CHARMAINE V.
ROSALES
RELATED LITERATURES
I. Water Microbiology
A. Title: Antibiotic resistance in drinking water systems: Occurrence, removal, and human
health risks
Author/s: Edmond Sanganyado & Willis Gwenzi
Year Published: 2019
Summary:
In this review, the researchers critically examined the occurrence of antibiotic resistance
in groundwater, surface water, and treated distributed water. This offered a new perspective on
the human health threat posed by antibiotic resistance in drinking water and helped them in
crafting an effective strategy for monitoring antibiotic resistance. Using existing data on removal
of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes in drinking water treatment plants,
presence and proliferation of antibiotic resistance in drinking water distribution systems, and
mechanisms and pathways of Antibiotic resistance transfer in drinking water treatment plants,
the researchers have determined that combining UV-irradiation with advanced oxidative
processes (such as UV/chlorine, UV/H2O2, andH2O2/UV/TiO2) may enhance the removal of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes, while disinfection may promote
horizontal gene transfer from environmental antibiotic-resistant bacteria to pathogens. The
potential human health risks of antibiotic resistance were determined by examining human
exposure to antibiotic resistant human pathogens and re-evaluating waterborne disease
outbreaks and their links to environmental antibiotic resistance. The researchers then concluded
that integrating disease outbreak analysis, human exposure modelling, and clinical data could
provide critical information that can be used to estimate the dose-response relationships of
pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria in drinking water, which is required for accurate risk
assessments.
B. Title: Metagenomic Profiling of Microbial Pathogens in the Little Bighorn River, Montana
Author/s: Steve Hamner, Bonnie L. Brown, Nur A. Hasan, Michael J. Franklin, John Doyle,
Margaret J. Eggers, Rita R. Colwell & Timothy E. Ford
Year Published: 2019
Summary:
A metagenomic analysis was carried out to identify potential pathogens in the Little
Bighorn river water. The Oxford Nanopore MinION platform was used to sequence DNA in near
real time to identify both uncultured and a coliform-enriched culture of microbes collected from
a popular summer swimming area of the Little Bighorn River. Sequences were analyzed using
CosmosID bioinformatics and, in agreement with previous studies, enterohemorrhagic and
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and other E. coli pathotypes were identified. Noteworthy was
detection and identification of enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4 and Vibrio cholerae serotype
O1 El Tor, however, cholera toxin genes were not identified. Other pathogenic microbes, as well
as virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance markers, were also identified and characterized
by the metagenomic analyses.
C. Title: Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the sediments of
drinking water sources, urban rivers, and coastal areas in Zhuhai, China
Author/s: Aolin Li, Lujun Chen, Yan Zhang, Yile Tao, Hui Xie, Si Li, Weiling Sun, Jianguo Pan,
Zhidong He, Chaoan Mai, Yingying Fan, Huanchao Xian, Zebin Zhang, & Donghui Wen
Year Published: 2018
Summary:
In this study, the researchers have investigated the occurrence and distribution of
antibiotic resistance genes and integrase genes in the sediment samples collected from drinking
water sources, urban rivers, and coastal areas of Zhuhai, China, in the dry and wet seasons of
2016. The results show that sulfonamide resistance gene of sulII was present at the highest
detection frequency (85.71%); and its average concentrations were also the highest in both dry
and wet seasons (3.78 × 107 and 9.04 × 107 copies/g sediment, respectively), followed by tetC,
tetO, tetA, ermB, dfrA1, and blaPSE-1. Temporally, the concentrations of total AR antibiotic
resistance genes in the wet season were likely higher than those in the dry season; and spatially,
the concentrations of total antibiotic resistance genes in the drinking water sources were
substantially lower than those in the urban rivers and nearby coastal areas, indicating the
different degrees of anthropogenic impact and consequent health risks. Positive correlations
were found between intI1 and each quantitative antibiotic resistance genes in all wet season
samples rather than dry season samples, which suggested higher temperature and more rain in
summer might have positive influences on antibiotic resistance genes dissemination, especially
that mediated by intI1 gene and class I integrons.
