INDIRA GANDHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SAGAR

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
“STEAM TURBINE MANUFACTURING”
TRAINING PERIOD 24/06/2019 To 06/07/2019

SUBMITTED BY TRAINING GUIDE

ANWESH PRATAP SINGH MR. PURSHOTTAM CHAUKIKER
B.E. (ME) SR. ENGINEER
ENROLL-0601ME161007 STM DIVISION
VT/2019/1862 BHEL, Bhopal

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 BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED
BHOPAL

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the vocational training by ANWESH PRATAP SINGH has
been carried out under my supervision in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the degree of Bachelor of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING during the session
2019-20 in the Department of "STEAM TURBINE MANUFACTURING",
BHEL BHOPAL and this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree.

Date Mr. PURSHOTTAM

CHAUKIKER

(PROJECT GUIDE)

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 ACKNOLEDGEMENT
I am highly thankful to B.H.E.L engineers and technical staff specially
MR. PURSHOTTAM CHAUKIKER for providing me vital and valuable
information about the different facets of an industrial system. I
express my gratitude to HUMAN RESOURCE AND DEVLOPMENT
CENTRE department for giving me a chance to feel industrial
environment and its working in B.H.E.L and I am thankful to all engineers and
staff members for giving their precious time and help me in
understanding various theoretical and practical aspects of my project under whose
supervision I accomplish my project.

ANWESH PRATAP SINGH

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 PREFACE

In this growing age of technology, the extent of correctness is a major point. This
correctness and pin pointed guess is achieved only through hard work, experience
and well guided practice. As a new comer to this field we required to have
professional knowledge that will help in improving our skills and efficiency.
Having a training work on the same topic increased our interest and made the work
simpler.

The most vital part is the presence of a guide whose knowledge and practical
experience built our self-confidence and helping hand by which we finished this
project successfully. So we all are indebted to MR. PURSHOTTAM
CHAUKIKER acted as burning candle and enlighten us about this training.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART-I
1. Industry Profile
 Heavy electrical industry
2. BHEL
 Manufacturing Unit
 Achievements
 Company Background
 Company Relative Position in industry
3. About BHEL BHOPAL
 About Bhopal Unit
 Manufacturing Blocks

PART-II Steam Turbines

 Introduction
 Principle of operation & Design
 Steam Turbine Parts
 Steam Turbine Classification
 Basic Type of Turbine
 Steam Turbine Improvement
 Steam Turbine Application
 Machines in machine shop

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 We are Single Source with Multiple Solutions for Infrastructure &
Industrial Sectors

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Industry Profile: -

Heavy industry sector is one of the core sectors of Indian economy.

Therefore, its fund requirements are inverse keeping in view the scale and size of
the industrial units in the sector, the financial requirements are also huge. The
heavy engineering sector is driving primarily by technology. This, coupled with the
fact that the initial investment required for heavy engineering or capital goods
manufacturing facilities is relatively high, creates relatively high entry barriers.
Any business enterprises viability eventually boils down to cost – return trade off.
Cost of funds is undoubtly, the most important determined of the viability. This
becomes more crucial in heavy engineering sectors.

The development of the Indian heavy electrical machinery industry is directly

linked to the Performance of the Power sector in India. With India’s development,
the need for more and Better Power supply has become essential for industries to
grow. Thus, with increasing focus on capacity expansion in the Power sector, the
heavy electrical machinery manufacturing industry is expanding vigorously.

BACKGROUND: -

Heavy Electrical Industry covers power generation, transmission and

distribution and utilization equipment’s. These include turbo generators, boilers,
various types of turbines, transformers, steam turbines and other allied items.
Majority of the products manufactured by heavy electrical industry in the country,
which includes items like transformers, steam turbines etc. are used by all sectors
of the Indian economy. Some major areas where these are used are the multi core
projects for power generation including nuclear power stations, petrochemical
complexes, chemical plants, integrated steel plants, non-ferrous metal units, etc.

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HISTORY: -

BHEL was established in 1964. Heavy Electrical (India) Ltd was merged
with BHEL in 1974. In 1982, it entered into power equipment, to reduce its
dependence on the power sector. It developed the capability to produce a
variety of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipment for all sectors,
including transmission, transportation, oil and gas and other allied industries. In
1991, it was converted into a public limited company. By the end of 1996, the
company had handed over 100 Electric Locomotives to Indian Railway and
installed 250 Hydro-sets across India.

OPERATIONS: -

It is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacture, construction, testing,

commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products, systems and services for
the core sectors of the economy, viz. Power, Transmission, Industry,
Transportation, Renewable Energy, Oil & Gas and Defence.

With a widespread network of 17 manufacturing units, two repair units, four

regional offices, eight service centres, eight overseas offices, 15 regional centres,
seven joint ventures, and infrastructure to execute more than 150 project sites
across India and abroad, BHEL provides products, systems and services to
customers efficiently and at competitive prices. The company has established
capability to deliver 20,000 MW p.a. of power equipment to address the growing
demand for power generation equipment.

BHEL has retained its market leadership position during 2013-14 with 72%
market share in the Power Sector, even while operating in a difficult business
environment. Improved focus on project execution enabled BHEL record highest
ever commissioning/synchronization of 13,452 MW of power plants in domestic
and international markets in 2013-14, marking a 30% increase over 2012-13. The

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company has added more than 1, 24,000 MW to the country's installed power
generating capacity so far.

It also has been exporting its power and industry segment products and
services for over 40 years. BHEL's global references are spread across over 76
countries across all the six continents of the world. The cumulative overseas
installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power plants exceeds 9,000 MW across
21 countries including Malaysia, Oman, Iraq, the UAE, Bhutan, Egypt and New
Zealand. Our physical exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services.

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Manufacturing Unit: -

 Heavy Electrical Plant (HEP), Bhopal

 Transformer Plant, Jhansi

 Industrial Systems Group (ISG), Bangalore

 Electronics Division (EDN), Bangalore
 Electro-Porcelains Division (EPD), Bangalore
 Industrial Valves Plant (IVP), Goindwal
 Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant(HEEP), Haridwar
 Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP), Haridwar
 Heavy Power Equipment Plant, Hyderabad
 Insulator Plant (IP), Jagdishpur
 Centralized Stamping Unit & Fabrication Plant (CSU & FP),
Jagdishpur
 Boiler Auxiliaries Plant (BAP), Ranipet
 Component Fabrication Plant (CFP), Rudrapur
 High Pressure Boiler Plant (HPBP), Tiruchirapalli
 Seamless Steel Tube Plant (SSTP), Tiruchirapalli
 Power Plant Piping Unit, Thirumayam
 Heavy Plates & Vessels Plant (HPVP), Visakhapatnam

The company is also setting up a new Greenfield Power Equipment Fabrication

Plant at Bhandara, Maharashtra, the foundation stone for which was laid on 14
May 2013. Further, BHEL is planning to enter solar manufacturing in a big scale,
as it has announced its plans for a 600 MW Solar Module Factory.

