CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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 2.1 Introduction

2.2 Review of International Studies

2.3 Review of National Studies

2.4 Conclusion

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Economists and social scientists have conducted a number of studies relating to

consumer behaviour and consumer protection. A detailed review of literature has been
made to find out the research gap and to identify the relevant issues for the study.
This section provides a sketch of the available related studies carried out in National and
International level. The review of literature has been confined to WTO’s discussion
papers, Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Ph.D., theses and from
various books related to consumer protection laws.

2.2 REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

Fetterman, E. and Schiller, M.K. (1978)1 in their book “Let the Buyer Be
Aware: Consumer Rights and Responsibilities”, explains how the consumer can avoid
problems through better buying techniques and careful planning. They also stress the
need of the consumer for knowing about their rights and responsibilities to choose the
alternatives among the available choice.

Grada Hellman-Tuitert (1999)2 in the study “Promoting Consumer Education In

Schools” state that the objectives of consumer education at school are to educate
independent, discriminating and informed consumers. It is to equip the pupil with knowledge
and insight into the conditions of being a consumer in a complex, multi-faceted society by
providing basic knowledge in such areas as consumer legislation, personal finances,
economics, advertising and persuasion, consumption and the environment, global
resources, housing, clothing, price and quality, diet and health. Schools should contribute
to making pupils aware of the influences they are exposed to with respect to life styles,
consumer habits, values and attitudes.”

Frank William (2006)3 in the study “Consumer Protection Law and Executive
Regulations – Egypt” state that from the perspective of the associations, the biggest
problem for Egyptian consumers is price. Although the new law won't have direct effect
on prices, but through consumer awareness of how to shop and how to demand rights, the
ultimate result will be more competition, lower prices and better quality goods. Because

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 lower income persons tend to buy lower quality products with a cheaper price and often
not aware that purchasing goods are of a lower quality or, if aware willing to accept it. In
addition to price, the major areas of consumer complaints revolve around food, clothing,
electronics and appliances.

Md. Shahriar Akter,Johra Kayeser Fatima,Md. Habib-uz-Zaman Khan (2007)4

in their study “An Integrated Protection Framework to Preserve Consumers Rights and
Responsibilities in Bangladesh” state that through legislative framework, consumers
legal rights are ensured , through regulatory framework, products quality and safety
standards are ensured and through voluntary framework consumers awareness about their
rights and a movement against mass exploitation are ensured.

Sune Donoghue and Helena M.de Klerk (2009)5 in their study “The Right to be
Heard and to be Understood :A Conceptual Frame Work for Consumer Protection in
Emerging Economics” state that one way of protecting the consumer is by establishing a
redress environment that would ensure fair redress as well as an understanding and
appreciation of the consumer.

Ahamuduzzaman, Md. Lutfor Rahman, and Nahida Nazmus Zannat (2009)6

in their study “A Contextual Analysis of the Consumer Rights Protection Laws with
Practical Approach: Bangladesh Perspectives” state that the concept of consumer rights
depends upon the promotional activities and the protection mechanisms of a particular
society or of a state. The protection of a consumer rights ultimately ensures safety in
products and security in service whereas the promotion of a consumer rights depends
upon the education, monitoring of the supply and marketing systems of various products,
examining goods, enforcing proper scale in weight and measurement, enacting proper
laws, creating awareness, upliftment of moral standards etc.

Anna Luczak (2011)7 in the study “Evolution of Consumer Protection Law in

The Light of the Proposal for A Horizontal Directive on Consumer Rights and Rome
I Regulation” conclude that Consumer protection policy in the European Union is
undergoing a deep and necessary reform influenced by many factors, including the growth of
cross-border consumer contracts concluded by electronic means of communication.

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 Dennis Odigie & Job Odion (2011)8 in their study “The Impact of Consumers
Protection Laws and the Regulatory schemes in Nigeria” conclude that the courts,
relevant consumer protection statutes and regulatory agencies have failed to offer
protection to the consumer. Consequently, the consumer is simply left unprotected and at
the mercy of unconscionable manufacturers and exaggerated traders. The legislature,
regulatory agencies and courts must rise up to the occasion of entrenching a sustainable
administration of consumer protection.

