Exotic Invasive

Plant Species
of South Carolina
i ii

This list of Invasive Plant Pest Species of South Carolina was re-
vised by the South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council in October
INVASIVE SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
2014. The original list was initiated by Dr. Larry Nelson of Clem-
Invasive Species - any plant species that occurs outside its area of
son Univeristy in 2004.
origin and that has become established, can reproduce, and can
spread without cultivation and causes harm.
The ranking criteria used was started in 2011 and is based on crit-
era from Tennessee. Each plant was ranked based off of specific
Severe Threat - invasive exotic species which pose a severe threat
ranking criteria. These are objective measures based on the plant’s
to the composition, structure, or function of natural areas in
effect on South Carolina’s native plant communities and their
South Carolina.
status in the landscape. This status is documented in the Early
Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS, http://
Significant Threat - invasive exotic species which are established
www.eddmaps.org/) and in the S.C. Plant Atlas (http://cricket.biol.
in natural areas, independently spreading, and causing significant
sc.edu/acmoore/scplantatlas.html) maintained by the University
damage to natural communities.
of South Carolina’s A.C. Moore Herbarium and the SC Depart-
ment of Natural Resources’ Heritage Trust Program.
Emerging Threat - Invasive exotic species occuring in limited in-
festations with major management difficulties, or widespread with
The SC-EPPC List Committee Chair is Sudie Daves Thomas,
minor management difficulties.
Wildlife Biologist, Natural Resources Conservation Service; to
see a full list of contributers for the 2014 edition please vist http://
www.se-eppc.org/southcarolina/. WHAT YOU CAN DO TO HELP
The plant distribution map data came from EDDMapS which is Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) - locate and identify
based on citizen science reporting, and the SC Plants Atlas (http:// invasives while they are young to increase the liklihood that local
herbarium.biol.sc.edu/scplantatlas.html) where distribution is invasive infestations can be contained and controlled before they
based on verified herbarium specimens records by county. These spread and become established within an area.
maps are not static and are based on distribution data to serve
only as a tool for species management and EDRR in South Caroli- Basic management strategies:
na. To report new sightings please visit http://www.eddmaps.org/. - Reduce disturbance of invasives in your area and do not
buy or plant any invasive species
- Remove any prior plantings when seeds are not present
to prevent further spread
Citation: Lund, Margaret, Diego Soriano, Lauren S. Pile, Sudie - Dispose of invasives in a dumpster or burn to prevent
Daves Thomas, and G. Geoff Wang. 2015. Invasive Plant Species of further spread
South Carolina. Clemson, SC. Pgs. 76. - Thoroughly clean all equipment and shoes when leaving
4 5

T
CHINABERRY THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Melia azedarach (L.)
E
E
S
Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org

Cheryl McCormick, University of Florida, Bugwood.org Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Management
Description Remove plantings and dispose of fruit in a dumpster or
Leaves: Bipinnate, deciduous, leaflet serrate or lobed. burn. Treat and remove any seedlings or sprouts that
Twigs: stout, lacking terminal bud, buds appear naked, arise after killing the main tree and make sure to remove
homogenous and white pith. Flowers: lilac in color, whole root system. Cut and bulldoze when fruit are not
showy and fragrant, large terminal panicles, appear in present. Fire has minimal effects on topkill.
spring, poisonous if eaten. Fruit: yellow drupe, wrinkled,
remains on plant through winter.

David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Chinaberry appears in dry soils and disturbed areas and
is shade tolerant. Usually grows below 1000 ft of ele-
vation. Stump sprouts, root sprouts, and seedlings will
emerge after main stems are killed.
6 7

CHINESE TALLOWTREE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT

T
R
Triadica sebifera (L.)
E
E
S
Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org

Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Management
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings. Treat
Leaves: long-petioled, ovate in shape, pinnately veined, when plants are young and minimize disturbance. Cut,
margin is entire. Flowers: large and showy, 5-8 petals, bulldoze, and mulch when no fruit are present and man-
white with red veins on the inside near the base of the ually pull any new seedlings.
flower. Fruit: large, green to reddish-brown in color,
popcorn-like. James R. Allison, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Bugwood.org

Carl Dennis, Auburn University, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Grows rapidly and is a pest in coastal tall grass prairies,
abandoned agriculture fields, and bottomland hard
wood forests. Tallowtree litter inhibits seedling growth.
8 9

T
PRINCESSTREE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold& Zucc. ex Steud.
E

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

E

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

S
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Management
Description Do not plant and remove any plantings when fruit is not
Leaves: Deciduous, large, heart-shaped, small hairs. present, and minimize disturbance. Dispose of plants
Flowers: pale violet, bloom in early spring. Fruit: pe- and capsules in a dumpster or burn. Treat when plants
can-like and in clusters, winged seeds which spread by are young. Burning has minimal topkill effects.
wind, water, and gravity.
James R. Allison, Georgia Department of Natural Resources,

