Etymology
The first recorded use of the word hockey is in the 1773 book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to
Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education by Richard
Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the
Game of Hockey".[2] The belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by King Edward III
of England[3] is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and
explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum
Pugnam".[4][5] The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word "hockey" when
he translated the proclamation in 1720, instead translating "Canibucam" as "Cambuck";[6] this may
have referred to either an early form of hockey or a game more similar to golf or croquet.[7]
The word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet,
a Middle French word for a shepherd's stave.[8] The curved, or "hooked" ends of the sticks used for
hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the known use
of cork bungs, (stoppers) in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels
containing "hock" ale, also called "hocky".[9]
History
bas relief approx. 600 BC, in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Egypt,
4000-year-old carvings feature teams with sticks and a projectile, hurling dates to before 1272 BC
in Ireland, and there is a depiction from approximately 600 BC in Ancient Greece, where the game
may have been called kerētízein or (κερητίζειν) because it was played with a horn or horn-like stick
(kéras, κέρας).[10] In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar to
modern field hockey, for about 1,000 years.[11]
Most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports
and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games,
including games using "hooked" (written "hockie", similar to "hooky") sticks.[12]
...at no tyme to use ne occupye the horlinge of the litill balle with hockie stickes or staves, nor use no
hande ball to play withoute walles, but only greate foote balle[13]
By the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and
coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules
and regulations began to form, and national and international bodies sprang up to manage domestic
and international competition.
Subtypes
Bandy
Bandy game in Sweden.
Main article: Bandy
Bandy is played with a ball on a football pitch-sized ice arena (bandy rink), typically outdoors, and
with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden and
is considered a national sport in Russia. The sport is recognized by the IOC; its international
governing body is the Federation of International Bandy.
Bandy has its roots in England in the 19th century, was originally called "hockey on the ice",[14] and
spread from England to other European countries around 1900; a similar Russian sport can also be
seen as a predecessor and in Russia, bandy is sometimes called "Russian hockey". Bandy World
Championships have been played since 1957 and Women's Bandy World Championships since
2004. There are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in
the Bandy World Cup every year.
Field hockey
Etymology
The first recorded use of the word hockey is in the 1773 book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to
Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education by Richard
Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the
Game of Hockey".[2] The belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by King Edward III
of England[3] is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and
explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum
Pugnam".[4][5] The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word "hockey" when
he translated the proclamation in 1720, instead translating "Canibucam" as "Cambuck";[6] this may
have referred to either an early form of hockey or a game more similar to golf or croquet.[7]
The word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet,
a Middle French word for a shepherd's stave.[8] The curved, or "hooked" ends of the sticks used for
hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the known use
of cork bungs, (stoppers) in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels
containing "hock" ale, also called "hocky".[9]
History
bas relief approx. 600 BC, in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Egypt,
4000-year-old carvings feature teams with sticks and a projectile, hurling dates to before 1272 BC
in Ireland, and there is a depiction from approximately 600 BC in Ancient Greece, where the game
may have been called kerētízein or (κερητίζειν) because it was played with a horn or horn-like stick
(kéras, κέρας).[10] In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar to
modern field hockey, for about 1,000 years.[11]
Most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports
and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games,
including games using "hooked" (written "hockie", similar to "hooky") sticks.[12]
...at no tyme to use ne occupye the horlinge of the litill balle with hockie stickes or staves, nor use no
hande ball to play withoute walles, but only greate foote balle[13]
By the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and
coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules
and regulations began to form, and national and international bodies sprang up to manage domestic
and international competition.
Subtypes
Bandy
Bandy game in Sweden.
Main article: Bandy
Bandy is played with a ball on a football pitch-sized ice arena (bandy rink), typically outdoors, and
with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden and
is considered a national sport in Russia. The sport is recognized by the IOC; its international
governing body is the Federation of International Bandy.
Bandy has its roots in England in the 19th century, was originally called "hockey on the ice",[14] and
spread from England to other European countries around 1900; a similar Russian sport can also be
seen as a predecessor and in Russia, bandy is sometimes called "Russian hockey". Bandy World
Championships have been played since 1957 and Women's Bandy World Championships since
2004. There are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in
the Bandy World Cup every year.
Field hockey
Field hockey game at Melbourne University.
Main article: Field hockey
Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a
small, hard ball approximately 73 mm (2.9 in) in diameter. The game is popular among both males
and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa, and Argentina. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they
can be mixed-sex.
The governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation (FIH). Men's field hockey
has been played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924, while
women's field hockey has been played at the Summer Olympic Games since 1980.
Modern field hockey sticks are constructed of a composite of wood, glass fibre or carbon fibre
(sometimes both) and are J-shaped, with a curved hook at the playing end, a flat surface on the
playing side and a curved surface on the rear side. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks
are not permitted.
While field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in schools, it
was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was
created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London. Field hockey is the national
sport of Pakistan.[15] It was the national sport of India until the Ministry of Youth Affairs and
Sports declared in August 2012 that India has no national sport.[16]
Ice hockey
Ice hockey game between the Barrie Colts and the Brampton Battalion
Main article: Ice hockey
Ice hockey is played between two teams of skaters on a large flat area of ice, using a three-inch-
diameter (76.2 mm) vulcanized rubberdisc called a puck. This puck is often frozen before high-level
games to decrease the amount of bouncing and friction on the ice. The game is played all over North
America, Europe and to varying extents in many other countries around the world. It is the most
popular sport in Canada, Finland, Latvia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Ice hockey is the
national sport of Latvia[17] and the national winter sport of Canada.[18] Ice hockey is played at a
number of levels, by all ages.
The governing body of international play is the 77-member International Ice Hockey
Federation (IIHF). Men's ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924, and was in
the 1920 Summer Olympics. Women's ice hockey was added to the Winter Olympics in 1998. North
America's National Hockey League (NHL) is the strongest professional ice hockey league, drawing
top ice hockey players from around the globe. The NHL rules are slightly different from those used in
Olympic ice hockey over many categories. International ice hockey rules were adopted from
Canadian rules in the early 1900s.[19]
The contemporary sport developed in Canada from European and native influences. These included
various stick and ball games similar to field hockey, bandy and other games where two teams push
a ball or object back and forth with sticks. These were played outdoors on ice under the name
"hockey" in England throughout the 19th century, and even earlier under various other names.[20] In
Canada, there are 24 reports[21] of hockey-like games in the 19th century before 1875 (five of them
using the name "hockey"). The first organized and recorded game of ice hockey was played indoors
in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on March 3, 1875, and featured several McGill University students.
Ice hockey sticks are long L-shaped sticks made of wood, graphite, or composites with a blade at
the bottom that can lie flat on the playing surface when the stick is held upright and can legally curve
either way, for left- or right-handed players.[22]
Ice sledge hockey
Main article: Ice sledge hockey
Ice sledge hockey or para ice hockey is a form of ice hockey designed for players with
physical disabilities affecting their lower bodies. Players sit on double-bladed sledges and use two
sticks; each stick has a blade at one end and small picks at the other. Players use the sticks to pass,
stickhandle and shoot the puck, and to propel their sledges. The rules are very similar to IIHF ice
hockey rules.[23]
Canada is a recognized international leader in the development of sledge hockey, and much of the
equipment for the sport was first developed there, such as sledge hockey stickslaminated
with fiberglass, as well as aluminum shafts with hand-carved insert blades and special aluminum
sledges with regulation skate blades.
Based on ice sledge hockey, inline sledge hockey is played to the same rules as inline puck hockey
(essentially ice hockey played off-ice using inline skates). There is no classification point system
dictating who can play inline sledge hockey, unlike the situation with other team sports such as
wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby. Inline sledge hockey is being developed to allow
everyone, regardless of whether they have a disability or not, to complete up to world championship
level based solely on talent and ability.[citation needed] The first game of inline sledge hockey was played at
Bisley, England, on 19 December 2009 between the Hull Stingrays and the Grimsby Redwings. Matt
Lloydis credited with inventing inline sledge hockey, and Great Britain is seen as the international
leader in the game's development.
Roller hockey (inline)
Main article: Roller in-line hockey
Rink hockey – Rollhockey – Hoquei em Patins
Inline hockey is a variation of roller hockey very similar to ice hockey, from which it is derived. Inline
hockey is played by two teams, consisting of four skaters and one goalie, on a dry rink divided into
two halves by a center line, with one net at each end of the rink. The game is played in three 15-
minute periods with a variation of the ice hockey off-side rule. Icings are also called, but are usually
referred to as illegal clearing.[24] The governing body is the IIHF, as for ice hockey, but some leagues
and competitions do not follow the IIHF regulations, in particular USA Inline and Canada Inline.
Roller hockey (quad)
Main article: Roller hockey (quad)
Roller hockey, also known as quad hockey, international-style ball hockey, and Hoquei em Patins, is
an overarching name for a roller sport that has existed since long before inline skates were invented.