Etefia E. Ekanem (2011)9 in his study “Institutional Framework for Consumers

Protection in Nigeria” state that it is obvious that beside the problem of lack of
appropriate legislation, the court has not been able to raise to the occasion, whenever a
consumer approaches it for redress.

Giesela Ruhl (2011)10 in the study “Consumer Protection in Choice of Law” state
that consumer protection is generally explained, and justified, with the concept of the
“weaker party.” Consumers are considered to be “weaker” than their contracting partners,
the professionals, and assumed to be unable to protect their interests due to inferior
bargaining power.

Nicky Campbell and Stephen Logan (2011)11 in their study “The Consumer
Protection Guide for Lawyers” in the Law Society of South Africa August 2011 state
that “Accredited consumer protection groups may protect individual consumer interests
or the interest of consumers collectively in any matter or before any forum contemplated
in the CPA. Such groups may intervene in any matter before any forum contemplated in
the Act, if the interests of consumers represented by that group are not adequately
represented in that forum. Accredited consumer protection groups may direct a generally
stated concern or complaint to the Commission in respect of any matter within the
purposes of the CPA.

Spencer Weber Waller, Jillian G. Brady and R.J. Acosta (2011)12 in the study
“Consumer Protection in the United States: An Overview” state that American
consumers are protected from unsafe products, fraud, deceptive advertising, and unfair
business practices through a mixture of national, state, and local governmental laws and
the existence of many private rights of actions. These public and private rights both

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 protect consumers and, at a formal level, equip them with the knowledge they need to
protect themselves. Although U.S. mechanisms for consumer protection often exist
separately from each other, what the overall scheme lacks in centralization, it gains in
depth and variety of protection. Its strength is the array of governmental actors, formal
legal rights, and remedies protecting consumers. Its weakness lies in the unequal reality
of who has access to the government and the courts.

Van Heerde, C. & Barnard, J. (2011)13 in their study “Redress for Consumers
in terms of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008: A Comparative Discussion” state
that consumer rights are of little value if they cannot be enforced. The European Union
has always placed great value on the consumer being able to obtain redress, whether it is
by way of courts or out-of-court dispute resolution. By establishing important EU
Directives and formulating Green Papers with regards to consumer protection and being
in constant communication with the member states, access to justice and redress is always
an important factor.

Kamarudeen Babatunde Bello, Jamila Bisi Aduke Suleiman, Ibrahim

Danjuma (2012)14 in their study “Perspectives on Consumerism and Consumer
Protection Act in Nigeria” state that the level of consumer awareness in Nigeria is still
relatively low and Nigerian consumers are continuously confronted with substandard
goods and services, lack of information and limited choices in the market. The ability to
enforce the laws relating to consumer protection will provide the necessary force for
safeguarding the rights and safety of consumers in Nigeria.

Mohammed Solaiman, Sanoara Yasmin and Ahasanul Haque (2012)15 in their

study “Issues of Consumerism in Bangladesh: Present Status and Challenges” state that in
Bangladesh, consumerism movement is still in initial stage. However, Government of
Bangladesh has adopted some legislative measures in order to protect consumers from the
malpractice of the dishonest businessmen/marketers. The important legislation with
regard to this include (a) The Patents and Design Act, 191 1, (b) Trade Marks Act, 1940,
(c) Prevention of Adulteration Act, 1954 (d) Pure Food Ordinance, 1959 (e) Bangladesh
Drugs Act, 1982, etc.

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 Mukhtar Halliru (2012)16 in the study “The Development of Consumerism in
Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges” state that the CPC was established Via the Consumer
Protection Council Act of 1992 in order to enforce consumer rights in the country.
The council is charged with the following functions among others: provide speedy
redress to consumer complaints through negotiations, mediations and conciliations; seek
ways and means of removing or eliminating from the market hazardous products and
causing offenders to replace such products with safer and more appropriate alternatives;
publish from time to time, list of products whose consumption and sale have been
banned, withdrawn or not approved by Nigerian government or foreign governments; and
cause an offending company or individual to protect, compensate, provide relief and
safeguards to injured consumers or communities from adverse effects of technologies that
are inherently harmful.

