GREECE

Contemporary Greek culture and traditions are very rich and diverse, reflecting
Greece’s location at the crossing point where the West meets the East and the
country’s great and turbulent history.
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years - dating from the Paleolithic
era and the birth of the great Minoan, (2600-1500 BC), Mycenaean (1500-1150 BC) and
Cycladic civilizations through the Classical Period (6th - 4th centuries BC) - the Golden
Age, reaching great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural
boom, expressed in architecture, drama, science and philosophy, and nurtured in
Athens under a democratic environment, through the sequence of invasions and
domination: by the Macedonians, the Romans, the Byzantine Empire and the 400 years
of Ottoman rule.
During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, Greece
saw monarchies and ousting of royalty, fierce political fights, assassinations, and
dictatorships, wars that added neighboring territories and new population, but also
brought economic devastation and poverty. After the defeat of Germany and the end of
World War II, Greece joined NATO in 1952 and experienced a bitter civil war between
communist and anticommunist forces.
In 1967, a group of military officers seized power, establishing a military dictatorship that
suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country. In 1974,
democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished
the monarchy. In August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military
structure of NATO in protest against the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus. Greece
rejoined NATO in 1980. In 1981, Greece joined the EC (now the EU) and became the
12th member of the Eurozone in 2001. It successfully hosted the 2004 Olympic Games
in Athens.
This rich and tumultuous past greatly influences contemporary lifestyle, the Greek
perspective on the world, Greek music, food, customs and traditions, even the way
Greeks do business. Greeks as a whole are extremely proud of their history, their
cultural heritage and their contribution to literature, art, philosophy and politics. They
speak with intense passion of their country as the cradle of European civilization.
A recent study found that Greeks' pride in being Greek surpassed the ethnic satisfaction
of every other European nation. Greeks define their natural and ethnic belonging
through their culture and tradition. Anyone who has seen the movie “My Big, Fat, Greek
Wedding” knows this. Traditions, religion, music, language, food and drinks are the
pillars of contemporary Greek culture and lifestyle, making the country an attraction
point for visitors from all over the world.
The Greek Orthodox Church
The Greek Orthodox Church is an integral part of life in Greece where the most
important holidays are religious in nature and the national religion is practiced by the
majority of the population. Greece and Orthodoxy are closely connected due to the
country’s historical past. During several occupations, and especially during the 400
years of Ottoman rule, the Orthodox religion played a vital role in maintaining the Greek
ethnic and cultural identity. Today the Church is more important in political, civic, and
governmental affairs than in many other secular countries.
Officially, and like all over Europe, the Greek State and the Orthodox Church are
separated, but this separation is not written or regulated by the Constitution and the
Greek Orthodox Church has a great influence in Greek society. Religion is present in
the education sector, both in private and public schools, where children have
compulsory religious courses and pray collectively in the morning before the start of
classes. The Orthodox Church is also much integrated into the politic matters of the
country.
Even the Greek Constitution guarantees freedom of faith, but defines the "prevailing
religion" of Greece as the Eastern Orthodox Church of Christ. Most Greeks, whether
deeply religious or not, revere and respect the Orthodox Christian faith, attend church,
observe major religious holiday and are emotionally attached to Orthodox Christianity as
their "national" religion.
Younger people are not as devout church-goers as their parents and grandparents, yet
most will still turn to the church for holidays or for important rituals such as weddings
and funerals. Despite the fast moving processes of Europeanization and globalization,
Greece remains a profoundly religious country. As the Greek say, Orthodoxy is less an
institution than a sentiment, expressed by the population and by the public powers.
Muslims, Jewish and Roman Catholic are the other religious groups of Greece.
The Greek Family
The Greek society consists of close-knit families where important social organizations
have gradually evolved from the idea of family. The institution of marriage also plays an
important role in society. The word family in Greece refers to a particular social group
whose members are related by blood or marriage at different levels or in different forms
or combinations.
The conjugal family includes the husband and wife and their children. The extended
family includes the conjugal family as well as ascendants of the husband and/or wife.
Interestingly, the National Statistical Service of Greece considers all people who live
under the same roof to be members of the family, regardless of whether they are
related.
Although family life has changed considerably with the transition from the traditional
rural-agricultural life into an urban industrial-modern system, to these days women and
particularly mothers in Greece play the most important family roles.
The man is the family's outside representative, enjoying the social prestige and esteem,
but the woman traditionally was and is the organizer of the household, the mediator in
family disputes, and the guardian of the family's unity. The family's prestige often rests
on the woman's ability to carry out her household duties properly.
