorates
and 1/3rd majority was accepted for the first time by Indians. So they both put their joint
demands to British.

Question: What were Montague Chelmsford reforms 1919? [4]

These were passed in 1919 as govt. of India act 1919 by lord Chelmsford and Lord Montague.
Two-house National Parliament was started in India. A system of diarchy started in which halves
of the areas of responsibilities were reserved and half of them were transferred to Indian
ministers. Now 5.5 million of Indian population could vote.

Question: What was Rowlett’s act? [4]

(1919) Legislation introduced by the British colonial government in India, It was based upon the
recommendation of a committee chaired by Mr. Justice Rowlett. He introduced emergency
powers Act called as Rowlett act. The Act was considered a necessary prelude to ensure public
calm for the introduction of the 1919 Government of India Act. The Rowlett Act was a law
passed by the British Raj in India in March 1919. Rowlett Act 1919 authorized the Government
to Arrest without warrant and prison without bail was introduced.

Question: What do you know about the Rowlett act? [4]

In 1918 Justice Dyer submitted his report that there is definite growth of revolutionary activities
and recommended to impose emergency measures of the defense of India Act. Any Indian could
be arrested without warrant, detention without bail and the rights of provincial governor to order
where to live. As a result Quai-e-Azam resigned from legislative council and Gandhi started
strikes against it but Viceroy ignored the opposition and passed the act in 1919.

Question: What was Jallian walla bagh/ Amritsar massacre? [4]

Due to the strict measures of British, 20000 people including Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus
gathered at Jallian-walla bagh in Amritsar city. There were people of all ages and just gathered
for peaceful demonstration. General Dyer was to control the violence so he closed the narrow
exits and ordered him army to shoot at the crowd. More than 400 people died and 1200 were
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 15
wounded. "The incident in Jallianwala Bagh was 'an extraordinary event, a monstrous event, an
event which stands in singular and sinister isolation"...Winston Churchill.

Question: Who was General Dyer? [4]

General Dyer was a British Indian army officer who was made a temporary brigadier-general for
controlling Amritsar. He ordered his army to attack to a crowd in the jallian-walla bagh on
unarmed civilians who were gathered for peaceful demonstration. Due to this he was
investigated by hunter committee in England. By its investigation he was deposed of his services
but later he became a hero among British.

Question: What was Hunter committee? [4]

It was a British committee set up to investigate the Amritsar massacre. It asked few questions to
dyer and by its findings it deposed dyer from his services. It was founded by Dayanand in 1877
in India. It was a Hindu party which aimed to purify Hinduism. It forcefully converted Muslims
into Hindus and to reconvert those Hindus who had embraced Christianity.

Q: What were Shuddhi and Sangathan? [4]

Hindu Muslim Unity evaporated in the year after the Khilafat Movement and Hindu Muslim
Riots began. The poison of differences between the two nations aggravated with the passage of
time. The differences reached to the peak when Shuddhi and Sangathan movements began. The
Shuddhi Movement aimed at the mass conversion of certain backward groups of Muslims into
Hindus by force whereas the Sangathan Program sought to organize the Hindus into a Militant
force to flight with the Muslims.

Question: What was Arya Samaj? [4]

It was founded by Dayanand in 1877 in India. It was a Hindu party which aimed to purify
Hinduism. It forcefully converted Muslims into Hindus and to reconvert those Hindus who had
embraced Christianity.

Question: Who was Pundit Mohan Malaviya? [4]

He was the president of Indian National Congress. He helped Hindu Mahasabha to found. He
attended First round table conference and was a notable person in Gandhi’s non-cooperation. He
was the founder of The Hindustan Times.

Question: What were Delhi proposals? [4]

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 16
There were proposals given by Jinnah in 1927 to a conference of all India Muslim league. He
gave few demands which he said it would be accepted that he would give up the demand of
separate electorates. He said that there should be 1/3rd Muslim majority in all central legislature,
Sindh should be made a province and all the reforms of other provinces should be brought to
NWF and Baluchistan.

Question: What was diarchy? [4]

Diarchy means a government by two authorities. In India it was started in the government of
India act 1919 on provincial level. The reserved subjects such as defense were most important
and were controlled by Provincial Governors and their Executive councils and the transferred
subjects were less important such as forests and were controlled by Indian Ministers. Diarchy
was dropped at provincial level and brought at central level in Govt of India act 1935.

Question: Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [4]

Answer: On December 30, 1898, Lord Curzon took over as the new Viceroy of India. The
partition of Bengal came into effect on October 16, 1905, through a Royal Proclamation,
reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating a new province of East Bengal, which
later on became East Pakistan and present day Bangladesh. The government explained that it was
done to stimu-late growth of underdeveloped eastern region of the Bengal. But, actually, the
main objective was to 'Divide and Rule' the most advanced region of the country at that time.

