Fairs, Festivals, & Similar Events Covered

by NEC Article 525 and other Associated

Articles
[ 0 ] By Allyn Sheldon | November 16, 2000 |

The county fair is an event that children and adults look forward to. Often children in rural
areas prepare projects, for 4-H all year long, and the county fair is the place where they get to
show off their projects.

Fair goers seldom realize that the fair may be a dangerous place they could go with their
children. Unsafe electrical services, improperly wired electric outlets, and extension cords
running across walkways are just a few of the electrical hazards that might be found at some
fairs. Many fairs and festivals are in areas where there is no electrical inspection, so the
problems are never brought to light.

Some of the larger festivals are set up on city streets and may cover several city blocks with
hundreds of concession tents and stands. These may have multiple service points with
portable distribution boxes or termination boxes set up to serve the assorted tents and
concession stands.

A typical method of supplying power to the various booths is with a fused disconnect that
supplies a termination box. These termination boxes or spider boxes have busbars for the hot
conductors, neutrals, and ground. The boxes must comply with Section 525-15 for
construction and placement. If done properly this is an acceptable method of supplying power
to the various tents and booths. These termination boxes must be protected against
overcurrent in accordance with Article 240. Some newer distribution equipment has circuit
breakers combined with appropriate receptacles in weatherproof enclosures, and they are UL
listed and labeled.

Termination boxes cannot have receptacles in them or run out of them without fuse or
breaker protection of the receptacle and its wire. This is a violation of Section 525-15(c),
which states, “receptacles shall have overcurrent protection installed within the box. The
overcurrent protection shall not exceed the ampere rating of the receptacle, except as
permitted in Article 430 for motor loads.” Without this overcurrent protection, the outlet
would be protected only by the protective device rating the whole termination box, usually
100 to 400 amps. This also violates Sections 240-3 and 305-4. Frequently, exterior outlets are
installed in dry location type four square boxes with raised covers. Outside outlets must be in
weatherproof boxes with covers that are weatherproof with a cord plugged into it.

The cables and cords that supply distribution/termination boxes, and cords and cables running
to the tents or concessions, are often run in street gutters to help protect them from foot
traffic. This can cause problems when a sudden rainstorm submerges the wrong type of cable.
A cord or cable for outdoor use must comply with NEC 525-13. The typical orange 16-gauge
cord will not comply with Section 525-13(a) that states, “Where flexible cords or cables are
used and are not subject to physical damage, they shall be permitted to be listed for hard
usage. When used outdoors, flexible cords and cables shall also be listed for wet locations
and shall be sunlight resistant.” The SO, SOO, or SJO cords listed in Table 400-4 are listed
for damp locations only. Cords and cables suitable for wet locations also have a W
designation on the cable. Protection of the cords is required by Section 523-13(f) that states,
“Flexible cords or cables run on the ground, where accessible to the public, shall be covered
with approved nonconductive mats. Cables and mats shall be arranged so as not to present a
tripping hazard.” Foot traffic and vehicular traffic across unprotected cords can break down
or fray a cord to the point where there may be bare conductors. Any moisture such as spilled
drinks or rain showers open the door for an electrical incident. Protective mats provide a
buffer that not only protect the cords, but also help eliminate the tripping hazard when
multiple cables run across a walkway. There are also hard protective guards that can be
placed where vehicles could damage cords. Section 523-13(d) states that, “Flexible cords or
cables shall be continuous without splice or tap between boxes or fittings. Cord connectors
shall not be laid on the ground unless listed for wet locations.” Most standard extension cords
do not have cord connectors that are listed for wet locations.

Inside the Concession Stand or Tent

Section 525-16 states that overcurrent protection of equipment and conductors shall be
provided in accordance with Article 240. Tents and concession stands that are fed by circuit
to which cords or cables are connected must have overcurrent protection that protects the
cord or cable as well as equipment in the tent or concession stand. There must be overcurrent
protection in the tent or concession. Section 525-30 entitled “Type and Location,” states that
“Each ride and concession shall be provided with a fused disconnect switch or circuit breaker
located within sight and within 6 ft of the operator’s station.” Check the ampacity of the cord
or cable based on Table 400-5(a) supplying the concession to assure it is large enough to
supply the equipment load.

Section 525-13(a) states that “Electrical wiring for temporary lighting, where installed inside
tents and concessions, shall be securely installed, and where subject to physical damage, shall
be provided with mechanical protection. All temporary lamps for general illumination shall
be protected from accidental breakage by a suitable fixture or lampholder with a guard.” Any
lamps for temporary lighting in a tent must have some kind of guard to protect the bulb. This
is also stated in Section 305-4(f) entitled “Lamp Protection.” The old style temporary string
lights that had two individual wires between the light sockets can no longer be used.

Section 525-18 covers GFCI protection for personnel. Simply stated, unless the receptacle is
for an appliance or covered by an assured grounding program, receptacles must be GFCI
protected. Both this Section and Section 305-6 cover this requirement.

Section 525-21 covers bonding of equipment and items (1) and (2) cover the normal bonding
of raceways and metal enclosures. Special attention is required to assure compliance with (3)
which states, “Metal frames and metal parts of rides, concessions, trailers, trucks, or other
equipment that contain or support electrical equipment.” Many of the concession trailers have
metal skins on them. Failure to assure proper bonding of all metal parts can jeopardize the
occupants of the concession as well as the customers.

Does your area have electrical inspections?

Unfortunately, many areas of the country have not adopted building codes and do not require
electrical inspections. As a result, street festivals and county fairs in those areas are not likely
to be inspected or are inspected by unqualified personnel. However, some have taken it upon
themselves to voluntarily comply with the Code.

As an example, several years ago the Circleville Pumpkin Show Committee, not a
governmental body, decided they could no longer afford the potential liability of unsafe
electrical equipment and unsafe hookups to vendors. They started eliminating all items that
did not meet the NEC. Gone are the 16-gauge cords feeding a string of lights and several
outlets in the tent. Every tent or concession stand now has a fused or breaker disconnect with
appropriate lighting and receptacles. The wooden termination boxes have been retired. All
cords are now listed for “Wet” locations. The buss bar termination boxes are being replaced
with listed breaker/receptacle boxes. This change has greatly reduced the hazards associated
with holding a large festival in a historic downtown area. They now work with the inspectors
to help them assure the Pumpkin Show is as safe as it can be

r Program

A Review of the Assured Equipment

Grounding Conductor Program
[ 0 ] By David Pace | November 16, 2000 |

Whether one is involved in designing, installing, or maintaining an electrical system,

protection must be of primary concern. This includes not only safeguarding equipment and
facilities from damage or improper operation, but it also includes the safety of personnel who
may be exposed to the hazards inherent with any electrical installation.

Relative to safety of personnel, consideration for some form of ground-fault protection must
be made to prevent current flow through the body due to line-to-ground faults. This is not to
be confused with ground-fault protection for equipment, which has a totally different level of
protection and a totally different intent. Because of the effects of current flow through the
human body, ground-fault protection for personnel typically addresses current in the 4 to 6
milliampere range. Ground-fault protection for equipment addresses electrical apparatus
damage due to line-to-ground faults and looks at current several orders of magnitude higher.

An assured equipment grounding conductor program (AEGCP) is a method of protection for

personnel against ground-fault current flow through the body. The basic concept of the
AEGCP is that conductive surfaces which may become energized due to line-to-ground faults
and with which personnel may come in contact be properly grounded. Thus if properly
grounded and a line-to-ground fault occurs, the low impedance path would allow resulting
current flow to be large enough to be detected and removed by the circuit protective device.
This would then de-energize the conductive surface subject to contact by personnel,
removing the shock hazard.

If an AEGCP is used, it must meet several conditions. Section 305-6 of the 1999 NEC
addresses the issue.

305-6. Ground-Fault Protection for Personnel. Ground-fault protection for personnel for
all temporary wiring installations shall be provided to comply with (a) and (b). This section
shall apply only to temporary wiring installations used to supply temporary power to
equipment used by personnel during construction, remodeling, maintenance, repair, or
demolition of buildings, structures, equipment, or similar activities.

(a) Receptacle Outlets. All 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacle
outlets that are not part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and that are in use
by personnel shall have ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnel. If a
receptacle(s) is installed or exists as part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure
and is used for temporary electric power, ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for
personnel shall be provided. For the purposes of this section, cord sets or devices
incorporating listed ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnel identified for
portable use shall be permitted.

Exception No. 1: Receptacles on a 2-wire, single-phase portable or vehicle-mounted

generator rated not more than 5 kW, where the circuit conductors of the generator are
insulated from the generator frame and all other grounded surfaces, shall be permitted
without ground-fault protection for personnel.

Exception No. 2: In industrial establishments only, where conditions of maintenance and

supervision ensure that only qualified personnel are involved, an assured equipment
grounding conductor program as specified in Section 305-6(b)(2) shall be permitted to be
utilized for all receptacle outlets.

(b) Use of Other Outlets. Receptacles other than 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-
ampere receptacles shall have protection in accordance with (1) or, the assured equipment
grounding conductor program in accordance with (2).

(1) Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnel.

(2) A written assured equipment grounding conductor program continuously enforced at the
site by one or more designated persons to ensure that equipment grounding conductors for all
cord sets, receptacles that are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure,
and equipment connected by cord and plug are installed and maintained in accordance with
the applicable requirements of Sections 210-7(c), 250-114, 250-138, and 305-4(d).

(a) The following tests shall be performed on all cord sets, receptacles that are not part of the
permanent wiring of the building or structure, and cord- and plug-connected equipment
required to be grounded.

(1) All equipment grounding conductors shall be tested for continuity and shall be electrically
continuous.

(2) Each receptacle and attachment plug shall be tested for correct attachment of the
equipment grounding conductor. The equipment grounding conductor shall be connected to
its proper terminal.

(3) All required tests shall be performed

(a) Before each use on site,

(b) When there is evidence of damage,

(c) Before equipment is returned to service following any repairs,

(d) At intervals not exceeding 3 months.

(b) The tests required in (2)(a) shall be recorded and made available to the authority having
jurisdiction.1

Very similar wording on this issue can be found in Subpart K of the OSHA Construction
Standard, specifically

29CFR1926.404
(b)(1) Ground-fault protection –

(b)(1)(i) General. The employer shall use either ground-fault circuit interrupters as specified
in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section or an assured equipment grounding conductor program
as specified in paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section to protect employees on construction sites.
These requirements are in addition to any other requirements for equipment grounding
conductors.

..1926.404(b)(1)(ii)
(b)(1)(ii) Ground-fault circuit interrupters. All 120-volt, single-phase 15- and 20-ampere
receptacle outlets on construction sites, which are not a part of the permanent wiring of the
building or structure and which are in use by employees, shall have approved ground-fault
circuit interrupters for personnel protection. Receptacles on a two-wire, single-phase portable
or vehicle-mounted generator rated not more than 5kW, where the circuit conductors of the
generator are insulated from the generator frame and all other grounded surfaces, need not be
protected with ground-fault circuit interrupters.

(b)(1)(iii) Assured equipment grounding conductor program. The employer shall establish
and implement an assured equipment grounding conductor program on construction sites
covering all cord sets, receptacles which are not a part of the building or structure, and
equipment connected by cord and plug which are available for use or used by employees.
This program shall comply with the following minimum requirements:

(b)(1)(iii)(A) A written description of the program, including the specific procedures adopted
by the employer, shall be available at the jobsite for inspection and copying by the Assistant
Secretary and any affected employee.

(b)(1)(iii)(B) The employer shall designate one or more competent persons (as defined in
1926.32(f)) to implement the program.

(b)(1)(iii)(C) Each cord set, attachment cap, plug and receptacle of cord sets, and any
equipment connected by cord and plug, except cord sets and receptacles which are fixed and
not exposed to damage, shall be visually inspected before each day’s use for external defects,
such as deformed or missing pins or insulation damage, and for indications of possible
internal damage. Equipment found damaged or defective shall not be used until repaired.
..1926.404(b)(1)(iii)(D)
(b)(1)(iii)(D) The following tests shall be performed on all cord sets, receptacles which are
not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure, and cord- and plug-connected
equipment required to be grounded:

(b)(1)(iii)(D)(1) All equipment grounding conductors shall be tested for continuity and shall
be electrically continuous.

(b)(1)(iii)(D)(2) Each receptacle and attachment cap or plug shall be tested for correct
attachment of the equipment grounding conductor. The equipment grounding conductor shall
be connected to its proper terminal.