This sport is played in over sixty countries and has a worldwide following. Roller hockey was a
demonstration sport at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics.
Street hockey
Main article: Street hockey
Also known as road hockey, this is a dry-land variant of ice and roller hockey played year-round on a
hard surface (usually asphalt). A ball is usually used instead of a puck, and protective equipment is
not usually worn.
Other forms of hockey
Native Mapuches playing palín, shown in Histórica Relación del Reino de Chile by Alonso de Ovalle, Rome,
1646
Other games derived from hockey or its predecessors include the following:
Box Hockey being played in Miami, Florida, 1935
Air hockey is played indoors with a puck on an air-cushion table.
Beach hockey, a variation of street hockey, is a common sight on Southern California beaches.
Ball hockey is played in a gym using sticks and a ball, often a tennis ball with the felt removed.
Box hockey is a schoolyard game played by two people. The object of the game is to move a
hockey puck from the center of the box out through a hole placed at the end of the box (known
as the goal). The players kneel facing one another on either side of the box, and each attempts
to move the puck to the hole on their left.
Broomball is played on an ice hockey rink, but with a ball instead of a puck and a "broom"
(actually a stick with a small plastic implement on the end) in place of the ice hockey stick.
Instead of skates, special shoes are used that have very soft rubbery soles to maximize grip
while running around.
Deck hockey is traditionally played by the Royal Navy on ships' decks, using short wooden L-
shaped sticks.
Floor hockey is a form of hockey played on foot, on a flat, smooth floor surface, usually indoors
in gymnasiums or similar spaces.
Floorball is a form of hockey played in a gymnasium or in a sports hall. A whiffle ball is used
instead of a plastic ball, and the sticks are only one meter long and made from composite
materials.
Foot hockey or sock hockey is played using a bald tennis ball or rolled-up pair of socks and
using only the feet. It is popular in elementary schools in the winter.
Genna[25] is a field hockey sport played in Ethiopia, with which the Ethiopian Christmas festival
shares its name. The equipment consists of a strong stick curved at one end, and a ball of two
kinds: either called srur (made out of a rounded piece of hard-wood) or tsng (made by weaving a
long strip of leather into a rounded shape).
Gym hockey is a form of ice hockey played in a gymnasium. It uses sticks with foam ends and a
foam ball or a plastic puck.
Hurling and Camogie are Irish games bearing some resemblance to – and notable differences
from – hockey.
Indoor hockey is an indoor variation of field hockey.
Mini hockey (or knee-hockey), also known as "mini-sticks" is a form of hockey played in the
United States in the basements of houses. Players kneel and use a miniature plastic stick,
usually about 15 inches (38 cm) long, to manoeuvre a small ball or a soft, fabric-covered mini
puck into miniature goals. In England 'mini hockey' refers to a seven-a-side version of field
hockey for younger players, played on an area equivalent to half a normal pitch.
Nok Hockey is a table-top version of hockey played with no defence and a small block in front of
the goal.
Pond hockey is a simplified form of ice hockey played on naturally frozen ice.
Power hockey is a form of hockey for persons requiring the use of an electric (power) wheelchair
in daily life.
Ringette is an ice hockey variant that was designed for female players; it uses a straight stick
and a rubber ring in place of a puck. The rules differ from those of hockey and resemble a mix of
lacrosse and basketball.
Rink bandy and rinkball are team sports of Scandinavian origin that are played like bandy but on
an ice hockey rink and with fewer players on each team.
Rossall hockey is a variation played at Rossall School on the sea shore in the winter months. Its
rules are a mix of field hockey, rugby and the Eton wall game.
Shinny is an informal version of ice hockey.
Shinty is a Scottish game now played primarily in the Highlands
Skater hockey is a variant of inline hockey, played with a ball.
Spongee is a cross between ice hockey and broomball and is most popular in Manitoba,
Canada. A stick and puck are used as in hockey (the puck is a softer version called a "sponge
puck"), and the same soft-soled shoes are worn as in broomball. The rules are basically the
same as for ice hockey, but one variation has an extra player on the ice called a "rover".
Table hockey is played indoors on a table.
Underwater hockey is played on the bottom of a swimming pool.
Unicycle hockey is played on a hard surface using unicycles as the method of player movement.
There is generally no dedicated goalkeeper.
Equipment
Field hockey game at Melbourne University.
Main article: Field hockey
Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a
small, hard ball approximately 73 mm (2.9 in) in diameter. The game is popular among both males
and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa, and Argentina. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they
can be mixed-sex.
The governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation (FIH). Men's field hockey
has been played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924, while
women's field hockey has been played at the Summer Olympic Games since 1980.
Modern field hockey sticks are constructed of a composite of wood, glass fibre or carbon fibre
(sometimes both) and are J-shaped, with a curved hook at the playing end, a flat surface on the
playing side and a curved surface on the rear side. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks
are not permitted.
While field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in schools, it
was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was
created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London. Field hockey is the national
sport of Pakistan.[15] It was the national sport of India until the Ministry of Youth Affairs and
Sports declared in August 2012 that India has no national sport.[16]
Ice hockey
Ice hockey game between the Barrie Colts and the Brampton Battalion
Main article: Ice hockey
Ice hockey is played between two teams of skaters on a large flat area of ice, using a three-inch-
diameter (76.2 mm) vulcanized rubberdisc called a puck. This puck is often frozen before high-level
games to decrease the amount of bouncing and friction on the ice. The game is played all over North
America, Europe and to varying extents in many other countries around the world. It is the most
popular sport in Canada, Finland, Latvia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Ice hockey is the
national sport of Latvia[17] and the national winter sport of Canada.[18] Ice hockey is played at a
number of levels, by all ages.
The governing body of international play is the 77-member International Ice Hockey
Federation (IIHF). Men's ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924, and was in
the 1920 Summer Olympics. Women's ice hockey was added to the Winter Olympics in 1998. North
America's National Hockey League (NHL) is the strongest professional ice hockey league, drawing
top ice hockey players from around the globe. The NHL rules are slightly different from those used in
Olympic ice hockey over many categories. International ice hockey rules were adopted from
Canadian rules in the early 1900s.[19]
The contemporary sport developed in Canada from European and native influences. These included
various stick and ball games similar to field hockey, bandy and other games where two teams push
a ball or object back and forth with sticks. These were played outdoors on ice under the name
"hockey" in England throughout the 19th century, and even earlier under various other names.[20] In
Canada, there are 24 reports[21] of hockey-like games in the 19th century before 1875 (five of them
using the name "hockey"). The first organized and recorded game of ice hockey was played indoors
in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on March 3, 1875, and featured several McGill University students.
Ice hockey sticks are long L-shaped sticks made of wood, graphite, or composites with a blade at
the bottom that can lie flat on the playing surface when the stick is held upright and can legally curve
either way, for left- or right-handed players.[22]
Ice sledge hockey
Main article: Ice sledge hockey
Ice sledge hockey or para ice hockey is a form of ice hockey designed for players with
physical disabilities affecting their lower bodies. Players sit on double-bladed sledges and use two
sticks; each stick has a blade at one end and small picks at the other. Players use the sticks to pass,
stickhandle and shoot the puck, and to propel their sledges. The rules are very similar to IIHF ice
hockey rules.[23]
Canada is a recognized international leader in the development of sledge hockey, and much of the
equipment for the sport was first developed there, such as sledge hockey stickslaminated
with fiberglass, as well as aluminum shafts with hand-carved insert blades and special aluminum
sledges with regulation skate blades.
Based on ice sledge hockey, inline sledge hockey is played to the same rules as inline puck hockey
(essentially ice hockey played off-ice using inline skates). There is no classification point system
dictating who can play inline sledge hockey, unlike the situation with other team sports such as
wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby. Inline sledge hockey is being developed to allow
everyone, regardless of whether they have a disability or not, to complete up to world championship
level based solely on talent and ability.[citation needed] The first game of inline sledge hockey was played at
Bisley, England, on 19 December 2009 between the Hull Stingrays and the Grimsby Redwings. Matt
Lloydis credited with inventing inline sledge hockey, and Great Britain is seen as the international
leader in the game's development.
Roller hockey (inline)
Main article: Roller in-line hockey
Rink hockey – Rollhockey – Hoquei em Patins
Inline hockey is a variation of roller hockey very similar to ice hockey, from which it is derived. Inline
hockey is played by two teams, consisting of four skaters and one goalie, on a dry rink divided into
two halves by a center line, with one net at each end of the rink. The game is played in three 15-
minute periods with a variation of the ice hockey off-side rule. Icings are also called, but are usually
referred to as illegal clearing.[24] The governing body is the IIHF, as for ice hockey, but some leagues
and competitions do not follow the IIHF regulations, in particular USA Inline and Canada Inline.