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Achievements and Recognitions:

 It is the 7th largest power equipment manufacturer in the world.

 BHEL received the National Intellectual Property Award 2014 and
WIPO Award for Innovative Enterprises 2014
 In 2013, BHEL won ICAI National Award for Excellence in Cost
Management for the eighth consecutive year.
 BHEL received two awards in CII-ITC Sustainability Awards 2012
from the President of India.
 In the year 2011, it was ranked ninth most innovative company in the
world by US business magazine Forbes.
 The Company won the prestigious ‘Golden Peacock Award for
Occupational Health & Safety 2011’ for significant achievements in
the field of Occupational Health & Safety.

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Company Background:-

1956 - Company was set up at Bhopal in the name of M/s Heavy electrical
(India) Ltd. in collaboration with AEI, UK. Subsequently, three more plants were
set up at Hyderabad, Hardwar and Trichy. The Bhopal Unit was controlled by the
company, the other three were under the control of Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. -
The Company`s object is to manufacture of heavy electrical equipments. 1972 - In
July the Operations of all the four plants were integrated. 1974 - In January Heavy
electrical (India) Ltd was merged with BHEL. - For the manufacture of a wide
variety of products, the company has developed technological infrastructure, skills
and quality to meet the stringent requirements of the power plants, transportation,
petro chemicals, and oil etc. - BHEL has entered into collaboration which are
technical in nature. Under these agreements, the collaborators have transferred,
furnished the information, documentation, including know-how relating to design,
engineering, manufacturing assembly etc. 1982 - BHEL also entered into power
equipments, to reduce its dependence on the power sector.

BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian economy viz; power generation &
transmission, industry, transportation, telecommunication, renewable energy,
defence etc. the wide network of BHEL’s 14 manufacturing divisions, four power
sector regional centres, over 100 project sites, eight service centres and 14 regional
offices enables the company to be closer to its customers and provide them with
suitable products, systems and services efficiently and at competitive prices.
Having attained ISO 9000 certification, BHEL is now well on its journey towards
total quality management (TQM). On the environmental management front, the
major units of BHEL have 4 already acquired the ISO 14001 certification,

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Power Sector

Power generation sector comprises thermal, gas, hydro and nuclear power
plant business. As of 31-3-2004, BHEL supplied sets account for nearly 71,255
MW or 64% of the total installed capacity of 1,
11,151 MW in the country, as against nil till
1969-70.

The company manufactures 235 MW

nuclear turbine generator sets and has
commenced production of 500 MW nuclear
turbine generator sets.

Custom-made hydro sets of Francis, Pelt

on And Kaplan types for different head discharge
combinations are also engineered and
manufactured by BHEL. In all, orders for more
than 700 utility sets of thermal, hydro, gas and
nuclear have been placed on the company as on date.

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Transmission:

BHEL also supplies a wide range of transmission

products and systems of up to 400KV class. These
include high voltage power & instrument
transformers, dry type transformers, shunt & series
reactors, sf switch gear, 33KV gas insulated substation capacitors, and insulators
etc. for economic transmission of bulk power over long distances, High Voltage
Direct Current (HVDC) systems are supplied. Series and shunt compensation
systems, to minimize transmission loses, have also been supplied.

Transportation:-

Mostly of the trains operated by the Indian

railways, including the metro in Calcutta, are
equipped with BHEL’s traction electrics and
traction control equipment. The company
supplies electric locomotives to Indian Railways
and diesel shunting locomotives to various
industries. 5000/4600 hp ac/dc locomotives
developed and manufactured by BHEL have been supplied to Indian railways.
Battery powered road vehicles are also manufactured by the company.

BHEL also supplies traction electrics and traction control equipment for
electric locos, diesel electric locos, and EMUs/ DEMUs to the railways

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COMPANY’S RELATIVE POSITION IN THAT INDUSTRY:-

It is an integrated power plant equipment manufacturer and one of the oldest

and largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise of India. It is world’s 12th
largest power equipment manufacturer. It is India’s ninth largest public sector
undertaking. BHEL is one of the few companies of the world who have the
capability to manufacture entire range of power plant equipment.

Forbes business magazine of the year 2011 ranked BHEL as the ninth most
innovative company of the world. BHEL is the only Indian engineering company
to be listed. 2010 edition of Forbes Asia’s fabulous list placed BHEL at 4th place.
BHEL has been continuously earning profit since 1971-72.

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About BHEL, Bhopal

Located in the Piplani area, BHEL Bhopal spans its operations in

a diverse range of fields. From power and transmission to power
utilization and renovation and maintenance of various power plants, Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited in Bhopal is a renowned Mother Unit...

 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the largest engineering and manufacturing

enterprise in India, has a unit in Bhopal. It occupies a large area in the
Eastern Part of the city and maintains a suburb named after it. A majority of
the residents of the BHEL Suburb are employed by the unit. Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited, have Heavy Electricals Product (HEP) Unit and also
Hydro Lab at Bhopal....
 In keeping with the commitment to promote the use of renewable power in
manufacturing units, the company has installed 250 KWp Solar power plants
at Bhopal unit.
 Our esteemed customers like NTPC, PGCIL, NHPC, ONGC and IOCL
appreciated us for conducting effective customer training programmes at
HRDC Bhopal.

 A Central Public Information Officer (CPIO) and a Central Assistant Public

Officer (CAPIO) aided by a Senior Executive (Law) at the company level
and 15 CPIOs at each of the major administrative units along with 1 CAPIO
at Bhopal Unit are functioning as part of the Right to Information Group.

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Services Offered

BHEL has a Services Division (SSM Division) at Bhopal and an Electrical

Machines Repair Plant (EMRP) at Mumbai.

BHEL undertakes the following activities:

- Erection and Commissioning.

- Troubleshooting.
- Renovation and Overhauling.