(b)(1)(iii)(E) All required tests shall be performed:

(b)(1)(iii)(E)(1) Before first use;

(b)(1)(iii)(E)(2) Before equipment is returned to service following any repairs;

(b)(1)(iii)(E)(3) Before equipment is used after any incident which can be reasonably
suspected to have caused damage (for example, when a cord set is run over); and

(b)(1)(iii)(E)(4) At intervals not to exceed 3 months, except that cord sets and receptacles
which are fixed and not exposed to damage shall be tested at intervals not exceeding 6
months.

..1926.404(b)(1)(iii)(F)
(b)(1)(iii)(F) The employer shall not make available or permit the use by employees of any
equipment which has not met the requirements of this paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section.

(b)(1)(iii)(G) Tests performed as required in this paragraph shall be recorded. This test record
shall identify each receptacle, cord set, and cord- and plug-connected equipment that passed
the test and shall indicate the last date it was tested or the interval for which it was tested.
This record shall be kept by means of logs, color coding, or other effective means and shall
be maintained until replaced by a more current record. The record shall be made available on
the jobsite for inspection by the Assistant Secretary and any affected employee.2

While the AEGCP is permitted, it is only valid if all requirements are continuously met which
requires correct administration and strict enforcement. Because of concerns largely with the
lack of enforcement, an effort to remove the AEGCP was made during the revision cycle for
the 1999 Code. This effort was based on experiences that indicated personnel were not
properly protected because of improper enforcement, primarily on construction sites. During
those discussions, arguments were made that lack of enforcement was not the correct reason
to remove this option and that other means of protection would also be ineffective if not
properly enforced. The result was that Section 305-6 was modified but the AEGCP remained
as an option.

During the current revision cycle for the 2002 NEC the effort to remove the language
permitting the AEGCP is again being made. Proposal 3-138a, referencing Section 305-6(a),
Exception No. 2, was submitted by the panel, CMP-3, to delete Exception No. 2 in its
entirety. Substantiation for the proposal was that “The sufficient availability of GFCI
(Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) protection and proven safety record eliminates the need for
this exception.” Arguments are again being made to allow AEGCP to remain in the language
for those who want to use it, and who will enforce and administer its requirements correctly.
The outcome for the 2002 NEC will be determined by the action of the panel during this code
cycle.

Finally, it is very important to point out that a false sense of security can be created through
the use of ground-fault protection for personnel, regardless of the method used. A clear
understanding of the method used and the protection it affords personnel must exist. Simply
because the AEGCP is used, or a device is connected to a GFCI device does not mean
personnel are protected from all possible shock situations. Since the AEGCP relies on current
flow high enough to be detected and removed by the circuit protective device, it does not
contribute to safety of personnel in a series contact situation. Its effectiveness is also reduced
in high impedance or partial ground fault situations. Further, neither the AEGCP nor the
GFCI devices provide safety to personnel in line-to-line or line-to-neutral contact situations.
As with other protective methods and equipment in the electrical discipline, there are specific
designs for specific hazards. These must be clearly understood and the correct protection
employed for the hazards present.

References

1 NFPA 70-1999, National Electrical Code, (Quincy, MA, National Fire Protection
Association, 1998) p. 70-116.

2 Subpart K, OSHA Construction Standard, 29CFR 1926.404.

3 NFPA 70E-2000, “Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces,”
(Quincy, MA, National Fire Protection Association)

4 NFPA 70B-1994, “Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance,”

(Quincy, MA, National Fire Protection Association)

5 “Soares Book on Grounding,” 7th Edition, (Richardson, TX, International Association of

Electrical Inspectors)

6 Roberts, Earl W., Overcurrents and Undercurrents, All About GFCIs,(Mystic, CT, Reptec)

Temporary Wiring on Construction Sites

[ 0 ] By Steven J. Owen | November 16, 2000 |

Insulation and grounding are two recognized means for preventing injury during electrical
equipment operation. Conductor insulation may be provided by placing nonconductive
material, such as insulation, around the conductor. Grounding may be achieved through the
use of a direct connection to an available, effectively grounded electrode, such as a metal
water pipe, structural steel, a concrete-encased electrode, or a properly installed ground ring.

Another method of preventing possible injury is to place a metal housing or an enclosure

around a motor or other electrical equipment, such as switches or circuit breakers. Such
enclosures protect the equipment from dirt and moisture and prevent accidental contact with
exposed wiring. There is, however, a hazard associated with these metallic enclosures; a
malfunction within the equipment, such as deteriorated insulation, may create an electrical
shock hazard. Consequently, these non-current carrying metal enclosures are required to be
effectively grounded in order to eliminate the shock hazard. If an ungrounded “hot”
conductor contacts a grounded metal part or enclosure, a ground fault results, which should
be able to travel back to the source of power for the circuit, over the effective equipment
grounding conductor path, which meets the requirements of the 1999 National Electric Code,
Section 250-2(d) and Section 250-122.

Insulation may be damaged by hard usage on jobsites or by aging. If this damage results in
the conductor(s) becoming exposed, the hazards of shock, arc, and fire may exist. Double
insulation may be used as additional protection on the live parts or on a tool, but double
insulation does not provide protection against defective cords and plugs or against heavy
moisture conditions.

The use of a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is one method, which may be used to
overcome grounding and insulation deficiencies.

The NEC requirements for temporary wiring are found in Article 305 of the 1999 National
Electric Code. The scope of Article 305 in Section 305-1 states that “”the provisions of this
article apply to temporary electrical power and lighting wiring methods that may be of a class
less than would be required for a permanent installation.”"

Even though temporary wiring may be used, it is important to remember the possible hazards
of using temporary wiring. In many cases, the temporary wiring is of a class less than the
permanent wiring methods normally used. Sections 305-4(b) & (c) permit the use of hard
usage cord or cable instead of the permanent wiring methods normally used, i.e., EMT or
rigid conduit. With the wide use of portable tools and flexible cords, hazards are created
when these flexible cords, cord connectors, receptacles, and cord- and plug-connected
equipment are improperly used or maintained. An important point to remember is that no
matter which wiring method is used, the manufacturer’s listing instructions for the use of that
product must be followed.

If type NM nonmetallic-sheathed cable were used outdoors in a wet location, this would be in
violation of the manufacturer’s listing instructions, which prohibit use of this wiring method
in wet locations.

Note that Section 305-2(a) states, “Except as specifically modified in this article, all other
requirements of this Code for permanent wiring shall apply to temporary wiring
installations.” To ensure that installations are installed in a safe and Code-approved manner,
Section 305-2(b) states, “Temporary wiring methods shall be acceptable only if approved
based on the conditions of use and any special requirements of the temporary installation.”

Section 305-6. Ground-Fault Protection for Personnel. Ground-fault protection for personnel
for all temporary wiring installations shall be provided to comply with (a) and (b). This
section shall apply only to temporary wiring installations used to supply temporary power to
equipment used by personnel during construction, remodeling, maintenance, repair or
demolition of buildings, structures, equipment, or similar activities.1
The 1999 NEC differs somewhat from the 1996 NEC, by requiring compliance with both (a)
and (b). The 1996 NEC offered a choice of using either (a) or (b).

Section 305-6(a). Receptacle Outlets. All 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere
receptacle outlets that are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and
that are in use by personnel shall have ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for
personnel. If a receptacle(s) is installed or exists as part of the permanent wiring of the
building or structure and is used for temporary electric power, ground-fault circuit-interrupter
protection for personnel shall be provided. For the purposes of this section, cord sets or
devices incorporating listed ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel identified
for portable use shall be permitted.2

There are two exceptions to this section.

Exception No. 1: Receptacles on a 2-wire, single-phase portable or vehicle-mounted

generator rated not more than 5 kW, where the circuit conductors of the generator are
insulated from the generator frame and all other grounded surfaces, shall be permitted
without ground-fault protection for personnel.

Exception No. 2: In industrial establishments only, where conditions of maintenance and

supervision ensure that only qualified personnel are involved, an assured equipment
grounding conductor program, as specified in Section 305-6(b)(2) shall be permitted to be
utilized for all receptacle outlets.3

In the 1996 edition of the NEC, this exception was questioned because of an error in the
written language of the paragraph that followed this exception. The error was in the wording
of the first complete sentence of Section 305-6(b). The wording did not include the use of 15-
or 20-ampere receptacle outlets. During the proposal period of the 1999 NEC, CMP-3
accepted a proposal which corrected the error. During the discussion, a motion was made to
delete Exception 2. The motion failed.

This same issue, regarding Exception No. 2 of Section 305-6(a) came about again in the
Proposals for the 2002 edition of the NEC. This time, instead of accepting a proposal to
change Exception No. 2, by adding “construction sites,” Exception No. 2 was deleted. If this
panel action stands, there will be only one exception to the use of GFCI on construction sites
or in industrial establishments—Exception No. 1.

In conclusion, it is the employer’s responsibility to comply with Article 305 of the National
Electric Code in its entirety. Ground-fault circuit interrupters can be used successfully to
reduce electrical hazards on construction sites utilizing temporary wiring methods.

1 NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 305, (Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection
Association; 1998) p. 70–116.

GFCI for Temporary Wiring

[ 0 ] By Paul Casparro | November 16, 2000 |
Since the original introduction of the Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters in the 1971 National
Electrical Code, these devices have proven to their users and the electrical community that
they are worth the added cost during construction or remodeling. Published data shows a
decreasing trend in the number of electrocutions in the United States since the introduction of
GFCI devices. Unfortunately, no statistics are available for the actual number of injuries
prevented by GFCI devices. However, most would agree that the number of lives saved and
prevented injuries were substantial. A variety of GFCI’s are available, including portable and
plug-in types and circuit-breaker types, types built into attachment plug caps, and receptacle
types. Each has a test switch so that the unit can be checked periodically to ensure proper
operation. It seems like not too long ago when GFCIs were not available, or were not being
used for temporary power. It also seems like everyone (all trades) were cutting off the ground
prong on extension cords, so they could plug into old receptacles. Adapters were also a
common sight on the construction job, everyone had one tucked away in his toolbox.

We have really come a long way in temporary power procedures, thanks to knowledgeable
people who sit on Code panels.

What Is a Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter?

Definition: A device intended for the protection of personnel that functions to de-energize a
circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground
exceeds some predetermined value that is less than that required to facilitate the overcurrent
protective device of the supply circuit.

Theory of Performance: The hot (ungrounded) conductor and the neutral (grounded)
conductor must be installed together as they pass through a differential transformer. The
transformer uses a magnetic field to measure the amount of current going to the load against
the current returning from the load. The strength of a magnetic field is directly proportional to
the current flowing in the conductor. When the amount of current going to the load does not
equal the current returning from the load, the induction in the secondary of the differential
transformer causes the sensing unit to operate. The sensing unit causes the circuit breaker or
the device to trip and open the circuit.

Article 305—Temporary Wiring

305-1 Scope. The provisions of this article apply to temporary electrical power and lighting
wiring methods that may be of a class less than would be required for a permanent
installation.

305-6. Ground-Fault Protection for Personnel. Ground-fault protection for personnel for all
temporary wiring installations shall be provided to comply with (a) and (b). This section shalI
apply only to temporary wiring installations used to supply temporary power to equipment
used by personnel during construction, remodeling, maintenance, repair, or demolition of
buildings, structures, equipment, or similar activities.

(a) Receptacle Outlets. All 125-volt, single-phase, 15- 20-, and 30-ampere receptacle outlets
that are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and that are in use by
personnel shall have ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnel. If a
receptacle(s) is installed or exists as part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure
and is used for temporary electrical power, ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for
personnel shall be provided. For the purposes of this section, cord sets or devices
incorporating listed ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnel identified for
portable use shall be permitted.

Exception No. 1: Receptacles on a two-wire, single-phase portable or vehicle-mounted

generator rated not more than 5kW, where the circuit conductors of the generation are
insulated from the generation frame and all other grounded surfaces, shall be permitted
without ground-fault protection for personnel.

Exception No. 2: In industrial establishments only, where conditions of maintenance and

supervision ensure that only qualified personnel were involved, an assured equipment
grounding conductor program as specified in Section 305-6(b)(2) shall be permitted to be
utilized for all receptacle outlets.1

Code Making Panel Three (CMP-3) accepted a proposal to delete Exception No. 1 for the
2002 NEC. The substantiation states that Section 250-34 does not permit a two-wire single-
phase portable or vehicle-mounted generator to have all circuit conductors insulated from the
frame if system grounding is required, which is the case where supplying the receptacles of
(a).

