Marine Scrubber Efficiency and NOx
Emission from Large Ocean Going Vessels
Presented By:
Jiacheng (Joey)Yang
Co-Authors: Kent C. Johnson, J. Wayne Miller, Thomas D.
Durbin, Yu Jiang, Georgios Karavalakis, David R. Cocker III
2017 International Emissions Inventory Conference
August 14th to August 18th, 2017
Baltimore, MD
Outline
Background
Marine Emissions
Policy, Control Strategy
and Challenge
Sulfur Emission
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Emission
Conclusion
2
Marine Vessels and Global Shipping
Represents 80% of the volume and 70% of the value of international trade 1.
Linked with increased mortality in coastal regions, with an estimated 60,000 deaths from
cardiopulmonary and lung cancer per year2.
Emission effects the people living near the ports and coastlines, and those living hundreds of
miles inland3.
1. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Review of Maritime Transport 2015
3
2. Corbett, J. J., Winebrake, J. J., Green, E. H., Kasibhatla, P., Eyring, V., & Lauer, A. (2007). Mortality from ship emissions: a global assessment. Environmental science & technology, 41(24), 8512-8518.
3. United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), MARPOL Annex VI, accessed on October 5 2016, https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/marpol-annex-vi
*Figure is obtained from www.marinetraffic.com.
IMO Sulfur Rule and Emissions Control Areas
(ECAs)
Global Fuel Sulfur Limits ECA Fuel Sulfur Limits IMO is targeting 0.5% of sulfur in the fuel
by 2020 internationally.
Before 1 July 2012 4.5% m/m Before 1 July 2010 1.5% m/m
Stricter sulfur limits are in place in ECAs,
1 July 2012
3.5% m/m
1 July 2010
1.0% m/m and potential of increase ECAs.
– 1 January 2020 – 1 January 2015
Aftertreatment (e.g. Scrubber) is allowed
After 1 January 2020 0.5% m/m After 1 January 2015 0.1% m/m to use if achieves the sulfur emissions
*Figure is obtained from www.alfalaval.com.
equivalence to low sulfur fuel. 4
Strategies to Control Sulfur Emissions
Bunker Prices HFO MGO
($/metric tons)
Global Average 317.50 527.50
Switch to Low Sulfur Fuels
Decision Americas Average 341.00 594.00
APAC Average 348.50 616.50
EMEA Average 347.00 537.00
*Information adopted from Ship&Bunker on August 16th, 2017
**Demand driving fuel price
Install a Scrubber
*Figure is obtained from www.alfalaval.com.
Marine Scrubber System
(NaOH)
The excess heat of the hot
exhaust gas will be consumed
by evaporating scrubbing water
until the gas reaches wet bulb
temperature.
Both open and close loop System
The mist eliminator is
Typical venturi and a cyclone separator
designed to remove entrained
Requires continuous monitoring SO2, CO2, PH, PAH, and
droplets from the gas stream.
turbidity 6
*Figure is obtained from www.alfalaval.com.
Vessels, Engines, Fuels
Vessel 1 Vessel 2 Vessel 3
Year Build 1987 2006 2015
Vessel Type Container Cruise Ro-Ro
IMO Category Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2
ME Engine Mitsui Man B&W Wartsila Hyundai Man B&W
ME Year Build 1986 2005 2014
ME Model 7L70 4*12V46CR 8S60ME-C8.2
ME Power Capacity (MW) 16.6 4*12.6 15.6
AE Engine Wartsila Wartsila Hyundai HiMSEN
AE Model 2*6R32D 2*8L46CR 2*7H25/33 + 1*6H25/33
AE Power Capacity (MW) 2*2.1 2*8.4 2*1.9 + 1.7
Go Through Scrubber ME+1*AE 2*ME ME+3*AE
Test Fuel HFO (1.9% S) RMG 380 (2.8% S) HFO (2.5% S)
Scrubber Alfa-Laval n/a Wartsila
7
SO2 Reduction
Vessel 1 Vessel 3
Scrubber shows a 96-100% of the SO2 reduction
SO2(ppm)/CO2(%) ratio < 4.3
SO2 emission reduction makes the fuel equivalent
to 0.1% sulfur
Fuel sulfur rule is being met with scrubber system
(on a SO2 basis)
8
Sulfate PM (H2SO4*6.65H20) Reduction
Vessel 1 Vessel 3
Major Component of PM mass are Sulfate PM.