Q: What were Shuddhi and Sangathan? [4]

Answer: Hindu Muslim Unity evaporated in the year after the Khilafat Movement and Hindu
Muslim Riots began. The poison of differences between the two nations aggravated with the
passage of time. The differences reached to the peak when Shuddhi and Sangathan movements
began. The Shuddhi Movement aimed at the mass conversion of certain backward groups of
Muslims into Hindus by force whereas the Sangathan Program sought to organize the Hindus
into a Militant force to flight with the Muslims.

Q: Why was Maha Sabha established? [4]

Maha Sabha was established in 1900. It was a nonpolitical party until the Shuddhi and Sangathan
Movement started. These movements motivated Maha Sabha to be involved in politics. It proved
to be the worst enemy of Muslims. The party declared Muslims as outsiders and said that
Muslims have no relation with India. If they want to leave it then they could leave it happily but
if they want to leave it then they could leave it happily but if they want to live in India, they will
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 17
have to accept Hindu Mutt. So it was impossible for Hindus and Muslims to live in a country
together.

Question: Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [4]

Answer: On December 30, 1898, Lord Curzon took over as the new Viceroy of India. The
partition of Bengal came into effect on October 16, 1905, through a Royal Proclamation,
reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating a new province of East Bengal, which
later on became East Pakistan and present day Bangladesh. The government explained that it was
done to stimu-late growth of underdeveloped eastern region of the Bengal. But, actually, the
main objective was to 'Divide and Rule' the most advanced region of the country at that time.

Q: What was the Swadeshi Movement of 1905? [4]

The Swadeshi movement has its genesis in the anti-partition movement which was started to
oppose the British decision to divide Bengal. Indian National Congress took up the Swadeshi call
in Banaras Session, in 1905, presided by G.K. Gokhale, who supported the Swadeshi and
Boycott Movement of Bengal, Militant Nationalism spearheaded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin
Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Aurobindo Ghosh was, however, in favor of extending the
movement of the rest of India and carrying it beyond the program of just Swadeshi and boycott
of goods to full-fledged political mass struggle.

Question: What Was the Achievement Of Simla Deputation For Muslims? [4]

Answer: The acceptance of Simla Deputation happened to be a turning point for the Muslims in
the history of the Indian sub-continent. The Simla Deputation preserved the interests and identity
of the Muslims in the sub-continent, and through this it was made clear by the Muslims that they
are in no way interested in handing power to a Hindu-dominated assembly elected on the
assumed basis of a homogenous Indian nation. The Simla Deputation reflected the struggle of the
Muslims for self-determination and an independent identity. The Simla Deputation sent off the
first real signs of a possible division of Bengal, which was ultimately materialized by the Two-
nation theory and the subsequent partition of Bengal into India and Pakistan. So the partition of
Bengal and the opportunity of Muslims to retain a separate homeland forming a majority can be
seen as some of the achievements of the Simla Deputation.

Q: What the home-rule movement of 1915 and 1916? [4]

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 18
Dr. Annie Besant, inspired by the Irish rebellion, started a Home Rule Movement in India in
September 1916. The movement spread rapidly and branches of the Rome Rule League were
established all over India. Bal Gangadhar Tilak wholeheartedly supported this movement.
Rejoined forces with Dr. Besant and persuaded the Muslim League to support this program.

Q:How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of punjabi since 1947? [4]

Answer: It is the language spoken by the most populous province of Pakistan which is Punjab. It
is also spoken in Azad Kashmir and the NWFP. It is easily understood by everyone and is also
considered very old language. It has a long history and is written in “Gurmukhi script” and there
are several dialects of this language. This language is used by singers and there are many songs
in this language. There are novels, short stories, and Dramas in Punjabi and there are also books
published in this language as Law, Medicine. The Punjabi Literature is taught in many
educational places.

Q:How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Sindhi since 1947? [4]

Answer: It is the language older than Urdu it was used by number of famous poets. It is very
popular in Sindh province. There are many steps taken to promote Sindhi. In 1948 a board was
set up to print the Sindhi magazines. Several important books are written in Sindhi. It is used in
school but it is not the medium of instructions in schools. Government is also trying to promote
this language.

Q:How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Pushto since 1947? [4]

Answer: It is the language of people of NWFP and the northern areas of Balochistan. It is
influenced by Greek, Persian and Arabic. It had a great history and is one of the oldest languages
of Pakistan. Pashto literature plays an important role in opposition to British rule and movement
towards independence. Study in Pashto helped foster unity and the language became freedom
movement for NWFP. Within three years after independence Peshawar University was
established to promote the language.

