The Central Zone is that belt that stretches from Kelantan in the north

to Johore in the south between the eastern foothills of the Main Range
to its eastern boundary formed by the Lebir fault in the north down to
the western boundary of the Dohol formation in the south. The oldest
sediments found are sporadic outcrops of Carboniferous limestone while
Permian sediments form the bulk of the Upper Palaeozoic sediments which
occur as linear belts flanking the Mesozoic sediments on both edges of
the zone. Adjacent to the Lower Palaeozoic rocks in the eastern foothills
of the Main Range are rocks of the Raub group in West Pahang and Kepis
formation in Negeri Sembilan while the Gua Musang and Aring formations
are found to the north in South Kelantan and the Taku schist in eastern
Kelantan. The Upper Palaeozoic rocks of the Central Zone belong to the
argillaceous, volcanic, calcareous and arenaceous facies with the first
two being dominant. The depositional environment was typically shallow
marine with intermittent active submarine volcanism starting in the Late
Carboniferous and reaching its peak in the Permian and Triassic. In south
Pahang and Johore ignimbrite of probable Lower Triassic age overlie
unconformably Permian phyllites marking a change from submarine to
subaerial volcanism (Foo, 1983).

P39. 1. Name : Dohol formation 2. Origin of name : After Sungai Dohol,

Johore 3. Age : Middle Permian 4. References : Rajah (1986) 5. Type area :
Upper reaches of Sungai Sedili and Sungai Dohol, Johore 6. Type section :
7. Boundaries : Base not exposed. Probable unconformable upper contact
with Late Permian Linggiu formation. 8. Correlation : > 520 m 10.
Lithology : Predominantly grey coloured carbonaceous shale, siltstone,
slate, phyllite and schists with minor beds of arenite, limestone and
volcanics. 11. Subdivisions : Sumlayang Limestone member 12. Fossils :
foraminifera Cuniculinella aff. tumida (Leven), Cuniculinella globosa
(Deprat), Cuniculinella zulumartensis (Leven), Monodiexodina kattaensis
(Schwager), Monodiexodina shiptoni (Dunbar), Nagatoella sp., Nankinella
sp. Parafusulina aff. vinogradovi Leven. Parafusulina dronovi Leven,
Parafusulina dutkevitchi Leven, Parafusulina granum - avenae (Roemer),
Parafusulina murotbekovi Leven, Pseudofusulina aff. dongvanensis
(Colani), Pseudofusulina quasifusuliniformis Leven, Schbertella
pseudogiraudi Sheng, Schubertella kingi Dunbar & Skinner, Schwagerina cf.
otukai (Fujumoto), Staffela sp., 13. Env. of deposition : Shallow marine
island arc environment associated with reefal limestone 14. Remarks :
P39.1 1. Name : Sumalayang Limestone member (of Dohol formation) 2. Origin
of name : After Gunung Sumalayang, Johore 3. Age : Middle Permian 4.
References : Rajah (1986) 5. Type area : Gunung Sumalayang 6. Type section :
- 7. Boundaries : Within Dohol formation 8. Correlation : > 150 m? 10.
Lithology : Massive, fine-grained, fossiliferous pale grey to black
limestone with rare carbonaceous or shaly bands. 11. Subdivisions : 12.
Fossils : foraminifera Cuniculinella aff. tumida (Leven), Cuniculinella
globosa (Deprat), Cuniculinella zulumartensis (Leven), Monodiexodina
kattaensis (Schwager), Monodiexodina shiptoni (Dunbar), Nagatoella sp.,
Nankinella sp. Parafusulina aff. vinogradovi Leven.Parafusulina dronovi
Leven, Parafusulina dutkevitchi Leven, Parafusulina granum - avenae
(Roemer), Parafusulina murotbekovi Leven, Pseudofusulina aff.
dongvanensis (Colani), Pseudofusulina quasifusuliniformis Leven,
Schbertella pseudogiraudi Sheng, Schubertella kingi Dunbar & Skinner,
Schwagerina cf. otukai (Fujumoto), Staffela sp., 13. Ev. of deposition :
Inner neritic shelf 14. Remarks

