THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

Prepared by:
Mary Anne A. Portuguez, MP, RPm

Theory & Proponent Basic Tenet Basic Concepts/Terms Related Research

The new defense mechanism of Freud is

Human personality and behavior are powerfully shaped Id, ego, and superego, wishes, instincts, clustered in to three by George Vaillant:
1. PSYCHOANALYSIS by Sigmund by early childhood relationships. They believed that parapraxes, defense mechanisms, anxiety, • Neurotic
Freud humans are primarily pleasure-seeking creature dreams, psychosexual stages, • Immature and maladaptive
dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses. deterministic, pessimistic • Mature and adaptive

• Family constellations
Individuals strive toward completion and toward Fictions, finalisms, inferiority complex, • Early recollections
2. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY by Alfred superiority complex, creative self, social • Dreams
Adler achieving his or her idiosyncratic, fictional personal interest, striving for superiority, style of life, • Early memories are templates on which people
goals. birth order, safeguarding tendencies project their current style of life (manner of a person’s
striving)

Humans have a vast and mysterious potential within

their unconscious. Unconsciousness contains broad psyche, attitudes, functions of attitudes, • MBTI, a highly popular employee selection
3. ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY by psychic energy rather than simply sexual energy. archetypes, collective unconscious, self- technique and used for research on Jung’s
Carl Jung Humans are extremely complex beings who possess a realization, self, synchronicity system.
sanely of opposing qualities.

• Intimate relationship with friend

dynamisms, self-system, security
It emphasized the importance of interpersonal • Imaginary friend, studies showed that children
4. INTERPERSONAL THEORY by operations, eidetic personification,
relations. Personality is shaped almost entirely by the with eidetic personifications tend to be more
Harry Sullivan personification, cognitive processes,
relationship we have with other people. socialized, less aggressive, more intelligent and
anxiety, unawareness have a better sense of humor.

• Morbid dependency, it generates the new

basic anxiety, neurosis, neurotic trends, concept of codependency.
• Hyper competitiveness, moving against
5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL •Social and cultural conditions esp. during childhood idealized self, real self, feminine
psychology, hypercompetitiveness, womb American women who have that
people. Some research says European
THEORY by Karen Horney have a powerful effect on later personality. this are having
envy some type of eating disorder.
•Parenting styles
 • Morbid dependency, it generates the new
concept of codependency.
basic anxiety, neurosis, neurotic trends, • Hyper competitiveness, moving against
5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL •Social and cultural conditions esp. during childhood idealized self, real self, feminine people. Some research says that European
THEORY by Karen Horney have a powerful effect on later personality. psychology, hypercompetitiveness, womb American women who have this are having
envy some type of eating disorder.
•Parenting styles

• Shaun Saunders and Don Munro have

Humans have been torn away from their prehistoric Basic human condition, loneliness, escape developed the Saunders Consumers Orientation
union with nature and left with no powerful instinct to mechanisms, character orientations, basic Index (SCOI) to measure Fromm’s marketing
6. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS adapt to a changing world. But because humans have needs, syndrome of decay, biophilous character. In general, Saunders found out that
by Erich Fromm acquired the ability to reason, they can think about people with a strong consumer orientation tend
character, necrophilous character
their isolated condition called human dilemma. to place low value on freedom, inner harmony,
equality, self-respect and community.

• She produced classification system of

childhood symptoms •
7. EGO ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY by In order to emerge in an analysis, the ego must become developmental line, ego, diagnostic Developed an assessment procedure known as
aware of the utilize defenses to prevent the material to profile, elaboration of defense
Anna Freud diagnostic profile • Emphasis on
resurface. mechanisms ego's role •Her work shifted
from adult to children using psychoanalysis

It is an extension of Freud’s theory but in a different •Identity in early adulthood

way. It postulated eight stages of psychosocial
8. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF development through which people progress. He psychosocial stages, identity crisis, virtue, • Generatively in midlife •play
DEVELOPMENT by Erik Erikson emphasized on ego and social influences than what ego, epigenetic principle constructions (inner and outer space)
Freud’s asserted on Id and unconscious.

Each of us develops identity and comes to know who agency, communion, nuclear episodes, •Loyola
McAdams and de St. Aubin developed the
9. NARRATIVE IDEINTITY by Dan
we are by constructing conscious/unconscious narrative Generativity Scale (LGS) •Studies
McAdams of the self; personality is composite pattern life stories. thematic lines, generativity in life stories
 Each of us develops identity and comes to know who communion, nuclear episodes, •Loyola
McAdams and de St. Aubin developed the
9. NARRATIVE IDEINTITY by Dan we are by constructing conscious/unconscious narrative agency, Generativity Scale (LGS) •Studies
McAdams thematic lines, generativity
of the self; personality is composite pattern life stories. in life stories

idealization, narcissism, nuclear self, •Studies on narcissism •Role

10. SELF PSYCHOLOGY by Heinz A good sense of self-worth and acceptance can be of healthy narcissism
Kohut achieved through parental empathy. autonomous self, self-theory, mirroring •Significance of empathy

The structure of personality can be defined by habits.

11. PSYCHOANALYTIC LEARNING Habit, drive, drive reduction, cue,
This theory is a creative effort to combine the basic reinforcement, frustration, •Redefinition of unconscious process •Role
THEORY by John Dollard and Neal Freudian response,
concepts with ideas, language, methods, and infrahuman species, of suppression in treatment
Miller conflict, suppression
experimental results on learning and behavior.