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Bugwood.org

Ecology
Invades quickly after fire, harvesting, or disturbances.
Forms colonies of prolific root sprouts.
10 11

T
TREE OF HEAVEN THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill)
E
E
S
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Annemarie Smith, ODNR Division of Forestry, Bugwood.org
Management
Description Minimize disturbance where Tree-of Heaven occurs.
Leaves: Compound, alternate, deciduous, 19 – 41 leaf- Treat when young to reduce probability of seed produc-
lets, coarsely toothed, leaflet glandular. Twigs: fetid odor tion. Target female plants. Mechanical treatments should
when bruised, yellowish unchambered pith. Flowers: not be done without the use of herbicide due to its ability
Large terminal greenish flowers appearing in early sum- to produce numerous root and stump sprouts. Fire may
mer. Fruit: Dioecious. Large cluster of twisted samaras. be used to topkill.

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Fast Growth. High seed production and germination.
Tree-of-Heaven rapidly invades disturbed areas and pro-
duces toxic compounds that inhibit the growth of other
species.
12 13

S
AUTUMN-OLIVE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
H
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.
R

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut,

U
B

Bugwood.org
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
Management
S
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings and dispose
Leaves: Deciduous, alternate, elliptic, 2-8 cm in length, of in a dumpster or burn. Treat when new plants are
margins are entire, green above with a silver scaly mid- young to prevent seed formation. Remove when fruits
vein, bottom side of leaf silver and scaly. Twigs: slender are not present and minimize disturbance. Manually
and silver scaly, spur twigs are common, some lateral pull any new seedlings. Burning treatments have mini-
branches are thorn-like, smooth light grey bark. Flowers: mal topkill effect. Grazing by goats is an effective way to
flowers in spring, clusters of 5-10 flowers, fragrant, white manage the species.
to yellow in color. Fruit: fruits in late summer into fall,
ellipsoid, 10-15 mm in length, red and slightly silver to
silver-brown, a drupe containing one nutlet.

Ecology
Tolerates a wide variety of soil types. Good food source
and shelter for wildlife. Dispersed by birds and other
wildlife.
14 15

S
CHINESE PRIVET THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
H
Ligustrum sinense Lour.

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.

R
U

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

B
S

org
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
Management
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while
Leaves: opposite in 2 rows, semi-evergreen, ovate to controlling sprouts and seedlings. Minimize disturbance
elliptic, 2-4 cm in length, tip rounded, top bright green within a few miles of present plants. Treat when plants
and underside pale green, hairy midvein beneath, rusty are young. Cut and bulldoze plants when fruit not pres-
hairy. Twigs: opposite or whorled branched, long and ent and pull new seedlings. Readily eaten by goats, sheep,
slender, project out at right angles, brownish-gray, short and deer. Burns hot when green to topkill small plants.
and hairy, lenticels, slightly rough bark. Flowers: April
to June, terminal and upper axillary clusters on short
branches forming panicles, fragrant, white in color.
Fruit: October to February, ovoid drupe, 6-7 mm in
length, pale green when ripening, dark purple when
ripe, hanging in dense clusters.

Ecology
An aggressive and troublesome shrub. Forms dense
thickets. Found in bottomland forests excluding hard-
wood regeneration. Colonized through rootsprouts and
abundant seed production and seeds dispersed by birds
and other animals. Shade tolerant.
16 17

JAPANESE KNOTWEED THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT

S
H
Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.
R
U
B
S
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Nisa Karimi, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Management
Bugwood.org

Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while con-
Leaves: alternate, appear in spring on new sprouts, ovate trolling sprouts and seedlings. Bag and dispose of any
with pointed tips and flat bases. Twigs: red, bamboo-like, fruit in a dumpster or burn. Minimize disturbance with-
hollow-jointed, survive only one season. Flowers: sum- in miles of any present plants. Repeated pulling and cut-
mer, small, white in color, emerge along stalks at the leaf ting will not control the plant unless young. Burns hot in
axils. Fruit: tiny winged seeds, highly variable. dormant season to clear tops while rhizomes remain.

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Perennial. Freely branching. Forms dense clonal infesta-
tions. Spreads along streams by stem and rhizome frag-
ments. Dead tops remain standing during winter.
18 19

S
SCOTCH BROOM THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
H
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link
R
U
B
S
Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org

Management
Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Description Management practices have not been well documented

Leaves: small, alternate, compoud with 3 leaflets, con- for this species.
spicuous. Stem: five-angled, dark green year round.
Flowers: May-Jun, yellow, appear singly or in pairs. Fruit:
seed pods, 1-2 in. long, fuzzy on edges, explode when
mature, seeds small and multicolored. Tom Heutte, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Perennial. Occurs on roadsides, disturbed sites, and
pastures. Nitrogen fixer. Can survive in poor, dry, sandy
soils. Grows well in sunny areas.
20 21