Products:

 POWER UTILISATION: AC Motors & Alternators

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS
SLIPRING INDUCTION MOTORS
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
INDUSTRIAL ALTERNATORS
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE MOTORS
PRESSURISED MOTORS
FLAME PROOF MOTORS
INDUCTION GENERATORS
WIND ELECTRIC GENERATOR
 POWER GENERATIONS:
Hydro Turbine:
PELTON
FRANCIS
KAPLAN
REVERSIBLE FRANCIS
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 BULB
MINI AND MICRO
Valves :
BUTTERFLY
SPHERICAL
Hydro Generators :
VERTICAL
HORIZONTLE
Heat Exchangers :

Air Coolers (CACW)

Oil Coolers (Shell & tube type / Frame and tube type
(Single tube & Concentric double tube construction) / OFAF), Plug in
type
Water Water Cooler (Shell & Tube type)
Hydrogen Cooler etc. (Frame and tube type).
Air Cooler CACA ( Duct and tube type)

Excitation Control Equipment :

Steam Turbine :
236 MW NUCLEAR TURBINE
15000 SHP MARINE TURBINE
210 MW STEAM TURBINE
120 MW STEAM TURBINE
030 MW STEAM TURBINE

 POWER TRANSIMISSION :
TRANSFORMER
SWITCH GEAR
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 ON LOAD TAP CHANGER
LARGE CURRENT RECTIFIERS
CONTROL AND RELAY PANELS
 TRANSPORTATION:
Diesel Electric Loco & DEMU of 350 HP with DC-DC drive
Diesel electric Loco & DEMU of 700 & 1400 HP with DC-
DC & AC-DC drive.
Diesel electric loco 2400 HP with AC-DC drive.
25 KV AC freight loco of 4000 HP with AC-DC drive.
Dual voltage 5000 HP mixed traffic loco with thyristor
controls.
Dual voltage freight and passenger 5000HP Electric locos.

 MISCELLENEOUS:
OIL RIGS
FABRICATION

 RENOVATIONS AND MAINTENANCE:

THERMAL POWER STATIONS

Range:

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS

UP TO 21000 KW (4POLE)
LOW VOLTAGE, 3.3-11KV
50 AND 60 HZ
4 POLE TO 24 POLE
2 POLE MOTORS UP TO 4500KW

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SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTORS

UP TO 10000 KW (4 POLE)
LOW VOLTAGE, 3.3-11 KV
50 & 60 HZ
4 POLE TO 12 POLE

SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

UPTO 17500 KW (4 POLE) CYL. ROTOR

4 POLE TO 10 POLE CYL. ROTOR
UPTO 4500 KW (> 8 POLE) SALIENT POLE ROTOR
3.3 – 11 KV

ALTERNATORS

UPTO 3 MW, 4 POLE LT (420 V)

UPTO 25000 KVA , 4 POLE CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
UPTO 20000 KVA, 12 POLE SALIENT POLE ROTOR
3.3 – 11 KV

VARIABLE FREQUENCY MOTORS

UPTO 21000 KW (4 POLE) CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

UPTO 15000 KW (4 POLE) SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

PRESSURIZED MOTORS

UPTO 4500 KW, 4 POLE VFD SYN. MOTOR

UPTO 7500 KW, 4 POLE INDUCTION MOTOR
UPTO 4500 KW, 18 POLE INDUCTION MOTOR

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UPTO 4500 KW,18 P SALIENT POLE SYN. MOTOR
UPTO 13000 KW, 4 POLE CYL. ROTOR SYN. MOTOR

FLAME PROOF MOTORS

UPTO 1200 kW, 4POLE TETV

INDUCTION GENERATOR

UPTO 5000 kW, 4 POLE

WIND ELECTRIC GENERATOR

UPTO 2500kW

Special Features of BHEL AC Machines

 Machines conform to the requirements of IEC 60034 and relevant

Indian standards.
 Modular system with standard frames for different degree of
protection and type of cooling requirements.
 Robust construction and vibro-stable frames.
 Compact construction requiring small floor area
 Low shaft center heights
 Uniform Cooling.
 Machines shipped completely assembled for quick and easy
installations.
 Field-proven MICALASTIC Insulation System with both Resin rich
for medium range and Resin poor with vacuum pressure impregnation
technology for large range.
 Low Vibrations and Noise levels.

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Recent Developments in AC Machines

17500kW, 11kV, 4P SCIM for BFP application for M/s NTPC Barh

5200kW, 11kV, 22P vertical SCIM for CWP application for M/s KBL for Mundra.

3600kW, 3.15kV, 10P variable speed vertical induction motor for SSP application
for fast breeder reactor for M/s NPCIL

12.5MW, 11kV, 4P synchronous motor in Line-F construction with on-line brush

changing facility

2150kW, 6.6kV, 4P constant torque SCIM for M/s Essar construction

4575kW, 2X4.0kV, 10P VFD synchronous motor with side mounted cooler

The operational facilities that are found inside the huge industrial space of Bharat
Heavy Electricals Limited in Bhopal are:

 Block -1
 Water Turbine Manufacturing (WTM)
 Heat Condensers & Exchanger Manufacturing (HCM)
 Large Fabrication Work (FBM)
 Block -2
 Traction Motors Manufacturing (TXM)
 Traction Alternators/Generators Manufacturing (TAM)
 Industrial Motors Manufacturing (IMM)
 Large Electricals Motors Manufacturing (LEM)
 Heavy Rotating Plant Manufacturing (HRP)
 Block -3
 Capacitor Manufacturing (CPM)

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  Bushing Manufacturing (BCM)
 Transformer Manufacturing (STM)
 Block -4
 Switch Gear Manufacturing (SGM)
 Control Gear Manufacturing (CGM)
 Rectifier Manufacturing (RFM)
 Block -5 (Foundry Division)
 Grey Iron Foundry
 Non-Ferrous & Die Casting Foundry
 Steel Foundry
 Sand Plant/Core Shop
 Galvanizing Plant
 Block -6
 Steam Turbine Manufacturing (STM)
 Block – 7 (Store)
 BPRV (Battery Power Road Vehicle) Manufacturing Division
 Block -8
 Coils &Insulation Manufacturing

 Block -9
 Traction Motors Manufacturing
 Block -10
 Press Shop Division (PRM)
 Block -11
 Tool & Gauge Manufacturing (TGM)
 Eddy Current Clutch (EGC)

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 The prime products manufactured at the BHEL division of Bhopal include
slip ring induction motors, squirrel cage induction motors, variable frequency drive
motors, industrial turbo and diesel alternators and synchronous motors.
The installed capacity of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited at Bhopal is 1000 no’s
per annum and the annual sales turnover of the unit is around US $ 25 million.
Equipped with 25000 sq. mt. of total area and manpower of more than 25000,
BHEL Bhopal is a known and recognized name which is considered as the best
name in the arena of generation’s systems and power utilization.