D. Title: Persistence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community changes in
drinking water treatment system: From drinking water source to tap water
Author/s: Hao-Chang Su, You-Sheng Liu, Chang-Gui Pan, Jun Chen, Liang-Ying He, & Guang-
Guo Ying
Year Published: 2017
Summary:
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and diversity of antibiotic resistance
genes, and variation in the composition of bacterial communities in source water, drinking water
treatment plants, and tap water in the Pearl River Delta region, South China. Among the 27
target antibiotic resistance genes, floR and sul1 dominated in source water from three large
rivers in the region. The total abundance of the detected antibiotic resistance genes in tap water
was much lower than that in source water. Sand filtration and sedimentation in drinking water
treatment plants could effectively remove antibiotic resistance genes; in contrast, granular
activated carbon filtration increased the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes. Bacteria and
antibiotic resistance genes were still present in tap water after treatment, though they were
significantly reduced.
II. Silver Nanoparticles
A. Title: Biogenic synthesis of silver palladium bimetallic nanoparticles from fruit extract of
Terminalia chebula – In vitro evaluation of anticancer and antimicrobial activity
Author/s: Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Vijayan Sri Ramkumar, Govindaraju Archunan,
Chaiyavat Chaiyasut, & Natarajan Suganthy
Year Published: 2019
Summary:
This study focuses on the biosynthesis of silver palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (AgPd
NPs) from aqueous fruit extract of Terminalia chebula. Synthesized AgPd Np was assessed for
antimicrobial activity and anticancer potential against lung cancer cells (A549). Anticancer
studies illustrated that AgPd NPs induced ROS generation in lung cancer cells, thereby
stimulating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway causing cell death. AgPd NPs exhibited
antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. In vitro toxicity studies revealed that AgPd NPs exhibited no cyototoxic and
hemolytic effect up to its maximum dose (200mg/ml), ensuring the biocompatibility of
nanoparticles. The findings demonstrated that aqueous extract of T. chebula act as effective
reducing and stabilizing agent for green synthesis of biocompatible AgPd NPs, which exhibits
potent antimicrobial and anticancer activities.
B. Title: Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from
the root hair extract of Phoenix dactylifera
Author/s: Mohammad Oves, Mohammad Aslam, Mohd Ahmar Rauf, Shariq Qayyum, Huda A.
Qari, Mohd Shahnawaz Khan, Mohammad Zubair Alam, Shams Tabrez, Arivalagan
Pugazhendhi, & Iqbal M.I. Ismail
Year Published: 2018
Summary:
In the study, the researchers synthesized AgNPs from the root extract of Phoenix
dactylifera to test their antimicrobial and anti-cancer potential. The synthesized AgNPs was
found to control the growth of C. albicans and E. coli on solid nutrient medium with 20- and 22-
mm zone of inhibition, respectively. The 100% potency at 40 μg ml-1 AgNps concentration was
observed against E. coli and C. albicans after 4 hours and 48 hours incubation respectively.
Importantly, AgNPs were also found to decrease the cell viability of MCF7 cell lines in vitro with
IC50 values of 29.6 μg/ml and could act as a controlling agent of human breast cancer. Based
on our results, we conclude that biologically synthesized AgNPs exhibited multifunctional
properties and could be used against human cancer and other infectious diseases.
C. Title: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Prosopis juliflora bark extract:
reaction optimization, antimicrobial and catalytic activities
Author/s: Geeta Arya, R. Mankamna Kumari, Nidhi Gupta, Ajeet Kumar, Ramesh Chandra &
Surendra Nimesh
Year Published: 2017
Summary:
In the present study, silver nanoparticles (PJB-AgNPs) have been biosynthesized
employing Prosopis juliflora bark extract. The antibacterial potential of PJBAgNPs was tested
against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The PJB-AgNPs remarkably exhibited anti-cancer activity
against A549 cell line as evidenced by Alamar blue assay. The dye degradation activity was
also evaluated against 4-nitrophenol that has carcinogenic effect. The results thus obtained
suggest application of PJB-AgNPs as antimicrobial, anticancer and catalytic agents.