Q: What was the Mujahedeen Movement of Syed Ahmad Shaheed Bralvi? [4]

The Defeat of the mujahedeen in the Battle of Balakot was a serious setback for the Jihad
movement still it survived. The movement continued on the hills of NWFP until 1863 when the
British sent large force to deal with it still it survived through determination of its followers. The
work of Syed Ahmad was important because it was the first arm struggle of a movement to free
Muslims from non-Muslim rule. It was not a movement for a leader but it was to achieve
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 19
religious freedom. Jihad of Syed Ahmad inspired many Muslims. It is the fore-runner of Pakistan
movement as the aim of this movement was to safe-guard Muslim interest and achieves a
homeland where they can practice their Religion, Culture and Freedoms.

Question: what is the importance of the Farazi movement of Haji Shariat Ullah? [4]

Work of Haji Shariat Ullah was important to Faraizi Movement because it gave encouragement
to Muslims at a time when they demoralised by oppression suffered from Hindus and British. It
also brought about a spiritual revival which led to a revival in Islamic religion in East Bengal.
Hindu influences were removed from Islamic practices. It might be said that some seeds for the
Pakistan Movement were sown by the Faraizi Movement.

Questions: Who were Mujahideens?[4]

Mujahideens were the people of army of SASB. They did jihad which means to fight in way of
God. They defeated Sikhs several times but they were finally killed in large numbers in the
Valley of Balakot.

Questions: Who were faraizis?[4]

Faraizis were the people who followed HSU. They were the people of Faraizi Movement. They
emphasized on praying for past sins and following all the obligations.

Questions: What was the faraizi movement?[4]

Started by Haji Shariatullah (1781 - 1840), this was an Islamic revivalist movement in East
Bengal. He rejected the introduction of non-Islamic customs and practices which had been
introduced from tribal and cultural practices, and emphasized the importance of the performance
of the compulsory religious duties. The sect also opposed much of the basis of British rule in
India as a consequence of its interpretation of Islamic practice.

Questions: What was Shah Wali Ullah?[4]

Shah Wali Ullah Muhaddis Dehlvi was born on February 21, 1703 at Delhi, Shah Wali Ullah
received his academic and spiritual education from his father. He left for Arabia in 1730 for
higher education. By the time he returned to Delhi in July 1732, the decline in Mughal fortunes
had started. The social, political, economic and religious conditions of the Muslims were very
poor. On his return to India, he not only identified the causes for the decline of the Muslims, but
also pointed out the remedies. He translated the Quran to Persian, the main and common
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
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language of the people at that time. He also tried to reduce the various differences of many a
sectarian group prevailing at that time

Questions: Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi?[4]

Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi was born in 29 November 1786 in Rai Bareilley. He moved to
Delhi at the age of eighteen and became the follower of Shah Abdul Aziz. In 1821, he went to
perform Hajj. He became greatly impressed from this new system of thought for Islam. When he
came back on 6 August 1823 to India, he devoted himself for the religious and social reformation
of the Muslims and the preparation of Jihad. He received martyrdom in fighting with Sikhs on
6th May 1831.

Questions: Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi?[4]

Haji Shariatullah was an eminent Islamic reformer and brave freedom fighter of Bangladesh. He
was born in 1781 in a petty Talukdar family. He received education from famous Madrassa of
Furfura, Murshidabad. He emigrated to Makkah in 1799, returned to Bangladesh in 1818 and
started an Islamic revivalist reform movement, akin to the contemporary Arabian Wahhabism.
The movement he started came to be popularly known as the Faraizi Movement.

Question: what is the importance of the Jihad movement of syed Ahmed Shed Bralvi? [4]

The Defeat of the mujahedeen in the Battle of Balakot was a serious setback for the Jihad
movement still it survived. The movement continued on the hills of NWFP until 1863 when the
British sent large force to deal with it still it survived through determination of its followers. The
work of Syed Ahmad was important because it was the first arm struggle of a movement to free
Muslims from non-Muslim rule. It was not a movement for a leader but it was to achieve
religious freedom. Jihad of Syed Ahmad inspired many Muslims. It is the fore-runner of Pakistan
movement as the aim of this movement was to safe-guard Muslim interest and achieves a
homeland where they can practice their Religion, Culture and Freedoms.

What happened at Kanpur in 1857 revolt?

At Kanpur the struggle for independence was led by Nana Sahib the adopted son of Peshwa Baji
Rao II. The British Commander, Hugh Wheeler finding the odds heavy against him surrendered
on June 20, 1857 A.D. A large number of Englishmen, women and children fell into the hands of
Nana Sahib and he promised them a safe passage to Allahabad. But the news about the inhuman
massacre of the Indians at the hands of General O’Neil at Allahabad and Benares infuriated the
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 21
crowd which in vengeance killed all the Englishmen in their custody. However, later researches
reveal that Nana Sahib had no hand in these killings.

What happened at Delhi in 1857 revolt?