Frequent communication and assistance between the two adult generations and
children and youth are also very common for Greek families. The family offers both
financial and emotional support to its members and family relationships carry over into
business with nepotism largely seen as something acceptable. It is very common for
relatives to work for the same company because Greeks prefer to do business with
those they know and trust. Companies are also hierarchical over the traditional respect
for age and position.
Greek Food and Drinks
Greek food and beverages are famous all over the world for both quality and taste.
Greek cuisine is often cited as an example of the healthy Mediterranean diet while
sharing food and drinks with relatives and friends is one of the basic elements of the
Greek culture. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients, among them garlic, onions,
fennel, zucchini, grapes, apples, dates and figs, into a variety of local dishes some of
which can be traced back to Ancient Greece.
Seasonings and herbs like dill, mint, oregano and lemon rinds also form an important
part of the recipes while olive oil is added to almost every dish. Wheat, rice and meat,
traditionally lamb, but also chicken, pork, beef and fish, form the staple diet.
The mezedes (single: mezes) are appetizers, served before or with the main dishes.
They come in small plates with various dips such as tzatziki (Greek yogurt with finely
chopped cucumber, garlic and olive oil). Mezedez often consist of htapodi (small pieces
of octopus served grilled, boiled or fried with lemon juice, olive oil, vinegar and
oregano), dolmades or dolmadakia (grape leaves filled with rice, onions and sometimes
ground beef, currants and pine kernel), kalamarakia (small pieces of fried squid with
lemon juice), tiropitakia (small cheese pies, usually made of feta cheese) and
spanakopitakia (small spinach pies with crushed feta cheese), small fish, feta cheese
and other cheeses such as the saganaki or fried cheese, various olives.
Salads include horiatiki (Village Salad), the most famous Greek salad - a mix of fresh
tomatoes, olives, cucumber, onions, green pepper, feta cheese, olive oil and oregano;
melitzanosalata - an eggplant puree with finely chopped garlic and olive oil;
taramosalata - crushed fish eggs.
Greeks have a lot of excellent main dishes such as moussaka, which has a base made
of potatoes topped with eggplants, onions, ground beef and béchamel crème; pastitsio -
spaghetti topped with ground beef, onions, tomato sauce and béchamel sauce; paidakia
- grilled lamb's ribs served with lemon; kokoretsi - wrapped and roasted entrails of lamb,
served with lemon; keftedakia - fried meatballs of beef, garlic and bread. Meat is often
served with horta - boiled wild greens with olive oil, salt and lemon and briam - mix of
roast potatoes, eggplants, onions, garlic, tomato sauce and olive oil.
Succulent Greek soups include kotossoupa - chicken soup usually with avgolemono
(sauce made with eggs and lemon); psarossoupa - fish soup with parsley, potatoes and
carrots’ fassolada - white bean soup with parsley and, sometimes, tomato sauce; fakies
- lentil soup; magiritsa - Easter soup made of lamb entrails, and the avgolemono sauce;
patsa - tripe soup, considered by the Greeks as a very good remedy for hangovers.
Greece is also famous for its alcoholic drinks. Liquor includes ouzo and tsipouro with
ouzo being the most famous Greek alcoholic beverage, considered the trade mark of
the country. It is mixed with ice or with a bit of water and is ideal to drink with all kinds of
mezedes. Tsipouro is similar to ouzo but with a stronger taste of anis. In different parts
of Greece people make their own home made tsipouro, also called raki, depending of
the region.
Among the many quality Greek wines, offering a huge diversity of red, white and rose,
sweet or dry, the best known are mavrodafni - a strong, sweet, really thick and dark
wine, made in Patras Peloponnese and used for the Holy Communion in the Greek
Orthodox Church and the world famous retsina, whose particular resin taste is due to
the way the wine is made - putting the grapes in new cask which still has the wood resin
on.
Celebrations, Customs and Traditions
Most customs and traditions in Greece and the Greek Islands are of a religious nature,
but some stem from paganism.
Easter is by far the most important celebration for the Greeks, even Christmas comes
second. The celebrations for Easter truly begin two months before, but Holy Week is the
peak of these activities.
According to the Orthodox tradition, the symbolic red Easter eggs are dyed on Holy
Thursday. Greeks believe that the Virgin Mother, Mary, dyed eggs this color (the color
of blood) to celebrate the Resurrection of Christ and life. On Holy Thursday women are
also busy baking kouloúria - dough cookies and tsouréki – the traditional Easter sweet
bread. Godparents buy news shoes, clothes and a candle to the kids and, in villages,
the exterior of the houses and the streets are whitewashed.
