Sr Title Journal Code

no.
1. DESIGN AND WEIGHT International Journal of Advanced E-ISSN2249–
OPTIMIZATION OF IC Engineering Research and Studies 8974
ENGINE

2. A Technical Review of International Journal of Advanced ISSN 1941-7020

Compressed Natural Gas as Engineering Research and Studies
an Alternative Fuel for
Internal Combustion
Engines

DESIGN AND WEIGHT OPTIMIZATION OF IC ENGINE

I C engine is the most important in power generation. I C engine is the assembly of many
components like piston, connecting rod, crank shaft, cylinder block, cylinder head, etc., coming
to the automobile the power produced by the I C engine is utilized by the automobile and also by
the engine its self i.e. automobile consists of engine and other parts, all are fitted to
the chassis. All the weight of the automobile i.e. engine and other parts will be on the engine.
So the mileage of the automobile also depends on the weight of the automobile. And the major
weight is engine. As the engine is the assembly of many components, we will take the particular
component and optimization of weight is done i.e.with respective to its function. I C engine
components like piston, connecting rod crank shaft are made of steel because of its
good strength.Replacing the steel components with aluminium components will reduce the
weight but the strength is not enough so we are taking the aluminium alloy such that the
aluminium alloy exhibits the strength like the steel because of its alloying material
and own property of less weight. There fore if as many as components are replaced then
automatically overall weight is reduced there fore the power required
to run itself by automobile is reduced resulting in the increase in the mileage.
we are taking the aluminium alloy 1060 alloy and cast alloy steel.

PISTON
Forces generated due to the combustion gas are transmitted to the connecting rod by piston.
Cylinder pressure generated in the engine is transmitted to the connecting rod by piston. So the
piston transforms the combustion gases forces acting on it to the connecting rod which is
connected by gudgeon-pin. The piston should be of light weight it is the main important priority
given while manufacture of piston as at reciprocating forces created at high speeds it should be
small while reversing the motion of the direction. Piston should withstand the forces acting while
the mechanism in the engine. So the lighter weight material used by used that can be aluminium.
Material properties of 5086-H32

Material properties of 1060 alloy

Material properties of Alloy steel

Before Modification After Modification

A Technical Review of Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel for

Internal Combustion Engines

Natural gas is produced from gas wells or tied in with crude oil production. Natural gas (NG) is
made up primarily of methane (CH4) but frequently contains trace amounts of ethane, propane,
nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor. Methane is the principal
component of natural gas. Normally more than 90% of natural gas is methane [6 -11], the detail
of natural gas compositions. in the natural gas composition more than 98% is
methane. Natural gas can be compressed, so it can stored and used as compressed natural gas
(CNG).CNG requires a much larger volume to store the same mass of natural gas and the use of
very high pressure on about 200 bar or 2,900 psi[3]. Natural gas is safer than gasoline in many
respects.

CNG Properties Value

Density (kg/m3) 0.72

Flammability limits (volume % in air) 4.3-15
Flammability limits (Ø) 0.4-1.6
Autoignition temperature in air (0C) 723
Minimum ignition energy (mJ)b 0.28
Flame velocity (ms-1)b 0.38
Adiabatic flame temperature (K)b 2214
Quenching distance (mm)b 2.1
Stoichiometric fuel/air mass ratio 0.069
Stoichiometric volume fraction % 9.48
Lower heating value (MJ/kg) 45.8
Heat of combustion (MJ/kgair)b 2.9
The octane rating of natural gas is about 130, meaning that engines could operate at compression
ration of up to 16:1 without “knock” or detonation. Many of the automotive makers already built
transportation with a natural gas fuelling system and consumer does not have to pay for the cost
of conversion kits and required accessories. Most importantly, natural gas significantly reduces
CO2 emissions by 20-25% compare to gasoline because simple chemical structures of natural
gas (primarily methane – CH4) contain one Carbon compare to diesel (C15H32) and gasoline
(C8H18). Like methane and hydrogen is a lighter than air type of gas and can be
blended to reduce vehicle emission by an extra 50%. Natural gas composition varies
considerably over timeand from location to location[5]. Methane content is typically 70-90%
with the reminder primarily ethane, propane and carbon dioxide[42, 43]. At atmospheric
pressure and temperature, natural gas exists as a gas and has low density. Since the volumetric
energy density (joules/m3) is so low, natural gas is often stored in a compressed state (CNG) at
high pressure stored in pressure vessels.

Two motivators for the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier today are: 1) to provide a transition
strategy from hydrocarbon fuels to a carbonless society and 2) to enable renewable energy
sources. The first motivation requires a little discussion while the second one is self-evident. The
most common and cost effective way to produce hydrogen today is the reformation of
hydrocarbon fuels, specifically natural gas.
The objectives of this program for the year 2000 are to continue to design, build, and test the
advanced electrical generator components, research hydrogen based renewable fuels, and
develop industrial partnerships. The rationale behind the continuation of designing, building, and
testing generator components is to produce a research prototype for demonstration in two years.
Similarly, researching hydrogen based renewable fuels will provide utilization components for
the largest possible application. Finally, developing industrial partnerships can lead to the
transfer of technology to the commercial sector as rapidly as possible.
In this manuscript, research on hydrogen internal combustion engines is discussed. The objective
of this project is to provide a means of renewable hydrogen based fuel utilization. The
development of a high efficiency, low emissions electrical generator will lead to establishing a
path for renewable hydrogen based fuel utilization. A full-scale prototype will be produced in
collaboration with commercial manufacturers. The electrical generator is based on developed
internal combustion engine technology. It is able to operate on many hydrogen-containing fuels.
The efficiency and emissions are comparable to fuel cells (50% fuel to electricity, ~ 0 NOx).
This electrical generator is applicable to both stationary power and hybrid vehicles. It also allows
specific markets to utilize hydrogen economically and painlessly.
Plans for the fiscal year include completing the two-stroke scavenging system design, developing
a comprehensive system model, designing a prototype starting system, investigating alternative
funding, and quantifying performance of both alternator designs. The principal 18 objectives are
to select a prototype scavenging system, obtain a predictive model of electrical and mechanical
components, select a starting system, and collaborate with industrial partners in pursuing other
funding.