Suraiya Ishak & Nur Faridah M. Zabil (2012)17 in their study entitled “Impact
of Consumer Awareness and Knowledge to Consumer Effective Behaviour” state that
awareness is prior to effective consumers behaviours and the awareness of consumers rights
serve as soft-control mechanism aiming at creating more responsible business society.

Mark Peacock, Charlotte Slater, Marc Eatough, Angina Jugnauth, Stefania

Chirico, Katarzyna Majkut (2013)18 in their study “Consumer rights and economic
growth” state that consumers lack confidence and certainty when asserting and exercising
their rights if existing consumer law is fragmented, complex and opaque in nature. This will
undermine their ability to seek redress and switch consumption in a manner that punishes
inefficient, poor-quality businesses while rewarding efficient, high-quality businesses.
This lack of consumer participation will reduce pressure on businesses to innovate and
pursue efficiency in order to offer high quality products that are price competitive.

Javier Gutierrez, Bufete B. Buigas, Barcelona, in their book “Consumer

Protection in Spain” conclude that there are several sector-specific regulations
conforming to EU law where applicable, which further enhance consumer protection.
These cover specific aspects such as advertising, safety standards, warranties, redressal,
and allied matters in relation to, inter alia, food, medical products, vehicles, toys, textiles,
travel, and insurance. Consumers whose grievances are not satisfied after a direct

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 complaint to the seller or manufacturer, have the option to resort to arbitration,
administrative claims, or file a civil or criminal action, as relevant. Claims also may be
filed through regional consumer bodies or consumer organizations.

2.3 REVIEW OF NATIONAL STUDIES

Joyeeta Gupta (1986)20 in his study “Consumerism: Emerging Challenges and

Opportunities” state that most consumer groups subscribe to the view that consumer
protection involves mainly distribution of information and education. But there are a
handful of consumer groups like the voluntary organization in the interest of Consumer
Education (VOICE) in Delhi and Consumer Education and Research Centre (CERC) in
Ahmadabad which believe inaction at the level of influencing policy decisions, raising
questions in Parliament, doing active research into various subjects and involving the law
to protect the rights of consumer.

Saraf, D.N. (1990)21 in his book “Law of Consumer Protection in India” narrates
the evolution of consumer law and depicts its development in USA, U.K and India.
It gives a profile of Indian consumer problems arising out of operation of public utility
services which are peculiar to India due to monopolization of production, distribution
and control of some essential goods and services by state and critically examines utility
of certain doctrines like “Caveat Emptor”.

Sundar G.Bhardwaj, Thirunarayana, P.N. and Rajan Varadarajan, P. (1991)22 in

their study entitled “Attitudes towards Marketing Practices, Consumerism and Government
Regulations: An Exploratory Survey of Consumers in India” states that over
80 percent of the consumers feel that the exploitation of consumers by business firms
deserves more attention than it receives, and the procedures followed by most manufacturers
in handling complaints and settings grievances of consumers are not satisfactory.

Savarkar, G. (1996)23 in his study “Consumer Awareness: A Survey Analysis”

concluded that the main reasons, why dissatisfied consumers did not file complaint
before any District Forums were the lack of awareness about the Consumer Protection
Act’s measures.

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 Arora, R. (1999)24 in the study “Consumer Protection through Voluntary Consumer
Protection through Voluntary Consumer Organizations” highlighted some of the problems
faced by these organizations were nonparticipation of the consumers in their activities, ritual
approach of the government and poor financial standing of the voluntary organizations .
Lastly trade and industry also have total ignorance for the safety of the consumers.

Amrik Singh Sudan (2002)25 in the study “Activating Consumer Movement :

A Case Study of Division Consumer Forum, Jammu (J&K state )” state that the process
in the disposal of complaints has been observed to be slow due to part time nature of the
faculty members, administrative delays and non-clarity about the provisions of CPA.