There is no PM reduction with scrubber, and potentially more sulfate PM formation
due to the scrubber.
Sulfate PM reduction were not equivalent to the use of low sulfur fuel.
9
Why no PM reduction?
Why our results are
different from
European?
What does the cold
sea water scrubber
impact on the
particle formation?
What does the
challenge of particle
formation to
particulate sampling
methodology?
Schneider, J., Hock, N., Weimer, S., Borrmann, S., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Scheer, V. (2005). Nucleation particles in diesel exhaust: Composition inferred from in situ mass
spectrometric analysis. Environmental science & technology, 39(16), 6153-6161. 10
Lemmetty, M., Pirjola, L., Mäkelä, J. M., Rönkkö, T., & Keskinen, J. (2006). Computation of maximum rate of water–sulphuric acid nucleation in diesel exhaust. Journal of
aerosol Science, 37(11), 1596-1604.
Particulate Emission Sampling System
Injection
SMPS
Dilutor Valves F HEPA Filter
PG350 Heated Sampling System
L>10d
MSS
d
Exhaust Cyclone
DAH
MFM
Teflon Quartz
F
Air
F MFC
ADF: Air Dryer Filter F MFC
DAH: Dilution Air Heater
FSN: Smoke Meter Ship
MFC: Mass Flow Control MFC ADF Compressed
MFM: Mass Flow Meter air 11
MSS: Micro Soot Sensor
PG350: Horiba Gas Analyzer Designed by: Kent Johnson
US and Europe Sampling Comparison-Scrubber
US CFR and ISO Europe ISO
Dilution Ratio 6-20 Dilution Ratio above 20 (~50)
Filter temperature 47ºC ± Above 250ºC tunnel
5ºC isokinetic sampling
SO2
H2 O
SO3 cold sea
H2 O water
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
scrubber
nucleation
Blue: Hydrated
Hydrated Sulfate
Sulfate
Green and Red: (H2SO4*6.65H2O),
Organic Particles
Black: EC/BC Size:30 nm
Fridell, E., & Salo, K. (2016). Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M:
Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 230(1), 154-162. 12
Schneider, J., Hock, N., Weimer, S., Borrmann, S., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Scheer, V. (2005). Nucleation particles in diesel exhaust: Composition inferred from in situ mass
spectrometric analysis. Environmental science & technology, 39(16), 6153-6161.
US and Europe Sampling Comparison-Scrubber
US CFR and ISO Europe ISO
Dilution Ratio 6-20 Dilution Ratio above 20 (~50)
Filter temperature 47ºC ± Above 250ºC tunnel
5ºC isokinetic sampling HO
SO2 2
H2 O
SO3
H2 O
US CFR and ISO
Blue: Hydrated
Sulfate
Green and Red:
Organic Particles
Black: EC/BC
Fridell, E., & Salo, K. (2016). Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M:
Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 230(1), 154-162. 13
Schneider, J., Hock, N., Weimer, S., Borrmann, S., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Scheer, V. (2005). Nucleation particles in diesel exhaust: Composition inferred from in situ mass
spectrometric analysis. Environmental science & technology, 39(16), 6153-6161.
US and Europe Sampling Comparison-Scrubber
US CFR and ISO Europe ISO
Dilution Ratio 6-20 Dilution Ratio above 20 (~50)
Filter temperature 47ºC ± Above 250ºC tunnel
5ºC isokinetic sampling HO
SO2 2
H2 O
SO3
H2 O
Europe ISO
Blue: Hydrated
Sulfate
Green and Red:
Organic Particles
Black: EC/BC
Fridell, E., & Salo, K. (2016). Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M:
Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 230(1), 154-162. 14
Schneider, J., Hock, N., Weimer, S., Borrmann, S., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Scheer, V. (2005). Nucleation particles in diesel exhaust: Composition inferred from in situ mass
spectrometric analysis. Environmental science & technology, 39(16), 6153-6161.