The revolutionaries from Meerut reached Delhi on 11th May, 1857 and the small British garrison
at Delhi could not resist and consequently fell into their hands within 2 days. The Mughal
Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, joined the revolutionaries after initial vacillation and was proclaimed
Emperor of India. Sir John Lawrence sent a strong British contingent commanded by John
Nicholson. After a long siege of four months, the British were able to recover Delhi in
September 1857 A.D. The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was captured by the British from
the tomb of Humayun. Two of his sons and a grandson were shot in cold blood before his eyes.
The emperor was deported to Rangoon where he died in the year 1862 A. D.

What happened at Meerut in 1857 revolt?

On 6th May, 1857 A.D. when the new cartridges were issued to 90 Indian soldiers in Meerut, 85
of them refused to bite them with their teeth. These 85 soldiers were court-martialled and
sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment. They were stripped of their uniforms in the presence of the
entire Indian garrison. It was too much of a disgrace to be put up with and this incident sent a
wave of indignation. On 10th May 1857, the Indian soldiers at Meerut broke into open revolt.
They released their companions and murdered a few European officers. The sky was rent with
deafening shouts of “Maro Firangee Ko”. On the night of 10th May the mutineers marched to
Delhi and thousands of able-bodied civilians also joined them.

What happened at Laucknow in 1857 revolt? The tide of revolution touched its highest mark
in Oudh. Not only the Hindu and Muslim Taluqdars but even the common people went all out to
help the dispossessed Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah. As soon as the revolt broke out the people carried
out a complete massacre of the Englishmen. The Chief Commissioner, Sir Henry Lawrence,
sought refuge with 1000 English and 700 Indian soldiers inside the Residency. The
revolutionaries besieged the Residency and killed most of the Englishmen, including Sir Henry
Lawrence and the notorious English General O’Neil. At last, the Commander-in-Chief of the
British forces in India, General Collin Campbell, himself marched towards Lucknow, at the head
of English and Gurkha soldiers. Lucknow fell into the hands of the British after a fierce battle in
March 1858.
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 22

Q: What was the Result of the uprising? [4]

Answer: Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled in Rangoon. The rebellion also saw the end of the British
East India Company's rule in India. In August, by the Queen's Proclamation of 1858, power was
transferred to the British Crown. A secretary of state was entrusted with the authority of Indian
affairs and the Crown's viceroy in India was to be the chief executive. The British embarked on a
program of reform, trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and
abolishing the East India Company. Muslim responded to the harsh treatment against them by
simply refusing to cooperate with the British. The long term presence of British in their country
was never going to be accepted by the overwhelming majority of the Indians.

Question: What was the Doctrine of Lapse? [4]

The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie,
According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence of the British
East India Company as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically
be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir". The
doctrine and its application were widely regarded by Indians as illegitimate. In the case of
Nawab of Oudh who had heirs but British too annexed his lands as it tells us that Britishers were
not more than greedy land grabbers.

Q: What were the greased cartridges? [4]

The cartridges for the muzzle loading rifles issued to the native soldiers in India had bullets
lubricated with beef tallow, another that lard (pig fat) had been used. These cartridges were used
by biting the paper cartridge to open them before pouring powder down the barrel. Many of the
soldiers were Hindu, and regarded the cow as a sacred animal, and believed this was an effort by
the British to "break their caste"- or disgrace them. The Muslim soldiers believed pigs (and pig
fat) to be unclean, and prohibited by their religion.

Q: What was the Industrial Revolution? [4]

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-18th Century and spread across Europe
and to North America. It has been explain as the beginning of factory production and involved a
change in manufacturing process. The first factory began to churn out mass produced goods, the
development of the steam engines, railways and steam ships. The textile industry using imported
Indian cotton was very successful. From being a small rule of nation the Industrial revolution
turned Britain into the wealthiest and the most powerful country in the world.
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 23

Q: What was battle of Kanpur [4]

At Kanpur the struggle for independence was led by Nana Sahib. The British Commander, Hugh
Wheeler finding the odds heavy against him surrendered on June 20, 1857 A.D. A large number
of Englishmen, women and children fell into the hands of Nana Sahib and he promised them a
safe passage to Allahabad. But the news about the inhuman massacre of the Indians at the hands
of General O’Neil at Allahabad and Benares infuriated the crowd which in vengeance killed all
the Englishmen in their custody.

Q: What was Meerut rebellion? [4]

On 6th May, 1857 A.D. when the new cartridges were issued to 90 Indian soldiers in Meerut, 85
of them refused to bite them with their teeth. These 85 soldiers were court-martialled and
sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment. They were stripped of their uniforms in the presence of the
entire Indian garrison. On 10th May 1857, the Indian soldiers at Meerut broke into open revolt.
They released their companions and murdered a few European officers. The sky was rent with
deafening shouts of “Maro Firangee Ko”.