On Good Friday or Great Friday, flags at homes and government buildings are set at
half mast to mark the sorrowful day. The Procession of the Epitáphios of Christ, the
Epitaphio mourns the death of Christ on the Cross with the symbolic coffin, decorated
with thousands of flowers, taken out of the church and carried through the streets by the
faithful. At the cemetery everyone lights a candle for the dead; then the Epitaphio with
its procession returns to the church where the believers kiss the image of the Christ.
During the night of the Holy Saturday (Megalo Savato), people, dressed in their formal
attire, begin to gather in the churches by 11 p.m. for the Easter services, carrying large
white candles, lampáda. Just before midnight, all of the churches’ lights are turned off,
symbolizing the darkness and the silence of the tomb.
At midnight, the priest lights a candle from the Eternal Flame, sings “Christos Anesti”
(Christ Arose) and offers the flame to light the candle to the people that are the closest
to him. Everyone passes the flame one to another while the clergy sings the Byzantine
Chant Christos Anesti. Then, everyone goes out of the church to the streets. The
church’s bells ring continuously and people say one to another “Christos Anesti”, to
which the reply is “Alithos Anesti” (Indeed He Has Risen).
Then the faithful go home or to the homes of relatives and friends to share the
Resurrection Meal. The candles they carry are placed in each house and burn through
the night to symbolize the Light’s return to the world. The cracking of eggs is a
traditional game where challengers attempt to crack each others' eggs. The breaking of
the eggs is meant to symbolize Christ breaking from the Tomb. The person whose egg
lasts the longest is assured good luck for the rest of the year.
The following day, Easter Sunday, is spent again with family and friends. The Easter
meal is truly a feast with loads of salads, vegetable and rice dishes, breads, cakes,
cookies, and plenty of wines and ouzo.
The main dish at the Easter table, however, is roasted lamb, (often turned over open
pits), and served in honor of the Lamb of God who was sacrificed and rose again on
Easter.
Clean Monday (Kathari Deutera) is part of the Easter celebration and marks the first day
of the season of Lent (Saracosti) during which families go for a picnic, fly kites, and
feast at local taverns. For Greeks, Clean Monday is one of the most festive holidays of
the year.
Name Day Celebration
Most of the Greeks owe their names to a religious saint and in Greece name days are
more important than birthdays. Everyone named after a saint honored by the church
celebrates his name on a given day of the year. When someone has a “name day” his
friends and family visit him without invitation and offer good wishes and small presents.
The host greets the guests with pastries, sweets and appetizers.
Engagement
Engagements is a Greek tradition that tends to disappear in Athens and other big cities,
but remains customary for smaller towns and villages. Before a couple gets married
they must become engaged and the man has to ask the hand of the woman from her
father.
When all wedding details are agreed on and ironed, the priest is invited to bless the
engagement rings and place them on the left ring-fingers of the couple. The guests wish
“Kala Stephana” (Good Crowns meaning “Have a Good Marriage”) and “I ora I kali” (that
the good hour of the marriage comes) to the fiancés.
Marriage
Marriage is another big celebration in Greece. In some parts, outside Athens and other
big cities, the bride still has a dowry made by her mother, grandmothers and aunts,
consisting of sheets, towels and hand made embroideries, while the father of the bride
traditionally offers a furnished home to his daughter and son-in-law as a wedding gift.
On the day of the wedding, the bride gets dressed with the help of girlfriends and
women from her family, and is kept hidden, for it is bad luck for the groom to see her
before the ceremony.
During the wedding ceremony, the best men and best woman (koumbaro and
koumbara) give the wedding rings to the priest, cross the crowns (stephana) three times
and then place them on the couple’s head. Once the priest has declared them married,
the guests throw rice and almond candy wrapped with white sugar (ta koufeta) to the
new couple.
After the ceremony, the bridal couple stays in the church and all the guests kiss them
and wish them “na zisete” (Long Life to You). Then everybody goes to the wedding
reception, which is usually a restaurant rented for the night, where people dance, eat
and drink all night long.
After the reception the new couple leaves for its honeymoon.
Baptism
Baptismal day is one of the most important days in the life of a Greek Orthodox. It
usually takes place the first year after the baby is born. Until the baby is baptized it is
often called baby and doesn’t have a name.
On Baptism Day, the baby is undressed and wrapped in a white towel. The priest
blesses the water and adds olive oil brought by the godparents. He then immerses the
baby three times, saying the chosen name. (Children in Greece are traditionally named
after their grandmother or the grandfather.) The priest also blesses the baby and the
baby clothes with “myrrh” (olive oil blessed by the Patriarch). The child is then dressed
in white clothes. The priest puts a gold chain with a cross on his or her neck and gives
the baby its first Holy Communion.