US and Europe Sampling Comparison-Scrubber
US CFR and ISO Europe ISO
Dilution Ratio 6-20 Dilution Ratio above 20 (~50)
Filter temperature 47ºC ± Above 250ºC tunnel
5ºC isokinetic sampling HO 2
Gas and Particulate Partitioning
Heating
and dilution
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 Europe ISO
Heating
and dilution
Blue: Hydrated
Sulfate
Hydrated Sulfate Green and Red:
Size:30 nm (H2SO4*6.65H2O)
Organic Particles
Black: EC/BC
Fridell, E., & Salo, K. (2016). Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for
the Maritime Environment, 230(1), 154-162. 15
Schneider, J., Hock, N., Weimer, S., Borrmann, S., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Scheer, V. (2005). Nucleation particles in diesel exhaust: Composition inferred from in situ mass spectrometric
analysis. Environmental science & technology, 39(16), 6153-6161.
Equivalent Sulfur In the Fuel to 0.1% Sulfur Rule
Vessel 1 Vessel 3
Fuel sulfur rule is being met with scrubber system (on a regulated
SO2 basis).
Overall sulfur reductions are potentially post challenge to fuel sulfur
rule (gas and particulate).
Outcome from this study will contribute to regulation development. 16
Particle Size Distribution for Vessel 3
Pre Scrubber
Post Scrubber Pre Scrubber particles peak size are
around 30-40 nm.
Post Scrubber particles peak size are
around 80-90 nm.
Issue: particle did not grow big
enough to remove with cyclone design.
Challenge: sulfate particles are so
small in nature, very hard to grow big
enough.
Schneider, J., Hock, N., Weimer, S., Borrmann, S., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Scheer, V. (2005). Nucleation particles in diesel exhaust: Composition inferred from in situ mass spectrometric
analysis. Environmental science & technology, 39(16), 6153-6161. 17
Lemmetty, M., Pirjola, L., Mäkelä, J. M., Rönkkö, T., & Keskinen, J. (2006). Computation of maximum rate of water–sulphuric acid nucleation in diesel exhaust. Journal of aerosol Science, 37(11),
1596-1604.
Novel Method on Removing the Sulfuric Acid
Particles from ships
Particle phase sulfur reduction were in the range of 47 -68%, made it sufficient
to meet IMO sulfur equivalent regulation. Also, 50% more BC reduction.
Further improvement could be achieved by increasing exhaust residence time
in scrubber. 18
Demonstration on a ship by 2018.
IMO NOx Emissions Regulation
Table 1. MARPOL Annex VI NOx Emission Limits • It is more of a concern since the NOx
NOx Limit, g/kWh
emissions has been reduced significant by
Tier Date
n < 130 130 ≤ n < 2000 n ≥ 2000 the application of SCR system for on road
heavy duty diesel trucks and large off
Tier I 2000 17 45 · n-0.2 9.8
-0.23
road equipment.
Tier II 2011 14.4 44 · n 7.7
-0.2
Tier III 2016† 3.4 9·n 1.96
† In NOx Emission Control Areas (Tier II standards apply • Under the IMO low sulfur regulation and
outside ECAs). the upcoming NOx technical code, as
well as the ‘saving fuel’ of the marine
shipping, advanced engine technologies
(electronic controlled fuel and lube oil
injection, EGR, turbocharger cutoff
operation) and advance aftertreatment
technologies (scrubber, SCR, DPF) has
been start commercializing. Little studies
has been done on these area to understand
the NOx performance of these advanced
engine and aftertreatment technologies.