Q: Who was Mangal Pandey? [4]

Mangal Pandey, a resident of Ballia, in Uttar Pradesh, was a soldier in the army of the British
East India Company. At the time of the First War of Independence, the company introduced new
rifles, which used animal fat for greasing the cartridges. Influenced by the example of his
compatriots in Berhampur, Mangal Panday refused to use the greased cartridges and broke into
open mutiny on March 29, 1857, at Barrackpore near Calcutta and urged his comrades to join
him.

Q: Who was Tatya Tope? [4]

Tatya Tope also known as Ram Chandra Pandurang was born in 1814 at village Gola in
Maharashtra. In May 1857, when the political storm was gaining momentum, he won over the
Indian troops of the East India Company, stationed at Kanpur, established Nana Saheb's
authority and became the Commander-in-Chief of his revolutionary forces. After the
reoccupation of Kanpur and separation from Nana Saheb, Tatya Tope shifted his headquarters to
Kalpi to join hands with Rani Lakshmi Bai and led a revolt in Bundelkhand.

Q: Who was Chatrapati Shivaji? [4]

Shivaji Bhosle, also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle was the founder of Maratha
Empire in western India in 1674. He raised a strong army and navy, constructed and repaired
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 24
forts, used guerilla warfare tactics, developed a strong intelligence network, gave equal treatment
to the people from all religions and castes based on merit, and functioned like a seasoned
Statesman and General. He appointed ministers with specific functions such as internal security,
Foreign affairs, Finance, Law and Justice, Religious matters, Defense etc. He introduced systems
in revenue collection and warned the officials against harassment of subjects. He thought ahead
of times and was a true visionary

Q: Who was Laxmi Bai?? [4]

Rani Lakshmibai was one of the leading warriors of India’s freedom struggle In March 1858,
Britishers attack on Jhansi forced Rani Lakshmi Bai’s army to fight back for the defense of the
city. The war continued for two weeks but unfortunately Britishers were successful in extending
their empire. Under the cover of darkness Rani along with her son and army of rebellions rode to
Gwalior where again a battle was fought. The second day of the war in Gwalior unfortunately
turned to be the last day of Rani’s life. Bravely fighting for India’ freedom, she died on June 18,
1858.

Q: What was the EIC? [4]

Answer: English chartered company formed for trade with East and Southeast Asia and India,
incorporated in 1600 by Queen Elizbeth1. It began as a monopolistic trading body, establishing
early trading stations at Surat, Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai), and Calcutta
(Kolkata). Trade in spices was its original focus; this broadened to include cotton, silk, and other
goods.

Q: Why were British interested in India? [4]

Answer: India was a source of several products that were much sort after wealthy people in
Europe. The British arrived in the subcontinent to Trade in spice from southern India, cotton
goods and yarn from Gujarat, yarn and sugar from Madras and silk and potassium from Bengal
made good profit for the EIC.

Q: What was the Government of India Act 1858? [4]

Answer: Queen Victoria issued a proclamation called the 'Magna Carta of Indian Liberty on
November 1, 1858, placing India under direct government of the Crown, whereby:

(a) A viceroy was appointed in India

(b) Princes were given the right to adopt a son (abolition of Doctrine of Lapse)
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
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(c) Treaties were honored

(d) Religious freedom was restored and equality treatment promised to Indians

Questions: Who was Siraj-ud-Daullah?

He was the last independent Nawab of Bengal. He attacked the the British presidency of Calcutta
and conquered it. But when Clive’s forces arrived he was defeated. This was due to conspiracy
of his men Mir Jafar. He was executed by British.

Q: What was the Industrial Revolution? [4]

Answer: The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-18th Century and spread across
Europe and to North America. It has been explain as the beginning of factory production and
involved a change in manufacturing process. The first factory began to churn out mass produced
goods, the development of the steam engines, railways and steam ships. The textile industry
using imported Indian cotton was very successful. From being a small rule of nation the
Industrial revolution turned Britain into the wealthiest and the most powerful country in the
world.

Q: What happened in the Battle of Wandiwash (Pondicherry)? [4]

The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces
captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now Chandannagar) in 1757. However, the
war was decided in the south, as British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the
French under the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. After Wandiwash, the
French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761. The war concluded with the signing of
the 1763 Treaty of Paris.

Q: What happened in the battle of Buxar? [4]

In June 1763 The Battle of Buxar was fought between the forces of under the command of the
British East India Company led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, the
Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh; the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
The battle fought at Buxar, then within the territory of Bengal, a town located on the bank of the
Ganges River, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company.

Questions: Who was Robert clive?

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 26
He was a British officer in India. He was also known as Clive of India. He is seen as founder of
British India. He commanded the British army in battle of Plessey and defeated the Nawab’s
forces. He was made the Nawab of Bengal.

Questions: Describe the battle of Plessey?

It was a battle between the British East India Company and the forces of Siraj-ud-din and his
French Allies. British defeated the larger army of Siraj. It was because clive bribed the Mir Jafar.
He was made the Nawab of Bengal.

Questions: Who was tipu Sultan?