There was also a proposal, submitted by Code Making Panel Three to delete 305-6(a)
Exception No. 2 in its entirety. The panel recognized that the removal of this exception was
long overdue. As indicated in the panel’s substantiation, the sufficient availability and proven
safety record of GFCl protection eliminates the need for this exception. Code Panel 3 felt this
was a critical step forward because of all the work that is being done in many industrial
facilities throughout the country. The safety of the workers is at stake here.

Section 305-6, which provides the ground-fault protection for personnel requirements for
temporary wiring, has been revised to clarify that the assured equipment grounding conductor
program cannot be used for 125-volt, single-phase, 16-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacle
outlets.

The title of Section 305-6(a) has been changed from “Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters” to
“Receptacle Outlets.” Revised language in (a) makes it clear that all 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere
receptacle outlets that are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure, and
that are in use by personnel require ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel.
Note that 30-ampere receptacle outlets have been added to this requirement. A number of
tools and equipment used by workers today utilize 30-ampere receptacle outlets and should
provide the same protection as the 15- and 20-ampere outlets.

The last sentence of (a) has been revised to read: “For the purpose of this section, cord sets or
devices incorporating listed ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel identified
for portable use shall be permitted.” This change recognizes the use of GFCI adapters in
addition to cord sets.

The requirement for identification as suitable for portable use means that the device has open
neutral protection. That is, if the grounded conductor opens for any reason, a relay drops out
and the device de-energizes the load. Otherwise, an interrupted grounded conductor would
cause the device to fall in its closed position.
A GFCl does not protect a person who comes in contact with two “hot” wires or any “hot”
wire and the neutral wire. A GFCI does not protect someone against receiving a shock, but it
does limit the time the hazard exists.

A class A ground-fault circuit interrupter trips when the current to ground has a value in the
range of 4-6 milliamperes, and a timeframe of 30 milliseconds.

Code Making Panel 3 has taken great strides in the past two cycles, and continues to take
strides to prevent injuries or deaths to construction workers. Although it is almost impossible
to prevent all accidents, the goal is to prevent anyone from being killed.

UL Requires American Standard-Sized

Mounting Hardware
[ 0 ] By Underwriters Laboratories | November 16, 2000 |

Question: Luminaires

Some luminaires imported to the United States are provided with metric hardware for
mounting the fixtures. However, UL Listing requirements specify that fixtures be provided
with American standard-sized mounting hardware. Is UL enforcing these requirements?

Answer

All UL Listed luminaires must be equipped with American standard-sized mounting

hardware. Over the past few years, UL received a limited number of field reports regarding
luminaries being provided with metric mounting hardware. UL Listed luminaires exported to
the United States are required to be equipped with American standard-sized hardware.

However, should inspectors come across UL Listed luminaires that have not been provided
with American standard mounting hardware, they must notify the nearest UL Regulatory
Services representative. Once we receive the information, UL will open a Field Report and
immediate appropriate action to resolve the issue. For more information on UL’s Regulatory
Services, including contact numbers for representatives or to request a Field Report, access
www.ul.com and click on “Regulators.”

Question: Isolated neon power supplies

Are isolated neon power supplies rated 7.5 kV or less specified in Section 600-23 of the
NEC® covered by UL 2161?

Answer

Yes. Isolated neon transformers and power supplies rated 7.5 kV or less are still required to
comply with UL 2161, the Standard for Neon Transformers and Power Supplies. Since power
supplies of this size and type inherently comply with secondary ground fault test
requirements; they are exempt from secondary ground fault testing as noted in UL 2161.
Effective September 1999, UL 2161 requires all neon power supplies (other than cold-
cathode) to be marked, “Complies with Secondary Ground-Fault Protection Requirements in
UL 2161.”

Products complying with UL 2161 are Listed under the category Neon Transformers and
Power Supplies (PWIK). The UL Guide information for this product category can be found
on the UL Online Certifications Database at www.ul.com. Or, consult page 66 in the 2000
edition of the UL General Information for Electrical Equipment Directory (White Book).

Question: Electrode receptacles for gas-tube signs

Does UL 879, the Standard for Electrode Receptacles for Gas-Tube Signs, cover polymeric
boots intended for wet locations?

Answer

UL has recently developed requirements for polymeric insulators (e.g., polymeric boots) for
use in wet locations that cover splices between neon electrodes and GTO cable. Currently,
there is one Listing under the category Sign Accessories (UYMR).

These requirements are included in a UL Subject 879 Bulletin dated May 22, 2000. Presently,
UL 879, the Standard for Electrode Receptacles for Gas-Tube Signs, is undergoing a
complete revision and expansion of scope that will cover all types of sign components. The
requirements for polymeric boots and sleeves have been proposed for inclusion in UL 879
and will remain the same, regardless if the revised Standard gets adopted. Revisions to UL
879 are currently under review by a UL Technical Committee.

Question: Low voltage lighting

Is there Listed cable that is permitted to be concealed in walls for low voltage lighting, other
than NEC® Chapter 3 cable?

Answer

Currently, UL does not List standalone cable intended for use in concealed locations in
accordance with the requirements of Section 411-4 of the NEC®.

Section 411-4 of the NEC® requires Chapter 3 wiring methods for concealed wiring. Chapter
3 covers wiring methods for all wiring installations, unless modified by other Articles in the
code. Based on this reference to other NEC® Articles, powerlimited cable used in accordance
with Article 725 can be used for low voltage lighting systems, provided that the cable is
supplied by a Listed Class 2 or 3 transformer or power supply. However, since most power
supplies provided with low-voltage lighting systems are not Class 2 or 3, Chapter 3 wiring
methods are required, unless the cable provided with the Listed low-voltage lighting system
was evaluated for concealment as part of the system’s Listing

How Important Are Connections?

[ 0 ] By Leslie Stoch | November 16, 2000 |

Everyone understands the importance of good connections in business and in life generally.
Good electrical connections are important too. The Canadian Electrical Code provides some
important information and contains many rules on connecting electrical equipment. In this
article we will cover a few of the many connection principles contained in the code.

Motors

Rule 28-104 for motor wiring specifies:

“Supply connections to a motor connection box shall have an insulation temperature rating
equal or greater than Table 37, unless the motor is marked otherwise and their ampacity
based on a 75C conductor insulation rating except for Class A motors only where their
ampacity may be based on 90C insulation when 90C wire is used as circuit conductors to the
motor.”

What the code wants us to do here (some types of motors are designed to run at higher
temperatures than others) is to ensure that conductors are not affected by high motor
temperatures. Supply conductors that run directly into a motor terminal box must have
insulation temperature ratings compatible with the motor operating temperatures. But despite
their higher insulation temperature ratings, we must select motor conductors based on their
75C ampacity ratings.

For example, from Table 37, a totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC) Class F motor must be
supplied with minimum 90C conductors. However the 90C columns in Tables 1 to 4 cannot
be used to determine the conductor ampacities. For that motor we must choose the 75C
columns of Tables 1 to 4 for the right size supply wiring.

But there is yet another condition. Notice that the Table 37 wiring insulation ratings are based
on ambient temperatures of 30C. If the motor is to operate in a location where the ambient
temperature is higher than 30C, the difference between the actual location temperature and
30C must be added to the wiring temperature selected from Table 37. If the motor used in the
above example is to run in a location where the ambient temperature is likely to be 40C, we
must select motor supply conductors having a minimum temperature rating of 100C (add
40C-30C).

Rule 28-104 also specifies:

“Where Table 37 requires insulation temperature ratings in excess of 75C, the motor supply
conductors shall not be less than 1.2 m long and shall terminate in a location not less than 600
mm from any part of the motor except that for motors rated 100 hp or larger, their
terminations shall be not less than 1.2 m from any part of the motor.”
What’s happening here? The code wants to ensure that higher motor temperatures will not
adversely affect electrical equipment near a motor. For this reason, when Table 37 requires
wiring temperatures above 75C, the electrical code specifies the above minimum distances
between motors and electrical equipment such as motor disconnect switches or starters. Also,
the minimum lengths of interconnecting wiring must be as specified for motors under 100 hp
or larger.

Recessed Lighting Fixtures

Recessed lighting fixtures usually must operate at higher temperatures than those in free air
since heat is not dissipated as rapidly. For this reason, Rule 30-408 specifies:

“Conductors having insulation suitable for the temperatures encountered shall be used for
wiring recessed luminaires. Tap conductors must be installed in a raceway extending at least
450 mm but not more than 2 m from the luminaire, and terminate in an outlet box located not
less than 300 mm from the luminaire.”

When recessed fixtures come complete with factory-installed high temperature wiring, Rule
30-408 specifies that the fixture wiring should be run in flexible conduit to an outlet box
located not less than 300 mm from the fixture. The factory-installed leads must be between
450 mm and up to 2 m in length between the fixture and the outlet box. These precautions are
required to ensure that the supply conductors are not adversely affected by higher lighting
fixture temperatures.

Aluminum Conductors

Rule 12-118 specifies:

“Adequate precaution shall be given to the termination and splicing of aluminum conductors,
including the removal of insulation and separators, the cleaning (wire brushing) of stranded
conductors, and the compatibility and installation of fittings.”

This rule provides some specific terminating methods for aluminum wiring including:

 removing insulation and wire brushing stranded wiring

 applying a joint compound to stranded conductors to penetrate the oxide film and
prevent oxide from reforming
 connection to electrical equipment that has terminals compatible with aluminum
conductors

Terminating Armoured Cables

Electrical wiring exiting from armoured cables is easily damaged by contact with the sharp
ends of the armour at connection points. Therefore Rule 12-610 specifies:

“Where conductors issue from armour, they shall be protected from abrasion by bushings of
insulating material or equivalent devices.”

This rule is designed to ensure that armoured cable terminations are done in such a way so as
to minimize the potential for damage. Rule 12-610 provides some specific advice including:
  insulating material to separate the wiring from the end of the armour
 for No. 8 AWG or larger wiring, electrical equipment must have a smooth hub or an
insulated bushing is used
 connections to open wiring such as knob and tube wiring must be done in a box
having a separately bushed hole for each conductor

As in past articles, you should consult the local inspection authority in each province or
territory as applicable for the most current interpretation of any of the above

Equipment

NFPA 79 – Electrical Standard for

Industrial Equipment
[ 0 ] By Tom Garvey | November 16, 2000 |

Should our electrical standard for industrial machinery keep current with what the rest of the
world is doing? If you build machines for the global marketplace, you’d answer “do it or
die.” A harmonized NFPA 79 paves the way for you to build a machine that your company
can sell from Boston to Bombay. If you buy machines for your factories around the world,
you’re answering, “Of course!” One standard for machine wiring makes it easy for you to
write one purchasing specification. However, if you’re involved with electrical safety, the
answer should be: “It depends on what the rest of the world is doing.”

My first experience with this issue came via a large machine tool from Japan. My employer
spent several million dollars to purchase the machine. My co-worker and I spent several
weeks pulling the factory wiring out and replacing it with listed MTW (Machine Tool Wire).
Why? The type of insulation used by the manufacturer was not Type MTW. What type of
insulation did the machine builder use? Unknown. There were no markings on the jacket. Did
the insulation have the low flame spread; low smoke development characteristic of listed
Type MTW? Unknown. Insufficient documentation was provided. The AHJ decided not to
take a chance. We completely rewired the machine.

The roots of NFPA 79 stretch back to 1941. The US machine tool industry faced a formidable
challenge: Produce the millions of parts needed to support the war effort. The metal working
industry wrote the first standard. They wanted machines that were safer to operate. They
needed machines that were more productive and required less maintenance. The electrical
components needed to be high quality and very reliable.

Modern industrial machinery appears in a wide variety of forms. A recent international

machine tool show in Chicago featured the products of thousands of companies from 36
nations. Their products filled 1.4 million square feet of exhibit space: equipment that utilizes
the latest technology such as lasers that cut, drill and weld; sophisticated robots that weld,
assemble, or transport parts. The equipment represents the broad scope of “Industrial
Machinery.” Industrial machinery includes simple machines, such as a drill press. On the
other end is a complex manufacturing system. Such a “machine” may be city blocks long.
Examples are a paper-manufacturing machine or an automotive assembly line.
Many of the machines present at the show were not built and wired to meet NFPA 79.
Instead, they were manufactured using IEC 60204 as the electrical safety standard. IEC
60204 is one of the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission, a global
organization that was founded in 1906. It prepares and publishes international standards for
electrical, electronic, and related technologies. Individuals from more than 50 countries sit on
its various technical committees.