S
SHRUB LESPEDEZA THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
H
Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.
R
U

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

B
Management
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

S
Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org

Description Treat, cut, or mulch when plants are young, and make
Leaves: alternate, 3 leaflets, leaflets are ovate to elliptic, sure to remove all roots. Minimize disturbance within
2-6 cm in length, bottom side of leaf a lighter green. miles of where the plant occurs. Burning can worsen
Twigs: upright, 0.5-2 cm in diameter, appressed hairy infestations.
to hairless, gray-green in color. Flowers: raceme of 5-15
flowers, rosy to white in color, 8-11 mm long. Fruit:
present in August-September, flat legume, 6-8 mm in
length, densely appressed hairy.
Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia,
Bugwood.org

Ecology
Invades forest edges and open forests. Nitrogen fixer.
Forms dense colonies, even in shade. Prevents forest
regeneration. Stands dormant through winter. Shrub is
promoted by burning.
22 23

S
THORNY-OLIVE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
H
Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.
R

James H. Miller & Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society, Bugwood.
U
B
S
John Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Management

Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings and dis-

org
Leaves: evergreen, 4-10 cm in length, simple and al- pose of them in a dumpster. Treat when new plants are
ternate, irregular margins, silver scales. Twigs: sharp, young. Manually pull new seedlings.
some thorns, stubby. Flowers: appear in fall, tiny flowers,
clusters or 1-3 flowers, white in color. Fruit: oblong, red
in color, covered in brown scales in spring, spreads by
animals.

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Fast-growing weedy shrub. Drought tolerant.
24 25

S
TRIFOLIATE ORANGE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
H
Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.
R
U

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

B
John D. Byrd, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org
Management
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
S
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while con-
Leaves: alternate, trifoliate, up to 2 in. long, winged trolling for sprouts and seedlings. Dispose of fruit. Treat
petioles. Stem: green with green stripes, 1-2 in. thorns. when plants are young and fruit are not present. Thorns
Flowers: Spring, white, 5 petals, showy, 1-2 in. in diame- on stems makes removal difficult, so make sure to wear
ter. Fruit: dull yellow, sticky, 1.5-2 in. in diameter. protective gear. Remove when soil is moist. Burning has
minimal effect.
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Deciduous. Invades woodlands, forest edges, and fence
rows as well as urban green areas.
26 27

BIGLEAF PERIWINKLE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT

V
I
Vinca major L.
N

Forest and Kim Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.

E
S
Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org

Management

org
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while con-
Leaves: evergreen, opposite, lanceolate to heart-shaped. trolling any sprouts and seedlings. Dispose of plants in
Twigs: some-what woody, trailing or scrambling vines. a dumpster or burn. Treat when new plants are young.
Flowers: five-petaled, pinwheel-shaped, violet in color. If using herbicides, mowing or injury of the leaves by a
Fruit: viable seeds produced rarely. string trimmer immediately prior to spraying improves
control. Burning has minimal effect.

Barry Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Forms dense ground cover, forms mats and extensive
infestations, shade-tolerant.
28 29

V
CHEROKEE ROSE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
I
Rosa laevigata Michx.
N

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.

E
S
Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Management

org
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while
Leaves: evergreen, pinnately compound, three to nine controlling for sprouts and seedlings. Burn or dispose of
leaflets. Twigs: high climbing, curved thorns. Flowers: in dumpster. Treat when young. Cut when fruit are not
white to pink, clustered or single. present. Minimize disturbance. Manually pull when soil
is moist to ensure removal of all roots. Readily eaten by
goats.

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Colonize by prolific sprouting and root sprouts. Seeds
dispersed by birds and mammals.
30 31

V
CHINESE WISTERIA THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
I
Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC.
N
E
S
James H. Miller & Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society,
Bugwood.org

Nancy Dagley, USDI National Park Service, Bugwood.org Franklin Bonner, USFS (ret.), Bugwood.org Management
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while con-
Leaves: Deciduous, alternate, odd pinnately compound, trolling for sprouts and seedlings. Dispose of in dump-
10-40 cm in length, leaflets 7-13, leaflet ovate to ellip- ster or burn. Treat when plants are young and while
tic in shape with tapering pointed tips, hairless to short pods are not present. Manually pull when soil is moist to
hairy, densly silky hairy when young. Stem: climbing ensure removal of all roots. Prescribed burning can clear
by twining, 4-10 cm in diameter, infrequent branch- debris, but cannot be controlled by burning.
ing, densely short hairy, lenticels present on older bark.
Flowers: Mar-Jul, fragrant, showy, 15-30 cm long, la-
vander to violet to pink to white. Fruit: Jul-Nov, flattened
legume, irregularly oblong to oblanceolate, 6-15 cm in
length, greenish-brown to golden in color, splits on two
sides, 1-8 dark brown seeds.

Ecology
Nitrogen fixer. Forms dense infestations often with other
invasive plants. Occurs in wet to dry sites. Colonizes by
vines and runner sprouts. Not widely spread by seed.
32 33

V
ENGLISH IVY THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
I

Forest and Kim Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.