Producing high voltage equipment and machineries for various industrial needs,
BHEL Bhopal symbolizes one puff the
biggest commercially viable venture of
Madhya Pradesh.

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BHEL, BHOPAL’S CAPACITY AND ST PRODUCTS

BHEL has taken its lead role in following fields:

Turbines

1) Design, Manufacturing, Erection, Commissioning and Services of:

 30 MW, 120 MW Steam Turbines

 236 MW Nuclear Turbines.
 15000 SHP Marine Turbines
 210 MW Steam Turbines.

2) Supply of Spares and Repairs of above Steam Turbines.

3) R & M and Life assessment studies of BHEL & Non BHEL TG sets.

4) Repair and Supply of Spares of 210 MW and 500 MW KWU Turbines.

5) Repair and supply of Spares for Non BHEL TG Sets.

Diversified Projects

· For IPR and ISRO: Manufacturing of various components.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from

pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was
invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.

Definitions of steam turbine:

 turbine in which steam strikes blades and makes them turn

 A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern
manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
 A system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor through which
steam is passed to generate rotational energy. Today, normally used in
power stations
 A device for converting energy of high-pressure steam (produced in a boiler)
into mechanical power which can then be used to generate electricity.
 Equipment unit flown through by steam, used to convert the energy of the
steam into rotational energy.

A machine for generating mechanical power in rotary motion from the

energy of steam at temperature and pressure above that of an available sink. By far
the most widely used and most powerful turbines are those driven by steam. Until
the 1960s essentially all steam used in turbine cycles was raised in boilers burning
fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) or, in minor quantities, certain waste products.
However, modern turbine technology includes nuclear steam plants as well as
production of steam supplies from other sources.
The illustration shows a small, simple mechanical-drive turbine of a
few horsepower. It illustrates the essential parts for all steam turbines regardless of
rating or complexity: (1) a casing, or shell, usually divided at the horizontal centre
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line, with the halves bolted together for ease of assembly and disassembly; it
contains the stationary blade system; (2) a rotor carrying the moving buckets
(blades or vanes) either on wheels or drums, with bearing journals on the ends of
the rotor; (3) a set of bearings attached to the casing to support the shaft; (4) a
governor and valve system for regulating the speed and power of the turbine by
controlling the steam flow, and an oil system for lubrication of the bearings and, on
all but the smallest machines, for operating the control valves by a relay system
connected with the governor; (5) a coupling to connect with the driven machine;
and (6) pipe connections to the steam supply at the inlet and to an exhaust system
at the outlet of the casing or shell.

Steam turbines are ideal prime movers for driving machines requiring
rotational mechanical input power. They can deliver constant or variable speed and
are capable of close speed control. Drive applications include centrifugal pumps,
compressors, ship propellers, and, most important, electric generators.

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 Steam Turbines Basics

Though "Steam Turbines" might sound like a technical term, most of the
things we do every day would be impossible to do without this wonderful
technology in power generation. Nature does not have sockets from where power
plants pull out electricity to run your laptop or charge your iPod! Energy needs to
be converted to electricity or electrical energy, from its natural occurrences. Steam
Turbines are devices that help in the production of electricity, by converting
mechanical energy into useful electrical energy! The Steam Turbine was invented
by Parson, more than a century ago, and it has gone through numerous changes to
become an effective power generator in today's power plants.

THE MODERN STEAM TURBINE

The steam turbine continues to be a major factor in electric power generation
throughout the world. Even nuclear plants use the heat from a controlled nuclear
chain reaction to produce needed steam. In the United States, more than 88 percent
of all electricity is produced by steam turbines.

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Steam is no remnant of the Industrial Revolution. Even nuclear power plants
employ steam technology.

As mentioned earlier, there are basically three stages of matter: Solid, liquid
and gas. Each stage is held together by a different level of molecular force.
With water, gaseous steam takes up space due to its molecules being furthest apart.
However, when enough pressure is applied to steam, an amazing thing happens.
The molecules are forced together to the point that the water becomes more like a
liquid again, while retaining the properties of a gas. It is at this point that it
becomes a supercritical fluid.

Many of today's power plants use supercritical steam, with pressure and
temperature at the critical point. This means supercritical steam power plants
operate at much higher temperatures and pressures than plants using subcritical
steam. Water is actually heated to such a high pressure that boiling does not even
occur.

The resulting high-pressure fluid of supercritical steam provides excellent

energy efficiency. With the aid of high pressure, supercritical steam turbines can
be driven to much higher speeds for the same amount of heat energy as traditional
steam power. They also release less CO2 exhaust into the atmosphere.
Additionally, new high-pressure boilers built with rocket technology are being
developed to further control the levels of CO2 emitted. Some boilers will even cool
the steam back into a liquid and channel it into the ground to capture emissions

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 2. Principle of Operation and Design

Reciprocating steam engine, the pressure of energy of steam is used to

overcome external resistance and dynamic action of the steam is negligibly small.
Steam engine may be return by using the full pressure without any expansion or
drop of pressure in the cylinder.

How Does A Steam Turbine Work?

A steam turbine, as we see from its name, uses steam to rotate its blades.
The rotary motion of the blades is used to rotate the armature of the generator, and
the movement of the
armature in a magnetic field
results in the production of a
current (electricity) in the
armature! The steam turbine
has come a long way from
its initial design: there is the
single flow steam turbine,
the multiple flow steam turbines, the reaction steam turbine, the impulse-reaction
steam turbine, and the impulse turbine. It has been the object of research and
interest of many engineers and scientists like De Laval, Parson, and Curtis. Heat
energy from a coal thermal power plant or a nuclear power plant is used to boil
waiter, and convert it into steam at high pressure. This high pressure steam is
directed to the turbine blade thus causing the blade to rotate!

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 3. Steam Turbine Parts – Know Your Turbine!

Steam turbines are machines that are used to generate mechanical (rotational
motion) power from the pressure energy of steam. Steam turbines are the most
popular power generating devices used in the power plant industry primarily
because of the high availability of water, moderate boiling point, cheap nature and
mild reacting properties. The most widely used and powerful turbines of today are
those that run on steam. From nuclear reactors to thermal power plants, the role of
the steam turbine is both pivotal and result determining.
What Goes into The Construction of Steam Turbines?
A steam turbine basically has a mechanical side, and an electrical side to it. The
mechanical components include the moving parts (mechanical), such as the rotor,
the moving blades, the fixed blades, and stop valves, while the electrical side
consists of the generator and other electrical components to actually convert the
energy into a usable, easily transferable form.