At the end of the ceremony, the parents kiss the godparent’s hands and receive guests’
wishes: “na sas zisei” (Long Life to Your Baby).
The ceremony is followed by a celebration at the family’s house or a restaurant.
Carnival
Another big Greek celebration is “Apokries” or Carnival. The Carnival is two weeks long,
beginning from the Sunday of Meat Fare and ending with the start of Lent, (Clean
Monday). People wear carnival costumes and party in the streets and bars, throwing
colored confetti to each other. The most famous Carnival parade takes place in the city
of Patra. It is believed that this custom has pagan roots, and originates from the old
festivities worshiping Dionysus, the God of Wine.
Greek Independence Day
The Greek Independence Day celebrates Greece's liberation from the Ottoman
domination on March 25, 1821.
October 28: The "NO"
On October 28, the Greeks celebrate the day when Metaxas (a Greek General,
appointed Prime Minister of Greece between April-August 1936 and dictator during the
4th of August Regime, from 1936 until his death in 1941), said no to the Italians who
wanted to invade the country. It is the celebration of the heroic OXI (NO) many Greeks
put a Greek flag on their windows while marches with students wearing a blue and white
uniform and holding Greek flags are organized by schools.
Superstitions
In addition to being deeply religious, Greeks are very superstitious people and believe in
the supernatural or the paranormal, but superstitions vary from region to region.
Bread
In Greece, especially in villages, bread is considered a gift of God. Because of that
women bless the bread and make the sign of the cross with a knife before slicing it.
Evil Eye
Some Greeks believe that someone can catch the evil eye, or “matiasma”, from jealous
or envious people. Those, who have caught the evil eye, usually feel bad physically and
mentally. To avoid the matiasma one must wear a charm: a little blue marble glass with
an eye painted on it or a blue bracelet. Blue is believed to be the color that protects
against the evil eye but it is also believed that people with blue eyes can give matiasma.
Garlic is another way to guard against the evil eye, and people often hang it in their
houses.
Knives
Greeks never hand a knife to someone because they believe it will bring a fight with the
person. Therefore they set it down on the table and let the other person take it.
Priests
Orthodox priests are revered and in villages the custom is to kiss their hand in respect
when meeting them. But it is believed that seeing a black cat and a priest during the
same day is bad luck.
Spitting
Some Greeks believe that spitting chases the devil away. That is why when someone
talks about bad news (deaths, accidents, etc…) or compliments babies, children and
even adults, the others slightly spit three times saying “ftou, ftou, ftou”.
Tuesday the 13th
Unlike the Western belief, in Greece the unlucky day is Tuesday the 13th and not Friday
the 13th. Tuesday is considered to be the unluckiest day of the week because on
Tuesday, May 29th, 1453 the city of Constantinople was besieged and taken by the
Ottoman Turks. Greeks also consider the number 13 to be good luck and the main
theory is the belief that having 12 apostles of Christ made Christ the 13th of the group.
However, the combination of Tuesday and 13 as Tuesday the 13th of the month is
considered a very unlucky day in Greek culture.
"Piase kokkino" (Touch Red)
Greeks believe that saying the same thing at the same time is an omen and the two
people will get into a fight or an argument. Because of this, when people say the same
thing together they must immediately follow by telling one another "piase kokkino" and
both have to touch any red item they can find around them.
Greek Music
The word music itself comes from the Greek word musiki, meaning all the arts of the
nine Muses. Greek music extends far back into Ancient times where it played an
important role in the education system and boys were taught music from the age of six.
Music in Ancient Greece included mixed-gender choruses performing for entertainment,
celebration and spiritual reasons, and instruments such as the double-reed aulos, the
plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara.
Music was later influenced by the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire. While the
new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church
resisted any type of change and Byzantine music remained monophonic and without
any form of instrumental accompaniment, but in the same time this enabled the
monophonic Byzantine chant to develop to the greatest heights of perfection.
Along with this chant, Greek people developed the Greek folk song which is divided into
two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th
centuries A.D. and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the
Byzantine Empire. The klephtic cycle was born between the late Byzantine period and
the start of the Greek War of Independence in 1821.
The events and social changes of the 20th century changed the fate of the folk song in
Greece. After World War I and with the increased trend towards urban living popular
musicians began congregating in Athens. The musical tradition, preserved in villages
with little contact with the outside world, changed into a completely reverse direction
today when commercialized folk songs reach remote villages.