Meaning of Money Market
As money became a commodity, the money market became a component of the financial market for
assets involved in short-term borrowing, lending, buying and selling with original maturities of one year
or less. Trading in money markets is done over the counter and is wholesale.
There are several money market instruments in most Western countries, including treasury bills,
commercial paper, bankers' acceptances, deposits, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange, repurchase
agreements, federal funds, and short-lived mortgage- and asset-backed securities. The instruments bear
differing maturities, currencies, credit risks, and structure and thus may be used to distribute exposure.
Money markets, which provide liquidity for the global financial system including for capital markets, are
part of the broader system of financial markets.
Participants
The money market consists of financial institutions and dealers in money or credit who wish to either
borrow or lend. Participants borrow and lend for short periods, typically up to twelve months. Money
market trades in short-term financial instruments commonly called "paper". This contrasts with the
capital market for longer-term funding, which is supplied by bonds and equity.
The core of the money market consists of interbank lending—banks borrowing and lending to each
other using commercial paper, repurchase agreements and similar instruments. These instruments are
often benchmarked to the London Interbank Offered Rate for the appropriate term and currency.
Finance companies typically fund themselves by issuing large amounts of asset-backed commercial
paper, which is secured by the pledge of eligible assets into an ABCP conduit. Examples of eligible assets
include auto loans, credit card receivables, residential/commercial mortgage loans, mortgage-backed
securities and similar financial assets. Some large corporations with strong credit rating issue
commercial paper on their own credit. Other large corporations arrange for banks to issue commercial
paper on their behalf.
In the United States, federal, state and local governments all issue paper to meet funding needs. States
and local governments issue municipal paper, while the U.S.
Treasury issues Treasury bills to fund the U.S. public debt:
Trading companies often purchase bankers' acceptances to tender for payment to overseas suppliers.
Retail and institutional money market funds
Banks
Central banks
Cash management programs
Merchant banks
Functions of the money market
Money markets serve five functions—to finance trade, finance industry, invest profitably, enhance
commercial banks' self-sufficiency, and lubricate central bank policies.
Financing trade
The money market plays crucial role in financing domestic and international trade. Commercial finance
is made available to the traders through bills of exchange, which are discounted by the bill market. The
acceptance houses and discount markets help in financing foreign trade.
Financing industry
The money market contributes to the growth of industries in two ways:
They help industries secure short-term loans to meet their working capital requirements through the
system of finance bills, commercial papers, etc.
Industries generally need long-term loans, which are provided in the capital market. However, the
capital market depends upon the nature of and the conditions in the money market. The short-term
interest rates of the money market influence the long-term interest rates of the capital market. Thus,
money market indirectly helps the industries through its link with and influence on long-term capital
market.
Profitable investment
The Money Market enables the commercial banks to use their excess reserves in profitable investment.
The main objective of the commercial banks is to earn income from its reserves as well as maintain
liquidity to meet the uncertain cash demand of the depositors. In the money market, the excess
reserves of the commercial banks are invested in near-money assets, which are easily converted into
cash. Thus, commercial banks earn profits without sacrificing liquidity.
Self-sufficiency of commercial bank
Developed money markets help the commercial banks to become self-sufficient. In the situation of
emergency, when the commercial banks have scarcity of funds, they need not approach the central
bank and borrow at a higher interest rate. On the other hand, they can meet their requirements by
recalling their old short-run loans from the money market.
Help to central bank
Though the central bank can function and influence the banking system in the absence of a money
market, the existence of a developed money market smooths the functioning and increases the
efficiency of the central bank.
Money markets help central banks in two ways:
Short-run interest rates serve as an indicator of the monetary and banking conditions in the
country and, in this way, guide the central bank to adopt an appropriate banking policy,
Sensitive and integrated money markets help the central bank secure quick and widespread
influence on the sub-markets, thus facilitating effective policy implementation
Money market instruments
Certificate of deposit – Time deposit, commonly offered to consumers by banks, thrift
institutions, and credit unions.
Repurchase agreements – Short-term loans—normally for less than one week and frequently for
one day—arranged by selling securities to an investor with an agreement to repurchase them at
a fixed price on a fixed date.
Commercial paper – Short term instruments promissory notes issued by company at discount to
face value and redeemed at face value
Eurodollar deposit – Deposits made in U.S. dollars at a bank or bank branch located outside the
United States.
Federal agency short-term securities – In the U.S., short-term securities issued by government
sponsored enterprises such as the Farm Credit System, the Federal Home
Loan Banks and the Federal National Mortgage Association. Money markets is heavily used
function.
Federal funds – In the U.S., interest-bearing deposits held by banks and other depository
institutions at the Federal Reserve; these are immediately available funds that institutions
borrow or lend, usually on an overnight basis. They are lent for the federal funds rate.
Municipal notes – In the U.S., short-term notes issued by municipalities in anticipation of tax
receipts or other revenues
Treasury bills – Short-term debt obligations of a national government that are issued to mature
in three to twelve months
Money funds – Pooled short-maturity, high-quality investments that buy money market
securities on behalf of retail or institutional investors
Foreign exchange swaps – Exchanging a set of currencies in spot date and the reversal of the
exchange of currencies at a predetermined time in the future
Short-lived mortgage- and asset-backed securities
Discount and accrual instruments
There are two types of instruments in the fixed income market that pay interest at maturity, instead of
as coupons—discount instruments and accrual instruments. Discount instruments, like repurchase
agreements, are issued at a discount of face value, and their maturity value is the face value. Accrual
instruments are issued at face value and mature at face value plus interest.