P41. 1. Name : Sedili volcanic 2. Origin of name : Sungai Ulu Sedili, Johor
3. Age : Upper Middle Permian to Middle Triassic 4. References : Rajah
(1986) 5. Type area : Gunung Chemendong - Bukit Simbang, Sungai Ulu Sedili
and Sungai Payong area, Johor. 6. Type section : 7. Boundaries :
Interfingers with Linggiu formation 8. Correlation : Linggiu formation
9. Thickness : < 760 m 10. Lithology : Ignimbrite, tuff, agglomerate, lava
and volcanic ash varying in composition from rhyolite to rhyodacite and
andesite. 11. Subdivisions : 12. Fossils : 13. Env. of deposition : Shallow
neritic 14. Remarks : Peak volcanic activity was in the upper Upper
Permian.

P42. 1. Name : Linggiu formation 2. Origin : After Sungai Linggiu, Johore

3. Age : Upper Permian 4. References : Rajah (1986) 5. Type area : Sungai
Linggiu, Bukit Pachat, Sungai Tempenis, Sungai Payong and Sungai Madek
6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : Probable unconformable lower contact
with Dohol formation. Conformable upper contact and interfingering with
Sedili Volcanic formation 8. Correlation : Sedili Volcanic formation 9.
Thickness : ± 600 m 10. Lithology : Rhythmically bedded grey coloured
carbonaceous shale and sandstone with locally prominent conglomeratic
beds. 11. Subdivisions :12. Fossils : plant (Gigantopteris longifolia
Kodaira), (Gigantopteris nicotianaefolia Halle), Alphlebia sp.,
Annularia shirakii Kawasaki, Bicoemplectopteridium hallei Asama
Bicoemplectopteridium longifolium (Kodaira) Asama Calamites cf. suckowii
Brongn, Carpolithus sp., Cladophlebis ozakii,Yabe & Oishi, Cordaicarpus
cordai elongata Jongmans & Gothan, Gigantonoclea (Gigantopteris)
largrelli, (Halle) Koidzumi, Gigantopteris nicotiamaefolia Schnek,
Gigantospermum posthumi Jongmans & Gothan, Lepidodendron cf. Chosenense
Kawasaki, Lobatannularia fujiyamae Kon’no & Asama, Lobatannularia
johorensis Kon’no & Asama, Lobatannularia johorensis-minor Kon’no &
Asama, Lobatannularia suntharalingamii Kon’no & Asama, Neuropteridium
yokoyamae Kon’no & Asama, Neuropteris sp., Pecopteris yinii Kon’no &
Asama, Paratrizygia (Sphenophyllum) koboensis (Kobatake) Asama,
Paratrizygia (Zamiopteris) glossopteroides minor (Kawasaki) Asama
Pecopteris arcuata Halle, Psaronius johorensia Ogura. Ptychocarpus
malaianus Kon’no, Rajahia (Pecopteris) bifurcata Kon’no, Rajahia
linggiuensis Kon’no, Rajahia pseudohemitelioides Kon’no, Rajahia
rajahii Kon’no, Rajahia sengensis Kon’no. Rhiphidopsis baieroides
Kawasaki & Kon’no, Sphenozomites sp., Taeniopteris cf. Crassicaulis
Jongmans & Gothan,, Taeniopteris hallei Kawasaki, Taeniopteris
multinervis Weiss, Taeniopteris nystroemii Halle, Tingia subcarbonica
Kon’no & Asama, Tricoemplectopteris taiyuanensis Asama, Trizygia
(Sphenophyllum) sinocoreana (Yabe) Asama, Trizygia speciosa Royle
(Sphenophyllum speciosum), Validopteris sinensis Stockmans & Mathieu,,
13. Env. of deposition : Near shore marine to fluvial and paralic swamp
environment. 14. Remarks :
In the Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia, where the Mesozoic rocks are
dominant, they form a continuous north-south trending belt, extended
beyond the international boundaries with Thailand (the Gua Musang
Formation) in the north and Singapore (the Jurong Formation) in the south.
The Mesozoic of the Central Belt was divided into three groups by Khoo
(1983), viz. the marine flysch Triassic sediments, the gently folded late
Triassic-Jurassic Tekai Group (referred to Tembeling Group in this paper)
and the very gentle or flat-bedded Jurassic-Cretaceous continental
sediments. Khoo (1983) apparently also included all the Mesozoic rock
formations from the Eastern Belt into his so-called the axial belt of
Peninsular Malaysia. The marine environment in this belt only prevailed
up to Middle Triassic or early Late Triassic in most places (from Kelantan
to Johor) but marine conditions persisted up to Early Jurassic in
Singapore (the upper part of the Jurong Formation). In general, the marine
Triassic sediments in the Central Belt are more tuffaceous compared with
the rocks of the same age in the Western Belt. The Permo-Triassic of the
Gua Musang, Aring and Gunung Rabong Formations in Kelantan and northern
Pahang is dominated by shallow marine clastics and carbonates with
volcanic interbeds. Towards the south, deeper marine turbiditic sediments
are more dominant in the Telong, Semantan (Kerdau Formation of Burton,
1973a), and Gemas Formation (including Tenang Bed). These turbidites are
also commonly tuffaceous in nature and in places volcanic interbeds
occurred. The shallow marine Kaling Formation (Lipis Group of Procter,
1973 or Jelai Formation of Burton, 1973a) forms an elongated belt from
northern Pahang to Negeri Sembilan on the western side of these flysch
type sediments. On the eastern side of the Central Belt, the Late Triassic
- Jurassic Koh Formation and Tembeling 38 STRATIGRAPHIC LEXICON OF
MALAYSIA Paloh Formation also unconformably overlying the Triassic
sediments in the east, while the Ma’Okil Formation overlie them in the
west. Progressive shallowing of the Triassic basin is shown in the Jurong
Formation in the south, whereas in the north shallow marine succession
of the Kaling (part of) and Kerum Formation often succeeding the generally
deeper marine succession of the Semantan Formation. Except for the newly
discovered Triassic limestone in offshore Terengganu, no other marine
sediments is known in the onshore Eastern Belt. In the onshore Eastern
Belt, flat-bedded Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments occurr in several
isolated basins from Kelantan-Terengganu-Pahang states boundary (The
Gagau Group) in the north to the Panti Sandstone in southeast Johor. Other
formations include the Gerek Formation and Lesong Sandstone in Pahang and
the Ulu Endau Bed, Murau Conglomerate and Tebak Formation in Johor.