Cheena Gambhir (2002)26 in her study “Consumer protection: Law and

Practice” reveals that 54 percent of the respondents are aware of ISI mark and 46 percent
of respondents were not aware. Further out of 54 percent respondents, only 30 percent
bought products that had ISI mark and remaining 70 percent even though aware, did not
buy these products.

Gnanadesigan, C. and Sudha, P. (2002)27 in their study “Consumer Awareness

about Consumer Legislations – A Study” clearly state that most of the respondents are
aware of the consumer protection act and researcher concludes that consumer protection
is an ineffective national problem affecting every section of the society irrespective of
age and education.

Naegeswara Rao, D. (2002)28 in the study “Consumerism in India –Emerging

from its Teething Troubles” states that even among the urban and educated masses the
awareness of the consumer rights has not reached to a desired level. The consumer
protection thus remain a legend, instead of being a king, the consumer is still a victims of
the market force.

SampathKumar, R. (2002)29 in the study “Consumerism in India: An

overview” state that consumerism is society’s attempt to redress the inconsistency in the
exchange transactions between sellers and consumerism.

Purushotham Rao, P. and Praveen, S. (2004)30 in their study “Consumer

Protection in Andhra Pradesh” (A case study of Hyderabad District Consumer Voluntary

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 organizations and Consumer Redressal Forums) state that “No pain, no Gain” is the right
technique for Consumer Protection. The Consumer must be aware of his basic rights.
The famous principle of “Caveat Emptor”- Let the Buyer Beware – must be replaced by
“Caveat Venditor” - Let a seller beware – by strong determination of consumer side”.

Sadar, S.B. and Fulzele, T.U. (2004)31 in their study “An Introspection of
Consumer Movement India” state that apathy, disinterest, unorganized and unlimited
tolerance were found in seventy percent consumers. Low publicity of consumer
associations to the activities, achievements, aims and education programmes is also a
major reason for not knowing the consumer movement.

Tangade and Basavaraj (2004)32 in their study entitled “Awareness and

Perception of Educated Consumer about Consumer Protection Laws”, analyses the level
of awareness and satisfaction of educated consumers about the various laws .This study
also highlighted the significant role of electronic and press media in creating awareness
amongst the consumers.

Sardar, S.B. and Fulzele, T.U. (2005)33 in their study “Consumerism: Where
does Consumer see himself?” found that unless and until the consumer associations have
a mass appeal and public response, they cannot attract public support and consumer
association should undertake activities that will support consumer awareness and
education of the consumers.

C&AG (2006)34 according to their survey commissioned through ORG centre for
social research report that about sixty-six percent of the consumers interviewed were not
aware of consumer rights and 82 percent were even unaware of the Act and Nearly
49 percent of the aware consumers had come to know about the Act only in the last 4 years.

Lokhande, M.A. (2006)35 in the study “Consumer Awareness – A Case Study of

Jalna City” shows that out of 90 respondents, only 33 (36.67%) had complained against
greedy sellers while 63.33% of the respondents had not lodged compliant, in spite of
understanding that they were cheated. 25 respondent complained to the Grahak
Panchayat and 8 had complained to district forum and nobody had complained to the
State or National Commission.

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 Shrimant F.Tangade and Basavaraj, C.S. (2006)36 in their study “Perceptions
about Consumer Protection Laws and the Consumer Forum: An Emperical Study of
Complainant-Consumers of Gulbarga District” state that consumer should organize their
rights and fight for their protection by organizing themselves and with the help of
redressal agencies established by the Government in each district , when majority of the
consumers become cautious and reactive, businessman would be compelled to pay proper
attention to the consumer rights for their own survival.

Praveen, S. (2009)37 in his study “Consumer Protection in India (With Special

Reference to Andhra Pradesh)” states that consumer protection and welfare is not the
task of s single entity or the society. Rather it is the collective responsibility of the state.
The consumer must be aware of his basic rights and should fight for these rights.

Shashi Nath Mandal (2009)38 in his study entitled “Protection of Consumers

Right through Judicial and Extra Judicial Mechanism in India” concludes that consumer
protection laws are federal and state statutes governing sales and credit practices
involving consumer goods such statutes prohibit and regulate deceptive or
unconscionable advertising and sales practices, product quality, credit financing and
reporting, debt collection, leases and other aspects of consumer transaction.