Components of a Steam Turbine

Main Components:
1. Fixed/Guide blades
2. Moving Blade
3. Cylinder
4. Rotor
5. Gland Seals
6. Bearing and bearing Pedestal
7. Coupling
8. Stop and control valves
9. Governing system
10.Control and Instrumentation

Guiding Blades: These blades are fixed to the casing of the turbine. They are
positioned at an angle to the direction of the incoming steam, so that the steam
impinges the moving blades in such a way that amount of energy transfer in the
form of kinetic to mechanical is maximum. Different types of turbines engage

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different type of blades. There is a difference in their size, shape, design and
mechanical properties to withstand the different physical conditions the blade is
subjected to by the turbine.

Guiding blade requires various features such as dimensional accuracy, durability,

functional accuracy and trouble-free operations.

Guiding Blades
A set of fixed blades and rotating blades mounted on rotor is called stage of
turbine. Depending on steam condition and power output, number of stages in
steam turbine is decided.

Moving Blades: These are the blades which are connected to the rotor. As the
steam impinges on these blades, they are forced to move, which causes the rotor to
rotate and produce energy in the generator. They are also designed especially for
obtaining the maximum power transfer.
33 | P a g e
Moving blade requires

 Sturdy construction
 Corrosion resistance
 High efficiency
 Abrasion resistance

Moving Blades
The material used to make the blade depends on the type of turbine it is going to be
used in. For instance, HP and IP stage blades are generally made from 12Cr
martensitic stainless steels. However, blades used in high temperature (> 450 C)
HP or IP applications may be made of austenitic stainless steels because they have
better mechanical properties at high temperatures. LP blades are often, but not
exclusively, made from 12Cr stainless steels also. Common types of stainless steel
used in LP sections include AISI types 403, 410, 410-Cb, and 630; the exact type
of steel chosen for a particular LP application depends on the strength and
corrosion resistance required. Since the 1960s, titanium alloys, especially Ti-6Al-
4V, have also been used for LP turbine stages. These alloys are particularly suited
to LP stages for a number of reasons.

Other important requirements of material for blades of steam turbine –

HP and IP Guide Blades

 Weld ability.
 High creep and fatigue strength.
 Good resistance to the oxidation and corrosion at the same temperature.
 High quality surface finish to ensure smooth steam flow and to avoid
subsequent pressure drop.
 Adequate ductility to accommodate cumulative strain due to thermal fatigue
and creep during the service life.
34 | P a g e
Low Pressure Guide Blades

 Weld ability / Cast ability.

 Good room temperature proof strength.
 Good fatigue strength.
 Adequate rupture ductility.
 High quality surface finish.

HP And IP Moving Blades

 High creep strength and fatigue strength.

 Good resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
 Moderate damping capacity.
 Good fracture and impact toughness.
 Good surface finish.

LP Moving Blades

 Good corrosion and emission resistance.

 Good Vibration damping capacity.
 Good room temperature, fatigue strength and proof strength.
 Good surface finish.
 Adequate notch rupture ductility.

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There are four sides to a blade:

The blade can be right handed or left handed:

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Steam Turbine Rotor:

The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft,
but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed. To maintain the correct rotor
position and balancing, this force must be counteracted by an opposing force.
Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings, or the rotor can be
designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends.
The blades in each half face opposite ways (as shown), so that the axial forces
negate each other but the tangential forces act together. This design of rotor is
called two-flow or double-exhaust. This arrangement is common in low-pressure
casings of a compound turbine.

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 1. HP, IP AND LP rotor forgings were imported earlier but now Hp and IP
rotor are manufactured at CFFP Haridwar.
2. Earlier all rotors has baroscopic hole at the centre due to forging
technological constraint.
3. BHEL Bhopal all turbine rotors are with integral disc.
4. 210MW Russian design rotors manufactured at Haridwar and 110 MW
Czechoslovakia design rotors manufactured at Hyderabad have shrunk fitted
disc on IP and LP rotors.
5. Rotors forging are machined in STM shop. Various type of disc heads is
machined to suit the corresponding blade roots.
6. Various blade roots are trot, fire-tree, fork and pin, axial entry and curved
axial entry.
7. 2-tier Blade is used in 720MW due to Baumann exhaust.
8. Large Difference in temperature of various parts during starting/shutdown
may cause rubbing, distortion, bend and other serious problems.

Control and Instrumentation:

Control and instrumentation is a very important area for proper functioning of a
steam turbine. The operator, by controlling the functioning of the turbine, ensures
the output given by the turbine and also control other important factors like if the
turbine is working in limits prescribed to be safe.

Through Instrumentation and Control us:

38 | P a g e
  Monitor
 Protect
 Measure

The working of a turbine.

The scope of Control and Instrumentation is

 Equipment functional requirement

 Safety requirements
 Customer specification requirements
 Matching with the hardware platform
 System Engineering
 Customer/ consultants approval
 H/W & S/W engineering by EDN
 Primary Instrumentation Engg. By HWR

39 | P a g e
Governing System:
Turbine governing is the process of regulating the rotating speed of the output shaft
connected to the generator so that it remains constant. Variation in load affects the
performance, so an even speed is required. The primary objective in the steam
turbine operation is to maintain a constant speed of rotation irrespective of the
varying load. This can be achieved by means of governing in a steam turbine.

Methods of Governing:

Throttle Governing-In throttle-controlled turbines, steam flow is controlled by

simultaneous opening or closing of all control valves allowing the steam to flow to
the group of nozzles located on the entire periphery.

Throttle Governing
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Nozzle Governing:
In nozzle-controlled turbines, steam flow is controlled by sequential opening and
closing of control valves allowing steam to flow to associate nozzle groups. In this
method groups of two, three or more nozzles form a set and each set is controlled
by a separate valve. The actuation of individual valve closes the corresponding set
of nozzles thereby controlling the flow rate.

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Types of Governing system
 Mechanical- Here the speed transmitter is mechanical centrifugal type speed
governor which actuates control valves through mechanical linkages. Pure
Mechanical governing systems are not used for utility turbines now a day.

 Hydro-Mechanical- In hydro mechanical governing system speed transmitter

is mechanical centrifugal type speed governor. It is connected to a hydraulic
system either hydraulically or mechanically.

 Hydraulic- In Hydraulic governing system, speed transmitter is centrifugal

pump who’s Disch.PR. Is proportional to square of speed. The PR. Oil is sent
to hydraulic governor which generates a Hyd. Signal proportional to valve
opening/closure required.

