State's Foreign Policy: Determinants and Constraints

By Anthony M. Wanjohi

Contents

1.1 Introduction

2.0 Definition of Foreign Policy

3.0 Determinants of States’ Foreign Policies

3.1 States’ Power, Objective, and Leadership

3.1.1 Power

3.1.2 Objectives of Foreign Policy

3.1.3 Leadership

3.2 Domestic and International Determinants

3.2.1 Domestic Determinants

3.2.2 International or External Determinants

4.0 Constraints Facing State’s Foreign Policies

4.1 Domestic Environment Issues

4.2 International foreign policy issues

5.0 Conclusion

References
1.1 Introduction

This paper briefly discusses determinants and constraints of state’s foreign policy. It is divided

into the following sections: definition of foreign policy, determinants of foreign policy,

constraints of foreign policy and conclusion.

2.0 Unpacking the term Foreign Policy

A country's foreign policy, also called the international relations policy, is a set of goals outlining

how the country will interact with other countries economically, politically, socially and

militarily, and to a lesser extent, how the country will interact with non-state actors. Foreign

policy is primarily concerned with the boundaries between the external environment outside of

the nation state and the internal or domestic environment, with its variety of sub-national sources

of influence. (Webber and Smith, 2000).

Foreign policies are designed to help protect a country's national interests, national security,

ideological goals, and economic prosperity. This can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation

with other nations, or through exploitation.

3.0 Determinants of States’ Foreign Policies

In general terms there are three determinants of foreign policies in any given state. These include

its power, objectives and leadership. These have both domestic and international influence. This

section highlight on these determinants and exclusively explores on both domestic and

international determinants of foreign policies.

3.1.1 Power

Within domestic politics, power is usually based on numbers, wealth, and organizational skills. A

small group that is well organized may exercise considerable influence even without large sums

of money. In international politics, power depends on both geopolitical factors and idiosyncratic

factors. Inequalities of State Power. Different states in world differ in their powers. The US is the

world’s super power, hence have greatest influence in its foreign policies. There are also micro-

states and various territories that are not self-governing or not independent such as colonies.

Power of state depend on the following: Location (coastal or landlocked); size (large or small

territory); population; Natural Resources (oil, iron ore, forests); Technology; Type of

Government (dictatorship or democracy); type of Economy (market or centrally planned); Size

and Equipment of Military (nuclear or conventional) and belief systems of Country. (UCC,

2007).

3.1.2 Objectives of Foreign Policy

The objectives of any state give direction to its foreign policies. Such objectives may vary

greatly but all states seek to preserve themselves, maintain their independence, and security. For

instance, economic development has played a dominant role in shaping Kenya’s foreign policy.

The need to pursue an open economic policy and the demand for foreign capital and investment

flows and inter-alia FDI, has influenced Kenya’s approach to foreign policy. (GoK, 2009).
3.1.3 Leadership

It does matter who is elected to be the President of a particular country. Leaders and the elites

who support such leaders help to shape the foreign policy of their respective countries. (UCC,

2007)

3.2 Domestic and International Determinants

Determinants of state’s foreign policy can also be categorized into Domestic and international

determinants.

3.2.1 Domestic Determinants

Internal or Domestic Determinants on States' Foreign Policies focus attention "on variations in

states' attributes, such as military capabilities, level of economic development, and types of

government (Kegley, 2008).

Military Capabilities: This include the size of military, Equipment, Training. Leadership and

nuclear or non-nuclear capabilities.

Economic Capabilities: Stages of Industrialization: Wood, Coal, Oil, Nuclear, Renewable

Resources. Gross national product, Per Capita GNP;

Type of Economy: Free Market Economics, Centrally Planned Economies, Socially Steered

Market Economies.

Type of Government: Constitutional democracies (presidential systems and parliamentary

systems). Autocratic Systems (authoritarian and totalitarian). Military Dictatorships. Political

Party Systems. Traditional monarchies (Saudi Arabia). Modern theocracies (Iran).

The geopolitical location of a state is one of the external determinants on its foreign policy. It

matters where on the globe a country is located. It matters whether the country has natural

frontiers: that is whether it is protected by oceans, high mountains, or deserts. It matters who

one's neighbors are and whether a given country is territorially large, populous, affluent, and

well-governed. For instance, Kenya’s foreign policy in the region has been shaped by factors

such as the presence of overlapping ethnic community across borders and being a littoral state of

the Indian Ocean which influences relations with landlocked neighbors

4.0 Constraints Facing State’s Foreign Policies

A country’s Foreign Policy is determined by two broad considerations: the domestic and the

external environment. Constraints may stream from factors imposed by the international system

and human agency that is, from the role of individual choice in shaping the international system.

This section explores constraints in two fold, namely domestic and international constraints.

4.1 Domestic Environment Issues

The domestic environment refers essentially to features, factors and

forces peculiar to the state on which foreign policy is being made. The domestic

environment includes geographical location of the state, its peculiarity, natural and

human resources, the nature of the political system, quality of leadership, the

nature of the interaction among groups in the society (Otubanjo, 1999). Domestic environmental

factors have great impact on the decision/policy making of a

domestic factors as political system (coalition government), national integrity and sovereignty,

Regional Integration (in East African community) (GoK, 2009).

4.2 International Foreign Policy Issues

International foreign policy issues have their roots from outside, that is external. For instance, the

major international foreign policy issues facing America today include but may not be limited to

the following (Quinn and Kerry, 2008):

a) War on Terrorism and Al Qaeda

b) Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan

c) Iran and her Nuclear Weapons Threats

d) Middle East Peace Process between the Israelis and Palestinians

e) Shutting The U.S. Military Prison at Guantanamo Bay

f) Climatic Change Issues

5.0 Conclusion

To attain its set goals and interests in foreign policy, any state continues to seek effective

strategies in its approach to foreign policy depending on its power, objectives and leadership.

The objective to promote economic development mainly influences any state’s approach to

foreign policy while maintaining its traditional core principles and norms of non-alignment, non-

interference in internal affairs of other states, good neighbourliness and peaceful settlement of

disputes.

References

GoK (2009). Kenya Foreign Policy . Retrieved February 8, 2010 from

Kegley, A. (2008). World Politics, 11th Ed Rev. London:

Otubanjo, F. (1990). Foreign Policy Analysis. Unpublished Thesis.

Quinn, A. and Kerry, F. (2008). Foreign policy challenges facing America.

Retrieved February 8, 2010 from www.reuters.com/

UCC (2007). Foreign Policy. Retrieved February 8, 2010 from

http://faculty.ucc.edu/egh-damerow/foreign_policy.htm

Webber, M. and M. Smith (2000). Foreign policy in a transformed world. Harlow:

Prentice-Hall.

Citation
Wanjohi, A.M. (2011). State's Foreign Policy: Determinants and Constraints.