Shashi Nath Mandal (2010)39 in his study “Protection of Consumer Rights -A Socio
Legal Challenge in India” found that consumer should have adequate rights and right of
remedy to redressal measure against defaulting businessman.

Hawa Singh and Monika Singh (2011)40 in their study, “Consumer Education
and Awareness” suggest that the Government should take necessary steps to improve the
functioning of consumer redressal for quick settlement of complaints by providing all
necessary amenities such as infrastructure and staff facilities.

Jayachandra Reddy, K., Himachalam.D and Praveen Kumar Reddy, N. (2011)41

in their study entitled “Awareness about Consumer Rights in India in the Globalized
Business Environment – An Empirical investigation of Andhra Pradesh” found that around
40 percent respondents are ignored about three tier redressal mechanism functioning at
various levels to protect the consumers from the control of the merciless business community
from different mal practices, unfair trade practices and defective goods and services.

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 Kiran chaudry, Tanu Chandhiok and Praveen Dewan (2011)42 in their study
“Consumer Protection and Consumerism in India” state that the Government has enacted
nearly 50 laws in favour of consumers.

Rishikant Agnihotri, Beenu Singh and Arti Singh (2011)43 in their study “Role
of media in Consumer Protection “state that television was the main media which
influence their buying.

Rachna Kesharwani (2011)44 in the study “Insights on Consumer Education”

consumers should keep speed with innovation in technology, particularly the rapid
expansion of mobile technology.

Yamuna Krishna, B. and Suganya, Y. (2011)45 in their study “A Comparative

study of Consumer Courts in Tamilnadu and Kerala states -An Statistical Survey Report”
state that Indian courts suffer from severe weaknesses which reduce its popularity and
create a negative opinion among Indian consumers on its functioning. The researchers
conclude that consumer courts in Kerala are functioning more efficiently than consumer
courts in Tamilnadu. Neither the Government nor the consumer can be individually
blamed for any cause and benefit.

Gadhe Dattatray Punjaji (2012)46 in his study entitled “A Review of Status of

Consumer Protection Law in India” states that the existing consumer forums need to be
strengthened to provide fair and speedy justice and there is a need to increase awareness
and adopt publicity measures as the consumers are not sure as to whom they should
approach in case the service providers or the suppliers of goods take them for a ride.

Jayasubramanian, P. and Vaideke, A. (2012)47 in their study “A Study on

Consumer Awareness and Attitude towards Consumer Protection Measures” shows that
consumer protection measures are not aware to general public because of lack of proper
communication. They also said that consumerism is not going to be a threat but only a
better opportunity for better business.

Krishnamurthi, A. and Suresh, K.M. (2012)48 in their study “Evaluation of

Consumer Protection Council with special reference to Erode District” suggests that
establishment of mobile consumer courts and offices of settlement of Commissioners for
free , easy and speedy means of legal redressal to aggrieved consumer is a most.

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 Ramu, B. (2012)49 in his study entitled “Consumer Protection Movement” observed
that the percentage of disposal of consumer cases at the apex agency is 78.03 percent.

Partap Singh and Joginder Grewal (2013)50 in their study entitled “Consumer
Protection in India: Some Issues & Trends” state that consumer rights could be protected
in a competitive economy only when right standards for goods and services are ensured
by evolving a network of institutions and legal protection system.

Parag A. Inamdar, (2013)51 in his study of “Consumer Protection - A Study of

Consumer Awareness in Mumbai City District” found that 32% consumers were aware
about the consumer protection law and 68% were not about such protection law and
14.6% know the procedure of filing a complaint in consumer courts and 85.4% does not
know the procedure of filing a complaint in consumer courts.

Pushpa, M. and Senthilvasan, K.G. (2013)52 in their study “A Study on

Consumer Awareness among the People in Palani Town” reveals that a vast majority of
consumers in our country lack Consumer Education particularly those in rural areas who
are easily subject to exploitation and for this purpose there must be practical support on
the part of the Government, non- Government organizations, business and corporate
Entities, consumer protection department and educational research institution.