One of the committees is TC-44, Safety of Machinery. The US is a major player on TC-44.
The chairman is John Bloodgood of JFB Enterprises, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Mr.
Bloodgood is an internationally recognized expert on industrial machinery and related
standards. National Electrical Equipment Manufacturers Association is also represented on
TC-44. Mr. David Fisher of Rockwell Automation, Milwaukee, WI is a participating
member. Mr. Fisher’s expertise is industrial control systems. Both men have also served as
principal members on the NFPA 79 committee for many years.

The NFPA 79 Committee is convinced of the need to harmonize NFPA 79 with comparable
standards. NFPA 79 is also an international standard. Companies that both buy and build
machines for the global marketplace use it. Principal members represent organizations that
both buy and build for factories across the globe. The 1991, 1994, and 1997 NFPA 79
included both references to other international standards as well as technical changes that
reflect harmonization with related international standards.

The Next Step

The big push for harmonization started in 1998. In March 1998, the committee prepared a
statement of work. The major elements of the statement of work are:

Harmonization – Purpose

As the users and the manufacturers of industrial machines move toward a global
manufacturing community, the need for a harmonized standard affecting industrial machinery
becomes an economic necessity. Generally, large users and manufacturers find regulations
burdensome. However, multiple regulations as well as conflicting regulations are an
economic disincentive to global expansion. In order to ease the burden of differing
regulation, and at the same time maintain the high standard of electrical machine safety, the
NFPA 79 committee has expressed their desire, through balloted vote, to harmonize NFPA
79 with IEC-60204-1.

Importance of Issue – Harmonization

The United States industrial machine manufacturers are no longer the world leaders in
producing industrial machines, nor are they the major users of industrial machines. Today’s
industrial machines are very complex and expensive. As manufacturing lines become
modular and transportable, industrial machines originally produced for a foreign market may
quickly be transported to the domestic market. The reverse is also true. Differing electrical
standards add a large cost to multinational manufacturers as they build and sometimes move
manufacturing facilities.

Harmonization – Objective
This work is necessary to accomplish the goal of allowing industry to economically build one
industrial machine capable of passing a detailed electrical safety inspection using either IEC
60204-1 or NFPA 79 standard.

Both the NEC Technical Correlating Committee and the NFPA Standards Council reviewed
the statement of work in July of 1998. The TCC unanimously recommended the following
action to the Standards Council:

“The Technical Correlating Committee agrees with the efforts of the NFPA 79 committee to
harmonize the technical requirements of NFPA 79 and IEC 60204, where feasible and where
in concert with the NEC and its related codes and standards.

The Technical Correlating Committee agrees with the use of the ANSI style manual relative
only to those items noted in the forward of the present NFPA 79. However, use of mandatory
language shall be in accordance with the NFPA style manual.

The committee can continue references to other standards as necessary, but only where those
references do not conflict with our presently adopted principles, practices, product standards,
and the NEC.”

The NFPA Standards Council considered and concurred with the recommendation. Since
1998, the committee has been active in creating a series of panel proposals. The committee’s
objectives are fourfold.

1. Renumber NFPA 79 to follow the numbering format used by IEC-60204.

2. Harmonize the language of NFPA 79 with the IEC 60204 where the technical requirements
are substantially equal. The harmonized text will follow the NFPA Style manual.

3. Add new technical requirements that reflect the current state of the industry.

4. Modify the current technical requirements where appropriate, without decreasing the
intended level of safety.

The committee recognizes the critical nature of the third and fourth objectives. The impetus
for change may be harmonization with international standards or current industry practice.
However the substantiation must clearly document the need for the change and the impact on
electrical safety. There are safety practices, such as listed insulation, that are inherent in our
safety standards. This type of requirement will be maintained.

Your Role

NFPA 79 is a consensus standard. The committee will meet to consider proposals in March
2001. The Report on Proposals will be published in the spring and available to interested
members of the public: That’s YOU. Help keep the committee on target. Reinforce our effort
to make the standard truly international. Check our work. Keep us honest. Send us your
comments.
Sunlight Resistant Requirement and
Choices for Enforcement
[ 0 ] By Ravi Ganatra | November 16, 2000 |

Abstract

The requirement for sunlight resistance for conductors that are exposed to direct sunlight was
added in Section 310-8 of the 1999 National Electrical Code (NEC).1 However, the
implementation of this requirement has resulted in some confusion for the users of the Code.
For the purpose of listing and or markings on the products, Code requirements like this are
spelled out in the applicable product standards. The present requirements and the needed
changes in these standards are discussed to address the confusion. Facts, opinions, and
recommendations are presented here to facilitate the enforcement of this requirement.

In response to a proposal, Section 310-8 was revised for the 1999 National Electrical Code
(NEC) by organizing each location type and stipulating a list of identified insulation types for
each location. Additionally, a new paragraph (d), Locations Exposed to Direct Sunlight, was
added to read:

(d) Locations Exposed to Direct Sunlight. Insulated conductors and cables used where
exposed to direct rays of the sun shall be of a type listed or marked “sunlight resistant.”

The panel rejected the proposed exception and a public comment supporting the exception to
not require “sunlight resistant” capability of insulated conductors of drip loops where they are
exposed to direct rays of sun. The recommended exception was not accepted since the drip
loops expose the insulation to sunlight, which can deteriorate the insulation. Thus, insulated
conductors where exposed to direct rays of sun shall be listed or marked “sunlight resistant.”
Figure 230.5 from the NEC Handbook, slightly modified and shown in Figure 1, provides a
good example of drip loops.
Figure 1. Figure 230.5 from the NEC Handbook, slightly modified and shown in Figure 1,
provides a good example of drip loops.

Since the wording of 310-8(d) states that the products shall be listed or marked sunlight
resistant, the question arises as to how should an inspector (or a user) verify that the product
meets this requirement? Further, since manufacturers do not (and cannot) repeat all of the
mandated requirements for listing in the print legends on their products, how does one verify
that a product meets this requirement? Are there any changes made in the product standards
as result of the adoption of 310-8(d)? Were there requirements already in place for suitability
of the products exposed to sunlight? Are there separate requirements when products are
marked “sunlight resistant?” Is this difference in requirements in the product standards
responsible for the confusion between “suitability” and “listing or marking” for “sunlight
resistant?” These and other relevant items are discussed below to assist inspectors and users
in making their decisions.

The obvious choice is to examine the product for marking. However, if the requirement is
mandatory and it is included in the requirements for listing, then it may not be necessary to
include it in the marking on the product. For wire and cable products, this is helpful as it
keeps the length of the print legends manageable. This desire to keep the print legend short
and manageable creates a potential for confusion. Thus, when there is no obvious marking on
the product and there is a doubt about the compliance, the inspector or user is forced to rely
upon 110-3(b) of the NEC and ask for a confirmation from the manufacturer.
Figure 2. Figure 2 describes applications of conductors where compliance with sunlight
resistant requirement is required or not required in accordance with 310-8(d)

At present no changes have been made in the product standards as a result of the adoption of
310-8(d) in the 1999 NEC. Products affected by this change include thermoset and
thermoplastic insulated conductors, such as Types XHHW-2, RHH, RHW-2, THW-2,
THHN, THWN-2, etc., recognized in Table 310-13 of the NEC. These products are listed in
accordance with product standards developed by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., namely
UL 44, Standard for Thermoset – Insulated Wires and Cables, and UL 83, Standard for
Thermoplastic – Insulated Wires and Cables. Figure 2 describes applications of conductors
where compliance with sunlight resistant requirement is required or not required in
accordance with 310-8(d). For an optional marking of sunlight resistant, the conductors
covered by UL 44 and UL 83 are required to meet the requirements of 720-hour carbon-arc or
xenon-arc exposure tests. This marking is used typically for products that are used outdoors
in messenger supported applications or in conjunction with “For CT Use” marking for
conductors supported by cable trays. The two markings, both being optional, were thus
combined logically because cable trays are permitted to be used outdoors also and the
products supported in these cable trays are then exposed to sunlight.
Figure 3. Figure 3 describes the typical applications of Type SE products.

Type SE and Type USE products are listed in accordance with UL 854, Standard for Service
– Entrance Cables. Conductors (and jackets) used for these products are required to meet the
requirements of 300-hour carbon-arc or xenon-arc exposure test as part of the listing for these
products. Compliance with this requirement is considered not sufficient for the marking of
“sunlight resistant.” The products have been treated as “suitable for exposure to sunlight.”
Figure 3 describes the typical applications of Type SE products. Type SE and Type USE
(along with Types RHH or RHW) can be marked sunlight resistant provided they meet the
requirements of 720-hour test. Considering the requirements of UL 44 (or UL 83) and UL
854 together, the same conductor type can imply the following possibilities:

1. Conductor intended for use in raceways (or other cable constructions other than Types SE
or USE) need not be subjected to either 300-hour or 720-hour test. (Thus, conductors in the
drip loops of these installation methods may not meet the requirement of 310-8(d).)

2. Above conductors if supported by a messenger (used outdoors) are subjected to a 720-hour

test.

3. Conductors used in Type SE (or USE) are subjected to a 300-hour test.

4. Conductors supported by a cable tray are subjected to a 720-hour test, if marked “sunlight
resistant.”

The above hopefully makes it clear why Code Making Panel 6 adopted the aforementioned
language for 310-8(d). It provides a consistent requirement for conductors that are exposed to
sunlight. Conductors exposed to direct sunlight shall be either listed or marked sunlight
resistant. Whether the requirement for listing or marking of a product as sunlight resistant is
300-hour test or 720-hour test is up to the standards development process.
To maintain the effective link between the Code and Standards development processes and to
define clear performance requirements, it is the author’s opinion that one single requirement
for sunlight resistant should be used in the product standards. This is consistent with
requirements for other application oriented markings for wire and cable products such as,
“For CT Use,” “FT 4,” “LS,” etc. Historically, for sunlight resistant capability the industry is
more familiar with black color insulation on conductors and in most, if not all, cases these
materials are known to exceed the requirement of 720-hour test.2 However, insulation on
conductors in colors other than black require significant additions of UV stabilizers to make
them suitable for the application. Since no formal data has been collected, reported, or
presented, the limited field experience with colored insulation and black color insulation
complying with 300-hour test requirements suggests that the colored insulation does not
perform as well as the black color insulation.3 Hence, it may be desirable to select the 720-
hour test as the requirement for products so that they can be considered as complying with
310-8(d).

While the standards development process resolves this issue, inspectors and users can review
the following to determine compliance with 310-8(d):

• Marking on the product (“Sunlight Resistant,” or “SUNRES”). This marking is afforded to

those products that comply with the requirements of 720-hour test.4

• In the absence of marking on the product, seek confirmation of listing (or compliance) from
the manufacturer5

• For conductors to be installed in raceways or a part of a cable (other than Type SE and
USE) assembly and exposed to sunlight when outside the raceway or cable assembly. (Need
for confirmation exists whether compliance with requirements of 300-hour test or 720-hour
test is acceptable.)

• For conductors and the overall cable in Types SE and USE. (No need for confirmation on
Type SE or USE products, if compliance with requirements of 300-hour test is acceptable.)

• There are no changes in the sunlight resistant requirement for conductors and cables
supported by the cable trays. These products are typically identified with “SUNRES”
marking in conjunction with “FOR CT USE” marking.)

Given the confusion with implementation of 310-8(d) adopted in 1999 NEC, the issue is on
the table for the 2002 NEC. Inspectors and users can make their contribution by submitting
comments, where applicable, on various proposals that have been acted upon by CMP-6.

References

1 National Electrical Code® and (NEC)® are registered trademarks of The National Fire
Protection Association

2 Historic experience with black color insulation is derived from the inherent UV resistant
properties of the carbon black added in the insulation. In the future, this may or may not be
the case for black color insulation as other pigments could be used to provide the color. In
such cases, additives will have to be added to the insulation to make it sunlight resistant.
3 In Canada, the similar experience has supported a change in the product standards.

4 At present Type UF is afforded this marking when complying with the requirements of
300-hour test. However, this may change and compliance with the requirements of 720-hour
test may become part of the listing requirement for Type UF products.

5 Alcan Cable has verified that insulation and jacketing materials it employs on Types
XHHW-2, SE, USE-2, USE-2 or RHH or RHW-2, MC, and TC meet the requirements of
720-hour test for Sunlight Resistant marking.