Hedera helix L.
N
E
S

David Stephens, Bugwood.org

org
Management
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while con-
Leaves: evergreen, thick, dark green in color, heart- trolling for sprouts and seedlings. Dispose of in dump-
shaped, three to five pointed lobes when juvenile, lance- ster or burn. Treat when plants are young and fruit are
olate lacking lobes when mature. Stems: climbing. Flow- not present. Repeated cutting or mowing recommended
ers: summer, terminal clusters. Fruit: dark purple berries for control of young infestation. Readily eaten by goats.
in winter and spring. James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Jan Samanek, State Phytosanitary Administration, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Climbing vine that encases trees and forms dense
ground cover. Seeds dispersed by birds, and colonize by
trailing and climbing vines.
34 35

JAPANESE CLIMBING FERN THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT

V
I
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.
N
E
S
James H. Miller & Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society,
Bugwood.org

David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org
Management
Description Do not plant and control any sprouts and seedlings.
Leaves: opposite on vine, light green, compound once or Monitor areas where pine straw mulch has been used.
twice divided, highly dissected, lacy in appearance, 8-15 Treat when new plants are young. Clean all equipment
cm long. Stem: trailing, twining, or climbing, slender when leaving infested areas. Minimize disturbance.
but strong, green to straw colored or red. Flowers: fertile Burning can worsen infestations.
fronds on upper part of blades, smaller segmets with
fingerlike projections around the margins bearing spo-
rangia, in double rows or on the under margins. Seeds:
minute spores, wind dispersed.

Ecology
Spreads along highways, usually under and around
bridges, and invades into open forests and forest edges.
Can be scattered or form into dense mats. Spreads rapid-
ly by wind dispersal.
36 37

JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT

V
I
Lonicera japonica L.
N
E
S
William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.
org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Management
Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while con-
Leaves: semi-evergreen, opposite, ovate to elliptic to trolling for sprouts and seedlings. Dispose of in dump-
oblong, 3-6.5 cm long, margins entire but often lobed in ster or burn. Treat when new plants are young and when
the spring, smoth to rough hairy on both sides, green on fruit are not present. Manually pull when soil is moist.
top with white undersides. Stem: high climbing, slen- Repeated burning has no effect. Readily eaten by goats.
der and becomes stout, brown and hairy becoming tan
barked, sloughing with age, opposite branched, rooting
at nodes. Flowers: Apr-Jun, axillary pairs on stalk, fra-
grant, white or pink and pale yellow, 2-3 cm long, thin
and tubular. Fruit: Aug-Mar, berry, black in color, spher-
ical.

Ecology
Common and occurs as dense infestations often with
other invasive species. Occurs along forest edges and
spreads by rooting at nodes and animal-dispersal. Shade
tolerant.
38 39

V
KUDZU THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
I
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.
N
E

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

S
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Management

Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while con-
Leaves: alternate, 3 leaflets, leaflets 8-18 cm long, slightly trolling for sprouts and seedlings. Dispose of in dump-
lobed or unlobed in shade, middle-leaflet 2-lobed, side ster or burn. Treat when plants are young. Root crowns
leaflets 1-lobed, pointed tips, margins with gold fine can be removed with mattocks, hoes, and saws. Mow and
hairs, upper surface dark green with golden hairs and cover with plastic sheeting for 2 years. Multiyear cutting
underside with dense silver hairs. Stem: high climbing, can achieve control. Readily eaten by goats.
yellow-green and hairy, eventually rough-barked and
brown climbs by twining. Flowers: Jun-Sept, flower
clusters are 5-30 cm long, flowers in pairs or in 3s from
raised nodes on stalk, axillary spike-like racemes, open
from base to top, petals lavender-rose to wine-colored,
yellow dot on upper petal. Fruit: Sept-Jan, dry legume,
3-5 cm long, tan with stiff golden hairs, splitting on 1-2

Ecology
Nitrogen fixer. Forms dense mats over the ground, de-
bris, shrubs, and trees. Planted for erosion control and
livestock feed from 1920-1950. Occurs in old infestations
on forest edges.
40 no map 41

G
CHINESE SILVERGRASS THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Miscanthus sinensis Andersson A

Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.

