CHAPTER 3

Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Taxes

 Balance sheet
 Income statement
 Statement of cash flows
 Accounting income versus cash flow
 MVA and EVA
 Personal taxes
 Corporate taxes
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Income Statement

2003 2004

Sales 3,432,000 5,834,400

COGAS 2,864,000 4,980,000
Other expenses 340,000 720,000
Deprec. 18,900 116,960
Tot. op. costs 3,222,900 5,816,960
EBIT 209,100 17,440
Int. expense 62,500 176,000
EBT 146,600 (158,560)
Taxes (40%) 58,640 (63,424)
Net income 87,960 (95,136)

What happened to sales and net income?

 Sales increased by over $2.4 million.

 Costs shot up by more than sales.
 Net income was negative.
 However, the firm received a tax refund since it paid taxes of more than
$63,424 during the past two years.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Balance Sheet: Assets

2003 2004
Cash 9,000 7,282
S-T invest. 48,600 20,000
AR 351,200 632,160
Inventories 715,200 1,287,360
Total CA 1,124,000 1,946,802

1
 Gross FA 491,000 1,202,950
Less: Depr. 146,200 263,160
Net FA 344,800 939,790
Total assets 1,468,800 2,886,592
What effect did the expansion have on the asset section of the balance sheet?
 Net fixed assets almost tripled in size.
 AR and inventory almost doubled.
 Cash and short-term investments fell.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Statement of Retained Earnings: 2004

Balance of ret. Earnings 12/31/2003 203,768

Add: Net income, 2004 (95,136)
Less: Dividends paid, 2004 (11,000)
Balance of ret. Earnings
97,632
12/31/2004

Balance Sheet: Liabilities & Equity

2003 2004
Accts. payable 145,600 324,000
Notes payable 200,000 720,000
Accruals 136,000 284,960
Total CL 481,600 1,328,960
Long-term debt 323,432 1,000,000
Common stock 460,000 460,000
Ret. earnings 203,768 97,632
Total equity 663,768 557,632
Total L&E 1,468,800 2,886,592

What effect did the expansion have on liabilities & equity?

 CL increased as creditors and suppliers “financed” part of the expansion.
 Long-term debt increased to help finance the expansion.
 The company didn’t issue any stock.
Retained earnings fell, due to the year’s negative net income and dividend payment
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Statement of Cash Flows: 2004

1
 Operating Activities
Net Income (95,136)
Adjustments:
Depreciation 116,960
Change in AR (280,960)
Change in inventories (572,160)
Change in AP 178,400
Change in accruals 148,960
Net cash provided by ops. (503,936)

Long-Term Investing Activities

Cash used to acquire FA (711,950)

Financing Activities
Change in S-T invest. 28,600
Change in notes payable 520,000
Change in long-term debt 676,568
Payment of cash dividends (11,000)
Net cash provided by fin. act. 1,214,168
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Summary of Statement of CF

Net cash provided by ops. (503,936)

Net cash to acquire FA (711,950)
Net cash provided by fin. act. 1,214,168
Net change in cash (1,718)
Cash at beginning of year 9,000
Cash at end of year 7,282

What can you conclude from the statement of cash flows?

 Net CF from operations = -$503,936, because of negative net income and

increases in working capital.
 The firm spent $711,950 on FA.
 The firm borrowed heavily and sold some short-term investments to meet its
cash requirements.

1
  Even after borrowing, the cash account fell by $1,718.
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What is free cash flow (FCF)? Why is it important?

 FCF is the amount of cash available from operations for distribution to all
investors (including stockholders and debtholders) after making the necessary
investments to support operations.
 A company’s value depends upon the amount of FCF it can generate.
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What are the five uses of FCF?

1. Pay interest on debt.

2. Pay back principal on debt.
3. Pay dividends.
4. Buy back stock.
5. Buy nonoperating assets (e.g., marketable securities, investments in other
companies, etc.)
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What are operating current assets?
 Operating current assets are the CA needed to support operations.
 Op CA include: cash, inventory, receivables.
 Op CA exclude: short-term investments, because these are not a part of
operations.
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What are operating current liabilities?
 Operating current liabilities are the CL resulting as a normal part of operations.
 Op CL include: accounts payable and accruals.
 Op CA exclude: notes payable, because this is a source of financing, not a

= N Op
part of operations. Op -
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era era
What effect did the expansion have on net operating working capital (NOWC)?
O
tin tin
W
g g
C CA CL
NOWC04 = ($7,282 + $632,160 + $1,287,360)
- ($324,000 + $284,960)
= $1,317,842.
NOWC03 = $793,800.