 You are here: Home » Features » Basic Standards Development Process

 Basic Standards Development Process

 [ 0 ] By Lori Tennant | November 16, 2000 |
 Introduction
 The first part of this series of articles provided a general understanding of the IEC and
how it operates. Often more confusing though, to a new participant in the IEC, is the
overall standards making process. This article will provide information on how to
process an idea from its initial conception as a proposal, through its final publication
as an international standard. Although there are several procedures in the IEC process
for expediting development and approval of standards, based on the needs of industry,
this article will address only the principle stages involved in the preparation of an IEC
standard or a revision to an existing standard.
 More detailed information on the drafting of international standards is covered in the
following three IEC Directives:
 Part 1: Procedures for the technical work
 Part 2: Methodology
 Part 3: Rules for the structure and drafting of international standards
 Once the process is understood, the next question is, “How do I as an electrical
inspector get my ideas and proposals included in this development process?” The final
part of this article will outline the many ways an individual can participate in not only
the IEC but also in the US National Committee of the IEC (USNC).
 What is the IEC Standards Making Process?
 As previously mentioned, there are streamlined procedures in the IEC which have
been introduced to allow flexibility in the standards development process in order to
get technical documentation into the marketplace quicker. Typically, these procedures
allow for elimination of various stages in the process depending on the consensus of
the committee and the need of the industry sector involved.
 Following is a table, which summarizes the full six-stage process involved in the
preparation of a new IEC standard or a revision to an existing standard. A brief
description of each stage, along with its approval requirements, is given following the
table.
 Preliminary Stage
This stage is for those projects which are envisioned for the future. They are not yet at
the mature stage where they may proceed to further development. They may need
better definition of the project or more testing or data collection before they can enter
the overall standardization process.
 Proposal Stage
A proposal for new work typically comes from a specific industry through their
National Committee. When submitting a NP, the proposer should make every effort to
supply either a draft or outline of the proposal. They are also requested to nominate a
Project Leader. The proposal is then circulated through all members of the respective
Technical Committee or Subcommittee for a three-month ballot. The NP is approved
if a simple majority of the P-members (Participating) vote positively and a minimum
of four or 25% of the P-members agree to actively participate in the work and
nominate experts.
 Preparatory Stage
Once a NP is approved, responsibility for development of a Working Draft (WD) is
delegated to a group of experts in a Working Group (WG). In most cases, the WD is
prepared by the Project Leader of the WG (also referred to as Convenor in some
WGs). This stage is complete when the WG has reached consensus on the draft and it
is ready for circulation to the Technical Committee or subcommittee as a Committee
Draft for Comment (CD).
 Committee Stage
During this consensus-building stage, the CD is circulated to all P- and O-members of
the Technical Committee or Subcommittee for comments. Once all comments have
been resolved and consensus reached, the CD is ready to proceed to the next stage.
Prior to being circulated as a Committee Draft for Vote (CDV); however, the draft
must be in bilingual text, both English and French.
 Enquiry Stage
At the enquiry stage, the bilingual CDV is circulated to all members for a five month
voting period. This is the last stage where technical comments can be submitted. The
CDV is approved if a two-thirds majority of the P-members are in favor and not more
than one quarter of the votes cast by all members are negative. After the comments
are addressed and resolved by the Committee, a revised version is prepared for
circulation as a Final Draft International Standard (FDIS).
 Approval Stage
At the approval stage, the FDIS is circulated to all members for a two-month voting
period. At this time, members have to be very definitive in their voting; either
positive, negative or abstention. Positive votes cannot include any comments.
Negative votes should be accompanied by technical reasons substantiating the vote.
The FDIS is approved if a two-thirds majority of the P-members are in favor and not
more than one-quarter of the votes cast by all members are negative. If the FDIS is
approved, it is then published. If it is not approved, it is referred back to the Technical
Committee or Subcommittee for reconsideration.
 Publication Stage
This stage is the sole responsibility of the IEC Central Office. Within two months
following the approval of the FDIS, they publish and circulate the International
Standard.
 U.S Participation in the IEC Standards Making Process
 As mentioned in the previous article, full members of the IEC are National
Committees. The official US member, through ANSI, is the United States National
Committee of the IEC (USNC). ANSI does not develop any US positions; they only
facilitate position development by establishing consensus among accredited US
Technical Advisory Groups (TAGs). ANSI ensures that the TAGs follow its guiding
principles of consensus, due process and openness.
 Within the USNC, a TAG exists for each IEC TC or SC where the US is a P- or O-
member. TAG membership is open to all “US national interested parties.” ANSI
defines a US National interested party in its Rules of Procedure as, “any individual
located in the United States, representing an organization, company, government
agency or themselves, including US branch offices of foreign companies, that is
directly or materially affected by the relevant standards activity.” The primary
purpose of a TAG is the development and submission (through ANSI) of US positions
on all the activities and ballots of the respective IEC committee.
 Among the various responsibilities of a TAG, which are outlined in ANSI’s Rules of
Procedure, is the nomination of US experts, project leaders and convenors to serve on
IEC Working Groups. Each TAG will also select a Technical Advisor (TA), who
serves as the chair of the group and is responsible for overall participation in the
international committee’s work. Also in some cases, a TAG will appoint a Deputy
Technical Advisor (DTA) to assist the TA in the everyday work of the group.
 How do I participate in the IEC Standards Making Process?
 The only way to influence the technical content of proposed international standards is
to ensure strong US participation.
 There are many areas in both the USNC and the IEC where you can participate as an
electrical inspector. IAEI members can participate in the USNC by becoming a
member of the TAG for the IEC committee that has the responsibility for their
technical area of interest. This is easily accomplished by contacting either the TA for
the TAG or the Secretary of the USNC. (This information is available on the ANSI
website at www.ansi.org) In some cases, TAGs are further broken down into WGs
that correspond with the relevant IEC WGs. This also allows for further participation.
There also exists the opportunity of becoming appointed as a TA or DTA of a TAG,
once an opportunity comes available. IAEI does participate at the USNC management
level, but an inspector’s expertise at the technical level is needed.
 If you want direct involvement in the IEC standards making process, there are
opportunities for participation in the IEC TCs, SCs and WGs. Since members of these
committees are typically nominated and appointed by the respective TAG, it is
recommended that you also actively participate in the corresponding TAG to the IEC
committee of interest.
 Summary
 In the first two articles of this series, we’ve covered the IEC, its structure, the
standards making process, and most importantly, where and how you can participate
in activities that affect the electrical inspection community and the overall electrical
industry.
 You are probably thinking, “”Okay, I now understand the IEC, the USNC and how I
can participate, but why should I?”" The final part of this series will cover the
relationship of the IEC to world trade and the interaction between the IEC and the
North American electrical safety system and how this impacts the inspection
community.
 ou are here: Home » Features » NEC and OSHA: Protecting Workers from
Electrical Shock

 NEC and OSHA: Protecting Workers

from Electrical Shock
 [ 0 ] By Michael Callanan | November 16, 2000 |
 Perhaps the greatest advancement in worker safety over the past 30 years has been the
development and implementation of ground-fault circuit-interrupter (GFCI)
protection. Both the National Electrical Code (NEC) and the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) have initiated requirements designed to afford a
superior level of protection for both employees and the general public who may be
exposed to the hazards of electricity. The purpose of this article will be to explore this
development as it relates to GFCI protection for temporary wiring as required by
Article 305 of the NEC and OSHA’s 1926, Subpart K, Electrical Standards.
 Background


 Photo 1. Typical "Spider box" supplies GFCI protected receptacles for use on
construction sites.
 Both the NEC and OSHA recognize that workers performing construction, demolition
and maintenance activities are especially vulnerable to the hazards of electricity.
Frequently, workers have environmental and physical conditions which directly
impact their ability to work safely around the hazards associated with the use of
electrical tools and equipment. Essentially, the NEC developed and OSHA adopted a
two-prong approach to affording protection to workers. Until recently, (1996 NEC)
Article 305 and OSHA 1926.404(b) have both permitted either the use of the Assured
Equipment Grounding Conductor Program (AEGCP) or the use of GFCI protection
for all 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacle outlets on construction
sites. The concept of the AEGCP is that frequent and regular inspection and testing of
all equipment grounding conductors, receptacles and attachment plugs, will “assure”
that the continuity of the EGC is maintained and that a low-impedance grounding path
will protect workers sufficiently against the hazards of electrical shock by facilitating
the operation of the overcurrent device. GFCI devices, on the other hand, sense an
unbalance or leakage current in the area of 4-6 mA and open the circuit in a 1/40 of a
second to provide protection against electrocution.

 Diagram 1. GFCI protection required for 15, 20, and 30 ampere, 125-volt receptacles
on construction sites.
 The 1996 NEC
 Two significant changes occurred in Section 305-6, Ground-Fault Protection for
Personnel, in the 1996 NEC. First, the scope of the GFCI requirements was greatly
expanded by removing the limitation to construction sites only. Prior to the 1996
NEC, the GFCI requirements for 15- and 20- ampere, 125-volt receptacle outlets, only
applied to personnel on construction sites. The 1996 NEC removed this limitation and
expanded the scope of the provision to include all “temporary wiring installations
utilized to supply temporary power to equipment used by personnel during
construction, remolding, maintenance, repair, or demolition of buildings, structures,
equipment or similar activities.” This was a dramatic expansion of the scope and
resulted in a significant advancement for worker safety.


 Diagram 2. Principles of operation of GFCI protective devices
 The second significant change was the restrictions placed on the use of the AEGCP.
Prior to the 1996 NEC, either the GFCI or the AEGCP could be utilized to meet the
requirements of this section. In the 1996 NEC, the use of the AEGCP was strictly
 limited to “other receptacles not covered in (a).” This meant that, for other than
industrial establishments (see exception) all 15- and 20-ampere, 125-volt, single-
phase receptacle outlets had to be provided with GFCI protection.
 Interestingly, CMP-3 also clarified that when providing GFCI protection, cord sets
incorporating listed GFCI protection for personnel are permissible.
 Analysis


 Diagram 3. Typical protective GFCI devices
 The changes in the 1996 NEC were a great step, a leap, towards enhancing worker
safety. Subsequent revisions have continued to expand the scope of the protection to
include 30-ampere, 125-volt, single-phase receptacle outlets and to clarify that where
GFCI protection is required, such protection is required, regardless if the receptacle
exists or is considered to be part of the permanent wiring of the building. In other
words, if personnel are performing any of the covered activities, (construction,
demolition, maintenance, etc.), they must be provided some form of GFCI protection,
regardless if the outlet exists or is part of the permanent wiring of the building.
 Often this is accomplished by the use of listed cord sets which incorporate the GFCI
protection into the cord set. Notice that the wording of Section 305-6(a) currently
permits “cord sets or devices incorporating listed ground-fault circuit interrupter
protection for personnel identified for portable use.” Two points relevant to this
provision. First, note that the cord set must utilize listed GFCI protection, not that the
cord set must be listed. This sentence structure is intentionally different from other
NEC sections mandating similar requirements. That is because OSHA does permit
employers to construct their own extension cord sets. There are several conditions that
must be met but the practice is acceptable. Requiring the cord sets to be listed would
severely limit this provision. Secondly, the cord sets must utilize GFCI protection
which is identified for portable use. Such protection includes “open neutral”
protection which enhances personnel safety where such devices are subject to the
possibility of losing a neutral connection. For this reason, it is not permissible to
utilize standard GFCI receptacles, intended for permanent installation only, as part of
a “shop-made” cord set.

 Diagram 4. GFCI tripping curves showing time and milliampere values
 OSHA Construction Standards
 Since the early 1970’s, OSHA Construction Electrical Standards have been driven by
the NEC. Current requirements parallel the 1984 edition of the NEC. In fact, Section
1926. 404(a) Note, states, “If the electrical installation is made in accordance with the
National Electrical Code ANSI/NFPA 70-1984, exclusive of Formal Interpretations
and Tentative Interim Amendments, it will be deemed to be in compliance with
1926.403 through 1926.408, except for 1926.404(b)(1) and 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(E), (F),
(G), and (J).” Unfortunately, as we have just discussed, significant changes in the
NEC have occurred which are not currently enforceable by OSHA. The restriction on
the AEGCP for example, does not exist within the OSHA regulations. The addition of
the 30-ampere, 125-volt receptacle outlet is not included as well. The scope of
application for GFCI requirements for OSHA is still limited to construction sites only.
 Summary
 Needless to say, there exists great differences between the NEC requirements and the
OSHA regulations. From an enforcement point of view and from a safety point of
view this is troublesome. Section 6(b) of the OSHA Act mandates steps that must be
taken before OSHA can promulgate a new rule. Logistically, OSHA is simply not
capable of keeping up with the latest developments in the NEC.
 This fact, however, ought not change employer strategies for protecting personnel
from electrical shock. The use of GFCI protection provides a level of safety superior
to that of the AEGCP and it can be implemented in an easier and more cost-efficient
manner for the employer. OSHA regulations are a minimum safety standard for
protecting workers. Particularly when it comes to GFCI requirements, employers
should follow the provisions of Article 305 and strive to enhance personnel protection
by adhering to the stronger of the two standards.