M4. 1. Name : Jurong formation 2. Origin of name : After Jurong Town in

Singapore 3. Age : ?Permian to Lower Jurassic 4. References : Burton
(1973a,b) 5. Type area : South Johor and Singapore 6. Type section : Refer
to members 7. Boundaries : Intruded by granite, upper boundary - eroded.
8. Correlation : The lower part is equivalent to the Semantan Formation
while the upper part is equivalent to the Kaling Formation 9. Thickness :
10. Lithology : (See Gunung Pulai Volcanic member, Bukit Resam member and
Pasir Panjang member) 11. Subdivision : Subdivided into Gunung Pulai
Volcanic member, Bukit Resam member and Pasir Panjang member. 12. Fossils :
See members 13. Env. of deposition : See members 14. Remarks :

M4.1. 1. Name : Gunung Pulai volcanic member (of Jurong formation) 2.

Origin of name : After Gunung Pulai in south Johor. 3. Age : ? Permian
or ?Lower Triassic 4. References : Burton (1973a,b) 5. Type area : Gunung
Pulai area in south Johor 6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : Intruded by
granite and ?unconformably overlain by the Bukit Resam member. 8.
Correlation : 9. Thickness : 10. Lithology : Mainly dark green to greenish
grey rhyodacitic tuff, agglomerate with dacitic to andesitic tuff and lava
and minor clastic sediment 11. Subdivision : 12. Fossils : 13. Env. of
deposition : 14. Remarks :
M4.2. 1. Name : Bukit Resam member (of Jurong formation) 2. Origin of name :
After Bukit Resam in South Johor 3. Age : ?Middle Triassic to Upper
Triassic 4. References : Burton (1973a,b) 5. Type area : Bukit Resam area
in south Johor , in Singapore Island 6. Type section : 7.
Boundaries : ?Unconformably overlying the Gunung Pulai Volcanic member
and conformably overlain by the Pasir Panjang member. 8. Correlation :
Partly equivalent to the Gemas and Semantan Formation. 9. Thickness : 10.
Lithology : Frequent alternation of shale and sandstone with minor
siltstone and conglomerate and few volcanic tuff. 11. Subdivision : 12.
Fossils : bivalve Arca sp. Cassianella sp. Costatoria malayensis (Newton)
Costatoria cf. goldfussi (Zieten) Cuspidaria sp. Gervillia sp. Gonodon
sp. Lima sp. Lucina sp. Modiolus cf. nachamensis Mansuy Myoconcha sp.
Myophoriopsis cf. carinata Bittner ?Pachycardia sp. Pecten sp. Pleuromya
sp. Posidonia sp. Prolaria sp. Pteria sp.Trigonia cf. zlambachensis Haas
Trigonodus sp. 13. Env. of deposition :Shallow marine paralic environment.
14. Remarks :