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 ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪What effect did the expansion have on total net operating capital (also just called‬‬
‫?)‪operating capital‬‬

‫‪Operating capital = NOWC + Net fixed assets.‬‬

‫‪Operating capital 04 = $1,317,842 + $939,790 = $2,257,632.‬‬

‫‪Operating capital 03 = $1,138,600.‬‬
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‫?)‪Did the expansion create additional net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT‬‬

‫)‪NOPAT = EBIT(1 - Tax rate‬‬

‫‪NOPAT04‬‬ ‫)‪= $17,440(1 - 0.4‬‬
‫‪= $10,464.‬‬
‫‪NOPAT03‬‬ ‫‪= $125,460.‬‬
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‫?‪What was the free cash flow (FCF) for 2004‬‬
‫‪FCF = NOPAT - Net investment in operating capital‬‬

‫)‪= $10,464 - ($2,257,632 - $1,138,600‬‬

‫‪= $10,464 - $1,119,032‬‬
‫‪= -$1,108,568.‬‬
‫?‪How do you suppose investors reacted‬‬
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‫)‪Return on Invested Capital (ROIC‬‬
‫‪ROIC = NOPAT / operating capital‬‬
‫‪ROIC04 = $10,464 / $2,257,632 = 0.5%.‬‬
‫‪ROIC03 = 11.0%.‬‬
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‫?‪The firm’s cost of capital is 10%. Did the growth add value‬‬
‫‪ No. The ROIC of 0.5% is less than the WACC of 10%. Investors did not get the‬‬
‫‪return they require.‬‬
‫‪ Note: High growth usually causes negative FCF (due to investment in capital),‬‬
‫‪but that’s ok if ROIC > WACC. For example, Home Depot has high growth,‬‬
‫‪negative FCF, but a high ROIC.‬‬
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‫‪Calculate EVA. Assume the cost of capital (WACC) was 10% for both years.‬‬

‫)‪EVA = NOPAT- (WACC)(Capital‬‬

‫)‪EVA04 = $10,464 - (0.1)($2,257,632‬‬
‫‪= $10,464 - $225,763‬‬
‫‪= -$215,299.‬‬
‫)‪EVA03 = $125,460 - (0.10)($1,138,600‬‬
‫‪= $125,460 - $113,860‬‬
‫‪= $11,600.‬‬

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‫‪1‬‬
 Stock Price and Other Data
2003 2004
Stock price $8.50 $2.25
# of shares 100,000 100,000
EPS $0.88 -$0.95
DPS $0.22 $0.11

What is MVA (Market Value Added)?

 MVA = Market Value of the Firm - Book Value of the Firm
 Market Value = (# shares of stock)(price per share) + Value of debt
 Book Value = Total common equity + Value of debt
 If the market value of debt is close to the book value of debt, then MVA is:

MVA = Market value of equity– book value of equity

Find 2004 MVA. (Assume market value of debt = book value of debt.)

 Market Value of Equity 2004:

 (100,000)($6.00) = $600,000.
 Book Value of Equity 2004:
 $557,632.
MVA04 = $600,000 - $557,632 = $42,368.
MVA03 = $850,000 - $663,768 = $186,232.

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Key Features of the Tax Code
 Corporate Taxes
 Individual Taxes
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2003 Corporate Tax Rates

Taxable Income Tax on Base Rate*

0 - 50,000 0 15%
50,000 - 75,000 7,500 25%
75,000 - 100,000 13,750 34%
100,000 - 335,000 22,250 39%
… … …
Over 18.3M 6.4M 35%

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*Plus this percentage on the amount over the bracket base.
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Features of Corporate Taxation
 Progressive rate up until $18.3 million taxable income.
 Below $18.3 million, the marginal rate is not equal to the average rate.
 Above $18.3 million, the marginal rate and the average rate are 35%.
 A corporation can:
 deduct its interest expenses but not its dividend payments;
 carry-back losses for two years, carry-forward losses for 20 years. *
 exclude 70% of dividend income if it owns less than 20% of the
company’s stock
*
Losses in 2001 and 2002 can be carried back for five years.

Assume a corporation has $100,000 of taxable income from operations, $5,000 of

interest income, and $10,000 of dividend income.
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What is its tax liability?

Operating income $100,000

Interest income 5,000
Taxable dividend
income 3,000*
Taxable income $108,000

Tax = $22,250 + 0.39 ($8,000)

= $25,370.
*Dividends - Exclusion
= $10,000 - 0.7($10,000) = $3,000.

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Key Features of Individual Taxation
 Individuals face progressive tax rates, from 10% to 35%.
 The rate on long-term (i.e., more than one year) capital gains is 15%. But
capital gains are only taxed if you sell the asset.
 Dividends are taxed at the same rate as capital gains.
 Interest on municipal (i.e., state and local government) bonds is not subject to
Federal taxation.
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Taxable versus Tax Exempt Bonds
State and local government bonds (municipals, or “munis”) are generally
exempt from federal taxes.

 Exxon bonds at 10% versus California muni bonds at 7%.

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 ‫‪ T = Tax rate = 25.0%.‬‬
‫‪ After-tax interest income:‬‬
‫‪Exxon‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.10($5,000)- 0.10($5,000)(0.25‬‬
‫‪= 0.10($5,000)(0.73) = $375.‬‬
‫‪CAL = 0.07($5,000) - 0 = $350.‬‬
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‫‪At what tax rate would you be indifferent between the muni and the corporate‬‬
‫?‪bonds‬‬
‫‪Solve for T in this equation:‬‬
‫)‪Muni yield = Corp Yield(1-T‬‬
‫)‪7.00% = 10.0%(1-T‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪= 30.0%.‬‬
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‫‪Implications‬‬

‫‪ If T > 30%, buy tax exempt munis.‬‬

‫‪ If T < 30%, buy corporate bonds.‬‬
‫‪ Only high income, and hence high tax bracket, individuals should buy munis.‬‬
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