He was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. He was son of Haider Ali. He was also known as
tiger of Mysore. He won first 2 Anglo-Mysore wars but was died in 4th Anglo-Mysore War.

Questions: Who was Black Hole event?

The Black Hole of Calcutta was a small dungeon in the old Fort William, at Calcutta. There the
troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, held British prisoners of war after the capture of
the Fort. 123 prisoners died out of 146 prisoners held.

Questions: What was Pitt’s India Act 1784?

Pitt's India Act was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended bring the East India
Company's rule in India under the control of the British Government. Pitt's India Act provided
for the appointment of a Board of Control, and provided for a joint government of British India
by both the Company and the Crown. A governing board was constituted with six members.

Questions: What was subsidiary Alliance?

The doctrine of subsidiary alliance was introduced by Marquess Wellesley. Many small rulers
signed it as it gave them security against attack by their neighbours.The Nizam of Hyderabad
was the first to enter into such an alliance. Tipu Sultan of Mysore refused to do so, but after the
British victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Mysore was forced to become a subsidiary
state. The Nawab of Awadh was the next to accept the Subsidiary Alliance.

Questions: What was the regulating act 1773?

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 27
The Regulating Act of 1773 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to overhaul
the management of the East India Company's rule in India. It was replaced by Pitts India act
later. It made the East India Company accountable to British parliament.

Questions: Who was Warren Hastings?

He was the first Governor-General of India. Hasten extended his rule by wars against Haider Ali
of Mysore, his son Tipu and with Marathas. He was accused to bribery and corruption and there
was a trial against him in Britain. He was cleared but his reputation was destroyed.

Questions: Who was Auranzeb? [4]

He was the sixth Mughal Emperor. His father was Shah Jehan and Mother was Mumtaz Mehal.
He was an Islamic ruler and imposed the Jizya Tax. He divided his empire into his three sons.

Questions: What was jizya? [4]

Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah is a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state’s non-
Muslim citizens, who meet certain criteria. From the point of view of the Muslim rulers, jizya
was a material proof of the non-Muslims’ acceptance of subjection to the state and its laws, “just
as for the inhabitants it was a concrete continuation of the taxes paid to earlier regimes.” This tax
was stopped by Akbar but restarted by Aurangzeb. This was a reason for uprising against
Aurangzeb.

Questions: Who were Marathas? [4]

Marathas are a blend of the Warrior and Agrarian classes, speaking Marathi and generally having
their roots in Maharashtra. They are also found in large numbers in Karnataka, Goa, and Madhya
Pradesh & Gujarat. Under the leadership of Shivaji a large Maratha empire was established their
leader was called Peshwa. They were defeated by Ahmed shah.

Questions: Who was sivaji? [4]

Shivaji (founder of the Maratha Empire (d. 1680) in India, age 50.Shivaji Raje Bhonsle was a
Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who founded the Maratha empire. Shivaji led a resistance
to free the Maratha kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur, and establish Hindavi Swarajya
("self-rule of Hindu people). He created an independent Maratha kingdom with Vedant Raigad
as its capital and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom.

Questions: What was suttee? [4]

May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 28
Suttee, Sanskrit sati (“good woman” or “chaste wife”), the Indian custom of a widow burning
herself, either on the funeral pyre of her dead husband or in some other fashion, soon after his
death. Although never widely practiced, suttee was the ideal of certain Brahman and royal castes.
It was banned by Aurangzeb and then the British.

Questions: Who were thugees? [4]

They were armed robbers in upper and central India. They claimed that they serve a Goddess.
They murdered their victims. In 1830 all the thugges were caught and dealt with by British
Colonel Gleeman.

Questions: Who was Titu Mir? [4]

His real name was Mir Mithar Ali. Titumir was a rebel against the Zamindars and British
colonial system in 19th century Bengal, a part of British India. He rebelled against them and put
up an armed resistance. Along with his followers, he built a Bamboo fort (Bansher-Kella in
Bengali) which passed into Bengali folk legend. After the storming of the fort by British soldiers,
Titumir died of his wounds on November 19, 1831.

Questions: Who was Nadir Shah? [4]

He was a leader of Persia. Nadir Shah entered the Mughal Empire from Afghanistan. He
captured the Lahore, Peshawar, Kabul and then Delhi and looted all the wealth including the
Peacock throne. He returned leaving the empire looted and burnt.

Questions: Who was Ahmed Shah Abdali\Durrani? [4]

He was the Afghan general and leader of Persian army. He was called by Shah Wali Ullah to
fight with the Marathas. In battle of Panipat he defeated the Marathas. Instead of ruling himself
he made Ahmed shah (Muhammad shah’s son) as the emperor and left.