M4.3. 1. Name : Pasir Panjang member (of Jurong formation) 2. Origin of

name : After Pasir Panjang on the south coast of Singapore Island 3. Age :
Upper Triassic (Carnian) to Lower Jurassic 4. References : Burton (1973a),
Kobayashi & Tamura (1968b) 5. Type area : Pasir Panjang area in Singapore
6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : Conformably overlying the Bukit Resam
Member, with interfingering base 8. Correlation : ?Equivalent to part of
Kerum Formation 9. Thickness : 10. Lithology : Repeatedly intercalating
conglomerate, sandstone and lutite. 11. Subdivision : 12. Fossils :
bivalve Anodontophora sp. Arca sp. Astarte guthriensis Newton Astarte
scrivenori Newton Cardium scrivenori Kobayashi & Tamura Cassianella cf.
tenuistriata (Munster) Cassianella cf. verbeeki Krumbeck Chlamys cf.
valoniensis (Defrance-Leymerie) Costatoria singapurensis Kobayashi &
Tamura Costatoria aff. goldfussi (Zieten) Costatoria cf. myophoria
(Boettiger) Cucullea scrivenori Newton ?Cucullaea sp. ?Entolium sp.
Gervillia hantschi Newton Gervillia scrivenori Newton Goniomya
scrivenori Newton Goniomya singapurensis Newton Halobia sp. Lopha cf.
montiscaprilis (Klipstein) ?Lucina sp. Maoritrigonia ?bittneri (Newton)
Modiolopsis gonoides Healey Myophoria sp.?Nuculana sp. Opis cf.
hoeninghausi (Klipstein) Palaeocardita cf. crenata (Goldfuss)
Palaeoneilo sp. ?Plagiostoma sp. Posidonia sp. Promathilda colon
(Wissmann) Prospondylus comtus (Goldfuss) Schafhaeutella astartiformis
(Wissmann) Spondylus dubiosus (Bittner) Synclonema sp. ?Thracia sp.
Volsella cf. compressa Goldfuss brachiopod Spiriferina cf. fragilis
(Schlotheim) plant Carpolithus sp. Podozamites lanceolatus Lindley &
Hutton 13. Env. of deposition : Shallow marine paralic environment 14.
Remarks : This member was not discussed by Burton (1973b) when he described
the formation from Johor Bahru.