 The Pole Just Jumped Out in Front of

Me!
 [ 0 ] By David Young | November 16, 2000 |
 Every year, thousands of vehicles run into electric and communication utility poles.
The consequences are obvious. There may be some things we can do to reduce the
number of accidents or the severity of the accidents.

 Photo 1
 To see what I might be able to do to reduce pole/vehicle accidents, I did a study in my
company to investigate the details of the pole/vehicle accidents we had in one year. I
had one of my engineers visit every pole struck by a vehicle to determine the location
of the pole relative to the roadway. We also studied the files to determine the
conditions under which the poles were struck. The results were not surprising. Over
half the accidents occurred at night. About one quarter of the poles was located within
three feet of the “traveled way,” i.e., the travel lanes of the highway. Most of the poles
were located on the outside of curves, at intersections and at entrances to commercial
establishments.


 Photo 2
 Poles at intersections are most commonly hit during accidents with other vehicles.
Poles on the outside of curves are most commonly hit by out-of-control vehicles. The
drivers may have fallen asleep, been under the influence of alcohol or drugs, the
visibility may have been poor, or the roads may have been slippery. Only one percent
of the poles was located on straight sections of the highway.
 Why are there so many poles close to the road?
 In many states, utilities do not have “the right of eminent domain.” Utilities in these
states must get permission from the property owners to install their poles. If the
property owners do not give permission to the utility, the utility is forced to install
their poles on the highway right-of-way. In many cases, the highway right-of-way is
not much wider than the roadway. The result, poles are located very close to the travel
lanes. I have noticed that poles located next to the travel lanes on windy roads usually
have a collection of side-view-mirrors on the ground next to them.
 The Solutions:

 Photo 3
 Short of removing the poles completely, the only way to prevent pole/vehicle
accidents is to put something between the travel lanes and the poles, like a guardrail.
Guardrails are expensive and the accidents are not eliminated, only accidents with
poles. The National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®) in Rule 231B recommends
that poles be located far enough from the travel lanes of the highways so that normal
traffic on the travel lanes does not strike the poles. Our problem is not normal traffic.
Placing poles further away from the travel lanes may reduce the number of accidents.
In one of the accidents I investigated, the vehicle crossed a twenty-foot wide six-foot
deep ditch and then traveled 140 feet across a field to hit the pole. Utilities like to
build their facilities along roadways to reduce construction and maintenance costs.
Wake-up strips on the edge of the travel lanes reduce accidents due to drivers falling
asleep.
 In my study, very few of the poles involved in accidents were located next to curbs.
This is probably due to the fact that curbs are only prevalent in urban areas where the
speed limit is lower and the accidents are fewer. Because visibility of poles at night
may be a factor contributing to accidents, my company and the State of Maryland
have both started programs of installing reflectors on poles close to highways and
poles located in bad locations relative to curves.
 Break-Away Poles
 Street light poles designed to break-away with very little force are working very well
in reducing vehicle damage and human injury. Some utilities have tried special
hardware to convert their utility poles into “break-away” poles. The special hardware
can only be used on poles where there is no equipment installed and on tangent poles,
i.e., poles located in straight sections of a line. Unfortunately straight sections of lines
are usually parallel to straight sections of highways where there are very few
accidents. Also, designing poles that support high voltage conductors to break-away
easily may not be in the best interest of public safety.
 Utility ratepayers are not willing to accept the additional expense to put all utilities
underground. Electric and communication utility poles are not the problem. The
problem is vehicles leaving the roadway. If utility poles were eliminated, there would
still be vehicle accidents. We need to remind people to drive slower when the road
conditions and visibility change, to pull over when they get sleepy, and not to drive
when they have been drinking.
 Path of Least Resistance
 [ 0 ] By Michael Johnston | November 16, 2000 |


 Figure 1. Electricity will take any path available to try to return to the source,
including through the human body.
 Anyone who has been involved in the electrical field for any length of time has heard
the phrase, “path of least resistance,” on many occasions. From the first-year
apprentice starting out in the electrical trade to the seasoned veteran of the industry
with many years of experience and accomplishments, the phrase is used to describe
what path electrical current will take. The phrase is stated with pride “Electricity takes
the path of least resistance,” or “Current takes the path of least resistance,” and
usually not much thought is given to what is really meant by that statement. This
article will review some basic principles of this fundamental element and discuss how
this current flow relates to electrical safety.
 It is appropriate to review some basic elements of the electrical circuit. First, in order
for electrical current to flow, there needs to be a complete circuit or path. Voltage (E)
will push current (I) through a resistance (R). These are the basic components of
Ohms law. Analogous to electrical current flow is water flowing through a water pipe.
The bigger the pipe is, the less the resistance to the flow of the water through the pipe;
the smaller the pipe, the more resistance to the flow of water through it. The same
holds true for electrical current. Larger electrical conductors (paths) offer lower
resistance to current flow. Smaller electrical conductors (paths) offer greater
resistance to current flow.

 Figure 2. Amperes operate overcurrent devices. Low impedance path means higher
current flow.
 Where does the current flow? Current will always try to seek out the source, be it
normal current or fault current. As for taking the path of least resistance, that is
partially correct. Electrical current will take any and all paths available to try to return
to its source. If several paths are available for current to flow, it will divide and the
resistance of each path will determine how much current will flow on each particular
path.
 The electrical code in Article 250 mentions several times the term “low impedance
path.” As a quick overview, opposition to current flow in a DC circuit is called
“resistance.” Total opposition to current flow in an AC circuit is called “impedance,”
which is made up of three elements: resistance, capacitance, and inductance. When
the term “low impedance path” is used in the Code, it is referring to a path for current
to flow on that offers little opposition to current flow whether it is normal current or
fault current; the key element is low opposition or impedance.


 Figure 3. Current flowing on proper paths provided
 Overcurrent devices require current (amperes) flow to operate. The higher the
impedance of the path, the lower the current that will flow through the overcurrent
device. The lower the impedance of the path, the greater the amount of current that
will flow through the overcurrent device. Understanding these basic elements of
electrical circuits helps apply some important rules in Article 250 of the NEC.
 There are two conductors of a grounded system— the grounded conductor and the
equipment grounding conductor—that should be discussed, and a brief story related
about each. They are the grounded conductor and the equipment grounding conductor.
The grounded conductor (usually a neutral) of a system has been grounded once, at
the service or at the source of a separately derived system. The term “grounded” is
past tense, which means that the action has already happened. The grounding of the
grounded (neutral) conductor of a system is accomplished by a connection to ground
through a grounding electrode conductor either at the service or at a separately
derived system. The other conductor to look at is the equipment grounding conductor.
The word “grounding” is present tense, which means the action is ongoing. In
equipment grounding conductors, the action is ongoing through every electrical
enclosure all the way to the last outlet on the branch circuit. The equipment grounding
conductor puts all metal enclosures at earth potential along the way, and also provides
a low impedance path for fault current to flow on if a ground fault should occur in the
system. So it is important that the equipment grounding conductor of the circuit make
a complete and reliable circuit back to the source. At the source or service is where
the grounded (neutral) conductor and the equipment grounding conductor are required
to be connected together through a main bonding jumper. The main bonding jumper is
defined in the Code as the connection between the grounded conductor and the
equipment grounding conductor at the service. In a separately derived system, this
connection is made with a bonding jumper installed between the grounded conductor
and the equipment grounding conductor. These bonding jumpers complete the fault
current circuit back to the source.


 Figure 4
 The NEC, in recent cycles, has been revised to continue its migration away from the
use of the grounded conductor downstream of the main bonding jumper in a service or
downstream of the bonding connection at a separately derived system for grounding
equipment. The reasons are elementary as stated earlier. Current, be it normal current
or fault current, will take all the paths available to it to try to seek out its source. If the
grounded conductor (neutral) and equipment grounding conductors are connected at
points downstream of the service or separately derived system connections, such as at
sub panels, there will be multiple paths available for current to try to return to the
source. This can lead to current flowing on water piping systems, conduit, equipment
grounding conductors, and any other electrically conductive path.
 In the 1996 NEC the electric range and dryer circuits were required to include an
equipment grounding conductor in addition to the insulated grounded conductor.
 Range and dryer circuits that were existing prior to the adoption of this rule are
permitted to continue the use of the grounded or neutral conductor to ground the
boxes and frames of the equipment. New installations must maintain this isolation
between the grounded conductor and the equipment grounding conductor.


 Figure 5. Current will seek its source. It takes any and all paths available. The amount
of current flowing in each path is dependant on the impedance of that particular path
 In the 1999 NEC, there was a revision to the rules covering the use of the grounded
conductor for grounding purposes at a second building or structure. Section 250-32
(b)(1) requires that if an equipment grounding conductor is installed with the feeder
supplying the second building or structure, that isolation between the grounded
(neutral) conductor is to be maintained. There is an allowance in Section 250-32(b)(2)
to utilize the grounded conductor of the feeder for grounding equipment under three
specific and very restrictive conditions. First, an equipment grounding conductor is
not included with the feeder supplying the building or structure. Second, there are no
continuous metallic paths bonded to the grounding system in both buildings. Third,
there is no ground-fault protection of equipment installed at the service. If all of these
conditions are complied with, the grounded conductor must be used for grounding and
be connected to the building or structure disconnecting means. The grounded
conductor is also required to be connected to a grounding electrode at the building or
structure and installed in accordance with Part C of Article 250. This will serve as the
grounding means and as the path for normal current and also the path for fault current
to clear overcurrent devices. In Section 250-32(b)(2) the Code mentions a requirement
of having no continuous metallic paths bonded to the grounding system in each
structure. This is encompassing of all paths, not just wires or conduits. These paths
could include items such as metal water pipes, other metal piping, steel members, and
paths such as the shielding on a communications cable or a coaxial cable installed
between the structures. It is important to remember that current will take all the paths
to seek out the source. If this connection were made and there was a ground-fault
protection device at the service in accordance with Section 230-95, these connections
could desensitize the GFP device and it may not operate properly when called upon to
do so in ground-fault conditions because of multiple paths for current.
 In summary, it is important that the basic elements of current flow be understood and
thought of carefully while applying the rules of the NEC. Section 250-24(a)(5) states
that a grounding connection to any grounded circuit conductor on the load side of the
 service disconnecting means shall not be made, unless otherwise permitted in the
article. The FPN gives reference to three situations where this is acceptable, but is
restrictive. Sections as reviewed in this writing are for separately derived systems in
Section 250-30(b), for separate buildings or structures in Section 250-32, and for
grounding equipment under the limitations of Section 250-142. Installers and
inspectors should be watchful to ensure there are no neutral to ground connections on
the load side of the grounding connections at the service disconnecting means or on
the load side of the grounding connections for a separately derived system. In other
words, isolate the neutrals and equipment grounding conductor connections. Give
current (be it fault current or normal current) the low impedance path anticipated by
the requirements of the NEC.

 Proposed New Safety Provisions in

Article 110
 [ 0 ] By Philip Cox | November 16, 2000 |
 The purpose of the National Electrical Code is stated in Section 90-1 as “…the
practical safe guarding of persons and property from hazards arising from the use of
electricity.” The term “practical safeguarding” is significant in that it emphasizes that
Code rules are designed to provide a level of safety to both people and property that is
practical in nature. While the term “practical” is not specifically defined in view of
safety rules, input from both the industry and the public through the consensus form
of code development helps determine what it means in different situations.
Effectiveness of a safety rule in achieving its desired level of protection, the
probability that a destructive incident is likely to occur, the cost associated with
applying it, and the ability to enforce it are some factors that must be considered when
adopting safety rules. Each element must be evaluated when making the decision as to
whether or not a safety provision meets the test of “practical safeguarding” as used in
90-1. Electricity is a vital part of our daily lives. It is one of the reasons our quality of
life has risen to its present level. We are very dependent upon the use of electricity in
our homes and workplaces and need to learn to live and work safely with this very
beneficial form of energy. While the ability to use electrical energy has made life
much better for us, abuse, misuse, accidents, etc., that result in an uncontrolled release
of that energy can be very destructive to people and property. There is a challenge to
those in code development to provide reasonably safe living and work locations.