Question: During the Second World War negotiations aimed at independent achieved
little? Explain your answer. [14]
Answer: The World War II broke out in 1939.The British government involved India in the War
without the consent of the Indian people. In protest against this the Congress Ministries resigned
1939.The British government showed no sign of coming to an understanding with the Indian
leaders. But in 1940 when the War situation worsened for the British it came up with some
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 29
proposals. This was the August Offer of 1940. Other negotiations that took place were On March
22, 1942, Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps with constitutional proposals. The Gandhi-Jinnah talks
began in Bombay on September 19, 1944, and lasted till the 24th of the month. In May 1945,
Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, formulated a plan of action that was made public in June
1945. The plan is known as Wavell Plan.
The events of the Second World War created great difficulties for the British, who were losing
their hold in North Africa and Southeast Asia. The danger that the Japanese would soon reach
India and overrun it with ease was increasing day by day. To ensure the security of the
subcontinent, the British Government sought the cooperation of its people through an offer made
by Indian Viceroy Lord Linlithgow on 8 August 1940. The so-called "August Offer" promised to
include the representatives of the political parties and communities on an executive council.
Linlithgow also set up a War Advisory Council which included representatives of the various
Indian states and communities. After the war, a special constitution-making body was to be set
up to prepare a new constitution, and special consideration would be given to the minorities
(although the British Government clarified that they would not transfer power to any party
"whose authority was directly denied by a large and powerful element in India's national life").In
the beginning, the Muslim League accepted the offer, as they were happy with the assurance that
no future constitution would be framed without their approval. However, they made it clear that
the partition of India was the only solution to future constitutional problems. Later, both the
Muslim League and Congress rejected the offer.
Cripps Mission was deputed by British parliament in early 1942 to contain the political crisis
obtained in India. The mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a Cabinet Minister. Therefore
on 11 March, he announced about sending Cripps Mission to India. The Mission reached India
on 23 March, talked to different Indian leaders for nearly twenty days and then offered its
proposals. It offered Dominion status to India after the war and even the right to secede. It
provided for a constitution committee after the war and the provinces to be free to frame their
own constitution. All the parties rejected it. The Mission failed because of the attitude of the
conservative party. The government did not desire to share power with the Indians during the
war. Cripps was also not completely free to negotiate with the Indians. Cripps blamed Gandhi
and the congress leaders for the failure of his mission.
The Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in Bombay on September 19, 1944, and lasted till the 24th of the
month. Gandhi argued with Jinnah in the talks that all Indians are one nation therefore demand of
separate homeland was baseless. Congress and league should cooperate and achieve independent
first, then a referendum maybe held in Muslim majority provinces to find out if they wish to be
separated. Punjab and Bengal will have to be divided because there are non-Muslims majority
districts. Mr. Jinnah did not agree and pressed upon an independent and sovereign Muslim state.
Therefore no fruitful result came out because Gandhi did not accepted Muslims as a separate
nation. On the other hand Jinnah wanted all six provinces which were Bengal, Kashmir,
Baluchistan, N.W.F.P, Sind and Punjab to be included in Pakistan. Though the Gandhi-Jinnah
negotiations failed to achieve the avowed goal of the Hindu-Muslim unity, they brought to
Jinnah and the Muslim League two important political gains. Firstly, the leadership of the
Congress had now offered to discuss the question of Pakistan seriously before that, the Congress
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 30
and Mahatma had kept the door to that subject uncompromisingly shut. Secondly, the Congress
could no longer justifiably claim that it stood for all the communities in India including the
Muslims.
In May 1945 Lord Wavell the Viceroy of India went to London and discussed his ideas about the
future of India, with the British administration which formulated a plan of action that was made
public in June 1945. The plan suggested the reconstitution of the Viceroy’s executive council in
which the Viceroy was to select persons nominated by the political parties. Different
communities were also to get their due share in the council and parity was reserved for casts
Hindu and Muslims. This plan of Lord Wavell’s can only be executed if the leadership of leading
political parties agreed with the suggestion of the government so to discuss these proposals Lord
Wavell called a conference in Simla on June 25th 1945. The leadership of both Congress and
Muslim League attended the conference. However differences arouse between the leadership of
the two parties on the issue of representation of the Muslims community. The Muslim League
claimed that it was the only Muslim representative party in India and the entire Muslims
representative in the Viceroy’s executive council should be the nominees of the Party. On the
other hand Congress tried to prove that their party represented all the parties living in India and
thus should be allowed to nominate Muslim representatives as well. Congress also opposed the
ideas of parity between the cast- Hindus and the Muslims. This attempt of Lord Wavell was
failed because Jinnah not only wanted parity between the Muslims and the Hindus (which was
conceded) but also insisted on the Muslim League nominating all Muslims councilors (which
was not conceded).
Second World War ended in August 1945; this all negotiations aimed at independence during