M8. 1. Name : Semantan Formation (of Raub Group) 2. Origin of name : After
Sungai Semantan in Temerloh, Pahang 3. Age : Middle Triassic to Upper
Triassic 4. References : Jaafar Ahmad (1976); Scrivenor (1911),
Richardson (1939), Richardson (1950), Alexander (1959), Burton (1973a),
Loganathan (1977), Jaafar Ahmad (1980), Khoo (1983), Kamal Roslan Mohamed
(1990,1996), Metcalfe et al. (1982), Kobayashi (1963a) 5. Type area :
Temerloh area, extended to the north to Jerantut-Kuala LipisRaub area and
to the south to Air Hitam, Johor 6. Type section : Roadcut between Karak
and Temerloh which runs almost parallel to the Sungai Semantan 7.
Boundaries : Unconformably overlying the Karak Formation, the top is
overlain by the Kaling Formation 8. Correlation : Lateral equivalent to
Gunung Rabung, Telong and Gemas Formations. 9. Thickness : 10. Lithology :
Rapidly alternating carbonaceous shale, siltstone and rhyolitic tuff with
a few lenses of chert and limestone. Shale and tuff 11. Subdivision :
Divided into argillaceous, pyroclastic, limestone and chert facies with
no time-stratigraphic significance 12. Fossils : bivalve Daonella indica
Bittner Daonella lomelli (Wiesmann) Daonella pahangensis Kobayashi
Daonella pichleri Mojsisovics Daonella sakawana Mojsisovics Daonella sp.
Halobia sp. Mysidioptera sp. Palaeoneilo sp. Pecten sp. Posidonia sp.
cephalopod Acrochordiceras sp. Analcites sp. Arpadites cf. cinensis
Mojsisovics Arpadites sp. Discoceratites sp. Nevadites sp. Orestites sp.
Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics) Paratrachyceras regoledanum
Mojsisovics Ptychites sp. Sturia sansovini Mojsisovics 13. Env. of
deposition : Distal turbidite with contemporaneous volcanic activity 14.
Remarks : These rocks of central Pahang was introduced by Scrivenor (1911)
as Raub Series which was subsequently changed into Calcareous formation
by Richardson (1939), Calcareous Series by Richardson (1950), Raub Group
by Alexander (1959),Kerdau formation by Burton (1973) and finally named
as Semantan Formation by Jaafar Ahmad (1976).

M9. 1. Name : Gemas formation 2. Origin of name : After Gemas Town, Negeri
Sembilan 3. Age : Middle Triassic to Upper Triassic 4. References : Foo
(1970), Loganathan (1977), Khoo (1983) 5. Type area : Gemas area, extended
to Air Hitam, Johor 6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : Unconformably
overlying the Kepis formation, the top is overlain ?conformably by
the ?Kaling Formation 8. Correlation : Lateral equivalent of Semantan
Formation. 9. Thickness : 10. Lithology : Rapidly alternating
carbonaceous shale, siltstone and rhyolitic tuff with a few lenses of
chert and limestone. Shale and tuff 11. Subdivision : 12. Fossils : 13.
Env. of deposition :Distal turbidite with contemporaneous volcanic
activity. 14. Remarks : The Gemas Formation was considered by Kamal Roslan
Mohamed (1990, 1996) as part of Semantan Formation due to their very
similar characters.

M17. 1. Name : Murau Conglomerate (?of Tembeling group) 2. Origin of name :

After Tanjung Murau in Mersing, Johor 3. Age : ?Upper Triassic 4.
References : Koopmans (1968), Burton (1973) 5. Type area : Coastlines and
islands southsoutheast of Mersing from Pulau Batu Chawang to Tanjung
Tenggaroh 6. Type section : Tanjung Murau headland MR 250793, Map Sheet
119, New series. 7. Boundaries : Uncomformably overlying Upper Paleozoic
Mersing Group 54 STRATIGRAPHIC LEXICON OF MALAYSIA 8. Correlation : ?Basal
part of Tembeling Group 9. Thickness : +200 m 10. Lithology : Thickly
bedded to massive conglomerate with alternating layers of more or less
matrix or layers of clast of varying size. Shales and sandy shales occur
locally as thin interbeds. Conglomerate with scour and fill structures.
11. Subdivision : 12. Fossils : 13. Env. of deposition : Fluvial deposit
14. Remarks : Koopmans (1968) considered the Murau conglomerate as tha
basal part of the Tembeling formation.