Sudesh Kharb (2013)53 in the study “Consumer Literacy Regarding Consumer

Protection Act 1986” conclude that in spite of being well educated, people are not aware
of the provisions of CPA and the study clearly shows that most of the people hardly
know anything about CPA except the existence of the CPA.

Sudarsana Murthy, D., Narasaiah, P.V and Mohan, B. (2013)54 in their study
“Performance of Consumer Forums: An Empirical study of Kadapa District Consumer
Forum” state that most of the respondents strongly complained that the district forums
were taking more time to solve the cases.

Vanisree, D. (2013)55 in her study “Role of Media in Consumer Protection” state

that television was the main media which influence their buying. There is a significant
difference between the awareness levels of the respondent of different age group about

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 consumer organization working in and around their area. Respondent above the age
group of 42 were more aware about the consumer organization working in their area than
the respondent below the age group of 41.

2.4 CONCLUSION

Review of literature enables the researcher to know the availability of related

literature in the context to the present study. The information given in this chapter is from
the newspaper articles, journals, magazines and internet sites. The present research is an
attempt to fill up the gaps by studying the fundamental values of consumer protection
laws, which are expected to be followed in general in the consumer education as
consumer in particular. Thus, the researcher has made a reliable and sincere attempt to
cover the hindrances and limitations that are responsible for not having the awareness of
consumer protection laws.

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 REFERENCES

1. Fetterman.E and Schiller.M.K in their book “Let the Buyer Be Aware:

Consumer Rights and Responsibilities”, Fairchild Publications, New York, 1978,
p.217.

2. Grada Hellman-Tuitert - “Promoting Consumer Education In Schools”-Katarina

Tryck AB, Stockholm, August 1999, p-15.

3. Frank Williams-“Consumer Protection Law And Executive Regulations –

Egypt” - USAID-funded TAPR II project, September 2006 ,p-5.

4. Md. Shahriar Akter,Johra Kayeser Fatima,Md. Habib-uz-Zaman Khan-“An

Integrated Protection Framework to Preserve Consumers’ Rights and
Responsibilities in Bangladesh” in the Daffodil International University Journal
of Business and Economics, Vol. 2, No. 2, July 2007 p-170-182.

5. Sune Donoghue and Helena M.de Klerk - “The right to be heard and to be
understood: a conceptual frame work for consumer protection in emerging
economics” -International Journal of Consumer Studies 2009 p.456.

6. Ahamuduzzaman ,Md. Lutfor Rahman, and Nahida NazmusZann at-

“A Contextual Analysis of the Consumer Rights Protection Laws With Practical
Approach: Bangladesh Perspectives” ASA University Review, Vol. 3 No. 2,
July–December, 2009 p.191.

7. Anna Luczak -“Evolution Of Consumer Protection Law in the Light of the

Proposal for a Horizontal Directive on Consumer Rights and Rome I Regulation”-
“Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics” 2011,p-121-130.

8. Dennis Odigie & Job Odion - “The impact of consumers’ protection laws and
the regulatory schemes in Nigeria” -International Journal of Advanced Legal
Studies and Governance, Vol.2, No.1, April 2011, p .149.

9. Etefia E. Ekanem - “Institutional framework for consumers protection in

Nigeria”- International Journal of Advanced Legal Studies and Governance,
Vol.2, No.1, April 2011 p.44.

20
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 10. Giesela Ruhl- “Consumer Protection in Choice of Law”- Cornell International
Law Journal 2011, Vol. 44 p.

11. Nicky Campbell and Stephen Logan - “The Consumer Protection Guide for
Lawyers” -Law Society of South Africa August 2011.

12. Spencer Weber Waller, Jillian G. Brady and R.J. Acosta - “Consumer Protection
in the United States: An Overview”- European Journal of Consumer Law,
May 2011, p-2.

13. Van Heerde.C & Barnard .J -“Redress for Consumers in terms of the Consumer
Protection Act 68 of 2008: A Comparative Discussion” - Journal of International
Commercial Law and Technology. Vol. 6, Issue 3 (2011) p.138.

