Contents

Preface ................................................................................................. ix

Acknowledgements .............................................................................. xii

Accompanying Data ............................................................................. xiii

1. Introduction .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Estimating Traffic Growth .................................................................. 2
1.2 Modal Choice ..................................................................................... 8
1.3 The Aircraft Market ............................................................................ 9

2. Project Design Process ............................................................... 12

2.1 Project Design ................................................................................... 12
2.2 The Design Process .......................................................................... 15
2.3 Project Analysis ................................................................................. 19

3. Overall Configuration and Systems ........................................... 29

3.1 Conventional Layouts ........................................................................ 29
3.2 Novel Layouts .................................................................................... 31
3.3 System Considerations ..................................................................... 42
3.4 Landing Gear Layout ......................................................................... 45
3.5 Future Developments ........................................................................ 50
3.6 In Conclusion ..................................................................................... 52
3.7 References ........................................................................................ 52

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4. Safety and Environmental Issues ............................................... 54

4.1 Airworthiness ..................................................................................... 55
4.2 Environmental Issues ........................................................................ 68
4.3 References ........................................................................................ 79

5. Fuselage Layout .......................................................................... 80

5.1 Passenger Preferences ..................................................................... 81
5.2 Passenger Cabin Layout ................................................................... 83
5.3 Fuselage Geometry ........................................................................... 94
5.4 Airworthiness ..................................................................................... 97
5.5 Systems ............................................................................................. 100
5.6 Fuselage Layout Exercise ................................................................. 101

6. Wing and Tail Layout ................................................................... 105

6.1 Wing Design ...................................................................................... 106
6.2 Wing Layout ....................................................................................... 107
6.3 Tail Layout ......................................................................................... 119

7. Aircraft Mass and Balance .......................................................... 125

7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 126
7.2 The Initial Mass Estimate .................................................................. 128
7.3 Detailed Mass Estimation .................................................................. 132
7.4 Aircraft Mass Statement .................................................................... 142
7.5 Aircraft Centre of Gravity ................................................................... 146
7.6 Aircraft Balance Diagrams ................................................................. 149
7.7 Payload-range Diagram .................................................................... 151
7.8 Aircraft Layout and Balance .............................................................. 153
7.9 References ........................................................................................ 155
7.10 Reference Data .................................................................................. 155

8. Lift and Drag Estimates ............................................................... 159

8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 159
8.2 Wing Geometry Selection .................................................................. 160

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8.3 Lift Estimation .................................................................................... 162

8.4 Drag Estimation ................................................................................. 170
8.5 References ........................................................................................ 180

9. Powerplant and Installation ........................................................ 181

9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 182
9.2 Main Factors Influencing Fuel Efficiency .......................................... 184
9.3 Effect of Specific Thrust ..................................................................... 187
9.4 Specific Fuel Consumption and Flight Speed ................................... 189
9.5 Factors Governing Choice of Engine Cycle ...................................... 190
9.6 Engine Performance .......................................................................... 191
9.7 Historical and Future Engine Developments .................................... 194
9.8 Engine Installation ............................................................................. 194
9.9 Derivation of Pod Geometry .............................................................. 197
9.10 Rules for Scaling an Engine .............................................................. 201
9.11 Engine Price ...................................................................................... 201
9.12 Maintenance Costs ............................................................................ 202
9.13 Engine Data ....................................................................................... 202
9.14 Derivation of Formulae ...................................................................... 215
9.15 Comments ......................................................................................... 222
9.16 References ........................................................................................ 222

10. Aircraft Performance ................................................................... 223

10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 223
10.2 Performance Calculations ................................................................. 225
10.3 Payload Range .................................................................................. 244
10.4 Example Calculations for Performance Estimation .......................... 246
10.5 Airframe/Engine Matching ................................................................. 265

11. Initial Estimates ........................................................................... 276

11.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 276
11.2 Wing Loading ..................................................................................... 277

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11.3 Engine Size ........................................................................................ 281

11.4 Take-off .............................................................................................. 281
11.5 Initial Cruise Altitude Capability ......................................................... 281
11.6 Take-off Mass .................................................................................... 283
11.7 Example ............................................................................................. 289

12. Aircraft Cost Estimations ............................................................ 302

12.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 302
12.2 Indirect Operating Cost (IOC) ............................................................ 305
12.3 Direct Operating Costs (DOC) ........................................................... 306
12.4 Reference Data .................................................................................. 319

13. Parametric Studies ...................................................................... 326

13.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 327
13.2 Example ............................................................................................. 329

14. Aircraft Type Specification ......................................................... 335

14.1 Type Record ...................................................................................... 336
14.2 Illustrations ......................................................................................... 343
14.3 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 343

15. Introduction to Spreadsheet Methods ....................................... 345

15.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 345
15.2 Spreadsheet Layout .......................................................................... 346
15.3 Modularity .......................................................................................... 347
15.4 Spreadsheet Format .......................................................................... 352
15.5 Data Handling .................................................................................... 352
15.6 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 356
15.7 References ........................................................................................ 356

16. Advanced Regional Jet ............................................................... 357

16.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 357
16.2 Analysis of Existing Aircraft ............................................................... 361

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16.3 Initial Estimates .................................................................................. 363

16.4 Configuration ..................................................................................... 366
16.5 Aerodynamics .................................................................................... 371
16.6 Mass Estimate ................................................................................... 373
16.7 Performance ...................................................................................... 373
16.8 Optimisation ....................................................................................... 375
16.9 Final Design ....................................................................................... 377

17. Military Transport Aircraft ........................................................... 381

17.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 381
17.2 Specification ...................................................................................... 382
17.3 Cargo-hold Sizing .............................................................................. 385
17.4 Fuselage Layout ................................................................................ 386
17.5 Initial Estimates .................................................................................. 387
17.6 Aircraft Geometry .............................................................................. 388
17.7 Spreadsheet Model ........................................................................... 390
17.8 Undercarriage Design ........................................................................ 390
17.9 Optimisation ....................................................................................... 391
17.10 Final Design ....................................................................................... 393
17.11 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 393

18. Unconventional Designs ............................................................. 395

18.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 395
18.2 Configuration ..................................................................................... 396
18.3 Optimisation ....................................................................................... 398
18.4 Design Summary ............................................................................... 400
18.5 Study Conclusions ............................................................................. 400
18.6 References ........................................................................................ 403

19. Economic Analysis ...................................................................... 404

19.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 404
19.2 Configuration ..................................................................................... 405

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19.3 Optimisation ....................................................................................... 407

19.4 Economic Analysis ............................................................................ 408
19.5 Study Conclusions ............................................................................. 409
19.6 References ........................................................................................ 412

Index .................................................................................................... 413

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