M20. 1. Name : Tebak Formation (Panti sandstone) 2. Origin of name : After

Sungai Tebak in south Johor 3. Age : Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous
4. References : Rajah (1968), Khoo (1983) 5. Type area : Gunung Blumut
area in south Johor 6. Type section : Sungai Tebak 7. Boundaries :
Unconformably overlying the Sedili volcanic 55 MESOZOIC 8. Correlation :
9. Thickness : 10. Lithology : Predominantly of arenaceous rocks with with
minor siltstone and mudstone 11. Subdivision : 12. Fossils : plants
Carpolithes sp. Conites spinulosus Kon’no Frenelopsis malaiana Kon’no
Gleichenoides gagauensis Kon’no Gleichenoides pantiensis Kon’no
Otozamites gagauensis Kon’no Otozamites malayana Smiley Podozamites
pahangensis Asama Ptilophyllum ayobanum Smiley Zamites cf. buchianus
(Ettinghaussen) 13. Env. of deposition : Continental deposit 14. Remarks :
M22 1. Name : Paloh Formation 2. Origin of name : After Bukit Paloh in
Johor 3. Age : ?Jurassic to Cretaceous 4. References : Mat Isa Jamaludin
(1981), Zakaria Hussain (1986) 5. Type area : Area in between Segamat and
Keluang in Johor 6. Type section : Bukit Paloh, near Paloh town in Johor
7. Boundaries : Unconformably overlying the Semantan Formation in the west
and granite in the east. 8. Correlation : Partly equivalent of the Ma’Okil
Formation. 9. Thickness : 10. Lithology : Interbedded sandstone, shale
and mudstone. 11. Subdivision : 12. Fossils : palynomorph
Apiculatisporites ferox Araucariacites australis Biretisporites
spectabilis Biretisporites sp. Calamospora sp. Ceratosporites equalis
Cicatricosisporites australiensis Cyathidites australis Cybelosporites
striatus Cybelosporites stylosus Ginkgocycadophytus nitidus
Leptolepidites major Matonisporites equiexinus Triletes cf.
tuberculiformis ?Vernucatosporites sp. 13. Env. of deposition : Shallow
marine to continental 14. Remarks : First introduced as Paloh bed by Mat
Isa Jamaludin (1981) and then upgraded to Paloh Formation by Zakaria
Hussain (1986).

M25. 1. Name : Ma’Okil Formation 2. Origin of name : After Ma’Okil

Forrest Reserve in northwest Johor 3. Age : ?Jurassic to ?Cretaceous 4.
References : Loganathan (1978), Khoo (1983) 5. Type area : Ma’Okil
Forrest Reserve and surrounding area 6. Type section : Ma”Okil Forrest
Reserve 7. Boundaries : Unconformably overlying the Semantan Formation
8. Correlation : Equivalent to Gagau and Tembeling Groups - partly Lateral
equivalent of the Paloh formation 9. Thickness : + 6700 m 10. Lithology :
Predominantly argillaceous with arenaceous, rudaceous and volcanic rocks
11. Subdivision : Subdivided into argillaceous, arenaceous and volcanic
units 12. Fossils : 13. Env. of deposition : Continental deposit 14.
Remarks :
In Peninsular Malaysia, the Cenozoic is mainly represented by the
Quaternary sedimentary deposits. Tertiary rock formations are rather
localised and limited. Only six Tertiary formations, occurring as small
isolated basins are known. These deposits are distributed from north to
south of the peninsula in Bukit Arang-Betong in Perlis, Enggor in Perak,
Batu Arang in Selangor, and three in Johor viz., Kepong, KluangNiyor and
Layang Layang. Quaternary sediments cover about 20% of the peninsular land
area, mainly occupying the coastal lowlands of both the east and west
coasts with minor occurences in the inland river valleys. Two approaches
are recognised in the naming of Quaternary sediments of the peninsular.
Differentiation into Boulder beds, Old alluvium and Young Alluvium are
based on the investigations of the outcrops and exposures of the Kinta
Valley in Perak, whereas categorisation of the Simpang Formation, Gula
Formation and Beruas Formation are made from the subsurface studies
carried out in the lowland areas of Taiping and Beruas in Perak, and
Kempadang formation from Kuantan area in Pahang.

C2. 1. Name : Enggor coal beds 2. Origin of name : After Sg. Enggor. Perak
3. Age : Tertiary 4. References : Foo (1990), Ingham (1928), Scrivenor
(1917a) 5. Type area : 6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : Lower boundary
unconformable over Upper Paleozoic rocks. 8. Correlation : Correlated to
coal measures of Batu Arang and Rantau Panjang in Selangor, Durian Condong
and Bukit Serampang in Johor, Keluang and Nyiur (also in Johor) and Bukit
Arang in Perlis. 9. Thickness : ± 40 m 10. Lithology : Consist of thick
uppermost layer of of sandy shale and sandstone followed by thinner zone
of grey shale, the first coal seam, thin zone of shale, the second coal
seam, black shale and calcareous shale. 11. Subdivisions : 12. Fossils :
plant leaves of monocot and dicot plants 13. Env. of deposition : 14.
Remarks : The name was proposed by Foo (1990). It has been earlier referred
as Enggor coal field, Enggor coal deposits, Enggor coal beds.