14. Kamarudeen Babatunde Bello, Jamila Bisi Aduke Suleiman, Ibrahim Danjuma -
“Perspectives on Consumerism and Consumer Protection Act in Nigeria”- European
Journal of Business and Management Vol 4, No.10, 2012 page 77.

15. Mohammed Solaiman, Sanoara Yasmin and Ahasanul Haque - “Issues of

Consumerism in Bangladesh: Present Status and Challenges” in the International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2012.

16. Mukhtar Halliru - “The Development of Consumerism in Nigeria: Prospects and

Challenges”- International Journal of Arts and Commerce Vol. 1 No. 4 September
2012 P.278.

17. Suraiya Ishak & Nur Faridah M. Zabil- “Impact of Consumer Awareness and
Knowledge to Consumer Effective Behavior”- Asian Social Science; Vol. 8,
No. 13; Oct 18, 2012. P113.

18. Mark Peacock, Charlotte Slater, Marc Eatough, Angina Jugnauth, Stefania
Chirico, Katarzyna Majkut th – “Consumer rights and economic growth”
-A report submitted by ICF GHK 11 January 2013 p.8.

19. Javier Gutierrez,Bufete B. Buigas,Barcelona, -“Consumer Protection in

Spain”- Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business.p-67.

21
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 20. Joyeeta Gupta-“Consumerism: Emerging challenges and opportunities” -Vikalpa
vol.II no.2 April-June 1986 p.152.

21. Saraf.D.N - Law of consumer Protection in India N.M.Tripati, Bombay 1990.

p, 259.

22. Sundar G.Bhardwaj, Thirunarayana.P.N and Rajan Varadarajan.P

-“Attitudes towards marketing practices, Consumerism and Government
Regulations: An Exploratory survey of consumers in India” -Vikalpa Vol: 16 No
1Jan-Mar 1991, p.22.

23. Savarkar.G, “Consumer Awareness: A Survey Analysis,” Indian Journal of

Marketing, Vol. 25, Dec. 1996, p. 13-21.

24. Arora.R-“Consumer Protection through Voluntary consumer protection through

voluntary consumer organizations” Indian journal of marketing, Jan-Mar 1999, p29.

25. Amrik Singh Sudan-“Activating Consumer Movement: A case study of Division

Consumer Forum, Jammu (J&K state)” - Indian journal of marketing –Vol XXXII
Jan-Feb 2002.p.5.

26. Cheena Gambhir- “Consumer Protection: Law and Practice”- Indian Journal of
Marketing Vol XXXIII NOV 2002, p.19.

27. Gnanadesigan.C and Sudha.P-“Consumer Awareness about Consumer

Legislations – A Study” -Indian Journal of Marketing Vol XXXII Dec 2002, p.32.

28. Naegeswara Rao.D- “Consumerism in India –Emerging from its Teething

Troubles” –Indian Journal of Marketing Vol XXXII March-April 2002, p.5.

29. SampathKumar.R-“Consumerism in India: An overview” -Indian Journal of

Marketing July 2002, p.32.

30. Purushotham Rao.P and Praveen.S- “Consumer Protection in Andhra Pradesh”

(A case study of Hyderabad District Consumer Voluntary Organizations and
Consumer Redressal Forums) - Indian Journal of Marketing July 2004, p.7.

31. Sadar.S.B and FulzeleT.U- “An Introspection of Consumer Movement India” -

Indian Journal of Marketing Feb 2004, p.26.

22
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 32. Tangade and Basavaraj- “Awareness and Perception of Educated Consumer
about Consumer Protection Laws” -Indian journal of marketing –April, 2004 p3-6.

33. Sadar.S.B and Fulzele.T.U- “Consumerism: Where does consumer see himself?”
-Indian Journal of Marketing May 2005, p.18.

34. CAG, Performance Audit of the Implementation of the Consumer Protection Act
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 42. Kiran chaudry, Tanu Chandhiok and Praveen Dewan-“Consumer protection and
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 53. Sudesh Kharb-“Consumer Literacy Regarding Consumer Protection Act 1986” –
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