 Diagram 1. Flash protection Section 110.16
 Three proposals accepted by NEC Code Making Panel No. 1 during the panel
meetings held in January 2000 can have, if they are adopted, a significant impact upon
those who install and maintain electrical systems. They were influenced by incidents
 involving electricians being injured or killed while working on energized electrical
equipment and the need to add safety provisions in the Code to protect workers.
Members of the electrical industry who are involved in the installation and
maintenance of electrical systems recognize that hazards exist and that safety
procedures should be followed when working with those systems. These three
proposals recommend changing provisions in Article 110 in the 2002 NEC to include
safety measures that can provide an additional level of safety for workers. All three
proposals focus on steps being taken that will allow workers to take action to better
protect themselves.
 The first proposal involves adding a new 110-16 to cover flash protection. The
wording adopted by CMP-1 action on Proposal No. 1-235 during the meeting in
January 2000, reads: “110-16. Flash Protection. Switchboards, panelboards, and
motor control centers installed in other than residential occupancies shall be marked
in the field to indicate the incident energy in calories per square centimeter for a
worker at a distance of 457 mm (18 in).
 FPN: See NFPA 70E-2000, Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee
Workplaces, for calculation methods and charts related to incident energy.” (see
diagram 1)
 It is probably safe to say that most electricians who work either as construction
electricians or in electrical maintenance have either witnessed the occurrence of an
electrical fault or know of someone who was involved in one where a tool slipped or
something happened to create a line-to-line or a line-to-ground fault. Many incidents
occur without damage to property or injury to personnel because factors needed to
cause a more severe situation did not occur at the appropriate time or in the necessary
order. However, many do cause significant property damage and harm to workers.
The proposed new wording will not prevent a fault from occurring, but will require
information to be available that can help qualified workers protect themselves where
they are required to work electrical equipment while it is energized.
 Where people are required to work on switchboards, panelboards, motor control
centers, etc., while the equipment is energized, measures should be taken to provide
as much protection against injury for workers as practical. Provisions in existing 110-
26 require a minimum amount of working space for those workers to safely perform
their jobs. This rule provides for a reasonable amount of space for qualified workers
to maneuver while at the face of the energized equipment. Requirement in Proposal 1-
235 will add an important element. This new provision will require that the amount of
incident energy available at a distance of 18 inches be marked on the equipment.
Where the amount of energy is known, the qualified worker can use that information
to select the proper type of protective clothing and equipment that are designed for
that level of energy release. This is an important step in the advancement of safety for
personnel.

 Diagram 2. 110.26(C) Panic Hardware
 The second set of proposals affects provisions in Article 110 associated with working
space around electrical equipment, such as switchboards, panelboards, and motor
control centers. These provisions have primarily focused on identifying the location
and dimensions of the required space and includes rules on access and entrance to that
space. Previous attempts to include specific requirements that provide for workers to
exit the designated space have not been successful. While many CMP-1 members
agreed with the concept of having a safe and reliable means of exiting electrical
equipment rooms, the supporting documentation was not deemed strong enough to
justify making such a major change. However, information has been accumulating to
support the addition of rules requiring doors leading out of rooms containing certain
types of electrical equipment to have simple pressure release mechanisms to permit
workers to safely exit the area in an emergency situation. It may be time to give
favorable consideration to the addition of this rule to provide additional safety for
workers.
 Proposal No. 1- 260a includes a recommendation to add new wording to 110-26(C)(2)
that provides for workers to be able to readily exit the required working space around
equipment rated 0-600 volts, over 1200 amperes, and more than 6 ft wide. The first
paragraph in 110-26(C)(2) is proposed to read:
 “(2) Large Equipment. For equipment rated 1200 amperes or more and over 1.8 m
(6 ft) wide that contains overcurrent devices, switching devices, or control devices,
there shall be one entrance to the required working space not less than 610 mm (24
in.) wide and 2.0 m (6 ½ ft ) high at each end of the working space. Where the
entrance has a personnel door(s), the door(s) shall open in the direction of egress and
be equipped with panic bars, pressure plates, or other devices that are normally
latched but open under simple pressure.”
 Proposal No. 1-291a is the third proposal and is a companion to Proposal 1-260a. This
proposal amends 110-33 to require this same type of equipment for personnel doors
used for exiting the area of electrical equipment rated over 600 volts. It will read:
 “110-33. Entrance and Access to Work Space
 (A) Entrance. At least one entrance not less than 610 mm (24 in.) wide and 2.0 m (6
1/2 ft) high shall be provided to give access to the working space about electric
equipment. Where the entrance has a personnel door(s), the door(s) shall open in the
direction of egress and be equipped with panic bars, pressure plates, or other devices
that are normally latched but open under simple pressure.” (see diagram 2)
 If Proposals 1-260 and 1-291a are adopted, they will add another dimension of safety
for people who are required to work on energized equipment. Providing a means for
 workers to readily exit an area where electrical equipment is involved in a destructive
release of energy is necessary. Where a worker is injured by occurrence of a fault in
electrical equipment, it becomes even more important for the individual to be able to
open the door by pressure alone rather than by having to twist the door knob. Panic
bars and other types of equipment that provide for a door in an electrical equipment
room or area to be opened outward is a positive step in addressing this safety concern.
 In conclusion, a fundamental question should be asked regarding these proposals. If
they are adopted, will they result in the practical safeguarding of persons? I believe
that the answer is Yes

 Neon Educational Material

 [ 0 ] By Philip Cox | November 16, 2000 |
 The neon sign industry has come a long way since that type of lighting technology
was introduced into the United States in 1923.
 The first neon sign is reported to have been created in Paris, France, in 1910 by
George Claude. Two custom made neon signs were brought to Los Angeles,
California, from France in 1923 by Earle Anthony. Those signs were installed at Mr.
Anthony’s place of business as a new form of advertising. Mr. Anthony’s use of neon
lighting became popular and the neon sign industry began to develop and expand in
the United States and Canada. The demand for neon lighting has fluctuated over time
and is used extensively at the present time. It can be used very effectively to enhance
the outline of a building, to provide information, and to create special effects. While it
can be used to accomplish so many things, it needs to be installed and maintained
properly in order for the installation to be safe and to perform appropriately.
Inspectors and installers need to be well trained in this technology. The IAEI worked
with the National Electric Sign Association (NESA), now known as the International
Sign Association (ISA) and others within the industry to develop a Neon Installation
Manual. That manual provided a valuable step in a much needed training program.
ISA was instrumental in promoting the distribution of the Neon Installation Manual to
people within the sign industry.
 The Neon Installation Manual was welcomed by the industry but it became evident
that many people wanted a more comprehensive book. In response to that trend, IAEI
staff and others within the industry began work on a project to revise the Neon
Installation Manual to meet those demands and to incorporate provisions of the 1999
NEC. As the work progressed, it became clear that a revision of the Neon Installation
Manual would not accomplish the desired objectives and that another approach was
needed. It was decided that the existing NIM will remain as it is and that a totally new
document will be developed.
 The new book will be different in design, objective, intent, and format. A working
draft of the new book has been developed and includes a broad coverage of neon
lighting, ranging from a brief history of the development of neon to the final end use
and maintenance. The new book will be in a format designed for both classroom and
personal use. The historical summary, neon theory, installation information,
maintenance principles, and information on how to inspect neon installations will
provide a very useful source of information. An added feature is the use of rules
related to both the Canadian Electrical Code and the National Electrical Code. Users
of the new book on neon will find numerous realistic and descriptive color drawings
and photographs included to make the information more easily understood. In
addition to the participation by several individuals in the development stage, there
will be a review and comment process to allow for needed input from the industry
 before the book is published. A number of seminars on neon lighting have been
conducted using some of the new material and the input from the participants have
been very positive.
 In summary, the new book is intended to provide general and detailed information for
designers, contractors, installers, inspectors, and maintenance personnel. It is hoped
that industry representatives will find that the material is a valuable educational
resource and that it benefits from both their participation and support as was
demonstrated with the earlier work.

Proposed Changes for the 2002 NEC, Part

III
[ 0 ] By Philip Cox | November 16, 2000 |

This is the final segment in the series of articles covering a number of proposed changes for
the 2002 National Electrical Code.

Article 400 – Flexible Cords and Cables

400-22. Grounded-Conductor Identification.

Proposal No. 6-192: The provisions for identifying the conductor intended for use as the
grounded conductor in flexible cords have been revised by deleting the term “natural” before
the word “gray.” The term “natural gray” is not a generally defined term in the industry.

400-25.
Proposal 6-197: A new section has been added to require the outer covering of flexible cords
and cables to be flame retardant.

Article 406 – Receptacle, Cord Connectors, and Attachment Plugs (Caps)

Article 406.
Proposals 2-18 and 18-70: A new article entitled “Receptacle, Cord Connectors, and
Attachment Plugs (Caps)” has been added to include material covering receptacles, cord
connectors and attachment plugs that was previously located in Part L of Article 410. This
new article also includes material that was previously located in 210-7. A task group of CMP-
18 recommended the relocation of this material as part of the overall effort to make the Code
more user friendly. This is an attempt to locate rules covering this type of equipment in a
common area.

Article 410 – Lighting Fixtures, Lampholders, Lamps, and Receptacles

Article 410.
Proposal Nos. 18-4 and 18-70: The title of Article 410 has been revised to read “Lighting
Fixtures, Lampholders, and Lamps.” This proposed change was initiated by a task group of
CMP-18. Material previously in Part L of Article 410 was relocated to a new Article entitled
“Receptacles, Cord Connectors, and Attachment Plugs (Caps).” The result is a separation of
the material previously located in Article 410. Those rules remaining in Article 410 will
relate to lighting, whereas provisions in the new Article 406 will apply to receptacles, cord
connectors and attachment plugs. This arrangement should make it easier to locate and use
the applicable rules.

410-14(a). Connection of Lighting Fixtures.

Proposal No. 18-19: The title of 410-14 and the first sentence of 410-14(a) have been revised
by deleting the wording “electric discharge.” The title of 410-14(a) is “Independent of the
Outlet Box” and the first sentence of (a) is “Lighting fixtures supported independently of the
outlet box shall be connected to the branch circuit through metal raceway, nonmetallic
raceway, Type MC cable, Type AC cable, Type MI cables, Type NM cable, or for an
individual fixture, by flexible cord as permitted in Section 410-30(b) or (c).” The deletion of
“electric discharge” expands the application of this rule to include lighting fixtures other than
electric discharge type.

410-16(a). Outlet Boxes.

Proposal No. 18-26: This section has been revised by deleting the wording “…weighing 50
lb (22.7 kg) or less.” from the first sentence and deleting the entire second sentence which
reads “A fixture that weighs more than 50 lb (22.7 kg) shall be supported independent of the
outlet box unless the outlet box is listed for the weight to be supported.” This action
correlates with that taken on Proposal 9-36. Rules associated with outlet boxes fall within the
jurisdiction of CMP-9 and are more appropriately located in Article 370.

410-18(b), Exception.
Proposal No. 18-28: A new exception was added to read: “When replacing a luminaire, it
shall be permitted to connect an equipment grounding conductor from the outlet in
compliance with Section 250-130(c). The lighting fixture shall then be grounded in
accordance with 410-18(a).” The new exception applies only where a luminaire is being
replaced and the circuit supplying the fixture does not include an equipment grounding
conductor. Where those conditions exist, the same rules in 250-130(c) that apply to receptacle
replacement and branch circuit extension apply. Under these conditions, an equipment
conductor is permitted to be run from the outlet supplying the luminaire to one of the five
locations stated in 250-130(c).

410-56(a). Receptacles.
Proposal No. 18-34: Existing 410-56(a) has been revised in title and text and relocated as
406-2(b). The new 406-2(b) will read: “(a) Rating. Receptacles and cord connectors shall be
rated not less than 15 amperes, 125 volts, or 15 amperes, 250 volts, and shall be of a type not
suitable for lampholders.”

This revised wording provides a clearer rule on the rating of cord connectors.

410-57(b). Wet Locations.