 Electro-Hydraulic- In Electro-Hydraulic governing system, speed transmitter

is electrical speed measuring device which sends an electrical signal to
electronic controller to a hydraulic system. The Hydraulic system is
amplified as that control valves servomotors can be actuated.

Vibrations/ Balancing/ Alignment of Steam Turbines

 HP, IP and LP rotors and generators rotors are coupled together.
 Each rotor is individually balanced about its own axis and has a residual
unbalance.
 These rotors rotate about a common axis which is axis of rotation.
 During assembly of stationary and rotating parts design radial and axial
clearances are achieved to ensure smooth running.
 Vibration is the main criteria for the smooth running of the machine.
 The increase in vibration level indicates that there is some problem.

Energy losses in Steam Turbines

In an ideal steam turbine, the process of expansion of steam is assumed to be

isentropic and the only loss which requires attention is carry over loss. In actual
turbine, apart from carry over loss, other loss creep in, as a result of friction and
turbulence in steam flow, due to leakage of steam through various clearances etc.

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Apart from this, turbine work is always accompanied by mechanical losses due to
friction in linkage mechanism and bearings. The above losses have different
characteristics and can be divided into two main groups, namely external and
internal losses.

Internal losses are connected with flow of steam through blade passages and
accompanied with changes in the condition of steam.

External losses are those that do not directly influences steam conditions. In this
group, these are mechanical losses, which include losses in bearings and reduction
gearing.

Internal Losses

The internal losses can further be classified as -

 Losses in regulating valves.

 Losses in nozzles.

 Losses in moving blades.

 Carry over losses.

 Losses due to disc friction and windage.

 Losses due to wetness of steam.

 Losses in exhaust load.

 Losses due to axial and radial clearances.

External Losses

 Mechanical losses

 Losses due to steam leakage through seals.

43 | P a g e
 4. How are Steam Turbines Classified?

The first steam turbine, at its time indeed did spark off the industrial
revolution throughout the west. However, the turbine at that time was still an
inefficient piece of heavy weighing high maintenance machine. The power to
weight ratio of the first reciprocating steam turbine was extremely low, and this led
to a great focus improving the design, efficiency and usability of the basic steam
turbine, the result of which are the power horses that currently produce more than
80% of today’s electricity at power plants! Steam Turbines can be classified on the
basis of a number of factors. Some of the important methods of steam turbine
classification are enunciated below:

 On the basis of Stage Design:- Steam turbines use different stages to

achieve their ultimate power conversion goal. Depending on the stages used
by a particular turbine, it is classified as Impulse Turbine, or Reaction type.
 On the Basis of the Arrangement of its Main Shaft:- Depending on the shaft
arrangement of the steam turbine, they may be classified as Single housing
(casing), tandem compound (two or more housings, with shafts that are
coupled in line with each other) and Cross compound turbines (the shafts
here are not in line).
 On the Basis of Supply of Steam and Steam Exhaust Condition: - They may
be classified as Condensing, Non-Condensing, Controlled or Automatic
extraction type, Reheat (the steam is by-passed at an intermediate level,
reheated and sent again) and Mixed pressure steam turbines (they have more
than one source of steam at different pressures).
 On the basis of Direction of Steam Flow: - They may be axial, radial or
tangential flow steam turbines.
 On the Basis of Steam Supply: - Superheated steam turbine or saturated
steam turbine.

44 | P a g e
 5. Basic type of Steam Turbine

The two most basic and fundamental types of steam turbines are the impulse
turbine and the impulse reaction turbine.

5.1 The Impulse Turbine:

The impulse turbine consists of a set of stationary blades followed by a set

of rotor blades which rotate to produce the rotary power. The high-pressure steam
flows through the fixed blades, which are
nothing but nozzles, and undergo a decrease in
pressure energy, which is converted to kinetic
energy to give the steam high velocity levels.
This high velocity steam strikes the moving
blades or rotor and causes them to rotate. The
fixed blades do not completely convert all the
pressure energy of the steam to kinetic energy,
hence there is some residual pressure energy
associated with the steam on exit. Therefore
the efficiency of this turbine is very limited as
compared to the next turbine we are going to
review- the reaction turbine or impulse
reaction turbine.

How Does an Impulse Turbine Work?

The impulse turbine was one of the basic steam turbines. It involved striking
of the blades by a stream or a jet of high-pressure steam, which caused the blades
of the turbine to rotate. The direction of the jet was perpendicular to the axis of the
blade. It was realized that the impulse turbine was not very efficient and required
high pressures, which is also quite difficult to maintain. The impulse turbine has
45 | P a g e
nozzles that are fixed to convert the steam to high pressure steam before letting it
strike the blades.

Impulse turbine mechanism

Impulse turbine Mechanism deals with the Impulse force action-reaction. As

we all know the Newton 3rd law of motion," Every action has equal and opposite
reaction", the same is work on this.

As the water fall on the blade of the rotor it generates the impact force on the
blade surface, The blade tends to give the same reaction to the fluid, but the rotor is
attached to the rotating assembly, it absorb the force impact and give the reaction
in the direction of the fluid flow. Thus, the whole turbine rotates.

The rotation speed of the turbine depends on the fluid velocity, more the
fluid velocity, greater the rotation speed, and greater the speed means more power
generation.

5.2 The Reaction Turbine

The reaction turbine is a turbine that makes use of both the impulse and the
reaction of the steam to produce the rotary effect on the rotors. The moving blades
or the rotors here are also nozzle shaped (They are aerodynamically designed for
this) and hence there is a drop-in pressure while moving through the rotor as well.
Therefore, in this turbine the pressure drops occur not only in the fixed blades, but
a further pressure drop occurs in the rotor stage as well. This is the reason why this
turbine is more efficient as the exit pressure of the steam is lesser, and the
conversion is more. The velocity drop between the fixed blades and moving blades
is almost zero, and the main velocity drop occurs only in the rotor stage.

46 | P a g e
How Reaction Turbine Works? In the reaction
turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged
to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine
makes use of the reaction force produced as the
steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by
the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the d
vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that
fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The
steam then changes direction and increases its
speed relative to the speed of the blades. A
pressure drop occurs across both the stator and
the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the
rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in
both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the
rotor.

This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam
accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the
rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire
circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its
speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the
stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating
through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a
decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the
driving of the rotor.