19
Vessel and Engine Details
Power
IMO Year NOx
Vessel Type ME Engine Model Capacity Test Fuel Special Technology on ME Sources
Category Build (g/kwhr)
(MW)
1 Container Tier 0 Man B&W 1995 11K90MC-C 5.03 HFO (2.05% S) None 18.21 CECERT: Harshit_2008_AE
2 Container_RoRo Tier 0 Kincaid B&W 1985 6L90 GBE 20.20 HFO (1.97% S) None 14.22 Moldanova_2009_AE
3 Crude Oil Tanker Tier 0 Sulzer NA 6RTA72 15.75 HFO (2.85% S) None 19.87 CECERT: Harshit_2008_EST
4 Container Tier 0 Hitachi Man B&W 1998 12K90MC 5.48 HFO (3.01% S) None 19.77 CECERT: Harshit_2010_JGR
5 container Tier 0 Sulzer 1997 9RTA84C 36.74 HFO (2.15-3.14% S) None 19.45 CECERT: Khan_2013_JAWMA
6 Container Tier 0 Samsung Man B&W 2000 12K90MC 55.66 HFO (0.95% S) and MGO (0.3% S) None 20.25 CECERT_Yang
7 Container Tier 0 Mitsui B&W 1987 7L70 16.58 HFO (1.88% S) Scubber 15.82 CECERT_Yang
8 Container Tier 0 NA 1985 NA 17.50 HFO (2.4% S) NA 15.42 Fridell_2008_AE
9 Container Tier 1 Hyundai B&W 2009 11K98ME7 68.53 HFO (2.51% S) and MGO (0.17% S) None 16.1 CECERT: Khan_2012_EST
10 Crude Oil Tanker Tier 1 Man B&W 2006 6L48/60 6.30 LSHFO and MGO (<0.1% S) Variable Injection Timing (VVT) 10.45 CECERT: Gysel_2017_EST
11 RoRo Tier 1 NA 2004 NA 20.07 HFO (2.2% S) None 14.71 Fridell_2008_AE
12 RoRo Tier 1 Man B&W 2006 9L60MC-C 21.06 HFO (2.3% S) Scrubber 15.7-13.8 Fridell_2014_JEME
12* RoRo Tier 1 Man B&W 2006 9L60MC-C 21.06 HFO (2.2% S) Scrubber 14.3 Danish EPA_2012
Electronic Controlled Fuel and Oil
13 RoRo Tier 2 Hyundai B&W 2014 8S60ME-C8 15.56 HFO (2.5% S) 13.1 CECERT_Yang
Injection; Scrubber
Electronic Controlled Fuel and Oil
14 Container Tier 2 Man B&W 2011 12K98ME6.1 69.68 MGO <(0.1% S) Injection; Turbocharger cut off fuel 15.5 or 17.8 CECERT_Yang
economy operation
20
Large Ocean Going Vessels (rpm<130)
NOx Emissions Rate
21
Vessel and Engine Details
22
Slow Steaming and Turbocharger Cut Off
Normal Tier II
T/C Cut Off Tier II
• Slow Steaming: The easiest way to reduce this cost is to
reduce the ship’s speed.
• Turbocharger (T/C) Cut Off Operation for Slow
Steaming: When the engine is operating at part load, one of
the turbochargers is intentionally cut off to increase
scavenging air pressure, compression air pressure, and
maximum combustion pressure. This pressure increase
boosts thermal efficiency.
23
Summary and Conclusion
Nucleation mode sulfuric acid particles were formed
through combustion from high sulfur fuel and cooling effect,
which is not able to be removed by conventional scrubber
system.
Some marine engine
technology/operation may lead to higher
NOx emissions to save fuel.
Attention needed for new marine
engine technologies.
Marine Emission Inventory
development needs more data input and
a more standardized measurement
protocol.
24
Acknowledgment
Funding and Participation:
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
California Air Resource Board (CARB)
United States Maritime Administration (MARAD)
Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
International Council for Clean Transportation (ICCT)
UCR Staff: Eddie O’Neil, Mark Villela, and Don Pacocha
ICCT: Dan Rutherford, Bryan Comer
Environmental Canada: Tak Chan
NRC-Canada: Kevin Thomson, Stephanie Gagne
AVL: Monica Tutuianu
MAN B&W Diesel A/S, Copenhagen
Port of Los Angeles, Long Beach, Tacoma, Anchorage
Participate Shipping Lines!! 25
Emissions Studies are also Important to
Port Policies
26
Large Ocean Going Vessels (rpm<130)
NOx Emissions Rate
27
Strategies to Reduce Oxides of Nitrogen
Emissions: Tier 3
Switch to LNG/Dual Engine
Decision
Install Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR) Since Tier 3 is
targeting new vessels
build after 2016, no
Tier 3 vessels are
available yet in large
ships. 28
Effect of turbocharger cut out on two-stroke marine diesel
engine performance and NOx emissions at part load operation
Hountalas, D. T., Sakellaridis, N. F., Pariotis, E., Antonopoulos, A. K., Zissimatos, L., & Papadakis, N. (2014, July). Effect of turbocharger cut out on two-stroke
marine diesel engine performance and NOx emissions at part load operation. In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and 29
Analysis (pp. V002T09A020-V002T09A020). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