the Second World War the negotiations revealed two things firstly will have to leave India
sooner or later, secondly the Muslims would not agree to anything less than independent states
for themselves.
Question: How successful were the negotiations aimed at independence during the Second
World War? Explain your answer. [14]
Answer: The passing of the Pakistan Resolution was a turning point in the history of Indian
Muslims; it brought about a qualitative change in their status as a minority in India. By the
middle of 1940, the war had brought disaster for the allies, as France fell in June 1940, the
British Government made renewed appeals for co-operation to all parties in India. In the middle
of 1941, the war situation had become more serious for the allies, the Japanese attacked Pearl
Harbor and America was involved in the war, the initial success of the Japanese armies in South-
East Asia brought the war to India's doorstep. On March 22, 1942, Britain sent Sir Stafford
Cripps with constitutional proposals. The Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in Bombay on September
19, 1944, and lasted till the 24th of the month. In May 1945, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India,
formulated a plan of action that was made public in June 1945. The plan is known as Wavell
Plan.
Cripps Mission was deputed by British parliament in early 1942 to contain the political crisis
obtained in India. The mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a Cabinet Minister. Therefore
on 11 March, he announced about sending Cripps Mission to India. The Mission reached India
on 23 March, talked to different Indian leaders for nearly twenty days and then offered its
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 31
proposals. It offered Dominion status to India after the war and even the right to secede. It
provided for a constitution committee after the war and the provinces to be free to frame their
own constitution. All the parties rejected it. The Mission failed because of the attitude of the
conservative party. The government did not desire to share power with the Indians during the
war. Cripps was also not completely free to negotiate with the Indians. Cripps blamed Gandhi
and the congress leaders for the failure of his mission.
The Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in Bombay on September 19, 1944, and lasted till the 24th of the
month. Gandhi argued with Jinnah in the talks that all Indians are one nation therefore demand of
separate homeland was baseless. Congress and league should cooperate and achieve independent
first, then a referendum maybe held in Muslim majority provinces to find out if they wish to be
separated. Punjab and Bengal will have to be divided because there are non-Muslims majority
districts. Mr. Jinnah did not agree and pressed upon an independent and sovereign Muslim state.
Therefore no fruitful result came out because Gandhi did not accepted Muslims as a separate
nation. On the other hand Jinnah wanted all six provinces which were Bengal, Kashmir,
Baluchistan, N.W.F.P, Sind and Punjab to be included in Pakistan. Though the Gandhi-Jinnah
negotiations failed to achieve the avowed goal of the Hindu-Muslim unity, they brought to
Jinnah and the Muslim League two important political gains. Firstly, the leadership of the
Congress had now offered to discuss the question of Pakistan seriously before that, the Congress
and Mahatma had kept the door to that subject uncompromisingly shut. Secondly, the Congress
could no longer justifiably claim that it stood for all the communities in India including the
Muslims.
In May 1945 Lord Wavell the Viceroy of India went to London and discussed his ideas about the
future of India, with the British administration which formulated a plan of action that was made
public in June 1945. The plan suggested the reconstitution of the Viceroy’s executive council in
which the Viceroy was to select persons nominated by the political parties. Different
communities were also to get their due share in the council and parity was reserved for casts
Hindu and Muslims. This plan of Lord Wavell’s can only be executed if the leadership of leading
political parties agreed with the suggestion of the government so to discuss these proposals Lord
Wavell called a conference in Simla on June 25th 1945. The leadership of both Congress and
Muslim League attended the conference. However differences arouse between the leadership of
the two parties on the issue of representation of the Muslims community. The Muslim League
claimed that it was the only Muslim representative party in India and the entire Muslims
representative in the Viceroy’s executive council should be the nominees of the Party. On the
other hand Congress tried to prove that their party represented all the parties living in India and
thus should be allowed to nominate Muslim representatives as well. Congress also opposed the
ideas of parity between the cast- Hindus and the Muslims. This attempt of Lord Wavell was
failed because Jinnah not only wanted parity between the Muslims and the Hindus (which was
conceded) but also insisted on the Muslim League nominating all Muslims councilors (which
was not conceded).
The World War 2 ended in August 1945. All negotiations for independence during this period
failed because of the rejection by Congress and Muslims to all the negotiations with Britain
including breakdown of relations between Congress and Muslim League. However, the Muslim
May Allah Forgive me if I have done any mistake ( Irfan Atique: MA Islamic studies
and History Al Azhar University Cairo, Double M.Ed Univerity of East London and
Chicago State University USA, CELTA Certificate Cambridge Trinity University,
TESOL from Cambridge University , and last but not least Doing Double P.HD in
Psychology of learning and teaching instruction) 32
League had a little success during this period in the form of Lahore Resolution, unity in rejecting
the Cripps Mission and demanding for a separate homeland. Gandhi realized that Muslim League
is the only political party for the Muslims in Gandhi-Jinnah talks which the Congress was
neglecting from the beginning. Jinnah took a firm stance at Simla Conference on Lahore
Resolution of 1940 which led to the necessity of new elections (1945-46).