S

Britt Slattery, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bugwood.org

S
E
S

org
Management
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Description Do not plant and remove prior plantings while con-

Leaves: long, slender, upright-to-arching, whitish/silvery trolling sprouts and seedlings. Dispose of in dumpster or
upper midveins, sharp tips and rough margins. Flowers: burn. Treat when plants are young and minimize distur-
late summer, fan-shaped terminal panicle, silver-pink in bance. Do not mow when seed heads are present. Burn-
color. Fruit: spirally twisted at base, 8-10 mm long. ing has minimal effect.
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Dried grass remains standing during winter. Forms vast
infestations along roadsides, forest margins, rights-of-
way, and other disturbed sites.
42 43

G
COGONGRASS THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. A
S
S
E
Charles T. Bryson, USDA Agricultural Research Service,
Bugwood.org
S
Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org
Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Management
Description Do not plant and remove prior plantings while con-
Leaves: long-lanceolate, 40-150 cm long, narrowing at trolling for sprouts and seedlings. Treat when plants are
base, yellowish-green, white midvein present on upper young and minimize disturbance. Repeated planing of
surface, midveins off center, flat or cupped blades, outer aggressive native grasses can restore pastures. Do not
sheaths have long hairs with tufts near the throat. Stem: transport dirt from infested fields. Clean seeds and rhi-
upright to ascending. Flowers: Mar-May, sometimes zomes from equipment before leaving infested site.
present year round, terminal, spike-like silky panicle,
3-20 cm long, cylindrical, silky to silvery white hairs.
Seeds: May-Jun, brown, oblong, around 1 cm long, wind
dispersed.

Ecology
Grows in full sun to partial shade. Aggressive invasive of
right of ways, open forests, and old fields and pastures.
Expands through rhizomes and wind-dispersed seeds.
44 45

G
ITCHGRASS THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton A
S
S

Julia Scher, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org

E
USDA APHIS PPQ Archive, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org
S
Management
Description Management practices have not been well documented
Leaves: covered in irritating hairs, wide and flat. Stems: for this species.
can grow 1-10 ft. high. Flowers: inflorescence, jointed,
cylindrical raceme, 1-6 in. long. Fruit: production con-
tinues through growing season.
USDA APHIS PPQ Archive, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Annual. Invades agricultural fields and disturbed areas.
Hairs on leaves and stem can cause irritation. Not eaten
by livestock.
46 47

G
JAPANESE STILT GRASS THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus A
S
S
E
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
S
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Management
Description Treat when new plants are young (Note: early summer
Leaves: alternate, lanceolate, flat blades, white midveins, self-pollinated seeds are hidden in leaf sheaves). Apply
both surfaces sparsely hairy. Stem: ascending to reclin- herbicide and mowing treatments to stop seed produc-
ing, slender, green to purple to brown. Flowers: Aug-Oct, tion. Clean equipment before leaving infested sites. Min-
terminal, thin, spike-like racemes, spikelets paired, 2-7 imize disturbance. Infested sites burn easily, which can
cm long. Seeds: Sept-Nov, grain is yellow to red, ellip- spread the infestation.
soid, around 3 mm long, matures over a 2 week period.

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Extremely shade tolerant and a prolific seeder. Seeds dis-
peresed by animals, flooding, and dirt deposition. Found
along streamsides and flood plains as well as forest edg-
es, roadsides, and damp areas. Occurs in elevations up to
1,200 m.
48 49

G
JOHNSONGRASS THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. A
S
S
E
Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org
S
Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.
org
Management
Description Do not plant and treat when plants are young. Pull all
Leaves: alternate, long-lanceolate, white midvein and rhizomes before seeds are present. Minimize distur-
rough margins, 20-60 mm long, hairless except on bance. Burning treatments may be effective. Occasion-
throat. Stem: stout, hairless, upward branching. Flowers: ally eaten by cattle, sheep, and goats, but may be toxic at
Apr-Nov, open spreading panicle, numerous whorled times especially to horses.
projecting branches, spikelets in pairs, one stemless and
ovoid and the other stemmed and narrow, green or yel-
low or purple or black, 15-50 cm long. Seeds: May-Mar,
dark red-brown grains, released within the husks.

Ecology
Forms dense colonies in old fields and field margins.
Invades new forest plantations and open forests. Highly
competitive with tree seedlings. Colonizes by rhizomes
and spreads by seeds.
50 51

G
PHRAGMITES THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT
R
Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel A
S
S
E
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
S
Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Management
Description Management practices have not been well documented
Leaves: 6-20 in. long, flat, glabrous. Stem: upright, thick. for this species.
Flowers: Jul-Oct, dense heads, fluffy, grey or purple.
Fruit: light weight seeds, brown, persist through winter.

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Perennial. Grow in dense thickets. Found in and around
shallow water. Alter the hydrology of the aquatic com-
munity.
52 53

SERICEA THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT

H
E
Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don
R
B
Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org
S
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Management
Description Management practices have not been well documented
Leaves: alternate, thin, three-parted, hairy, leaflets have for this species.
wedge-shaped bases. Stem: grey-green, lines of hairs.
Flowers: Jul-Sept, creamy-white with purple throats, in
clusters of 2-4. Fruit: flat, ovate to round, single seeded
pod, clustered in terminal axils.

