BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1
SUBTOPICS
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF LOADS
SELECTION OF TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS STRUCTURE?
Engineering construction that supports load without
noticeable deformation besides fulfilling its function
THINK! Give an example of structures and its function.
Types of structure:
i. Mass structure
ii. Framed structure
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS STRUCTURE?
Mass structure Framed structure
TYPES OF LOADS
DEAD LOAD WIND LOAD
Refers to the overall weight of When structures block the flow
the structure. Includes weight of: of wind, the wind’s kinetic
i. The materials permanently energy is converted into
attached to the structure potential energy of pressure,
ii. Fixed service equipment which causes a wind loading.
LIVE LOAD
Refers to the weight of:
i. The applied bodied that are
not permanent parts of the
structure.
ii. Applied to the structure
during part of its useful life.
TYPES OF LOADS
HYDROSTATIC & SOIL LOAD
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
The pressure developed when
structures are used to retain Loadings result from the
water, soil, or granular materials. structure’s distortion caused by
Examples of such type of the ground’s motion and the
structures include tanks, dams, lateral resistance of the
ships, bulkheads, and retaining structure.
walls.
THERMAL LOAD
The temperature that causes the
effect on buildings, such as
outdoor air temperature, solar
radiation, underground
temperature, indoor air
temperature and the heat source
equipment inside the building.
TYPES OF LOADS
FOUNDATION
WHAT IS FOUNDATION?
The lowest construction member to provide support
Below ground surface & direct contact with soil underneath
Function: to allow load from other construction member
to be safely transmitted to the soil layer
Foundation is the main support, thus it needs to be
strong & highly durable
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
SOIL CONDITION
Information obtained from soil
ground investigation
Result of investigation reveals:
i. Bearing capacity of soil
ii. Moisture content of soil
Examples of soil:
+ dense/medium/loose gravel
+ dense/medium/loose sand
+ very rigid boulder clay
+ rigid/strong/soft/very soft clay
+ soft/very soft silt
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1. Strip footing
i. Construction with low
structural load
ii. Less than four storeys
iii. Longer than other
foundations and under walls
Ordinary strip footing: for high
load bearing capacity> gravel
Wide strip footing: for low load
bearing capacity>soft clay
Deep strip footing: for soil that
tends to shrink or expand>
peat soil, silty clay
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
2. Pad footing
i. Framed construction less
than four storeys on stiff soil
ii. Structure is connected to the
foundation by columns
iii. Not suitable for high rise
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
3. Raft foundation
i. For low bearing capacity soil
& soil that settle unevenly
ii. Pad or strip foundation is not
suitable as it has to be large
iii. Concrete slab can cover the
entire area of settlement to
prevent structural cracking
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
3. Raft foundation i. Solid slab raft foundation:
Reinforced concrete slab is built
i. For low bearing capacity soil
underneath the entire building
& soil that settle unevenly
ii. Cover the entire area of Depth of slab depends on the load
settlement to prevent and soil strength
structural cracking
Maximum depth is 300mm
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
ii. Beam and slab raft foundation:
Required when the depth of slab is
more than 300mm
Reinforced concrete slab is
constructed on ground
Beam is constructed on the slab at
specific position
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
Cellular raft foundation:
Required when the soil is loose and
tend to settle unevenly
e.g: mines area, reclamation land
Depth of slab is more than 1m
Consist of 2 layers of slab with 2
way beams which creates a
hollow cell in between
CONCLUSION
Footing is also known as shallow foundation. Piling is
known as deep foundation. Write about the deep
foundation commonly used in the construction industry.
THANK YOU