47 | P a g e
Difference between impulse turbine & reaction turbine?
In an impulse turbine, the water (or steam) hits the blades and continues almost
straight through as in a jet engine. In a reaction
turbine, the water hits a semicircular cup and is
completely reversed in path, normally dropping
down the center with little or no momentum left.
These are rarely used with gases because of having
to get the output out of the way, but they work
especially well with water at lower pressure as when
the dam supplying the water is not very high. Both kinds are used in various
situations.

What are the advantages of impulse cum reaction turbine over pure impulse
and pure reaction turbine?

The difference between impulse and reaction turbine goes here......

1) In case of an impulse turbine the pressure remains same in the rotor or

runners, but in case of reaction turbine the pressure decreases in runners as well as
stators also.

2) In case of impulse turbine, the pressure drop happens only in the nozzle
part by means of its kinetic energy. In case of Reaction one the stators those are
fixed to the diaphragm act as a nozzle.

48 | P a g e
 6. How Can A Steam Turbine Be Improved?

A steam turbine has thousands of miniature components. From the gigantic blades
that drive the rotor, to the bearings and nuts that keep the machine in place, the
steam turbine has tremendous scope for improvement and effective design of every
part plays a significant role in improving the turbine’s overall efficiency. Some of
the areas where a lot of research goes into are those such as nozzle design,
aerodynamic blade design, lubrication engineering, heat transfer mechanisms, part
cooling, fabrication and part machining, pipe flow mechanisms, metallurgy etc.

Design of steam turbine machine parts such as nozzles and blades to make
them aerodynamic using computational fluid dynamics has gained a lot of steam as
a field in itself! A small advancement in the blade design could help in increasing
efficiency tremendously. Blade design with Computational Fluid Dynamics or
CFD focuses on reducing the local profile-oriented loss on a Quasi 3-Dimensional
(Q3D) basis. The design of proper inlet ducts from the turbines based on their
operating time, economic considerations, size of the network and size of the
turbine is also equally important. In this case, since the flow is highly unsteady and
complex, the effects and degree of non-uniformity in the flow has to be controlled
to a large extent or predicted and taken care of suitably. Choosing proper materials
for the different steam turbine components and parts is also an important aspect of
design. The use of different lightweight yet strong and thermally resistant alloys to
make steam turbine blades and moving parts is of very high importance. This also
brings about the issue that the material should be as free from erosion as possible
and should not succumb to rust and other chemical changes while under operation.
Technologies such as anti erosion blade shields bear testimony to this.

49 | P a g e
 7. Steam Turbine Applications

The Steam turbines of today are mostly used in the power production field.
Steam turbines are used to efficiently produce electricity from solar, coal and
nuclear power plants owing to the harmlessness of its working fluid, water/steam,
and its wide availability. Modern steam turbines have come a long way in
increasing efficiency in performance and more and more efforts are being made to
try and reach the ideal steam turbine conditions, though this is physically
impossible! Almost every power plant in the world, other than hydroelectric power
plants, that use turbines that run on water (the Francis, Pelton turbines also have
the influence of steam turbines) , use steam turbines for power conversion. With all
the scientific advancement in power generation being attributed to them, steam
turbines really have changed the way the world moves!
Steam turbines are devices which convert the energy stored in steam into
rotational mechanical energy. These machines are widely used for the generation
of electricity in a number of different cycles, such as:

 Rankin cycle

 Reheat cycle

 Regenerative cycle

 Combined cycle
Utility Steam Turbine Applications

Applications for utility Steam Turbines are applied for control of straight
condensing, reheat and non-reheat steam turbines up to 300MW. These upgrades
may include integrated generator control for generator protection and excitation/
AVR upgrades, utilizing the latest commonly available industry-standard digital
equipment.

50 | P a g e
Industrial application of steam turbine

Applications of Industrial Steam Turbines cover all straight condensing,

non-condensing, and automatic extraction steam turbines. Specific design features
are incorporated to address control issues often unique to process plants including
paper mills, oil refineries, chemical plants, and other industrial applications,
generator and mechanical drive.

Some of the world’s largest turbines manufacturing companies that are

seeing the rewards of research and steam turbine advances are coming together to
develop highly efficient turbines. The collaboration of Mitsubishi Heavy
Machinery and General Electric Energy (GE Energy) for the conceptualization and
design of a highly efficient “next- generation” steam turbine for its inception in
combined cycle gas turbine power plants recently has further proved that there is
still a lot to be achieved in steam turbine related research and development, and
that the scope for improvement can be much higher.

51 | P a g e
Thermal Power Station:
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime
mover is steam driven. Steam is produced in the boiler by heating water and as the
steam reaches a very high pressure, steam is released in the turbine. As the high-
pressure steam hits the blades of the turbine, the heat energy of the steam is
converted into kinetic energy, and the rotor of the turbine rotates the generator
shaft which in turns produces electricity. After it passes through the turbine, the
steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is
known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power
stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy
centre because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some
thermal power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district
heating, or for desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A large
part of human CO2emissions comes from fossil fuelled thermal power plants;
efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread.

52 | P a g e
Rankine Cycle:
The Rankine cycle is a cycle that converts heat into work. The heat is supplied
externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water. This cycle generates about
90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar
thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John
Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath and Glasgow University professor. The
Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam
engine.

IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE-

53 | P a g e
Steam Cycles
Sub critical Cycles
- Pressure up to 200 bar

- Temperature 530 to 565 °C

Supercritical Cycles
- Pressure up to 250 bar

- Temperature 540 to 565 °C

Ultra-supercritical Cycles
- Pressure > 250 bar

- Temperature > 565 °C

Definition of critical conditions

“Critical” is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance
beyond which there is no clear distinction between the liquid and gaseous phase.