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Extremely aggressive invasive. Invades open areas. Diffi-
cult to remove due to large seed bank.
54 55

TROPICAL SODA APPLE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT

H
E
Solanum viarum Dunal
R
B
S
Clyde Dowler, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Management
Description Do not allow cattle to consume fruit. Treat when new
Leaves: oak-shaped, usually green year-round, thorns plants are young, and cut/mow when fruit are not pres-
found along the mid-vein. Stem: thorny. Flowers: clus- ent. Collect and destroy all fruit. Manual pulling is dif-
ters, small and white. Fruit: golf-ball sized, mottled green ficult due to throny stems. Report infestations to county
white and turn yellow in late summer to fall, sweet smell. agents.

Larry Trekell, Bugwood.org Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Rapid spread by livestock and seed-infested machinery.
56 57

WART REMOVING HERB THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT

H
E
Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-Maz.
R
B
S
Management
Description Management practices have not been well documented
Leaves: alternate, lance-shaped, up to 3 in. long. Stem: for this species.
succulent, forms roots at nodes, grow along the ground.
Flowers: Sept-Nov, small, pink, 3-petaled, occur singly
or in small clusters. Fruit: capsule.
Linda Lee, University of South Carolina, Bugwood.org

Linda Lee, University of South Carolina, Bugwood.org

Ecology
Annual. Invades waters edges and marshes. Often grows
immersed in water. Forms dense mats.
58 59

Callery Pear Mimosa

Significant Threat T Significant Threat T
R R
Pyrus calleryana Decne. Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
E E
Description E Description E
Deciduous tree with alternate, simple leaves and small S Small tree with bi-pinnately compound leaves. Fragrant, S
round fruit. Flowers in early spring before leaf emergence. pink flowers occur in early summer. Long, flat seed pods
Can grow up to 60 ft. tall. occur in late summer. Invades any disturbed habitat.

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org
David Stephens, Bugwood.org

Chinese Parasol Tree Paper Mulberry

Significant Threat T Significant Threat T
R R
Firmiana simplex (L.) W. Wight Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.
E E
Description E Description E
Deciduous tree with alternate, 3 to 5-lobed leaves. Flowers S Fast-growing, deciduous tree, with fuzzy variable leaves S
lacking petals occur in late spring to early summer. Pods ranging from heart-shaped to entire to multi-lobed to
split into petal-like forms to reveal seeds. Occur along highly disected. Flowers in spring and has red-orange
roadsides and disturbed areas. fruits. Quickly invades disturbed areas.

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org
Amy Richard, University of Florida, Bugwood.org
Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
60 61

White Mulberry Japanese Privet S

Significant Threat T Significant Threat H
R R
Morus alba L. E Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.
U
Description E Description B
Small, deciduous tree with shiny polymorphic leaves. S Evergreen shrub with small leaves that often have rolled S
Leaves have blunt teeth and heart-shaped bases. Flowers in margins. Clustered white flowers occur in the spring to
spring, and fruits occur as multiple-seeded berries. Invades summer with dark purple berries persisting into the win-
a range of disturbed areas. ter. Forms dense thickets in fields or forest understories.

John Cardina, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

White Poplar Multiflora Rose S

Significant Threat T Significant Threat H
Populus alba L. R R
Rosa multiflora Thunb.
E U
Description E Description B
Maple-like leaves with green top and a hairy white un- S Thorny perennial with pinnately compound leaves. Leaf- S
derside. Has inconspicuous flowers and small, hairy seed lets are small with serrated edges. Small white-pink flow-
pods. Trees produce prolific root sprouts. ers with 5 petals occur in spring. Small red fruit remain
through winter. Forms dense thickets in fields and edges.

Wendy VanDyk Evans, Bugwood.org Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org org
62 63

Nandina S Common Periwinkle V

Significant Threat H Significant Threat I
R N
Nandina domestica Thunb. Vinca minor L.
U E
Description B Description S
Leaves are alternate and bi- or tri-pinnately compound. S Mostly evergreen erect vine or trailing ground cover.
Has a bamboo appearance. White flowers develop in pan- Leaves are opposite, oval to lance-shaped, and dark green
icles and appear in spring. Green berries mature into red and glossy. Flowers bloom in the spring and are blue, lav-
fruit. Nandina is shade tolerant and invades forest edges endar, or white. Spreads through rhizomes.
and interiors.

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Greene Storm, St. John’s University, Bugwood.org Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org

Chinese Yam V Oriental Bittersweet V

Significant Threat I Significant Threat I
Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. N N
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.
E E
Description S Description S
Twining vine that invades open to shady areas. Leaves Deciduous, woody, climbing vine. Leaves are alternate,
alternate at the base becoming opposite up the vine. Leaves elliptical to circular, and light green. Flowers bloom in late
heart to fiddle-shaped with parallel veins. May produce spring and are small and greenish-white. Fruit globose and
small white flowers annually. Produce winged seeds and yellow when ripe. Open to scarlet berries which persist
tubers. into winter. Found in fields, old home sites, and road edg-
es.

Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood. Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.
org org
64 65

V G
Sweet Autumn Virginsbower Dallisgrass R
Significant Threat I Significant Threat
A
Clematis terniflora DC N Paspalum dilatatum Poir. S
E S
Description S Description E
S
Semi-evergreen, climbing vine. Leaves alternate and com- Grows in clumps. Leaves are mostly hairless. Infloures-
pound with 3-5 leaflets. Flowers bloom in late summer and cence divided into a few branches lined with green and
are white with four petals. Prolific seeds with long attached purple spikes. Found along roadsides, fields, and disturbed
feathery silver hairs. Plant prefers partial sun, and is found areas. May-Oct.
at forest edges and green spaces near creeks.

L.L. Berry, Bugwood.org

Barry Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org

Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

G G
Bahiagrass R
Giant Reed R
Significant Threat Significant Threat
A A
Paspalum notatum Flueggé S Arundo donax L. S
S S
Description E Description E
Prominent V-shaped inflouresence. Low-growing with S Perennial grass. Leaves long and flat, and can be green S
scaley rhizomes. Found along roadsides and disturbed with green and white stripes the length of the blade. Flow-
areas. Sometimes planted as a pasture grass or turfgrass. ers bloom in late summer as dense plumes at the top of the
June-Oct. culms. Spreads through rhizomes. Invades wetlands.

Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
66 67
G G
Golden Bamboo Significant Threat R
Torpedograss Significant Threat R
A A
Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A.& C. Rivière S Panicum repens L. S
S S
Description E Description E
Perennial with hollow stems with solid joints. Leaves S Perennial grass with long, creeping, sharp rhizomes. S
are alternate and flowering is very rare. Plant spreads by Leaves are flat or folded, and linear. They are wide with
rhizomes. Commonly found in old homesites, and spread a white waxy covering. Flowers occur year round in
quickly. branched, open inflorescences. Commonly found in wet
soils in riparian zones, but tolerate many habitats.

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org

Graves Lovell, Alabama Department of Conservation and Ann Murray, University of Florida, Bugwood.org
Natural Resources, Bugwood.org

G G
Tall Fescue Significant Threat R Vaseygrass Significant Threat R
A A
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. S Paspalum urvillei Steud. S
S S
Description E Description E
Stem unbranched with 1-3 light green, swollen nodes near S Leaves have a large, noticeable ligule. Inflourescene con- S
base. Leaves are flat and mostly basal, with whitish to yel- sisting of up to 20 branches with rounded spikelets. Found
low-green flared collars. Flowers occur in loose panicals. along roadsides, fields, and disturbed areas, often moist.
Invades open areas and forest edges. Spreads by rhizomes. May-July.

Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University,
Bugwood.org Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org
68 69
G
Weeping Lovegrass Nodding Thistle
Significant Threat R Significant Threat H
A
E
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees S Carduus nutans spp. leiophyllus (Petrovic) Stojanov & Stef
S R
Description E Description B
Warm-season perennial. Leaves are arched, long, and S Biennial. Stems and leaves are sharply spiny. Leaves in a S
flat. Sheaths have long hairs along the collar of the upper rosette. Flowers are showy and red-purple in color, and
margin. Spikelets are wide and grey-green. Flowers occur occur at the tips of stems. Found in fields, roadsides, and
through the summer, 4-13 flowers per spikelet. Seeds occur disturbed areas. Late May-Nov.
in panicles. Invades distrubed areas.

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org

Bull Thistle Significant Threat H

Queen Anne’s Lace Significant Threat H
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. E E
Daucus carota L.
R R
Description B Description B
Annual or biennial. Leaves are lance-shaped and hairy. S Biennial. Leaves pinnately divided and deeply dissected. S
Flowers bloom in summer at the apex. They are purple White flowers occur as an umble with an occasional dark
with narrow, spine-tipped bracts. Fruits with bristles. In- purple flower in the center. Stem is coarsely hairy. Invades
vades disturbed areas and forms dense thickets. areas of sun to partial-shade such as roadsides and fields.

Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org
70 71
A
Rattle Box Crested Floating Heart Q
Significant Threat H Significant Threat
U
E
Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) O. Ktze. A
R T
Description B Description I
Deciduous. 1-3 meters in height. Flowers reddish-orange. S Found in ponds and lakes. Floating leaves. Flowers white C
Fruits are large brown pods. Leaves are even-pinnate, 1-2 and dainty with fringed petal margins. Fruit is a capsual
decimeters long. Leaflets 12-40 with smooth margins. containing many seeds.
Found in ditches, wet fields, marshes,ponded wetlands, and
wet pinelands. Jun-Oct.

Barry Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org

Wendy VanDyk Evans, Bugwood.org
Larry McCord, Santee Cooper, Bugwood.org Larry McCord, Santee Cooper, Bugwood.org

Showy Rattlebox Significant Threat H Significant Threat

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth E
R
Description B Description
Annual, a half to one meter tall. Grows from a woody tap- S
root. Nitrogen fixer. Leaves simple, obovate, 5-20 cm long x
4-8 mm wide. Showy yellow flowers in racemes towards top
of the plant. Poisonous to cattle. Found in fields, roadsides,
and disturbed areas. July-Sept.