Proposal No. 18-43: Existing 410-57(b) has been revised and relocated in Article 406. New
text was added as 406-8(b)(1) and text previously identified under 410-57(1) and (2) have
been re-identified as (a) and (b) respectively under a new 406-8(b)(2). The wording in 406-
8(b)(1) will now read: “(1) 15- and 20-ampere outdoor receptacles. 15- and 20- ampere, 125-
and 250-volt receptacles installed outdoors in a wet location shall have an enclosure that is
weatherproof whether or not the attachment plug cap is inserted.” The new wording in 406-
8(b)(2) reads: “Other receptacles. All other receptacles installed in a wet location shall
comply with (a) or (b) below:” The wording in (a) and (b) under 406-8(b)(2) is the same as
found in 410-57(b)(1) and (2). This change provides clearer guidance as to the weatherproof
conditions for cord cap connection to outdoor receptacle whether or not they are attended and
unattended while in use. This change also provides information regarding voltage and ampere
rating of the receptacles under consideration.

Article 422 – Appliances

422-11(f)(3).
Proposal No. 20-6: The wording “or listed instantaneous water heaters” has been added
following “stamped vessel.” It will now read “Water heaters and steam boilers employing
resistance-type immersion electric heating elements contained in an ASME-rated and
stamped vessel or listed instantaneous water heater shall be permitted to be subdivided into
circuits not exceeding 120 amperes and protected at not more than 150 amperes.” This
change will permit listed instantaneous water heaters to follow the rule in this section on
subdividing circuits as allowed for the other types of water heaters in ASME-rated and
stamped vessels.

422-47. Water Heater Controls.

Proposal No. 20-11a: This section has been revised to read: 422-47. Water Heater Controls.
All storage or instantaneous-type water heaters shall be equipped with a temperature-limiting
means in addition to its control thermostat to disconnect all ungrounded conductors. Such
means shall be:

(1) Installed to sense maximum water temperature; and

(2) Either a trip-free, manually reset type or type having a replacement element.

Such water heaters shall be marked to require the installation of a temperature and pressure
relief valve.

Exception No. 1: Storage water heaters that are identified as being suitable for use with
supply water temperature of 82 degrees C (180 degrees F) or above and a capacity of 60 kW
or above.

Exception No. 2: Instantaneous-type water heaters that are identified as being suitable for
such use, with a capacity of 4 L (1 gal) or less.

FPN: See ANSI Z21.22-1999/CSA 4.4-M99, Relief Valves for Hot Water Supply Systems.”"

This revised wording should more correctly state the intended rules for this section and make
the intent clearer.

422-62. Appliances Consisting of Motors and Other Loads.

Proposal No. 20-18: This section was restructured and reworded to better clarify the intent of
the section. The addition of the title of (A) “Nameplate Horsepower Markings” and (B)
“Additional Nameplate Markings” make this section easier to follow. The new wording in
422-62(A) adds needed information for this section. The wording in 422-62 (a) and (b) in the
1999 NEC was revised and located as subsections under (B) Additional Nameplate Markings.
The revised section will now read:
422-62. Appliances Consisting of Motors and Other Loads.
(A) Nameplate Horsepower Markings. Where a motor-operated appliance nameplate includes
a horsepower rating, that rating shall not be less than the horsepower rating on the motor
nameplate. Where an appliance consists of multiple motors, or one or more motors and other
loads, the nameplate value shall not be less than the equivalent horsepower of the combined
loads, calculated in accordance with Section 430-110(c)(1).

(B) Additional Nameplate Markings. Appliances,

other than those factory-equipped with cords and attachment plugs with nameplates in
compliance with Section 422-60, shall be marked in accordance with (1) and (2).

(1) Marking. In addition to the marking required in Section 422-60, the marking on an
appliance consisting of a motor with other load(s) or motors with or without other load(s),
shall specify the minimum supply circuit conductor ampacity and the maximum rating of the
circuit overcurrent protective device. This requirement shall not apply to an appliance with a
nameplate in compliance with Section 422-60 where both the minimum supply circuit
conductor ampacity and maximum rating of the circuit overcurrent protective device are not
more than 15 amperes.

(2) Alternate Marking Method. An alternate marking method shall be permitted to specify the
rating of the largest motor in volts and amperes, and the additional loads(s) in volts and
amperes, or volts and watts in addition to the marking required in Section 422-60. The
ampere rating of a motor 1/8 hp or less or a nonmotor load 1 ampere or less shall not be
required to be marked unless such constitute the principal load.

Article 424 – Fixed Electric Space-Heating Equipment

424-44(g). Ground Fault Circuit-Interruption Protection for Heated Floors of

Bathrooms, and in Hydromassage Bathtub, Spa, and Hot Tub Locations.
Proposal Nos. 20-27 and 20-28: (g) Ground-Fault Circuit-Interruption Protection for Heated
Floors of Bathrooms, and in Hydromassage Bathtub, Spa, and Hot Tub Locations. Ground-
fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel shall be provided for electrically heated
floors in bathrooms, and in hydromassage bathtub, spa, and hot tub locations.

This section now requires a ground-fault circuit-interrupter (GFCI) protection for personnel
on all electrically heated floors in bathrooms, and in hydromassage bathtub, spa, and hot tub
locations regardless of the type of flooring or heating cables.

Article 430 – Motors, Motor Circuits, and Controllers

430-32. Continuous-Duty Motors.

Proposal No. 11-31: The text of 430-34 and its FPN were relocated as 430-32(C), 430-32
was restructured, and references included within the section were revised. This change was
made to locate motor overload requirements in one section. Section 430-34 appeared to be a
modification of the provisions in 430-32(a) and is more appropriately located in that section.

430-34. Selection of Overload Relay (Relocated as 430-32(C).

Proposal No. 11-36: The wording “sensing element or setting of” and “sensing elements or
incremental settings” has been added and the new section will now read: “Selection of
Overload Relay. Where the sensing element or setting of the overload relay selected in
accordance with 430-32(a)(1) and 430-32(b)(1) is not sufficient to start the motor or carry the
load, higher size sensing elements or incremental settings shall be permitted to be used,
provided the trip current of the overload relay does not exceed the following percentage of
the motor nameplate full-load current rating.” The change should give a clearer
understanding of the permitted increase in the sensing element of overload relays. This
modified section has been relocated as 430-32(C).

430-53(c)(3).
Proposal No. 11-45: The provision under (c) Other Group Installations that reads: “(3) Each
circuit breaker is one of the inverse time type and listed for group installation,” was changed
to read, “(3) Each circuit breaker shall be listed and be of the inverse time type.” It was
contended that performance requirements of circuit breakers in UL 489 are the same for
HACR type as they are for other types.

430-53(d). Single Motor Taps.

Proposal No. 11-46: A new tap rule has been added to this section to cover conductors
supplying specific manual motor controllers. It permits conductors sized at not less than 1/10
the rating of the short-circuit and ground-fault protective device on their supply side to feed
listed manual motor controllers that are marked “Suitable for Tap Conductor Protection in
Group Installations.” Reference was made to developments being made in UL 508.

430-62(a). Specific Load.

Proposal No. 11-48: The first paragraph in 430 was revised by deleting the wording “shown
in” and adding “in accordance with Section 430-52 and” following “device” and before
“Table 430-152.” This change makes it clearer that the “maximum permitted value” for the
branch circuit device is required to comply with Table 430-152 as modified by 430-52.
Exception No. 1 of 430-52(c) permits the value to be rounded up to the next larger size.
Exception No. 2 provides for an increase in the Table 430-152 value where the device
selected according to 430-52(c), Exception No. 1 is not sufficient for starting the motor.

430-62(a). Specific Load.

Proposal No. 11-50: A new exception has been added to read: “Exception No. 2: Where the
feeder overcurrent protective device also provides overcurrent protection for a motor control
center the provisions of 430-94 shall apply.” This change should resolve any apparent
conflict with the provisions in 430-94.

430-63. Rating or Setting – Power and Light Loads.

Proposal No. 11-51: This section was revised by adding “and service” after “feeder” and by
adding the wording “or a single motor comprised of a hermetic refrigerant motor-compressor,
the rating permitted by Section 440-22″ following “…permitted by Section 430-52.” A new
exception similar to the one added in 430-62(a) was added to read: “Exception. Where the
feeder or service overcurrent protective device provides the overcurrent protection for a
motor control center the provisions of 430-94 shall apply.”

430-83(a)(3). General.
Proposal No. 11-57a: A new 430-83(a)(3) was added to read: “Molded Case Switch. A
molded case switch rated in amperes shall be permitted as a controller for all motors,
including Design E.” This new text recognizes that molded case switches can be used as
motor controllers as is similarly permitted for circuit breakers in 430-83(a)(2).
Article 500 -Hazardous (Classified) Locations, Classes I, II, and III, Divisions
1 and 2

Article 500.
Proposal No. 14-2a: Article 500 has been reorganized and revised to provide a more logical
order, to address classification of locations and material groups, to cover equipment including
protection techniques, and to provide information on equipment marking, design, and
approval. Technical and editorial changes accepted in other proposals have also been
included in the revised text. This change also includes a number of new definitions.

Article 527 – Temporary Wiring

Article 527. Temporary Installations.

Proposal No. 3-141: Former Article 305 entitled “Temporary Wiring,” has been renumbered
as Article 527 and re-identified as “Temporary Installations.” Provisions in this article are
more extensive in nature than covered by the title of Chapter 3, “Wiring Methods and
Materials.” The article is more appropriately located in Chapter 5.

Article 550 – Mobile Homes, Manufactured Homes, and Mobile Home Parks

Article 550.
Proposal 19-37: The article was extensively rewritten to incorporate the requirements of
NFPA 501 for manufactured homes. The document will become the basis for the HUD Part
3280 rules and will be the primary construction standard for manufactured housing.

Article 555 – Marinas and Boatyards

Article 555.
Proposal 19-135: Article 555 has been totally rewritten. It incorporates existing NEC rules
and physical installation rules from NFPA 303.

Article 647 – Sensitive Electronic Equipment

Article 647.
Proposal No. 15-72: A new Article 647, entitled “Sensitive Electronic Equipment,” has been
added and the scope covers “…commercial and industrial occupancies where the use of
sensitive electronic equipment is connected to a separately derived system operating at 120
volts line-to-line and 60 volts to ground.”

Article 680 – Swimming Pools, Fountains, and Similar Installations

Article 680.
Proposal No. 20-30a: Article 680 was revised extensively and reorganized in a more logical
manner to make it easier use. It also includes changes made through action taken on other
proposals.

Article 690 – Solar Photovoltaic Systems

690-56. Identification of Power Sources.
Proposal No. 3-194: A new section was added to cover identification requirements for
photovoltaic power systems supplying buildings or structures. This section specifies the
location and other requirements for plaques or directories required for these systems.

Article 692 – Fuel Cell Systems

Article 692. Fuel Cell Systems.

Proposal No. 3-206: A new article has been added to cover requirements for the installation
and use of fuel cells.

Article 695 – Fire Pumps

695-4(b)(1). Overcurrent Device Selection.

Proposal No. 15-88: A new sentence was added to 695-4(b)(1) to read: “An instantaneous
trip circuit breaker shall be permitted to be used as the disconnecting means and overcurrent
protection and shall be permitted to be set to a maximum of twenty times motor full load
current.”

695-6(d). Overload Protection.

Proposal No. 15-97: A new exception was added to 695-6(d), Overload Protection, to read:
“Exception: For on-site standby generator(s) which produce continuous currents in excess of
225 percent of the FLA of the fire pump motor, the conductors between the on-site
generator(s) and the combination fire pump transfer switch controller or separately mounted
transfer switch shall be installed in accordance with Section 695-6(b) or protected in
accordance with Section 430-52.”

Article 725 – Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 Remote-Control, Signaling, and

Power-Limited Circuits

725-2. Abandoned Cable.

Proposal 16-32: A new definition of “Abandoned Cable” has been added to read: “Cable that
is neither terminated at both ends, at a connector or other equipment, nor identified for future
use with a tag.” This new definition provides an initial step in addressing the issue of
abandoned cable in buildings. This proposed change is associated with that recommended for
725-3(b) for the removal of abandoned cable.

725-3(b). Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion.

Proposal 16-80: This section was previously 725-3(a) but has been relocated as 725-3(b) and
amended to read : “(b) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. Section 300-21.
Abandoned cables not intended for future use shall not be permitted to remain.” This new
provision will require cable covered by this article to be removed if it is no longer intended to
be used. This same concept has also been included in other related articles in Chapters 7 and
8.

A special thanks go to the individuals serving on NEC Code Making Panels who contributed
to the development of this summary of changes by providing valuable information on action
taken by the panel on which they serve. This summary of proposed Code changes includes
only a limited number of proposals and actions taken by Code Making Panels. A more
comprehensive coverage will be included in the Analysis of the Changes in the NEC that is
scheduled to be published in September 2001. That publication is expected to include over
400 Code changes, an analysis of each, and numerous graphics representations of those
changes