12. COGNITIVE SOCIAL LEARNING Cognitive factors, more than immediate •Locus on control and health Related Behaviors
Locus of control, expectancy,
THEORY by Julian Rotter and reinforcements, determine how people will react to •Analysis of Reactions
psychological situation, reinforcement
Walter Mischel environmental forces. Each suggests that our (x)
value, behavior specificity, behavioral
(note: Their differences will be expectations of future events are major determinants •Positive Psychology
siignature
discussed) of performance.

Humans are neither positive or negative, but simply a

function of their environment. operant conditioning, a theory of
13. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS by B.F. Human behavior like any other natural phenomena is personality without personality, shaping, •How environment affects behavior
Skinner subject to the laws of science, and that psychologists reinforcement, schedules of •Development of token economy
should not attribute inner motivations to it. reinforcement, satiation

Humans have some limited ability to control their lives.

It recognizes that chance encounters and fortuitous
events often shape one’s behavior; places more self-efficacy, observational learning, self- • Self-efficacy and cessation of smoking
14. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY by emphasis on observational learning; it stresses the •
system, agentic perspective, self-
Albert Bandura importance of cognitive factors in learning; human self-efficacy and academic performance
regulation,
activity is a function of behavior and person variables
as well as the environment; he believes that
reinforcement is mediated by cognition.
14. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY by emphasis on observational learning; it stresses the • Self-efficacy and cessation of smoking •
system, agentic perspective, self-
Albert Bandura importance of cognitive factors in learning; human self-efficacy and academic performance
regulation,
activity is a function of behavior and person variables
as well as the environment; he believes that
reinforcement is mediated by cognition.

People are continually motivated by one or more • Positive psychology

Hierarchy of needs, B-needs, D-needs,
15. HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY needs, and that, under the proper circumstances, they • Self-actualization related to creativity, self-
self-actualization, metamotivation,
by Abraham Maslow can reach a level of psychological health called self- acceptance and Intimate interpersonal relations
motivation,
actualization.

self, actualization, organismic valuing • Positive psychology

process, self-concept, congruence,
16. CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY by Each individual has the capacity for dramatic and empathy, positive regard, unconditional •• Couples therapy
Carl Rogers positive growth. Facilitative conditions outside therapy
positive regard, conditional positive
regard, conditions of worth

A basic unity exists between people and their

environment, a unity expressed by term Dasein or
being-in-the-world. People are both aware themselves simultaneous modes, umwelt, mitwelt, • Jeff Greenberg investigated terror
17. EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY by as lining beings and also aware of the possibility of eigenwelt, guilt, existentialism, anxiety, management which is based on the notion of
Rollo May nonbeing or nothingness. Death is the most obvious daimonic, intentionality existential anxiety.
from of nonbeing, which can also be experienced as
retreat from life’s experiences.

He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual. He • Religious Orientation Scale

believed that psychologically healthy individual are
motivated by present, mostly conscious drives and that Traits, cardinal disposition, common trait, • Religious Orientation Scale and Psychological
18. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE
they not only seek to reduce tensions but to establish personal disposition, central disposition, Health • Expressive
INDIVIDUAL by Gordon Allport proprium, functional autonomy Behavior (Vernon)
new ones. He also believed that people are capable of
proactive behavior.

Need, alpha press, beta press,

19. PERSONOLOGY by Henry Personality is rooted in the brain. He was the one who proceeding, serial, serial program, • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Murray quoted, “No brain, no personality.” ordination,

20. TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES surface traits, source traits, factor
by Hans Eysenck and Raymond Human personality is largely the product of genetics analysis, extraversion, introversion,
Cattell (will be discussed the and not environment. emotionality, stability, reticular activating • BIG FIVE by McCrae and Costa
differences) system, visceral brain,
20. TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES surface traits, source traits, factor
by Hans Eysenck and Raymond Human personality is largely the product of genetics analysis, extraversion, introversion,
Cattell (will be discussed the and not environment. emotionality, stability, reticular activating • BIG FIVE by McCrae and Costa
differences) system, visceral brain,

References
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. •
Engler, B. (2012). Theories of personality (5th ed.). Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies. •
Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth.
 Therapeutic Assessment

• Free association, a patient spontaneously

express his ideas and images in random
fashion
• Dream analysis
• Transference and Resistance

• Order of birth
• Early recollections
• Dream analysis
• Style of life

• Investigation of symbols, myth, and rituals

in ancient cultures.
• Word Association Test
• Active imagination
• Amplification

• Participant observation
• Family Therapy

• Free association
• Dream analysis
• Self-analysis
• Free association
• Dream analysis
• Self-analysis

• Extensive interviews
• Dream reports
• Detailed questionnaires

•focus on developmental lines of children

•observation on patient's maturation level
•free association
•dream analysis

• Participant observation
• Anthropological studies
• Psychohisorical analysis

• Narrative therapy
• Narrative therapy

•experience-near observation

•Paved way to systematic desensitization

(Wolpe)
•Reciprocal inhibition

•Self-reports
•Test questionnaires

•Behavior modification

• direct observation
• self-report inventories
• physiological measurements
• self-report inventories
• physiological measurements

• Personal orientation inventory (POI)

• Interviews
• Biographical material

• Q-sort technique
•person-centered psychotherapy

• Therapy is not to cure any specific disorder

but to let the client to feel more human.

• Conduct Analysis
• Self-Appraisal

•Projective techniques

• 16 PF test and using objective data

• 16 PF test and using objective data