Wendy VanDyk Evans, Bugwood.org

John D. Byrd, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org
72 73

EMERGING THREATS References

TREES: Hardin, J., & Leopold, D. (2001). Harlow & Harrar’s Textbook of
Camphortree - Cinnamomum camphora - Coastal Plains (CP) Dendrology (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

SHRUBS: Invasive.org - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.

Tall Glossy Privet - Ligustrum lucidum - CP (2014, September 17). Retrieved 2015, from http://inva-
European Privet - Ligustrum vulgare - All regions sive.org/species/weeds.cfm
Sweet Breath of Spring - Lonicera fragrantissima - All regions
Macartney Rose - Rosa bracteata - All regions Miller, J., Manning, S., & Enloe, S. (2013). A Management Guide
Jurusalem Cherry - Solanum pseudocapsicum - Piedmont (P), CP for Invasive Plants in Southern Forests (Rev. ed.). Ashe
Meadowsweet - Spiraea japonica - Mountains (M), P ville, NC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, South-
Saltcedar - Tamarix ramosissima - CP ern Research Station.
Beach Vitex - Vitex rotundifolia - CP
Miller, J., & Miller, K. (2005). Forest plants of the Southeast and
VINES: their wildlife uses (Rev. ed.). Athens, GA: University of
Purple Crownvetch - Securigera varia - All regions Georgia Press.
Asian/Japanese Wisteria - Wisteria floribunda - All regions
SC-EPPC - South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council. (2015, Feb-
ruary 18). Retrieved 2015, from http://www.se-eppc.org/
HERBS: southcarolina/
Fig Buttercup - Ficaria verna - M, P
Weakley, A. (2012). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic states
(Working draft of 30 November, 2012 ed.). Chapel Hill,
NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Car-
olina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill.

Maps created from data using current distribution from invasive.

org and EDDMapS- 2015

Photos courtesy of Invasive.org

74 75
Itchgrass, Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clay-
Index ton
Japanese Stilt Grass, Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A.
44

Camus 46
Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 48
SEVERE THREAT 0 Phragmites, Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex
TREES 0 Steudel 50
Chinaberry, Melia azedarach (L.) 4
Chinese Tallowtree, Triadica sebifera (L.) 6 HERBS 0
Princesstree, Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold& Sericea, Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don 52
Zucc. ex Steud. 8 Tropical Soda Apple, Solanum viarum Dunal 54
Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill) 10 Wart-Removing Herb, Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-
Maz. 56
SHRUBS
Autumn-Olive, Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. 12 SIGNIFICANT THREAT 0
Chinese Privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour. 14 TREES 0
Japanese Knotweed, Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & 0 Callery Pear, Pyrus calleryana Decne. 58
Zucc. 16 Chinese Parasol Tree, Firmiana simplex (L.) W. Wight 58
Scotch Broom, Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 18 Mimosa, Albizia julibrissin Durazz. 59
Shrub Lespedeza, Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. 20 Paper Mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex
Thorny-Olive, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. 22 Vent. 59
Trifoliate Orange, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. 24 White Mulberry, Morus alba L. 60
0 White Poplar, Populus alba L. 60
VINES 0
Bigleaf Periwinkle, Vinca major L. 26 SHRUBS 0
Cherokee Rose, Rosa laevigata Michx. 28 Japanese Privet, Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. 61
Chinese Wisteria, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 30 Multiflora Rose, Rosa multiflora Thunb. 61
English Ivy, Hedera helix L. 32 Nandina, Nandina domestica Thunb. 62
Japanese Climbing Fern, Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.)
Sw. 34
Japanese Honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica L.
VINES 0
36 Chinese Yam, Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. 62
Kudzu, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. 38 Common Periwinkle, Vinca minor L. 63
Oriental Bittersweet, Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. 63
GRASSES Sweet Autumn Virginsbower, Clematis terniflora DC 64
Chinese Silvergrass, Miscanthus sinensis Andersson 40
Cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. 42
76 77
GRASSES 0
Bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Flueggé 64
Dallisgrass, Paspalum dilatatum Poir. 65
Giant Reed, Arundo donax L. 65
Golden Bamboo, Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A.& C.
Rivière 66
Tall Fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 66
Torpedograss, Panicum repens L. 67
Vaseygrass, Paspalum urvillei Steud. 67
Weeping Lovegrass, Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees 68

HERBS 0
Bull Thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 68
Nodding Thistle, Carduus nutans spp. leiophyllus (Petro-
vic) Stojanov & Stef 69
Queen Anne’s Lace, Daucus carota L. 69
Rattlebox, Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 70
Showy Rattlebox, Crotalaria spectabilis Roth 70

AQUATIC 0
Crested Floating Heart, Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) O.
Ktze. 71