The critical pressure and temperature for water are

Pressure =225.56 kg/cm2

Temperature =374.15 o C

Advantages of Supercritical cycle

Steam Power plant efficiency increases with increase in steam pressure and
temperature. With higher cycle efficiency, the supercritical cycle offers the
advantage of ‘burn less fuel for the same output’ and lower emission. (Lesser
Pollutants – SOX, NOX & CO2)

Measures to improve Power Cycle Performance

 Increase in Main & Reheat steam temperature.
 Increase in main stream pressure.
 Reduction in condenser back pressure.
 Increase in final feed water temperature.
 Double reheat.
 Reducing the flue gas exit temperature.
 Improving individual component efficiency.
54 | P a g e
Machines in Machine Shop
1) KREVHAN ROTOR ADJUSTING LATHE
(MACHINE No. -20/A/27)

SPEED- 0.195-20 R.P.M

DISTANCE FROM CENTRE-7315 mm

MAXIMUM SWING OVER SPED-3048 mm

HEAD STOCK FACE PLATE DIAMETER- 1829 mm

FACE PLATE GRIPING CAPACITY-203-1575 km

2) WOTON CNC RAM BORAR

(MACHINE No. -20/A/2088)

CONTROL SYSTEM SIMENS 8-40-D

COLOUMN CROSS CONTROL- 8000 mm

HEAD STOCK VERTICAL TRAVEL-3500 mm

RAM TRAVEL-700 mm

SPINDEL TRAVEL-1000 mm

TABLE SIZE-2500 X 3000 mm

LONGITUDINAL TRAVEL- 2000 mm

3) BERTHIZ VERTICAL BORING AND TUNING

(MACHINE No. – 20/A/302)

SPEED- 6-60 RPM

FEED- 0.6-16 RPM

DIAMETER OF TABLE- 4000 mm

MAXIMUM TURNING DIAMETER-1600 mm

ARM LENGTH- 3700 mm

55 | P a g e
 4) PLANO-MILING MACHINE
DIFFERENT PARTS: - TABLE, FRONT HEAD, SIDE
HEAD, WOVER ARM, SPINDLE, PANNEL etc.

PRINCIPLE: -THIS MACHINE WORKS ON HYDRAULIC’S

PRINCIPLE.

No. OF CUTTERS:-FACE CUTTER, MILL CUTTER, SLOTTED DRILL

CUTEER, T-SLOT CUTEER, FACING CUTEER, DRILLS.

PARTS MADE BY THIS MACHINE: -

1) STEAM TURBINE CASING

2) BUTTERFLY VALVE BODY MACHINING

3) TRUNINON SHAFT

4) TABLES

5) SPHERICAL PIECE

6) SPHERICAL SUPPORTS

7) BEARINGS

8) DOOR BODY

9) SEALING RING

10) TRUNION BLOCK

THEY USE CARBIDE TIP TO CUT THE JOB AND ITS VERY COSTLY
ALSO.

5) BERBIZ VERTICAL BORING AND TURNING MACHINE

(MACHINE No.-20/A/68)

SPEED-2.5-125 RPM

FEED-0.066-6 mm/round

DIAMETER OF TABLE-1800 mm

MAXIMUM DIAMETER TURNABLE-2900 mm

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 HEIGHT AVALIBLE BENEATH THE ARM – 6.55-1660 mm

6) VERTICAL BORER
(MACHINE No.-20/A/2018)

DIAMETER OF TABLE- 1220 mm

MAXIMUM SWING- 1270 mm

MAXIMUM HEIGHT BENEATH CROSS SLIDE- 914 mm

VERTICAL FEED OF TOO BAR-510 mm

7) KREVAHZ LATHE MACHINE

(MACHINE No. – 20/A/30)

SPEED-0.5-51 RPM

FEED-0.02-6.35 mm

DISTANCE FROM CENTRE-7620 mm

MAXIMUM SWING OVER-1676 mm

HEAD STOCK FACE PLATE DIAMETER-152 mm

FACE PLATE GRIPING CAPACITY- 203-1270 mm

LOAD- 80 TON

8) DRILING AND BORING MACHINE

(MACHINE No. -20/A/2080)

SPEED- 2.5-20 RPM

FEED- .03-69mm

SPINDLE DIAMETER-102 mm

LENGTH ABOVE SPINDLE CENTRE- MAX. 3175, MIN. 737

DEALING SLOT-89 mm

BORING CAPACITY- 457 mm

MILIMG CUTEER- 152 mm

57 | P a g e
 9) HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE
(MACHINE No. -20/A/2111)

SPINDLE DIAMETER- 127 mm

FACING HEAD- 1524 mm

WIDTH OF TABLE- 1524 mm

MAX. DIAMETER OF BORING- 158.80 mm

10) RICHARD VERICAL BORING AND TUNING MACHINE

(MACHINE No. -20/A/11)

SPEED-0.48-13 RPM

FEED-0.501-102.51 mm/round

VERTICAL DISTANCE- 4877 mm

MAXIMUM TURNING DIAMETER- 4955 mm

MAX. HEIGHT BETWEEN RAM TOOL-3352 mm

11) MORENDO LATHE MACHINE

(MACHINE No.-20/A/2012)

SPEED- 1.5-200 RPM

FEED-0.5-200 RPM

HEIGHT OF CENTRE- 770 mm

DISTANCE BETWEEN CENTRE-6000 mm

SWING BED-1520 mm

MAX. WEIGHT ON CENTRE-30 TON

MAX. WEIGHT ON PLATE-60 TON

58 | P a g e
12) CNC LATHE: -

MAIN FEATURES: -

1) CENTRE TO CENTRE DISTANCE- 10mm

2) CAPACITY 85 TON-80 TON

3) DIAMETER TURNABLE -2750 mm

4) MAX. RPM – 175

5) SEMI MACHINED JOB COMES HERE

13) PLANER MACHINE

TABLE WORKING SURFACE- 7924 X 2895 mm

MAX. WIDTH FROM ABOVE- 3124 mm

CROSS SLIDE MAX. HEIGHT- 3048 mm

14) HORIZONTAL BORING MILING AND TAPING MACHINE

(MACHINE No. - 20/A/61)

SPEED- 4-500 RPM

FEED- 1.27-508 mm/round

SPINDLE DISPLACEMENT-1828 mm

MAX. BORING CAPACITY- 1524 mm

TABLE- 3657 X 1828

SPINDLE DIAMETER- 127 BOZE TAPER M T -7

15) ACSIWTH R G 2 HORIZONTAL BORING AND THREDING

SPEED- 10-410 RPM

FEED-0.14- 686 mm/round

MAX. DRILING CAPACITY- 75 mm

MAX. BORING CAPACITY-180 mm

59 | P a g e
 COLOUMNS HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT-7620 mm

SPINDLE HEADSVERTICAL DISPLACEMENT- 3040 mm

16) INOCENTI MILING BORING COLOUMN

MACHINE No. – 20/A/2002

TOTAL DISPLACEMENT OF BORING SPINDLE- 3000 mm

DISPLACEMENT OF HORIZONTAL COLOUMN ON BED- 27600 mm

TOTAL LENGTH OF BED- 40800 mm

VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT SPEED OF SPINDLE- 5000 mm

A) MAIN BORING AND MILING SPINDLE- 3-5-500 RPM

B) HIGH SPEED SPINDL 65-2200 RPM
FEED- 0.64-1700 mm

60 | P a g e