Roller hockey (quad)
Main article: Roller hockey (quad)
Roller hockey, also known as quad hockey, international-style ball hockey, and Hoquei em Patins, is
an overarching name for a roller sport that has existed since long before inline skates were invented.
This sport is played in over sixty countries and has a worldwide following. Roller hockey was a
demonstration sport at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics.
Street hockey
Main article: Street hockey
Also known as road hockey, this is a dry-land variant of ice and roller hockey played year-round on a
hard surface (usually asphalt). A ball is usually used instead of a puck, and protective equipment is
not usually worn.
Other forms of hockey
Native Mapuches playing palín, shown in Histórica Relación del Reino de Chile by Alonso de Ovalle, Rome,
1646
Other games derived from hockey or its predecessors include the following:
Box Hockey being played in Miami, Florida, 1935
Air hockey is played indoors with a puck on an air-cushion table.
Beach hockey, a variation of street hockey, is a common sight on Southern California beaches.
Ball hockey is played in a gym using sticks and a ball, often a tennis ball with the felt removed.
Box hockey is a schoolyard game played by two people. The object of the game is to move a
hockey puck from the center of the box out through a hole placed at the end of the box (known
as the goal). The players kneel facing one another on either side of the box, and each attempts
to move the puck to the hole on their left.
Broomball is played on an ice hockey rink, but with a ball instead of a puck and a "broom"
(actually a stick with a small plastic implement on the end) in place of the ice hockey stick.
Instead of skates, special shoes are used that have very soft rubbery soles to maximize grip
while running around.
Deck hockey is traditionally played by the Royal Navy on ships' decks, using short wooden L-
shaped sticks.
Floor hockey is a form of hockey played on foot, on a flat, smooth floor surface, usually indoors
in gymnasiums or similar spaces.
Floorball is a form of hockey played in a gymnasium or in a sports hall. A whiffle ball is used
instead of a plastic ball, and the sticks are only one meter long and made from composite
materials.
Foot hockey or sock hockey is played using a bald tennis ball or rolled-up pair of socks and
using only the feet. It is popular in elementary schools in the winter.
Genna[25] is a field hockey sport played in Ethiopia, with which the Ethiopian Christmas festival
shares its name. The equipment consists of a strong stick curved at one end, and a ball of two
kinds: either called srur (made out of a rounded piece of hard-wood) or tsng (made by weaving a
long strip of leather into a rounded shape).
Gym hockey is a form of ice hockey played in a gymnasium. It uses sticks with foam ends and a
foam ball or a plastic puck.
Hurling and Camogie are Irish games bearing some resemblance to – and notable differences
from – hockey.
Indoor hockey is an indoor variation of field hockey.
Mini hockey (or knee-hockey), also known as "mini-sticks" is a form of hockey played in the
United States in the basements of houses. Players kneel and use a miniature plastic stick,
usually about 15 inches (38 cm) long, to manoeuvre a small ball or a soft, fabric-covered mini
puck into miniature goals. In England 'mini hockey' refers to a seven-a-side version of field
hockey for younger players, played on an area equivalent to half a normal pitch.
Nok Hockey is a table-top version of hockey played with no defence and a small block in front of
the goal.
Pond hockey is a simplified form of ice hockey played on naturally frozen ice.
Power hockey is a form of hockey for persons requiring the use of an electric (power) wheelchair
in daily life.
Ringette is an ice hockey variant that was designed for female players; it uses a straight stick
and a rubber ring in place of a puck. The rules differ from those of hockey and resemble a mix of
lacrosse and basketball.
Rink bandy and rinkball are team sports of Scandinavian origin that are played like bandy but on
an ice hockey rink and with fewer players on each team.
Rossall hockey is a variation played at Rossall School on the sea shore in the winter months. Its
rules are a mix of field hockey, rugby and the Eton wall game.
Shinny is an informal version of ice hockey.
Shinty is a Scottish game now played primarily in the Highlands
Skater hockey is a variant of inline hockey, played with a ball.
Spongee is a cross between ice hockey and broomball and is most popular in Manitoba,
Canada. A stick and puck are used as in hockey (the puck is a softer version called a "sponge
puck"), and the same soft-soled shoes are worn as in broomball. The rules are basically the
same as for ice hockey, but one variation has an extra player on the ice called a "rover".
Table hockey is played indoors on a table.
Underwater hockey is played on the bottom of a swimming pool.
Unicycle hockey is played on a hard surface using unicycles as the method of player movement.
There is generally no dedicated goalkeeper.
Equipment