D. Title: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Argemone mexicana leaf extract and
evaluation of their antimicrobial activities
Author/s: A. Singh, D. Jain, M. K. Upadhyay, N. Khandelwal, & H. N. Verma
Year Published: 2010
Summary:
In this work, the researchers describe a cost effective and environment friendly technique
for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 5mM AgNO3 solution through the extract of
Argemone maxicana leaf extract as reducing agent as well as capping agent. Nanoparticles
were characterized using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and SEM. X-ray
diffraction and SEM analysis showed the average particle size of 30 nm as well as revealed their
structure. The results shows that these biologically synthesized nanoparticles were found to be
highly toxic against different bacterial spp.
III. Probiotic Drinks
A. Title: Viability of probiotic bacteria in tropical mango juice and the resistance of the
strains to gastrointestinal conditions simulated in vitro
Author/s: Lívia Ladeira Furtado, Maurilio Lopes Martins, Afonso Mota Ramos, Roselir Ribeiro
da Silva, Bruno Ricardo de Castro Leite Junior, & Eliane Maurício Furtado Martins
Year Published: 2019
Summary:
This study evaluated the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05, Lactobacillus
plantarum LP299v and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in tropical mango juice, the resistance of
the strains to gastrointestinal conditions simulated in vitro and the microbiological,
physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the products obtained. Juices containing L.
rhamnosus GG and L. plantarum LP299 were evaluated sensorially, presenting good
acceptability. The results suggest that the tropical mango juice was a good carrier matrix for L.
rhamnosus GG and L. plantarum LP 299v, being well accepted and therefore an alternative for
populations with dietary restrictions.
B. Title: The effect of storage condition on antioxidant activity of probiotics in yogurt drinks
Author/s: Jansen Silalahi, Darshieny Nadarason, & Yosy Silalahi
Year Published: 2018
Summary:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and time of storage on
antioxidant activity of probiotics in yogurt drinks. The samples used were Yakult, Cimory, YoFit,
and BioKul marketed in Medan city. The samples were stored at room and refrigerate
temperatures for 2 weeks. The result of the study shows that the higher the temperature and the
longer the time of storage decreased the antioxidant activity of yogurt drinks. Yakult exhibited
the highest antioxidant activity among the analyzed samples.
C. Title: Effect of coconut milk, skim milk powder, and banana pulp on sensory and
functional properties of coconut curd and its applicability as a carrier for probiotic
microorganisms
Author/s: C. T. Manoj Kumar, O. P. Chauhan, C. S. Rajani & Latha Sabikhi
Year Published: 2017
Summary:
A study was conducted to prepare coconut curd from blends of coconut milk, skim milk
powder (9–12%), and banana fruit pulp (6–9%) using response surface methodology following
central composite rotatable design. Firmness, work of shear (energy), color and appearance,
body and texture, flavor, and overall acceptability were taken as responses. The optimized
formulation (90% desirability) contained 12 g skim milk powder, and 6.98 g banana fruit pulp per
100g of coconut milk. The product was evaluated for its suitability as a carrier for probiotic
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus fermentum. Both organisms were found viable
during storage, showing counts of 1011 CFU/g on day 1 and 107 CFU/g on day 20,
demonstrating the product suitability as a probiotic supplement.
D. Title: Effect of Refrigerated Storage on Sensory Properties and Viability of Probiotic in
Grape Drink
Author/s: Shirin Malganji, Sara Sohrabvandi, Mahshid Jahadi, Ameneh Nematollahi, & Bahareh
Sarmadi
Year Published: 2016
Summary:
In this study, the pasteurized grape drink was inoculated by three species of lactic acid
bacteria (Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus)
separately, and the samples were subjected to non-fermented conditions. The samples were
kept in the refrigerator at 4°C for 4 weeks to determine microbial viability and sensory evaluation
during cold storage. Based on the results obtained, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus
delbrueckii displayed greater surviving than Lactobacillus plantarum during cold storage.
Sensory evaluation outcome indicated that grape juice inoculated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus
showed higher overall acceptability over 4 weeks of storage. The findings revealed that
sustainability and sensory properties of probiotic products are important from the consumers’
point of view; therefore, production of probiotic grape juice by Lactobacillus rhamnosus, due to
its higher viability and desirable organoleptic properties, is suggested.