C4. 1. Name : Niyor formation 2. Origin of name : After Niyor town, Johor
3. Age : Upper Tertiary 4. References : Loh (in manuscript), Renwick &
Rishworth (1966) 5. Type area : 6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : 8.
Correlation : 9. Thickness : 10. Lithology : Poorly consolidated to partly
consolidated sand, clay, shale and lignite. The shale is compact pale grey
to black and commonly carbonaceous containing abundant decayed plant
remains. 11. Subdivisions : 12. Fossils : plant (undifferentiated) 13.
Env. of deposition : 14. Remarks : Proposed by Loh (in manuscript).

C5. 1. Name : Kepong formation 2. Origin of name : After the village of

Kepong, near Pagoh, Johor. 3. Age : Upper Tertiary (?Upper Miocene) 4.
References : Alexander (1956), Loganathan (in manuscript) 5. Type area :
6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : 8. Correlation : Some beds show
resemblance to the rock found at Batu Arang (Selangor) and Enggor (Perak).
9. Thickness : ?± 30 m. 10. Lithology : Interbedded and poorly
consolidated volcanic ash, clay, sand layers inercalated with lenses of
lignite. Reported occurrences of limestone, shales, coaly shale, oil
shale associated with peaty layers. 11. Subdivisions : 12. Fossils :
gastropod Thiara sp. Viviparus sp. Viviparus ?willbourni fish teeth plant
remains 13. Env. of deposition : Non-marine, probably lacustrine. 14.
Remarks

C6. 1. Name : Layang Layang formation 2. Origin of name : After the place
Layang Layang, Central Johor. 3. Age : ?Pliocene to Pleistocene 4.
References : Rajah (1986) 5. Type area : 6. Type section : 7. Boundaries :
8. Correlation : 9. Thickness : ± 90 to 150 m. 10. Lithology : See Badak
shale member and Pengeli sand member. 11. Subdivisions : Badak shale
member and Pengeli sand member 12. Fossils : plant remains 13. Env. of
deposition : Terrestrial. 14. Remarks : Proposed by Rajah (1986). Vijayan
(1990) carried out a gravity survey of the LayangLayang area.

C6.1. 1. Name : Badak Shale member 2. Origin of name : After the former
Bukit Badak Estate, Johor 3. Age : ?Pliocene to Pleistocene 4. References :
Rajah (1986) 5. Type area : 6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : Basal boundary
not exposed. Separated by a thin layer of iron cemented hardpan from the
overlying Pengeli sand member. 8. Correlation : 9. Thickness : 10.
Lithology : Semi-consolidated to consolidated grey to yellowish-brown
sandy clay and layers of clay loam with layers of grey clay and minor
orange-yellow clay. Also dove grey, light grey and greyish-brown
clay-shale. Pinkish-red to red mottlings are present in places.
Subrounded quartz grains and fine laterite or ferricrete pebbles occur
quite often in the loam. 11. Subdivisions : 12. Fossils :
palynomorph ?Pinus sp. plant Illipse sp. Shorea sp. Bruguiera sp.
Rhizophora sp. 13. Env. of deposition : Intermontane basin/lacustrine 14.
Remarks :

C6.2. 1. Name : Pengeli Sand member 2. Origin of name : After Sungai Pengeli,
Johor 3. Age : ?Pleistocene 4. References : Rajah (1986) 5. Type area :
6. Type section : 7. Boundaries : 8. Correlation : 9. Thickness : 10.
Lithology : Consists mainly of quartzofeldspathic sand, sandy clay,
clayey sand and clay. Colour when fresh ranges from white, creamy white,
cream, pale grey and pinkish grey. 11. Subdivisions : 12. Fossils : 13.
Env. of deposition : 14. Remarks : Resembles (homologous) the ‘Older
Alluvium’ of Burton (1964).